Barocco
Barocco
Barocco
<ppe~epHK )J,acca
nCpCBO/\ c (jlpaH U)'3CKOro 1'.I1(!IIbI jl'~llpalllKWI/.W60/'i
r'h PCltCPM K .L\acca W V'lHJlOr B 1[1I{()J1C npn Jiyspc, U Cop6011- He H HflCTlclT)'TC H;Il(Houaiu.noro ]-1:1 ClICl(H'1. OB OblJl xpal'II1TCJlCM M)'3e~ mMfllllllKOD q)paHUY:KI{OH K)'llbT)'phI c 19951101999 roll H l<:ypaTopoM BblCfaRKH "1l)~IYM4) 6aposxo» (TypHH, MOHpeanr- BaUJHF-II~I'OJ-l! M;IPCeJlb, 1999-2000). B InCTO~ uiee UpeM,j 3aHHM3eT nocr lJ;I,lpCKTOlxl l]dpl~)!(CKOro My-' :leJI M)/:ibIKH.
Itasaunu nWIH11 JIezjJu
ISBN 5-17-012360-4
{OOO .HJII:rl't'lIhcre".~cr·1 ISUN ;-271-0.~;65-4
(000 .~I3,~:lTt:JIhCTIIO ,\l'p':'>lh') ISBN l-07-05.WN--I (cpp.)
O .. Galliruard», L99'-). np:1I1J 11:1 ncpceoa H aaarrratnno no BC(,X C'Ip;] uax
e 000 .HJJ\;nC}l!.{_llI"O ..-\crpem,·, 2lHJl
MOCKBa Acrpens » ACf 2002
13
B lICTOPl1l1 eaponencxon apxtrrercrypsr 1600 ron HeJIh35I c-nrrarr. ClIMBOJIl1QeCKOH p;aToH paapsma C npornnsni. HanpoTHB, npn cpaBHeHl111 TaKlIX cplIryp,
KaK Ml1KeJIaHp;)lZeJIO 11 EOPPOMlIHl1, CDHJIH6ep )J,eJIOpM 11 CI)paHcya Mancap, rrplIXOp;l1TC5I rrp113HaTb,QTO 60JIbIIIa5I qaCfh BeJIHKHX apXl1TeKT)'PI-IbIX TeqeHl1H 9rrOXl1 B03pO)K,lJ;eHl151 nperepncsacr 9BOJUOlJ,l1ID, xoropon HeBeT-I:OMbI rpamnru KaK CTI1JI5I, TaK 11 BeKOB.
fJIABA I
HACJIE)J}IE 11 TPMI1~I1I1
B 0 Bpe~lell;1 PCIICCGIHGI apXHTCKTO-
phi OC0311<l11l10 crpcMH!IHCb K p~3pblLlV CO ClIOi'I,'1I1 cpe/\IICIKI(OBblM11 npenurecruenJ-IHK:IMI'I, B )(VII B. )IW!CI'O no£\061101'0
lie npoacxozurr. KII(
1l P'1MCJ(OM co6opc ClI51TOro n crpa (C!lCIl:I), T:IK H B I \CPKIlI,1 CJIIT'i\II/\IX:I 1111 I{I\Hpl1l1:lIIC pcucccaucnaa f'f :IIITH'-lJ-IaJI 'l'IXI)lIlI\11~1 IIpCi.\CT:l!lIIClIbl 1I rapCl.IQIJI1\.jIIO!\.'i Cl-lI'IIICI"IK.
14 HACflELI.Y!E 1;1 TPr\)JJlLU1I1
B KaLleCI'Be 06pa3L(<l f.VI~ l_\epKBH I1JJJ,,lJ,;Kc3y 13 PHMe (cnpa-
sa) BHI-lbOJIa 6epe-r l_\epKOBh CI[],!,'lu-II1pca B Ma-rrye, nOCTpOCHnyro IVlb- 6epTH
CaMble ztpesJ-lo:e cj)OPMbl :Jan<l)\110H apXI1TeKTYPbI BOCXO,1(i1T K xpuCJ'H<lI-ICI<OH <LHTH'-IHOCTH:
3'1'0 H3TTJl.IaJlbl-lble xpecrooopJ3HbiC 6a3HJlI1I<I1l1 6an'l'l1cre-
pl1l1. :3BOJITOT\1i51 MOI-IJllleCI'Ba Ii R03- pOiKiJ,eHHC C13eTCKOH apxmercrypu 13 Cpemuie BC](;t CTaJII1 OCl-IOBOi1 IVI5l 06HOBJlel-llliJ I11_\VlBepcl1cliI1K1L1I1I1 rtporpaser - 13blCllleil TOLJKOH 3TOrO ,[I13J.DKeHI15l CTJI-IeT n051BJleHl1e Ii 6YPHOC pa3BHTl1e apxirrcxrypu.
' .. //
B Xv B.: COLleT;HlHc e,~H]-[CTBeHHoro CBO.~-iaroro T-lecjlJ c xynoHOM J-];l CTb!Ke "-P<IHccrrrc. Bnaronapn auCOKll.l\'! OJ(}-laIVr "'-1 Kynom.non 6~tWeHKe xopOWO H11l1erl arrraps, 'ITO COOTBeTCTBOIlJJIO peurennnr-t TpnnenrCKOJ"O co6opa, y,1lcm1Bwero oco6oc amrMJ]-[He Y"l<lCTl1JO uepy.ouurx B OTnpa.llJtell.klH CJlv?K6bL
Bbl60p KOHTppeqlOpMaU;HH
Hepes COpOK JTeT lIOCJTe TpH/..I.eI-1TCI<orO cooopa
(1545- 1 563) KOHTppecpopMaD;H5l npOAOIDIGleT B 31IaL[HTeJlbl-[of'! Mepe BJTH5ITb HJ L\epKOBI-l)'lO apxirrercrypy O,1(l-1a((0 cooop, He K::tCa5[Cb GIMOH xoacrpvxuan uepxseri, ccpopMYJTl1pOBan Tpe60n311ID! OTHOCHTeJ1bHO yJX mrrepsepa. TOJIbKO B 1577 r. e13. Kapno EOPPOMCO B csonx -HacraaneHHHX·) I\BHl-lyJlC5! nansme ua rrY'll1 pCm:-lMel-lTaL(H VI. OCYW1B, B QaCTHOCTI1, !(PYlOlIOrl nnan, I<OTOpbJJ!J c-nrran 5l3bJ1'leCKHM
IT emu Flopra npH,L--J, J[3JI CIJaGl,[l)' 1 [CP](Ill-! VlJlb-)J,lKC3Y (IJHI1:JV cnCBa) r(;HI.OHI1"lCCKYI{) cjlOP'" y 13 COOTBe'rCT- 131111 C TCMOl:11 ucnons~10n211 HOJ!ll\JLb6cPTH WI;llllflopCllTm;'CKOI1 L\Cplmn Cll-J"J"'I-M;·lpHH HOlJeJlJ1:I: C nosnneuuCM sroro CIJ:1C1L[J, yl{paureuuoro KOJJorfna,\llH pa~jflH'fllhIX opaepos, o·,..r;pbJKleTOl npocrop f.VIH pa:moo6p:13HbTX
ua p na llHi'I. TaK, ella (:Ill. l·rC3)'HTCKOH I [tpKBH CnWf"Of"O T1a13Jl<l aJIloWlBl1lGJ B naplDKC em fI-f3y) 31-f~11-U1Te..ilhHO OTJlH'1aCTCJl OT cnoero PHMCK01"O COpOAHY<I: rpn ypOBI-l5l llMecro znsyx, 60ilee ClpoflHblH CHJ1y3T~ KOHOI-IHbJ B~ICCTO Hf1JTHnp,
UEPKOBb II PI1MCK[1E OEPA3UbI 15
