EN1994 4 Hanswille

G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany
Eurocodes
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training 18-20 February 2008, Brussels
Eurocode 4
Composite Columns
Univ. - Prof. Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Hanswille Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal Germany
1
Contents
G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 1: Introduction Part 2: General method of design Part 3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve Part 4: Simplified design method Part 5: Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles Part 6: Load introduction and longitudinal shear
2
Part 1: Introduction
Composite columns
concrete encased sections
concrete filled hollow sections partially concrete encased sections

4
Concrete encased sections
advantages:

high bearing resistance high fire resistance economical solution with regard to material costs high costs for formwork difficult solutions for connections with beams difficulties in case of later strengthening of the column in special case edge protection is necessary
5
disadvantages:
Partially concrete encased sections
advantages:

high bearing resistance, especially in case of welded steel sections no formwork simple solution for joints and load introduction easy solution for later strengthening and additional later joints no edge protection lower fire resistance in comparison with concrete encased sections.
disadvantages:
Concrete filled hollow sections
advantages:

high resistance and slender columns advantages in case of biaxial bending no edge protection
disadvantages :

high material costs for profiles difficult casting additional reinforcement is needed for fire resistance
Concrete filled hollow sections with additional inner profiles
advantages:

extreme high bearing resistance in combination with slender columns constant cross section for all stories is possible in high rise buildings high fire resistance and no additional reinforcement no edge protection
disadvantages: high material costs difficult casting
Composite columns with hollow sections and additional inner core-profiles
Commerzbank Frankfurt
9
Design of composite columns according to EN 1994-1-1

Verifications for composite columns Resistance of the member for structural stability General method Simplified method Resistance to local Buckling
Introduction of loads
Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction
10
Methods of verification in accordance with EN 1994-1-1

Methods of verification general method: any type of cross-section and any combination of materials
simplified method: double-symmetric cross-section uniform cross-section over the member length limited steel contribution factor related Slenderness smaller than 2,0 limited reinforcement ratio limitation of b/t-values
11
Resistance to lokal buckling

bc b
concrete encased cross-sections

Verification is not necessary where
40 mm cz b/6
cy
cy cz h cz hc
y
concrete filled hollow section t
z
d t d max = 52 t d
d max = 90 2 t
partially encased I sections
fyk,o fyk
d max = 44 t
b
fyk,o = 235 N/mm2
t
12
Part 2: General design method
13
General method
Design for structural stability shall take account of
geometrical imperfection
wo = L 1000
wo

second-order effects including residual stresses, geometrical imperfections, local instability, cracking of concrete, creep and shrinkage of concrete yielding of structural steel and of reinforcement.
E
+ residual stresses due to rolling or welding
The design shall ensure that instability does not occur for the most unfavourable combination of actions at the ultimate limit state and that the resistance of individual cross-sections subjected to bending, longitudinal force and shear is not exceeded. Second-order effects shall be considered in any direction in which failure might occur, if they affect the structural stability significantly. Internal forces shall be determined by elasto-plastic analysis. Plane sections may be assumed to remain plane. Full composite action up to failure may be assumed between the steel and concrete components of the member. The tensile strength of concrete shall be neglected. The influence of tension stiffening of concrete between cracks on the flexural stiffness may be taken into account.
14
General method of design
F e 0,4 fc
fcm concrete
Ecm fct
w
cracked concrete plastic zones in structural steel fy + stresses in structural steel section fs fc + stresses in concrete and reinforcement fu fy ftm fsm
c1
c1u
reinforcement Es -
s
Ev
- Ea
structural steel
a
15
Typical load-deformation behaviour of composite columns in tests

F [kN] 1600 e=100mm e F
A concrete encased section and

bending about the strong axis: Failure due to exceeding the ultimate strain in concrete, buckling of longitudinal reinforcement and spalling of concrete.
A
1200 e=160mm
w B B
F
800
concrete encased section and bending about the weak axis : Failure due to exceeding the ultimate strain in concrete.
400
e=130mm
20
40
60
80
100
Deflection w [mm]
concrete filled hollow section: cross-section with high ductility and rotation capacity. Fracture of the steel profile in the tension zone at high deformations and local buckling in the compression zone of the structural steel section.
16
General Method Safety concept based on DIN 18800-5 (2004) and German national Annex for EN 1994-1-1
c
0,4 fc fcm Ecm ftm fsm Es
concrete c1u c
fu fy
a
Ev Ea
fct
c1
reinforcement s
v R =
structural steel a Rpl,m Rpl,d