ITO rwxy, 01-1 J-JaCTOilTeJlbHO pexovenzryer nnaa B qiopMe j13- TI1HCKOrO xpecra no ero MHeI-lHlO, TeM. G1MblM XpI1CTHaI-lC[<I1[:\ KpeC'T 6YAeT CTOilTb BbIlTfC «pecra rpe-iecxoro. TPYI-(I-IO CK333Tb, B K3KOH Mepe :~TO Tpe60133HHC lIO,1(tH('TBOB3JlO Ha apxareicropos, «oropsre lIPOI~O!DKaK)T Cm,[1aB<LTh I \CPKllH C qeHTpl1poB<tHl-1bIM nrr.nro-r, cflJeWICb coxpamrn, rrpacyO~hH elv!)' Jv!eMopH3}lbllhfl~ xapaxrep 11l1clIonh3Y}1 CI"O lIO 60llhllIel1 LJaCTH B coopvxcnnnx I-Jt60.TJhLIToro pasnepa - nocrpoeanux no 06C"1'y, B Mecrax norpeoer IHH H.ilH mIJIOi\;[HI1LJtCTKI. Kpoue TOIO, qtHTPHPOKlI-I1-IblI}! Il!13H Ll,lCTO BCTpeQaeTC5! B MOHaCl"blp5[X 11 KOJUJe)[GIX, XOTH 13 npHXO,[1- CKf1X uepxnrrx 011 npl'IMeH5ItTC5l ropasno pexe.
EJIeCK IIJIb- ,11;:JIce3Y H EBporra
Hesanonro ,'\0 'foro, KaK B lIOJlh3Y narnncxoro KpCCT3 BbICKa3aJ[CH Cl35rroH Kapno Bopponeo, BHHbOJl3 C03- ,1(aJI I-TJ OCHOBe aroro rurarra ceoe aenmcoe TROpCHHe - L\epKOBb He3")7J1T013 n PHlIle (1568-1575).l3bJCTpOC pacrrpocrpanenne MO,'\eJlI1 H.rlb-)J;Ke3Y n EBpOne CBl1!_\CTeJJbCTByeT He TO)1.b[(O 06 ycnexe I1PO/\O)[buoro TIJJaH3. B H)"Ib-)J.il<e3Y MO:>KHO YBI1,[1eTb
16 HACJ1E)J}1E Yl TPA,[(HLI,YliA
J.1 COl.lCTaHl1e L(eHTPHp OKlI-iHOl'O , Opr<1I-H13011aHHor'o BOKpy!' 0611II1PHO- 1'0 KynOJI<1 IIpOcrpaucrsa C Y,IJ,JIHHeHHbIM IIpOCTjX1HCTBOM, o6pa3YIOIll)1M Heep. CTpeMJIeJ-!He K cHl-ITe3Y npop,OJThT-TOI'O H rtcrrrpHpOBaTlTlOrO
rn eJLbHHb-'~ nOJIHT~"±-' qCCIG!f1 rpynflHpouua nepuona 1'P;lH- 1.1)'3C](OH PCllOJI 10111111, B 16011".
):\OIlCpHllB CTPOHTCJIhcrso HOlJ011
uepxnn PCNlE [{OflCHY. Ho (paCai~ (cncsu) - OllBH H3 CIMhlX I(jX!CI'W])lX o6pa3uofi 0::1- PI1)KCI(OW: apXHTCKl)'pol TOI'O BPEMEI-IH -
B 1623 r.3aKB;tJIH i_(IJ:J/lua'1'Hl1ilnJJle'I'HeMy (11paHCY::-l MaI-IGI.py. B CaJlClMaHl(e CI"IJOI'1-
nn ar JOll OKaJKeTCJl TeJIbCTIlO KopCmCBCK()-
O.LU-H1M 113 1laJKl-le)1- ro I(O}]Jle"JKJ
Kucpecua 6blJ10 nopy-
I.LTI1X nOCI"YJI<lTOl.l Peaeccaaca.
B XVII - XVIII BB.
HCIIOJlh3YIOIIJ;He ':HOT nJI;[H apXHTeKTophI CYMeIO"f IIpeT1IOpl1Tb 11 JKl13Hb l-IeKOTOphIe ll3 GlMbIX )J,ep3KHX CBOHX 3aMhICJTOB.
PaCl\BeT MOHaCTblpCKOH apXHTeKTypbI
I1MIIj'nbcOill l,(nIT pa3BJilTl1rr MOI-laCTblpCKOn apxrrrcxrypu CTaJ-IOBDTO! 06r-IOBntI-lHt penDrl1031IbiX opaenou, KOTOpoe, T-IJt.[HHa5! C XVI n., npOJ-fCX01.l}1T napa!IJICJ!bl-IO c pecjJOpMOH T(aTOm-lqeClWM L\CpKI3M. B 1562 H 1564 OCHOlHl-Ibl opncrra ](apMC!TDTOT! H 60COl-!OI'l1X xapvemrror; eVeJlbHlTbl, I3bIUJC,I1UJI1C 113
!IHCTCpnHJnCl(ot'I 06Tl\l-IHbl, rrpOBO)J,H'L" 1
perpopvy B 1577 r., TpHlll1'rapHH - II ,I
1578, qHcTCpl(HaOCKllC CCCTjJb! I1opP05IJm B 1609. Opzten ]3H3H'raqHl1 ocHOB;)I-I n 161 0, Erue 60!TbUlCC 31-1a -reuue I1MeCT C03[1811"'( I(OHlPCI:JL(Hl1 -iepaoro lIYXOflCIlCTBa: TCJTYlTll(CJ3 13 1524, coMJCKOB 116apr':IaBI1TOB B 1530, l1e3Y"'TOll II 1540, H, naxonen, oparopnane, crcM yCI'JIl 6Yl-\eT ymep)Kj..(el-l II 1575 r. )KtJTaJ1 06ocHOBaTbCIT lJ r'OpOl(JX, 3TH HOBbIe l1I1I1 perpopsmpoaaamre penl1-
"lena He3);'l-lTa:jl.11 1/1 HJ'I;rro B 1617 r. no qepTe)K~M Iovcca »s: Mapa CUHI.By). IlpJIMOvro.n.r Ihl1~r rrnau, nocXOWlLl.\I1C"1 K UepKBI1 (--'L1b-)J>Ke3Y, ncrrco uuacuuacrcn B -recnyro rOpCJACl(YTO 3acrpOl:iKY: 3a uepxoBblQ I-IaXOilllTUI PWluinra l1 i .... l0H:;)Cl'blph Boxpyr rnamroro Wlopa pacnonararo'rcn 60m,1lJ0I1 3aH, ay):\IITOpHI-'! H KlnWryJl
IT epJ30H3'-l"JlbIIO 6P<lTCTI10 opa.opI12IlqeB,OCl.·loB;rreJleM I(OTOpOro 6hlJI CBHTOl:i (j);~nMnno Hcpra, nOXOi_II'I)10 H<I CBo60.LLI-IhII>' coroa 3;1- IT~HTrlI1KOB n.epb[~ 06'1>e,~MHHl\WHXCJI B GIJly cnocro nacropcxoro npH311;lHHJl 11,[1VXa \1HJ10Cq)f1HH. fll575 r. fPHIOpL1J1. XIU lLP}I:UI~Ln nHCbMCI-l1JhrT1 vcTal! 6parcm<I, a G 1612 [[;lIlen V ()J(06pHfl em OL{OH.~[~r.l'enLJHO cno)KlIBIlI)'10CH CTPYT("]YPY. PyKollOi-II1Tenl·,6pa'rcrua ,[IOBCPHJIH BopPOM HH 11 npOi\OJl)K;lBurceca c 1637 rto
1650 r. crponrem-cruo MOJlt:JIbHl1 CHJlTOrO cj)I1J1Hnno Hepu, rpane3HOI\ pH3HHl.\bl, 6H6.rH-ToTeKH 1-1 l(e1THI~, «oropue t10JDKHbl 6hlJIH npn:>'1hllGlTb
I( ux p01'-laHCKOH qCPKBH CLI-IT;I-MapHJI HH BaJlflJ"p"leJ1}la.
Ha pacyuxc rnauuoro cjJJGll.la [1)151 GIM0I1 MOne!lb.HH (C!leBa) liOppOM~II-lH (O'-lC1"aC1' ueicoropue ococeuHOCTH, xapaicrcpuuc IVL51 C!J:1Glfl;1 pr,,"-ICL(I~X nanauuo (4epCJ.lOBaTIHC f1Hm'ICTP, Hrpy O.KOHHblX JlpOCMOB
H cjJ]XlHTOl-lOIl),
C MOTJ1B~1;"H1 I repxonI-Loti ;tpXHTeK"lypbl ((j)pm'ITOlI 11I3HAC (llHI"')lPl'IO';1 ;lPKYI. pacnoJIOIKtHHO,i1 1-1,1 C:lMONI BCpXy).
PACUBET f'OPO,[(CKl-1X PEnHrH03HbIX I3PATCTB 17
I'HO:3Hble 6paTCTB'l npl1CTYlIaIOT - t.[aCTO IIpH nOMOII\11 60raTblx MeqeHaToB - K CTpOI1TenbcTBY KOJIJTe)Ktl1i, MOHacTblperr H IJ;epI<BeH. QI-ll1 nerico BocnpHHlilM<lIOT 1-10- J3ble l1ACH H OXOTI-IO npHrn<IWaTOT CIMbIX JT)"!T.T.lI1X apxn'lTKTOP013.
B PI1Me TeaTI1HLibT npnoeraror K YCJIyraM )J,}KaKOMO p,eJlJIct I10pTa 11 Kapno i'vlal\epBJ (L(CPKODb Canr'Annpea l\eJInJ BaJIJle), opa'ropuane 06pall\<1JOTGl j( JIOHt'H Crapureery, PYl'e3H 11 EOPPOMI1HI1, KO'L'OPbII1 crponr TaIOKe l\llll Tpl1HI1TapI1eB (CaH - Ka pno anne Kyarpo (DOHTaHe). B I1apl1JKe nepBOI1 nOJIOBI1HbI XVII B. n051BnITeTCIT MI-I(JJKCCTBO I-10BbIX qepKBeI1i. l(}ICMaI-l Mereso 11
l13J1HillECTBA AEEATCKHX ,lJ,BOPI_(OB 19
18 HACJIF,[(I1E 11 TPi\D,I1I_(y!l1
P CKOHCTPV1(L\l1~ 6e- 1·leN·!KTI~I·ICKOI 0 ~66aTCTIl;1 B Me.1JbKc, 1Ia aBC'TpHPiCf(OM ,o:yuae (m~vJ3y), CJl~3Jr-rHOC C 6paTCTllOM CCHMop, r-raqaJlaCb C
1702 I;: PYKOBO,LtHTb 3THMH pa60TJMH 6blJlO nopy-ieno M03ecjJ\, MYI-lreHJCTV 115j!(o6y ITpaI-Ip:raY3py, OW-Io~ry "'13 cai'vlhIX ge51TenbHblX a pXI1TeKl'0p0l) 1) ccjJcpe .vronaCTblpCKoro crpoure.u.crua Il AIlCTpHH I-I:lClaml Xvlll B. CBoeB Ur.:WOl;j MCHbK 60nee BCC['() 06}J3:lH. H3YMi'_j'reJI bH01~ Kpaco'rc MeCTa: TIP:IHJJTaV3P BtJUlKOIlenITQ HCnOJlb- 30mUl OC06eL-lJ-LOCTVI CK~J.ilHCToro flhICl)rt1::t, r.~c 110MHHHPYIOII WIO U03011HfO 3aT-THMae-r L\'IOH::1Cl'blpCKa~1 uepicons, a npo-iac CrpOeHI1H pacnonara IOTCil IHDKC, H:I KPYL'blX OTf(OCJX.
,I(nopU;bI-MOHaCTbIpH XVIII B.
XVUl B, 60JIee 6I1arorrpl1JITeH NIH CTapbIX CeJlbCKHX 6P<1TCTB - 6eHep,I1KTI1HL\eB, L\I1CTepqH<1I-II.jeB 11 aBryCTl-II-II.1eB, xoropue pecpOpMl1p0133I1I1Cb qXlBHllTeJ1bl-1O rr03AHO (ocofienno 13 IJ,eHTp3JlbHOH E13pOne). 06}]3p,aH 06UIHPHbIMllll sasacrvro He3aSllCHMbHvlll OT CBeTCKOH Bj,aCT!1 nnaAeH115!MH, OHI1 11:3B]IeKalOT DPH6hlJlb 113 rroBCeMeCTlIOrO pOCTa 3eMeJlbH0l1 penrn a npncrynaror K I{pyrrHoM3CUJTa6HOH peKOHC'I']JYln\HH, Mop,eJIblO NUl xoropori nepenxo crar [OB11TCH 3CKOPH3IT. I1x CJIllIllKOM crecrOJlJ0611Bble npocicrst 60JIbmen qaCTblO He nonysaicr 3<1BepWeT-TI1H o paasraxe sroro l(BmKeH1151 CBH,'l,creIlbCTB)'10T 6eHep,I1KTI11-ICKHe a66aTCTBa
13 AHH3HJlbAeHe, OTT06etipeHe, IJ,UHrpamrene 11 B;U1Hl'apl'eJ-le, W1CTePUH<lHCKHe - 13 3p6paxe 11 L\BeTTJIe, 3sryCTHI-Icnlc - 13 CeT-T-ct1JIOpHalle 11 ,Il.llcceHe.