Residual stresses ++ -
u : amplification factor for ultimate system capacity

Verification u R
E
Rpl,m
u Ed Ed
geometrical Imperfection
NEd
Ed
Rpl,d
wo=L/1000 wo + -
M MEd
wu
17
Composite columns for the central station in Berlin
t=25mm
800 550
S235
buckling curve a
S355
1,0
buckling curve b
buckling curve c
0,5
-
buckling curve d
Residual stresses
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
18
1200
700
t=50mm
Part IV-3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve

19
Resistance of cross-sections
fyd y z
Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces: Characteristic value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces: Design strength: Increase of concrete strength due to better curing conditions in case of concrete filled hollow sections:
fcd Npla,Rd Nplc,Rd
fsd Npls,Rd
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls,Rd Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A c fcd + A s fsd
Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A s fsk + A c fck fyd = fyk a fsd = fsk s fcd = fck c
= 1,0
= 0,85
20
Confinement effects in case of concrete filled tubes

structural steel c,r
2 2 2 2 a ,Rd + a, a,Rd a, = fyd
fck ,c fck
2.0 1.5 1.25 1.0 0.5 1=1,00 2= 5,0
concrete
1=1,125 2= 2,5
fck,c
a,Rd = a fyd
a fyd
c,r
c,r
fck ,c = 1 fck + 2 c ,r
0.05 0.10
a
t d
a
d-2t
c ,r fck
0 0
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
For concrete stresses c>o,8 fck the Poissons ratio of concrete is higher than the Poissons ratio of structural steel. The confinement of the circular tube causes radial compressive stresses c,r. This leads to an increased strength and higher ultimate strains of the concrete. In addition the radial stresses cause friction in the interface between the steel tube and the concrete and therefore to an increase of the longitudinal shear resistance.
21
Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1
Design value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces taking into account the confinement effect: t fyk Npl,Rd = a fyd A a + A c fcd 1 + c d fck Basic values for stocky columns centrically loaded: influence of slenderness for
ao = 0,25 co = 4,9
t y d
MEd NEd
z MEd
e=
NEd
a, = ao + 0,5 K 1 ,0 c, = co 18,5 K (1 0,92 K

a = a, + 10 (1 ao ) e d
0,5
) 0
fc fy
influence of load eccentricity :
e c = c, 1 10 d
e/d>0,1 : a=1,0 and c=0
22
Plastic resistance to combined bending and compression

N
Npl,Rd NEd
interaction curve
The resistance of a cross-section to combined compression and bending and the corresponding interaction curve may be calculated assuming rectangular stress blocks. The tensile strength of the concrete should be neglected. The influence of transverse shear forces on the resistance to bending and normal force should be considered when determining the interaction curve, if the shear force Va,Ed on the steel section exceeds 50% of the design shear resistance Vpl,a,Rd of the steel section. The influence of the transverse shear on the resistance in combined bending and compression should be taken into account by a reduced design steel strength (1 - ) fyd in the shear area Av.
Va,Ed 0,5 Vpla,Rd = 0 Va,Ed > 0,5 Vpla,Rd 2 V = a,Ed 1 Vpla,Rd
2
Mpl,N,Rd= Mpl,Rd
Mpl,Rd fyd 0,85 f cd zpl y z +

(1-) fyd
fsd
VEd
NEd
Mpl,N Rd
23
Influence of vertical shear
Va,Ed
Vc,Ed
fyd fyd + fsd
zpl
0,85fcd VEd fsd
MRd NEd
The shear force Va,Ed should not exceed the resistance to shear of the steel section. The resistance to shear Vc,Ed of the reinforced concrete part should be verified in accordance with EN 1992-1-1, 6.2. Unless a more accurate analysis is used, VEd may be distributed into Va,Ed acting on the structural steel and Vc,Ed acting on the reinforced concrete section by :
Mpla,Rd Ma MRd Mpl,Rd Vc,Ed = VEd Va,Ed Va,Ed = VEd
MRd= Ma + Mc+s
zpl fyd
NEd = Na +Nc+s
Ma fsd fsd Mc,+s Nc+s
Na
Verification for vertical shear:

Va,Ed Vpla,Rd Vc,Ed Vc,Rd
Mpl,a,Rd Mpl,Rd
is the plastic resistance moment of the steel section. is the plastic resistance moment of the composite section.
24
Determination of the resistance to normal forces and bending (example)

b tf fyd Naf Naw,c y hw zpl zaw,t (1-) fyd 0,85fcd -
Ns Nc zc fsd zs zs Ns
VEd
As tw
Mpl,N,Rd NEd
- zaw,c Naw,t Naf
Position of the plastic neutral axis:

Nc + Naw,c Naw,t = NEd
Ni
= NEd
zpl = NEd + h w t w (1 ) fyd (b t w ) 0,85 fcd + 2 t w (1 ) fyd
(b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd + t w zpl (1 ) fyd t w (h w zpl ) (1 ) fyd = NEd
Naw,c = zpl t w (1 ) fyd Naw,t = (h w zpl ) t w (1 ) fyd Naf = b t f fyd Nc = (b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd Ns = 2A s fsd
25
Plastic resistance to bending Mpl,N,Rd in case of the simultaneously acting compression force NEd and the vertical shear VEd:
Mpl,N,Rd = Nc zc + Naw,c zaw,c + Naw,t zaw,t + Naf (hw + t f ) + 2 Ns zs
Simplified determination of the interaction curve

0,85fcd A
Npl,Rd
fsd -
fyd -
Npl,Rd
A C
0,85fcd fsd
zpl
Npm,Rd Npm,Rd 2
B D B
Mpl,Rd Mmax,Rd
hn
fyd -
MB,Rd = Mpl,Rd
+ fyd fyd MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd
0,85fcd
M
fsd
zpl
2hn
fyd
As a simplification, the interaction curve may be replaced by a polygonal diagram given by the points A to D.
+ Npm,Rd
0,85fcd D
zpl
fsd
fyd MD,Rd = Mmax,Rd - fyd +

0,5 Npm,Rd
26
Resistance at points A and D
Point A
Nplc,Rd
Npls,Rd
Npla,Rd
Npl,Rd = Npla ,Rd + Nplc ,Rd + Npls ,Rd M A ,Rd = 0
Point D bc hc
0,85 fcd
fsd fyd Mpls,Rd zsi
b tf tw h h
fcd
0,5 Mplc,Rd
Mpla,Rd fyd +
ND,Rd = 0,5 Nplc ,Rd MD,Rd = Mmax, Rd
zsi
fsd
Mmax, Rd = Mpla ,Rd + Mpls ,Rd + 1 2 Mplc ,Rd

Wpl,a plastic section modulus of the structural steel section Wpl,s plastic section modulus of the crosssection of reinforcement Wpl,c plastic section modulus of the concrete section
(h 2t )2 t f w + b t (h t ) f Mpla,Rd = Wpl,a f yd = f f yd 4
Mpls,Rd = Wpl,s fsd = [ A si z si ] f ys b h2 c c Mplc,Rd = Wpl,c 0,85 fcd = Wpl,a Wpl,s 0,85 fcd 4
27
Bending resistance at Point B (Mpl,Rd )
- 0,85fcd
0,85fcd + hn
fsd
+ + +
-
+
2 fsd hn
+
+
+ 2fyd hn
At point B is no resistance to 0,85 compression forces. Therefore fcd the resistance to compression forces at point D results from the additional cross-section zones in compression. With ND,Rd the + depth hn and the position of the plastic neutral axis at point B can + be determined. With the plastic fsd bending moment M n,Rd resulting from the stress blocks within the depth hn the plastic resistance + moment Mpl,Rd at point B can be calculated by:
fyd
fyd + Mpln,Rd
Mpl,Rd = MD,Rd Mp ln,Rd

zpl hn
Point D
ND,Rd
zpl
MD,Rd
hn ND,Rd
Mpl,Rd
Point B
28
Plastic resistance moment at Point C
0,85 fcd
0,85fcd
2hn
0,85fcd
The bending resistance at point C is the same as the bending resistance at point B.
fsd
+
2 fsd
+ +
2hn
+
fsd +
MC,Rd= Mpl,Rd
The normal force results from the stress blocks in the zone 2hn.
fyd -
+
+
+
2fyd 2hn
+
fyd +
NC,Rd = 2 ND,Rd = Ncpl,Rd = Npm,Rd
Point B
zpl hn Mpl,Rd
Point C
2hn NC,Rd
Mc,Rd 2hn Nc,Rd

29
Part 4: Simplified design method
30
Simplified Method
Methods of verification acc. to the simplified method Design based on the European buckling curves Axial compression Design based on second order analysis with equivalent geometrical bow imperfections
K
wo
Resistance of member in combined compression and bending
Design based on second order analysis with equivalent geometrical bow imperfections
wo
31
Scope of the simplified method

double symmetrical cross-section
uniform cross-sections over the member length with rolled, cold-formed or welded steel sections steel contribution ratio 0,2 0,9 A a fyd Npl,Rd
relative slenderness Npl,Rk = 2,0 Ncr longitudinal reinforcement ratio
A 0,3 % s 6,0 % s = s Ac
the ratio of the depth to the width of the composite crosssection should be within the limits 0,2 and 5,0
32
Effects of creep of concrete
Load F [kN]
Fu = 2022 kN 2000 Fu = 1697 kN 1500 long term test
e F
short term test wt wo L = 800 cm The horizontal deflection and the second order bending moments increase under permanent loads due to creep of concrete. This leads to a reduction of the ultimate load.
1000 Fv = 534 kN
30 cm The effects of creep of concrete are taken into account in design by a reduced flexural stiffness of the composite cross-section. 30 cm e=3 cm 80 100
33
500
permanent load
0 20 40 60
deflection w [mm]
Effects of creep on the flexural stiffness
The effects of creep of concrete are taken into account by an effective modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ec,eff = 1+ Ecm NG,Ed NEd ( t, t o )
Ecm NEd NG,Ed (t,to)
Secant modulus of concrete total design normal force part of the total normal force that is permanent creep coefficient as a function of the time at loading to, the time t considered and the notional size of the cross-section
notional size of the cross-section for the determination of the creep coefficient (t,to)
ho = 2 Ac U
effective perimeter U of the crosssection b b h

U = 2 (b + h)
In case of concrete filled hollow section the drying of the concrete is significantly reduced by the steel section. A good estimation of the creep coefficient can be achieved, if 25% of that creep coefficient is used, which results from a cross-section, where the notional size ho is determined neglecting the steel hollow section.
h
U 2 h + 0,5b
t,eff = 0,25 (t,to)

34
Verification for axial compression with the European buckling curves

cross-section
buckling about strong axis = 0,85 buckling about weak axis = 0,85
buckling curve
=
1,0
NRd Npl,Rd
0,8
=
Npl,Rk Ncr
2,0
0,6 c 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,6 1,0
b c
1,4
,00 s 3% = 1
3% < s 6 % = 1,00
=
1,8
Npl,k Ncr
Verification:
b
NEd 1,0 NRd
= 1,00
Design value of resistance
NRd = Npl,Rd
= 0,85
Npl,Rd = A a fyd + A s fsd + A c fcd

35
Relative slenderness
fcd =
fck c
relative slenderness: = Npl,Rk Ncr 2,0
= 0,85
characteristic value of the plastic resistance to compressive forces Npl,Rk = A a fyk + A c fck + A s fsk fcd = fck c elastic critical normal force
Ncr = 2 (EJ)eff ( L )
2
= 1,00
- buckling length factor
effective flexural stiffness
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )
Ke=0,6
36
Verification for combined compression and bending

Npl,Rd
NEd N
wo equivalent geometrical bow imperfection

wo
Verification
max MEd MRd = M Mpl,Rd
M= 0,9 for S235 and S355 M= 0,8 for S420 and S460 bending moments taking into account second order effects:
max MEd = NEd w o 2 (E J)eff ,II 2L2 1 N 1 Ed Ncr
M Mpl,Rd
Mpl,N,Rd
MRd
fyd (1-) fyd +
Mpl,Rd Mpl,N Rd NEd
0,85fcd -
Ncr =
The factor M takes into account the difference between the full plastic and the elasto-plastic resistance of the cross-section resulting from strain limitations for concrete.
fsd VEd
Effective flexural stiffness

(EI)eff ,II = K o (EaJa + K e Ec,eff Jc + Es Js ) with K e,II = 0,5 K o = 0,9
37
Equivalent initial bow imperfections
Buckling curve
b
3% < s 6%
s 3%
Member imperfection wo= L/300 wo= L/200 wo= L/150