}KaK JIeMepcbe pa60,[,3101' AII5I Op3TOpH3H, Ilepaa H Maprenaa»; - iV1H HC3Y11TOB, lDpa!Jcya Mancap - IVIH opaeua BI13HTaqHY! H cpeJlbHl-IOB. CCCTpbl ITOp-POHJlH npnrnainaror Jlc Ilorpa. fBapHHH, KOTOPb1l1 caM rrpnH3AJle:ltCllT K Te::l'lHI-JCKOMY opgel-IY, crporrr WrH rrero
II Monette, ITapIDKe II Meccnue. 5apToIloMeo EbHHKO S 1630 r. C03,113e'I' qepTe)KH )l,Jlll. KOJLrre)!Gl lle3YI1TOB
P CKQTlCTpylW,1-1.H MOllaCTblpH
R Knocrcpucnecypre CfcpM<lllHn) [-J,lyaJ1aCb 13 1730 T'. 11p1-1 nOMqm{]Ce HMnepaTopa Kapna VI. MOl r<lCJ'bJpb C I1pl1- CTpoeHHOL1 K HeM), pe311,ileJ-JL\l1eii
n Ienye. XIOllCCeI IC, cUIeH Toro )KC opneua, CTPOHT B AHruepneae, Bpiorre [1 H3MIope. B Miouxeae CTpOHTeIlbCT130 KOJIJIe)Ka He3Yl1TOB 11 I.1epKBH 1-13 LIKI-!3e-rC5r 13
1583 r, a TeaTI1HT\bl B 1662 r. nparnamaror EapeJllu-r AIIa C03!J,<l!-I!1H CBOeMTjepKBH. B l-1cnal-IHH Xyau fOMec ne Mopa C03/J,ae-r npoexr )J,IIH OCHoBaHHoro B 1614 r:
KOJIJIeJKa He3YVl')'oB KJIepeCH:l B CaJJ3MaHKe, a Jlyrrc (J)I1- rcpoa B C]]eAYlOU\CM CTOJIeTHI1 crporrr 13 CeB11Jlbe uepKOBb nOCJJYlllHHKOB.
HMI1epa'J"opa C0I10CTaBHM C 3CI<opl1aJlOM, KQTOPhlM 6bLJ1 3H3KOM HMncp:ITOpy - B HdGalle BeT(:;) 0.1-1 ,l-1a 1(0- pO'J"Koe RpCMfl 33HHfl ncna HCj{HI~ TpOH. D,HH:JCTHH era yrac.ra II 1740 r., 'IeM H o61,ncH5ICTCn I rcaauepurcnL-JOCTb crpOrlTeJl hCI"Ba.
20 HACJIE,UHE M TPAJJ:MIJ,MM
U;epKBI{ PecpopMaU;lf.H npOTCCTaHTCKHe !ZOEej)ecGm c03)J.a.[{)lT 1lB<1 naM51THI1l{a 06l.l(eCBpOrrC!1CIWrO 3Ha"le- 1-Ll151: nocrpoemrun I<.PHcTOC1)CpoM PeI-lOM B TIOI-l[(OHe c060p CBHTom Ilasna 11 (DpaYel-!KHpXe B ,L:(pe3- ACHe. f1epJ3bIA H3
rll1X - caoeoripaaasra correpunx PHMCKGrO coeopa Csrrroro ITeTpa. Bropoa - Il,CHTpI1'.JeCKaH B nnane uepkosr, - npH3KlI-I noxaaars anaseuae npononernr B rrpOTCCTaHTCKOH mrryprna, BO BpCMil I{QTOP0tl. xpa» nanoMYlI-laeT aYL\I1TOPHIO C J(acpeAPO([ B uerrrpe. 1(CT3TH, HaclaBlJIailC51 rrOCJleJIOH,lIOHCKOl"O nozcapa 1666 r. KaMrranna no peKoHcTPYKIJ,11l1 ropona ,lJ,aJla PeHY 13 03 MQ){(FrOCTb npocneznrn, 3<1 crpm1TeJlbCTBOM rrflT!1p,eCilTH OW-lOP! rrpHXop,C{(Ol1 L(epKBH: HX Oll.I1J-lOY:J'IMe, pacnoJIOif(eHHble aa Q)aGl,ll,C KOJIOKOJlbHH BeAYT csoe nponcxQ)K,ll,eJ-ll1e 01' cpe,[(J-le13eKOBbIX 6aweH C KO)]OKOJIOM l1 HarrOMHl-raIOT 06 HCqe3HYJ3IIlHX CTPOCJ-lI1HX. BnocnenCTBVlH XOKCMYP VI fH66c npO!.l,OTDKaT 31'0 aanpaaneHl1e, KOTOpOM)' 3HrJll1HCKlle TJ,epKBI1 BO MHorOM 06.lI- 3<lHbl CBOl1M OPHI'I1H3JIbHbIM 06nI1KOM.
O,!l;IlH H3 apxeTHIIOB: cppaHU;Y3CKHH 3aMOR
Bo r.ilpaHIJ,llll XVII B. 3aMKOBall: apXHTeKTyp,) DPO,l:\OJl)KaeT pa31311BaTbCfl B HarrpaBJlCHI1H, socxonmuex K'Ierupexyronsau« 13 IIJIaI-le l\:perrOCT'JIM-3aMl<3M (PHJlI1I1- na II Asrycra, 3aMOK oCBo6mI('[(aeTCJI 0'1' scex 060POI-Il1- 'rensnsrx cjJ)IFIl<Il,11I1, nocrenemro oeperaa ynopsnovenHY10 H CI1MMCTPI1'-tHYIO CPOPMY c qeTKO Bblp,eJleI-U-IbIM I'nJllHblJ'>l 3rpl-meM H P,13YMJI 60KOJlbIMH KPblJ1bHMH. B cepezmae sexa noz; rIaplll)(eJVI noanamoror Me30H 11 Bo - rrenpesaoaneuasre IIleACBpbI, 13 KOTOPblX C1I!1B3rOTGI Boep:I1HO rpazrnuns 1130)]HpOBaHI.-:!OT'O CTpOel-lI1JI (EJlC-
P ecpopMaTOPbl,-npoTeCT';1H1 bL YI1CmIBurac OCI-IOBHOe fl.l-l,},IM:lHHE rrpaKJ"HLIHOCTH KVJlbTOBbIX 3,~aH111\ pe,~KO cnOC06CrBOB<InH n051l3JTeT-lHTO 5lpKKX apxHrelnypHbIx THOPElIHl~ l-1e06bl"QaKHble MJCIllTaObI (['payeT-lxnpxe B ,!J,pe3LjeHe (Imep:'.-y cnpana), KOTOpylO 6ap H,)L]aJI
R 1729 r, neposrno, 06'b5rCH5IIOTCH TCMl YTO OHJ ;~O!l)j(Ha 6bVl8 COTIepHW-l<lTb C COOpj,)KCHHHMl1 lGlTO}lHl-lECKOl"O I~Bopa ABryCT'1 III, Kyprpiopcra C,IKCOHCKOro H xoporrz nOJlhLU11 3aTO B AHrnHH CTPOHJl(1 Ml-lOro. 13J)aro~1Jpf1 CROl1M MI-'lQrO'lI1cneHHblMUepKH3M H OCO- 6em'IO cociopy CUflTOro Ilaena (uecpxy cnena), CTPOHTEJIhCTnO KUl'OpOro H<l'lHHaeTC51 {\ 1675 r; nOI], P}1(Ol)o,[(CTEOM cspa KPHCTOcpepa PeHa, nOH,~OH craI-IOBHTDl OI1HHM
11.3 rnauuux apxi-resTy]XlbIX nenrpon
aa npellEJl3MH K:.lTOJlH'leCf(oro MHpa
APXI1TEKTYPA PErDOPlVL'iUMH 21
3aM()]( PHIuenbE (BIfkJ3y), He coxpaHHB111UrtOJ 110 H:Jmero BpeMC'IIH, npencrasJi}m (06011 O,llHH J·n TIOCJlel11-lHX 06p23L\0I1 60_~bfJlOrO, -Tl-oripnanoro» n nnane 3aMJGl, KOTOPbll~ ncxope
6b1J1 orneprnvr.
paHKYP, Eaj[bPya) 11 rI-06pa3HOf'O I:l nnaHC 3aMKa C BHY'I'peHI-lHM ,LIBOPOJvI (KyTIOMbe, Pmuein,e). Teneps 3aMOK npencraanser C060H 06IIlI1PI-lbIH aHCaM6JIb, BKlIJ{)qaJ{)mHH 00,'(1,e:3iJ,Hbre nYfl1, cny)Ke6I-TbIC rrOMeU~eHHH, npl1J1eraTOTI\I1C crepeC'f1-JOCTI1 11 C3Abi. ]11'1- mCHHbTii OTl-I.bIHe xpirnses, 0 KOTOP.blX I-l.aOOMI1HaCT BbITJIayraa 110 60KaJvI KpOWIll, OH CTaHOBI1TCJI 6oJ1ee OTKpbITbIM BHeIIlJ-leMY MHPY, 'ITO BJle-IeT sa c06or1: HOBoe pacnonoif(eHHC )KHilbIX nOJvIemeJ-lI1l1 na nepsosr ClT3JKe. 1{aCTJ-lbIH 3aMOK yXO,[(I1'I' B He6blTI1e npn JIJ{)!.lOBl1Ke XIV, HO C naCT}roJIeJ-IHeM XVIII B. 110JIBJIJ1eTCil BHOBb B 06JII1Ke -saropormoro ~(OMa,). 3aMKH B Illaae, MOHlvlopaHcl1, )KOCCHJ-lblI 11.Tl11 Bensmo CBHAeTeJIbCTBylOT 06 06meI1 TeJ-lp,eI-IJJ;HI1: YMer'lbmeHHe pa3MtpOB, HCqe3HOBel-me pBOB, yrrPOmeHl1C 06beMOB, coxparueane JIenHbIX yxpaurenari Ha rpacane. B fepMaHHH XVIII B na OCHOBe cppaHL\Y:3- CKOro 33MK3 6yp,YT cO:,p,aHbI IVIHOrO'lI1CJ1eHI-Ible BapHaJ-I-
oJ .v/,", a. c.t...:.rt'u~ F' Gvl(~{ .. {}_ ,""-'_.I- ... .Jt'J~~ .·.~L .;.·~;~"""r,
1,;, ".~II', '1~.' "m.",', ,ir t'd"~;"" ,!".".. .......... F.Jl ..... 'IIM"" ,,, • .1 .... _:",,,,') (: .... ,1..." •.•
,; 0 •• _/",." .. ~I"·i..",I,,",, ".''i!,,,, ",,«_~_. ",,!t ... ,u J ... "!.,."".,,;>£_,f,, .... ~"" .r.~,.l ", .... !:j.,l".;;
I. o~_I;e""tJ'>n~" E!.~"t.,.$.·" .. CJ. /u ",..,-.".,-,.."". c"",· ,/" c£..,.f1,·;J',?" ::.~;<.i-J.-.:; •. Qv~/;;"'."I~'{ ..... J, .... r P,,,,~IJ_., ,{"" ~ ... -' .u.-,u .It' ''!!i-: ~r J .. _.\~r ~':'~I"'? c"':_I;~ .. ,
22 HACJIE)J,HE Y1 TPN(VIUI1I1
'fbI - OT 311J'lI1TeJlbHO npeaocxonsnurx ero ITO pJ3MaX)' (Bprozn., I1m,lMepccj)eJIb,r:(eH) no YMeHI,llieHI-TblX KOrr11l1 B cpopMe CatIOBOT'O ,/..\OMI1KJ (AM;lJIl1el-[6ypr).
,n;Bopen;
6YLlY'l11 no npOHCX()}K,L\eI-IHlo HT,LllbHl-ICKHiVl, zraopeu (nanauuo) 3JHHMae-r B HCTOPI1H )KHnHma T3.KOe )l(C 13bl/1310- Ill,eeC5IMeCTO, JGlK 3aMOK PaBHbIl~1 3aMKY no APCBHOCTI1
n poacxoxnen WI, T(BOper\ COBepLUeJ-U-JO ~lJ-Ia'-!e llHEAPHeTOl B Y1J6aHI1CTH'J.eCKOC npocrpancruo, '-ITO 00'b51Cl-l5IeTC>1 co-
IT HOpeI( ;:\aYI-l-T<HHf--l, CK]1 (HHf'13y), nO/\06HO i\'fl-JOfl'I1VI lil,opq3M, cO:',~JHHbl~·' XHHb,Lle6pal-ltiTOM HJlH <DHwepOM LllOIf 3pHaXOM ~ Bel-Ie l\ Ha4JIle XVIII R., n IX,LlCT:I BJUICT co6uw, BapHaHT PklMC](OI'O naIlJlIUO KHil~(H (cnpaua).