38
Imperfections for global analysis of frames
sway imperfection
NEd,1 NEd,2
Global initial sway imperfection acc. to EN 1993-1-1:
= o m h
o h basic value with o = 1/200 reduction factor for the height h in [m]
h =
2 2 h 1,0 but 3 h
reduction factor for the number of columns in a row
equivalent forces
NEd,1 NEd,1 NEd,2 NEd,2
m =
m
1 0,5 1+ m
NEd,1
NEd,2
is the number of columns in a row including only those columns which carry a vertical load NEd not less than 50% of the average value of the column in a vertical plane considered.
39
Frames sensitive against second order effects
NEd,1
imperfections
Npl,Rk NEd,2
NEd,2
> 0,5
L1
2 w0
L2
Within a global analysis, member imperfections in composite compression members may be neglected where first-order analysis may be used. Where second-order analysis should be used, member imperfections may be neglected within the global analysis if:
0,5
Npl,Rk NEd,1
0,5
Npl,Rk NEd,i
NEd,1 NEd,2 NEd,1 1 NEd,1 1 NEd,2 2
w 4 o NEd,2 L2 q=8 wo L2 2 NEd,2
Npl,Rk Ncr
equivalent forces
NEd,2 2
Ncr =
2 (EJ)eff L2 i
w 4 o NEd,2 L2
(EJ)eff = (EaJa + 0,6 Ec,eff Jc + EsJs )

40
Second order analysis
Bending moments including second order effects:
r MR r MR
r sin (1 ) + sin cos (0,5 ) 1 M() = MR + Mo sin cos ( / 2)

sin (0,5 ) M r cos (1 ) + cos Vz ()= R 1 + Mo L sin cos ( / 2)
EJ
wo
L M
Mmax
Mo = (q L2 + 8 N w o )
1 2
= L
NEd (E J)eff ,II
dM = 0 Maximum bending moment at the point M: d 1+ c 2 Mmax = [0,5 M ( 1 + r ) + Mo ] M0 cos(0,5 )
MR MR
c=
M (r 1) 1 M (1 + r ) + 2 Mo tan (0,5 )
M = 0,5 +
arctan c
41
Simplified calculation of second order effects
k
4,0
r=1,0
r MR N r MR
Exact solution:
1+ c 2 Mmax = 0,5 MR ( 1 + r ) cos(0,5 ) r 1 1 c= 1 + r tan (0,5 )
arctan c M = 0,5 +
r=0,5
3,0
r=0 r= - 0,5
EJ L
M Mmax MR
= L
NEd (E J)eff ,II
2,0
simplified solution:
Mmax = MR 1 NEd Ncr = 0,66 + 0,44 r 0,44
1,0 exact method simplified method 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00
MR
N Ncr
k=
42
Background of the member imperfections
NRd =L (EJ)eff ,II
NEd=NRd
Bending moment based on second order analysis:
M= NRd Mpl,Rd
wo
8 w o (EJ)eff ,II 1 1 L2 cos( / 2)
Resistance to axial compression based on the European buckling curves:
NRd = Npl,Rd MRd Mpl,Rd
Bending resistance:
MRd = M Mpl,Rd
Determination of the equivalent bow imperfection:
wo = M d Mpl,Rd L2 1 8 (EJ)eff ,II 1 1 cos ( / 2)
43
The initial bow imperfections were recalculated from the resistance to compression calculated with the European buckling curves.
Geometrical bow imperfections comparison with European buckling curves for axial compression
j 500 1,2 400 1 2 1,1 1,0 0,9 0,8 2,0 1 2 3
NRd ( ) NRd ( w o )
1 2 3
C20/S235 C40/S355 C60/S355
300
200
L j= wo
1,0
wo= l/300
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
The initial bow imperfection is a function of the related slenderness and the resistance of cross-sections. In Eurocode 4 constant values for w0 are used.
The use of constant values for wo leads to maximum differences of 5% in comparison with the calculation based on the European buckling curves.
44
Comparison of the simplified method with nonlinear calculations for combined compression and bending
N Npl,Rd
1,0
Plastic cross-section resistance
Resistance as a function of the related slenderness
k = 0,50 k = 1,00
Npl,Rk Ncr
0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
k = 1,50 k = 2,00
general method
simplified method
M
0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
Mpl,Rd
45
Resistance to combined compression and biaxial bending

N Npl,Rd
Interaction Mz, N
z,Ed y,Ed
NEd Npl,Rd
Interaction My, N
The resistance is given by a threedimensional interaction relation. For simplification a linear interaction between the points A and B is used.
My,Rd (NEd ) = dy Mpl,y,Rd Mz,Rd (NEd ) = dz Mpl,y,Rd My,Ed = y,Ed My,Rd Mz,Ed = z,Ed My,Rd
dz A
dy
Interaction My, Mz, NEd Approximation:

dy +
y,Ed
z,Ed 1,0 dz
approximation for the interaction curve:

y,Ed dy + z,Ed 1,0 dz
+ Mz,Ed 1,0 dz Mpl,z,Rd
46
My Mz Mpl,z,Rd
Interaction My, Mz
Mpl,y,Rd
My,Ed dy Mpl,y,Rd
Verification in case of compression an biaxial bending

For both axis a separate verification is necessary. My,Ed dy Mpl,y,Rd M Mz,Ed M dz Mpl,y,Rd
N Npl,Rd
NEd Npl,Rd
dy
My,Rd
Verification for the interaction of biaxial bending. My,Ed dy Mpl,y,Rd + Mz,Ed 1,0 dz Mpl,y,Rd
N Npl,Rd
Mpl,y,Rd
Imperfections should be considered only in the plane in which failure is expected to occur. If it is not evident which plane is the most critical, checks should be made for both planes.
NEd Npl,Rd
dz
Mz,Rd Mpl,z,Rd
M= 0,9 for S235 and S355 M= 0,8 for S420 and S460
47
Part 5: Special aspects of columns with inner core profiles
48
Composite columns General Method
Commerzbank Frankfurt
Millennium Tower Vienna
New railway station in Berlin (Lehrter Bahnhof) Highlight Center Munich

49
Composite columns with concrete filled tubes and steel cores special effects
Resistance based on stress blocks (plastic resistance) tube fy core fy concrete fc M N Non linear resistance with strain limitation for concrete strains fy fy fc M N
MRd = Mpl,Rd
Cross-sections with massive inner cores have a very high plastic shape factor and the cores can have very high residual stresses. Therefore these columns can not be design with the simplified method according to EN 1944-1-1.
ED
r
50
Residual stresses and distribution of the yield strength
ED
300 250 200 150 100 50
[N/mm2]
distribution of yield strenght fyk

fy(r) fyk characteristic value of the yield strenght
U = dk
2 A = dk /4
rk dk
fy (r ) fyk
r = 0,95 + 0,1 r k
U/A [1/m] 10 20 30 40 100 50 dK [mm] 400 200 130 80 dK d residual stresses:

ED
2r2 E (r ) = ED 1 2 rK
r, rk
51
General method Finite Element Model
load introduction
stresses in the tube
initial bow imperfection
cross-section
stresses in concrete
52
Part 6: Load introduction and longitudinal shear
53
Load introduction over the steel section
NEd
load introduction by headed studs within the load introduction length LE

2d LE L / 3
d L
minimum transverse dimension of the cross-section member length of the column
PD
LE < 2,0 d
sectional forces of the cross-section : Nc,Ed Na,Ed Aa Ns,Ed As Ac required number of studs n resulting from the sectional forces NEd,c+ NEd,s:
Npl,a VL,Ed = Nc,Ed + Ns,Ed = NEd 1 N pl , Rd VL,Rd = n PRd Na,Ed = NEd Npl,a Npl,Rd Ns,Ed = NEd Npl,s Npl,Rd Nc,Ed = NEd Npl,c Npl,Rd
PRd design resistance of studs

54
Load introduction for combined comression and bending

sectional forces due to NEd und MEd
sectional forces based on plastic theory
MEd
NEd
MRd = Ma,Rd + Mc + s,Rd zpl fyd Ma;Rd + Na,Rd fsd
NRd = Na,Rd + Nc + s,Rd 0,85fcd Mc,+s,Rd
MRd
N Npl,Rd
1,0
+
fsd
=
Nc+s,Rd
NRd
Na,Ed Nc,Ed +Ns,Ed Mc,Ed +Ms,Ed
Ma,Ed
NRd Npl,Rd NEd Npl,Rd

Ed Rd
Ed Na,Ed Ma,Ed Nc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed = = = = Rd Na,Rd Ma,Rd Nc + s,Rd Mc + s,Rd