Ll,HaJIbHbIMM OC06Cl-IHOCTHMH: 13 l:'iTa.IJVlI'[ npeoonanana roPOl1CKJJI 3IlHTa, BO <PpaHl\I1H - 3eMeJJbHan apHCTOKpanIH. B CI1)IY pa3APo6JleHHOCnl IIOJryOCTpoua oco6oe 31-1,1'lel-me npnooperaior noxansnue '-IepTH. B BeHeL{HH XV! ll. Car-leOl3!'IHO H Cal-IMHKe.1J11 ycneumo CO'-leT<llOT eo CXeMOJl! rpaAHL(HOHHOl'O roru-recxoro zmopua aurn-mue apXHTeK'rypaue opnepa H )-'KpaLUeHH::l, B }"'VU B. 11o(-]l'el-la, nocrpoHflUll111 rraJIJ!_(L(O Flesapo II Peuuomrxo, coxpanaer sepnocrs :~TOi1 !v!OlleJll1, xoropas OC'Iar-IeTCSl I-ICH3MeHHOH 110 HJlJJjJ;j czrenyroruero cronerns. feHY33CKHe i_1BOpL\bl, 6naronapa (flOeMY pacnonoxenmo Hi! CKJJOHe XOIIMa, C03,[jalOT uemnconennu i1 el(enWleCKHH acpq)eK'T: necfH6JoJ1I1 eMeHH!OTGI,LIBOpl1Knm, sa KOTOpbIMH eneA)'IO'I KOJIOHHk ).(bl 1'1 MOI-IyrvleHTaJlbl-lble JlCeTHI11 \h1. Eo c])nOpeI-IL\I1H oopaIWHOT I3HHMaIIHe TOJI.bKO 1-1:1 mrrcpsep - nO!VlHI-IHOe 06- rroaaenne rrpOkJ3011AeT !lHIUb J3 PHMe, Ha H3JleTe Petreecanca cI>oHTaI-la 6e3 OC06blX 3aTe11 HCnO.IJb30BaJl ~ I) CI;JC)"I-IOCTH, I1pH cTpOHTeJlbCTBC rranai IL(O Jlarpano - TY MO-
B cI.lel~H~lHcr(~l~l rO']'Hl:IeCKHH I-lI30lJel.1 UmHCI<1J1UI WI:lPOI{HMH 01(01-1- HbI:r-.n1 npOCMJMH, TlXMH paar rhlMl'l
no m.lJCOTe ,3'L'(1)-IGg'n1
11 60I'~I'rblMH neru II>!.\<{H VKpalUCl-IHll.MB
IH cpaca,[le. flee 3"1'1,1 <JepTbl np]i CYTCTnYlOT B nJ.llaw~o Ilesapo (CJleI3a), KO'roPbll~ OTJll-1yaCTC}l cBariHb[i\1 cpy-r 1,~~(liVlCIn'OJ\T
11 f-1)THT-IHhJ!I'lH l(OlV[I-laTtl;vll,t, Tpc6Y1omHi\ll11 ziortr» I HHTeJl bHOI'O ocucrueann. Ooene,'iflee 06CI."05[TeJlbCT.l;O 06bJICI LHe'I'C5I )'JOCThIO ,rqaCTKOB /V1H ~aCI'pO~IKH.
TIPECTJlDK [oPO)J,CKOI'O }KI1HHlIJ,A 2:)
):IeJlb PJ1MCKOro ~\IJOpl ta, KOTOPOMY Carrranno H M l~ KCJI<U-l,Q)KeJIO npHA,\JlH 3,1 KOI-rQelTTT)-1o cj)OPMY s rranauuo C[lapHe3e:
MaCCI1BHoe 3):13J-IHC, IX1CnOJ1())KCI1liOC noicpyr ~IBopa C apxa):IaMH, CYPOBbI~i cpaC1L1 e 0)J,H0M rop1130HTaJlbl-IblM Pll,LIOM YJ3 OKOHHbIX rrpOeMOI.I H KapHJ13a. B nepson rrOJIO.BHl-le XVII ll. apXI1TeKTOpbl Ml-JOJ'O 3[{Crrepl!IMeHTYIpYJOT, 0 CleM CRI1AerenbeTBy'lOT K3K opnmnam.aocn. nanauuo Bap6ePHJ-II1, TaK H npoercrn EOppOMl1HH iJ.Il5I rr<lJIaLl,110 Kapnel-lb5! IlJIl1 n),epo l1a KOpTOI-Ja,/..\mI rraJIaI_(L(O KOJlOHT-I'1. B 1664 r; EepJ-IVIHI1 crponr nanauuo KI1AiKI1 01-1 oraepraer Mo).(eJlb
£h ;IGli\ PHMC({OJ'O '-l-' fl8fIJL\UO 1-l0Ilro X.pal-JHJl CYPOllbll~[ 06- lIHK, YH:'CJlel~On;)HH1Jln 0'1' cj.)}I0peHTHnUCHX npe,uKoB ECPHH[][~ CTPCj\o'IVlTOI C/J,en,lTb naJULiLiO KH,LI,)KH (llHfny) 60nce onvxorucpeuHblM H C03,1J,:ITb nqnpXlJ1"lTrYIO lCOMIT03HI v'tIO, .U._II)] LJel'O nOOlC,[..lOBa'TCJ1bI IO naphl1pycr 06-
CaBr<lJUlO, oinas npenno-rreaue YlAe5IM BpaMClHTe H I1aJIIla~IHO, COXpaH5leT OT nananuo <PapHe:oe TOJlbKO MOTHS uearpansnoro rtoprana H yneI-I'-IaI-IHoro rep60.·! OKOT-IJ-lO['0 npoena J-Ia).( HI1M, H CO:J!laeT J-IOllb1I1 '1'1111 cpaca,LIa, KOTOpbrO. pacnpocrpamr-ot no BeeI1 Espone.
napH:KCKIIH ABope:u; (oTeJIh)
K xouuy perniraoauerx B0i1H naplDK BHOBb CT:tHOBHTCH pe311AEI-lL\l1eH MOl-laPXa, BCJle!l,l,'SHe -rero :JapQ)[\L(aeTCll HOBan roPO).(CKJll :31111T::I. B03HHKaef norpeonocn, B rrpoC'T'OPHb!X "I ynopHAo'-lel-lHblX JKHJll1!lI:JX, xoropue ~\ocraTOqUO Tpy).\l-JO snacusaioror B CKY'-leJ-l!-lOe npocrpaucrBO cpeAl-leSeKOBOI'O ropozia. 3'1'0 IICIICT K yp6allH3al II~H rrpeAMecTnti. B nepnoti rrononmte XI/lie. crpCMHTCJfbllO pa3BMI3alOTC5I TaKHe jXI(IOI-lbl, K<IK Mape (orenu ClOJIJI¥!, fOJIJI<tJ-f,LICKIL,,{ nocnos, Bose), OCTPOJ3 CeH-IIyH (oTeJII1 JlaM6ep, 13pe'l'oHJ3HJlbe, Jlosen) VI KI3ap'I';:tJI nO!_1 1-I<l3JJ<lI-H·IeM }KeJ1Tble pHbl, paCrrOil())KeJ-JHbIi"1 B :larra,[(I-lOI1 '-IaCrH
JlHI< pa3J1Uy.HbIX LJ~lcret;j. C:CMb IlbK'1,\·TIaIOIlIHx
I ~el np(l.llhl-iI)IX nponeTOB, OT,nUleI-lHb[X I-lpyr 0"1' l~pyra llHnBcrpa,Vlvl;
C 6aJllOCrp;l,LlOfi H;I sep}.1', OTml'12fOTCfl OT 60- KOB,hl.X lj~C'l'el:.j c f'OPI-1- ~101rraJlbHblr.'l nO)lQ-IbJIl'l PYCTOM. nepllhll~ 110- KOJIbHblI1 3T:I)K npoTHeonocramcn BCpXHHM, COel.IHllerIHhl,", rrocpei(CI'lJO~l opncpa BblCOTOI~l 13 J~lJa ::rra)I<a, )1(1111011 - "6.rIJ]"OpOl-~I-lhI11'~ - :31T~DI< orve-reu OKOHHblj\'IH npOO1:lMH Il (jlOPMC 1.10- Mf-!I(>1 J-I3KOI rcn, lIC1ITP;'1..'lhHI,111 ripener l~hll~CJHJeT(}1 CUOH]V! 1I0P'I'3- )10.\11'1 Ol(Ol-ll-1hIM n po.icTO.:-.t Ha BTOPOM ::IT::liKe.