M N Rd = Ed + Ed Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
2 2 2
M Mpl,Rd
MEd MRd 1,0 Mpl,Rd Mpl,Rd
M N Ed = Rd + Rd Mpl,Rd Npl,Rd
55
Load introduction Example
sectional forces based on stress blocks: fyd Ma;Rd Na,Rd + fsd fcd -Ns,i -Nc Zs zpl zc
Zs
Nc + s,Rd = Nc + Nsi
Mc,+s,Rd -Nc+s,Rd
Mc + s,Rd = Nc zc + Nsi z si
fsd Ns,i shear forces of studs based on plastic theory

2
shear forces of studs based on elastic theory

N Mc + s,Ed Mc + s,Ed + c s , Ed xi + zi + 2 2 n r ri i
2
max PEd =
N M max PEd = c + s,Ed + c + s,Ed n eh 0,5 n
PEd(N) Ped,v
xi
zi ri
Ped,h P (M) Ed Nc+s,Ed Mc+s,Ed
n number of studs within the load introduction length Nc+s,Ed
eh
Mc+s,Ed
56
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded to the web of partially encased I-Sections
PRd Dc PRd / 2 PRd / 2

Where stud connectors are attached to the web of a fully or partially concrete encased steel I-section or a similar section, account may be taken of the frictional forces that develop from the prevention of lateral expansion of the concrete by the adjacent steel flanges. This resistance may be added to the calculated resistance of the shear connectors. The additional resistance may be assumed to be on each flange and each horizontal row of studs, where is the relevant coefficient of friction that may be assumed. For steel sections without painting, may be taken as 0,5. PRd is the resistance of a single stud.
57
VL,Rd = PRd + VLR,Rd
VLR,Rd = PRd
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded to the web of partially encased I-Sections
PRd PRd PRd PRd PRd PRd
VLR,Rd/2
< 300
< 400
< 600
PRd,1 = 0,29 d2
fck Ecm
VL,Rd = n PRd + VLR,Rd
VLR,Rd = PRd
PRd= min
d2 1 PRd,2 = 0,8 fu 4 v
1 v
In absence of better information from tests, the clear distance between the flanges should not exceed the values given above.
58
Shear resistance of stud connectors welded to the web of partially encased I-sections
F F F F
F [kN]
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500
test series S1 test S3/3
test series S2
1000
test S1/3
500
w [mm]
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
59
Load introduction longitudinal shear forces in concrete

NEd NEd
Longitudinal shear force in section I-I:
VL,Ed = NEd
Npl,a A c1 0,85 fcd + A s1 fsd 1 N pl , Rd A c 0,85 fcd + A s fsd
Dc LE
Dc Zs Zs Zs D c
Longitudinal shear resistance of concrete struts:
VL,Rd,max = 4
c y 0,85 fcd cot + tan
LE
=45o
I I cy bc cy I
= 0,6 (1 ( fck / 250 )) with fck in N / mm 2

longitudinal shear resistance of the stirrups:
VL,Rd,s = 4
As fyd cot LE sw
not directly connected concrete area As1
sw- spacing of stirrups

As- cross-section area of the stirrups
60
Load introduction longitudinal shear forces in concrete test results

F [kN]
2000
Fu = 1608 kN
1500
1000
w
500
test I/1
w [mm]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
61
Load introduction Examples (Airport Hannover)
Load introduction with gusset plates
62
Load introduction with partially loaded end plates
Load introduction with partially loaded end plates

63
Load introduction with distance plates for columns with inner steel cores
distance plates
Post Tower Bonn
64
Composite columns with hollow sections Load introduction stiffeners and end plates
gusset plate
distance plates
Stiffener
Distance plate
65
Mechanical model
PcR,m = fc A1
Ac A1
t fy 1+ cL d f c
c
A1
Effect of partially loaded area
Effect of confinement by the tube
Ac
c,r c,L = 3,5 a,t c,L = 4,9 a,t

66
Typical load-deformation curves
P [MN] 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
Pu
series SXIII
Pu,stat
P
P [MN]
0.5
5.0
Pu Pu,stat
series SV
[mm]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
[mm]
15 20
67
10
Test evaluation according to EN 1990

re [MN]
10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0

41 tests Vr= 0.14
Pc,Rm
Pc,Rk = 0.78 Pc,Rm Pc,Rd = 0.66 Pc,Rm 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0
Ac A1
a,x
c
A1
rt [MN]
10,0
Ac
t fy PcR,m = fc A 1 1+ cL d f c
c,r a,y a,y