24 HACJIEL(I1E H TPA,UI1IJ,l1H
IlAPInKCKI1I1 IlAPTl1KYJIHPl13M 25
C XOACTBO MelK,QV CTOHll~H M V (;)£\'1011 roponcicoa '1cj),J'bl 11 OKp),?KeHHbIM napxo« JIloKceM6ypJ'CKHM ilBOpqOM (cneua BBCpXy) H rJOilHOCTblO RIOllOl{eHHblM B vpoaHHCTHYCCKYIO cperry cneHcM JIa Bpu.rr.ep (CJTeB8 BllkI3)') f(OIGI- 3I:JLBClIOT JKH8YLleCl'lJ Tpa,1HLU10HI-JOI1 MogeJTH 3:lM1GI, rnanLibl'" lJpYIIIL\Hno"'l KOTOpoJOi 1>10)1(1-10 C'-lHTaTb pacnono)KerLHC MeJl{,1\y ,l(BOPOM n caao«.
IT.pl1MeplfO )WCiJ'J'Unerae pa3,QtJI5ICT HaqaJIO CTpOHTeJlhC1'- 0;1 OTeJlei1 CIOJlilH (1625, CJICBa) H
113 Bpn.u.ep (1635)
B nepnoxr 1I0K1TOPC!(J1X LIe P" nO'lTYI Her: 3TO nee TOT ){(e penecCaI-]CI-IhIH :-3dl1i!OKI pacnOJlO)KeL-JJ-1bll:i lv\on.b T~CI-lTp2m'l-lOti ocu,
rAe Apyr aa ApyroM CJlexr.YIOT BXOl(HOI-1 nopran, fJT:lBHOC aaauac H ueH'lpaJlbHa)1
3.11aHHll C 60K013hTMI1 cjJJl yIlT}]}1 MH. B )"'VIII B. see xame rtoaansrorcs anTOHOMHblC crpOCI'{I'IH McnhIllI1X pa3MepOB - npflMepOM 3,l1CCb Mory"!' CJIy:iKI1Th O'f'CJIJ.-I Kp03a, Bnpou 0J1H Marnrrsorr.
I1MCHHO orpana-rcnuoe rrpocrpan(TBO Bbll-I)0K.l1ae-r apXI1TCKTOPOB HCxars HeO)KI1~(aHHbl.C H OpHTJ.1I,raJ1hHhle PCillCHWI, xoropne 0HOr.11a CTaflOB5!TCll OCl-IOBOnOJlaraIOlL\HMH (CMeTJ~eJ-lI1C OCI1 zmopa 11 cana B OTCJIC flHaHKYP, C~BOC]-TT-[bTH l.I,el-lTpaJlbl-lbIHnpOller B orene lliaJIOl-I-JIIOKCCM- 6ypr), a nopoa HC HaXO~llT ]-Il1KaKoro ~dJlb!-IctiIllC- 1'0 pa3BHTl1H (oBaJlhHbIH ,lIBOp B OTCJlC A~'ll[o,[.\e Iyp-
He). OTCfTh BOBC - IIY'UIIT1H 06pa3Cl.I, OTCJUI c CI)3cap,OM na YJll1l.1,Y 3T3 Mo,[.\cm npensocxaiuaer coapcwemrste 3P;3Hllil, HO ee PC)WO vICnOJlh3}10T npl1 C03,l1aHI1I1 apnCTOK]JaTH'-!eCKoro )](HIII1llJ,'1.
nccruaua. ,lV15! OTeJLH Jla BpHJlhep Maucap BO:JpmK,lpeT rOpa3,l(0 60IIee v(3hrO<;1fnryro ]<:OMTI03HU;IUO (J1Jl~Ll-I cBepxy HBep)ty If rpamopa IlJ c. CHeBa.). Eurc OI1I1H A130P C Bblxonoxr na YJ1Y11"l' pacnOJIO)KeH CJleB8 0'1' rrr;U3I-foro zmopa. YIJ,J1HHeHHbli1, [-]0 (Men~er-lI-!hrr:f no OTflOUJeHI1IO KO I1BOPY cjJJCI).l I1h1XO!l.HT B calJ, JleCTHI1Ua BblHeCe}ta B 60- KOBoe r(j)bIJIO, YTO 06CCneLIymaeT CBO- 60,'11-1)'10 nH;ll-lHpOB!CY l'nJl.IHOrO 3/l,JOHll. f--[aKOJ-lCU, 1) GIll BblXO,QHT ranepea. AIlGIM6_%
B uen a iVl :3aMerHO OTXOIJ,HT 0'1' 'rIX11.lflllH 11 3aMIGL
Me)J\l\Y l\peBlIHM rroacou YKpCmTCHT1l1 Kapna V H ropO,[(CKHMI1 CT'Cf'IaMI1, B03BC~CHHbIMH rrpir JIIO,[.\OBI1KC XIII CJ1aJle-KapL(I1HaJlb, OTeIIl-I Jla BPI1JlbCP 11 Ma33pT1l-lH). HaL1::m0 x\r1II crolIeI'WI (,1'a1-106I1TOl BTOPblM 30IIOTblM BC[(OM B HCT'0PI1H napl1)KCKOI'O OTeJIll. B 91'0 BPCMSf oc060 npflBJlerOTCfJbHblMI1 W1J1 CTPOl1TCJlbCJ'KI CLIHTalOTCH npenxecrsn CCH-)KepMCH Cl1aJIC-6yp60H, orenrr 611- pOI-!, MaTI.fJJbOH, AJ\'lJlo,llc Iypne) I-TJIH CCHT-OHope (OTCJlb 1\'3Bpe, HbTl-JCllIH11l1 EJIl1Ce~rCK.J.-[fi ,[.\BOPCl.I,). He CJlcp;yeTY,[(l1BJlHTbCSf, LITO I'OPO,[(CKHC .110Ma cjJP3HLI)'3CKOl1 apl1CTOKpaTl1l1 YJ-l<lCJIC.110BaJlH MHO)KeCTBO OCO- 6el-ll-lOcrel1, npl1CYlUl1X 'lpa,l(J1I..1,I-TOB[-IOMY 3:LMJ<y_ OTCJ1b no LITH scerna pacnoaaraeror Me>Kp,y W:l0POM 11 C3,l10NI, OTY}IHL(bl ero orztenner crena C 60Jlec HJIH MeBee POCKOI.UHblNI nopranosr, OH MOJKCT HMCTb 06palUCHI-Ihie Ha33,l1 K]JblJTbH ylJI11 )Ke COCTOJ'ITb VI3 0,[(1-101'0 rJI3BJ-JOr'o