68
Load distribution by end plates
~1d
F [kN] Fu
6000
ts
4000
Fu = 6047 kN Fu,stat = 4750 kN u = 7.5 mm
tp
c
bc
[mm]
2000
bc = t s + 5 t p
69
5,0
10,0
15,0
Design rules according to EN 1994-1-1
c,Rd = fcd
t fyk 1+ cL d f ck
ts
A c A c fcd fyd A1 A1
Load distribution 1:2,5
tp
A1
fck t d fyk A1 Ac c,L
concrete cylinder strength Ac 20 wall thickness of the tube A1 diameter of the tube yield strength of structural steel loaded area cross section area of the concrete confinement factor c,L = 4,9 (tube) c,L = 3,5 (square hollow sections)
c,Rd
bc
bc = t s + 5 t p
bc
70
Verification outside the areas of load introduction

F A
pure bond (adhesion)
B
mechanical interlock
Outside the area of load introduction, longitudinal shear at the interface between concrete and steel should be verified where it is caused by transverse loads and / or end moments. Shear connectors should be provided, based on the distribution of the design value of longitudinal shear, where this exceeds the design shear strength Rd. In absence of a more accurate method, elastic analysis, considering long term effects and cracking of concrete may be used to determine the longitudinal shear at the interface.
71
C
friction
Design shear strength Rd

bc b
Rd,o= 0,30 N/mm2
cy
cy cz h cz hc
concrete encased sections
Rd = Rd,o c c c = 1 + 0,02 c z 1 z,min 2,5 cz cz- nominal concrete cover [mm] cz,min=40mm (minimum value)
y z concrete filled tubes Rd= 0,55 N/mm2
flanges of partially encased I-sections Rd= 0,20 N/mm2
concrete filled rectangular hollow sections Rd= 0,40 N/mm2
webs of partially encased I-sections Rd= 0,0 N/mm2

72
Thank you very much for your kind attention

73

EN1994 4 Hanswille

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EN1994 4 Hanswille

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G. Hanswille Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Institute for Steel and Composite Structures University of Wuppertal-Germany

concrete encased sections

concrete filled hollow sections partially concrete encased sections

Concrete encased sections

Partially concrete encased sections

Concrete filled hollow sections

Concrete filled hollow sections with additional inner profiles

disadvantages: high material costs difficult casting

Composite columns with hollow sections and additional inner core-profiles

Design of composite columns according to EN 1994-1-1

Longitudinal shear outside the areas of load introduction

Methods of verification in accordance with EN 1994-1-1

Resistance to lokal buckling

concrete encased cross-sections

fyk,o = 235 N/mm2

Part 2: General design method

Design for structural stability shall take account of

General method of design

Typical load-deformation behaviour of composite columns in tests

A concrete encased section and

structural steel a Rpl,m Rpl,d

u : amplification factor for ultimate system capacity

Composite columns for the central station in Berlin

Part IV-3: Plastic resistance of cross-sections and interaction curve

fcd Npla,Rd Nplc,Rd

Confinement effects in case of concrete filled tubes

0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35

Confinement effect acc. to Eurocode 4-1-1

a, = ao + 0,5 K 1 ,0 c, = co 18,5 K (1 0,92 K

influence of load eccentricity :

e/d>0,1 : a=1,0 and c=0

Plastic resistance to combined bending and compression

Mpl,Rd fyd 0,85 f cd zpl y z +

Influence of vertical shear

fyd fyd + fsd

0,85fcd VEd fsd

Verification for vertical shear:

Determination of the resistance to normal forces and bending (example)

- zaw,c Naw,t Naf

Position of the plastic neutral axis:

(b t w ) zpl 0,85 fcd + t w zpl (1 ) fyd t w (h w zpl ) (1 ) fyd = NEd

Simplified determination of the interaction curve

+ fyd fyd MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd

fyd MD,Rd = Mmax,Rd - fyd +

Resistance at points A and D

fsd fyd Mpls,Rd zsi

Mmax, Rd = Mpla ,Rd + Mpls ,Rd + 1 2 Mplc ,Rd

Bending resistance at Point B (Mpl,Rd )

Mpl,Rd = MD,Rd Mp ln,Rd

Plastic resistance moment at Point C

NC,Rd = 2 ND,Rd = Ncpl,Rd = Npm,Rd

Mc,Rd 2hn Nc,Rd

Part 4: Simplified design method

Resistance of member in combined compression and bending

Scope of the simplified method

relative slenderness Npl,Rk = 2,0 Ncr longitudinal reinforcement ratio

Effects of creep of concrete