26 I-lACflE,Ql1E H TPA,ll,HIJ.I1.v!
BllJIJIblll sarOpO.1lHble peSH.1leHIJ;HH
B ",[lOA')' PCneCCaHC3 PO)f<,ll3eTOJ 11 tIOC'l'I1I'<lCT arrorcn '("eMa I:lI1Jlfibl - rrnoz; I'YMam1CrH'JCCT<0:1!I MetJTbJ 0 B03- pOlKlJ,el-1l111 ;U-ITl!J'IHOrO oopasa )[(H3I-lVL Hc06hl'laHT-IO pa3!-1006p-13HaH C TO'lI\H 3per-HHI CpOpMbl cepnn ripenCT3HlleH3 TaK~ll"J~1 TBopeHH5IM~I, I(;IK C0311,3IIHbiC Il ,D,Ba npHCM3 BHJJ)1bJ CeMCl1CTBa Me/~I1'-H1 (B y:aC'l'.HOCTH, KapCi\)f(H 11 Ilonxco B XIV 13.; npaTOJlHHO H KaCTCJIJ]O B XVI B.), MJIOI'OqHC)]CHHble BI'!JIJIbl, nOCl'pOCHHhlC IlaJ1- .11<1/.1110 AmI BeHeL\I~aIlCKHX apHCT01(PaTOB, POCKOWHblC pHMCKHe al-TC3M6Jll'l (CI)apI-IC31'IH3, Bensuenep, 13vlJlJ1a JVbt\aM, m'I!lJla .D,)](Y!ll1a, nanna ,IJ,'OCfC) VI, ](OJ-le'IHO )t·~e, na.tauno Te B Maurye. B xvn B. caMblC m,IA:;[!OJJ\HCCl coopvxeuas nOHllJTlIlOTGI B PI1MC 11 ero OKpeCnIOCT.U:
BU)]!la Bopresc, HHJ1Jla AJlht\06pall/.1HHH, SHima naMclm!lH, Bl1JII1a J'[lO):(OBJ!f31~, Bl1JlJl;:l CIKKC'I"TI1, KOTOPbIC CTI1- JlHCTJ1<IeCJ<H ue OTIUlOIIJIlOTC5I OT nporopcaaux PeHCCC<Il-ICOM nyreri.
B03BPAW,EHHE K nPHPO,[(E 27
CTOB CTpCMJICHHe C031\3Tb yCJlOB}'[H ,Il,JIH ),C,!U1HeHH51, cotleT<Ln npekpacnsre T130pel-IH5I I1CKyccrB8 C KpacO'I'aMH npnponu. B AHfJ[vIH IVIH apHCTCJl(paTl'l!tl 6b[110 BallCHee otiycrpotrn, nonecrse, LlCM 6m'!craTb npa nsope rrpnnsopuaa )f<:li3Hb 3JjCCb 6bIJJa ropasuo MCHee HI-ITeIlCl~l.II-10M, 4eM BO (I)paIlL~Hl!J J.-!J111 Iepll'l;:II-1HH. IIco6bT'-!MiHOC paaxooepaane 3aropoAHbIX !l.OMOIl 06YCffOBI1CllO 'I'CM, '1'1'0 MHorl1t ar IfJJl!I.HCl{}1e apHcTOKpaTbr 11 HfITeJIJI.cKJ'yaJlb!, YBJley:eHHblc HCKYCCTROM aHHI'-lHOCTH H 0Ae~lNU1 naJlJJa,[(110, coxpanmor sprco Bblpa;KeHI-Tb1l1 11H'I'epeC K cpenneseicousna cpopMaM, rorua KaK K TBOIXHl151M COBpexemrsrx CI)paHLI,Y:KI<l1X ;:IpXI1'J'elD'OpOB ornoorrcn c 60JlbWl1M H.eIWBepl1eM,
flap;:lAOKC;;)JlbHbIM 06pa30M, 3I'1rJ1HI1CIU1C aaropozmue PC311,[(CBLI,HI1 - <'KU-l'rpH-xayc» - HMCIOT caMble 60)"IGUIl'lC npasa I-Ia TO, L1T06bI CYHT;:ITb H 3al<:OHlib!Ml1 H<ICJICW-Il1IGlMI~ HTaJlb111-JCKOH BI1J[J1bl. Ol\HOM H3 rrpn-nur crane IJJllimme DaJ[JJ<I/.1HO, 6narO!.(apH KOTOPOiVIY nory CTOPOHY JIa-M;:II-lUl<l U03HMI«UOT MIIOrOQ!1c.nCHllble R3- pH<lLl,HH H<l TeMY nel!Cll,I1<1HCKJ!fX J1HJlll - B 'I<lCTHOCTH,
P TOIIll,<l B LTI13!3I1Ke 1'1 Mapsopr. H rnasno COC"[,OI'['1' B l(pyl"O_\'I: )K1'IJI"I.I.I~e 3ACCh coxpanner CB0I1 '1JCl'I-lbIl1 xapaxrep, CK23hIB<leTC5I TaJOKC H 'l"l'mr-ILIHoe ,l.(IIH IYMaI-IH-
IT poercr <llpHA)](HMe!1 [of K;t ,!lJ1il nanJib! n"13all~' B Crpa (D~CPXY) "anOMI'1I raer 1~~OI)L~OIll'IO apXHTC'('LOYP), 6mll"ONlp51 CO'lL;'r;LHII10 umpoxo OTI<Pb'T l~ nenrpane- 11011 I.I;lCl'H "ll~B)~· C'IPO'·HX KpbLJLbeB.
BHILJI:1 nener CHOC npOHCXm!<).J,CI-J11e
[)T A'lT,~q,rocnl 1'1 Pe- 1·leCCaHGl. LVii! .6HJlJI bl CaT(J(eTfH ,·,eJ~;LJlC](O OT P~l;V!a (UBepxy) rucpo l~a icoprona 6CpCT B Ka'lecme 06pa3! ,:i xpaM (1)OPT),' Ibl B TIpeuecre YI HHUJY 1\0 ll:nopeBcnsacncpa paoo Tbl Eip;lM<lHTe, I"C .IICCTHH'lHbIC nponeru, reppacu H CIJOI1T<1HbL pacnonaratcrc» ycrvnaM!'!. CTOJreTHC cnvc- 1":1 ]lOP)" EepJ.lkJ 1-II~ro H npH CTj)0IiITCJlbCTBe IJWIJJl>( 4'13Blm (CJICBa) HCnOJ)b3VCT [lmu·) BHJInh' POTO; 'I\a pa60Tb! na}VlaJ_~HO H C031~aeT CB0601-\I')"I0 I'll rrcpnperain-:o c ~P!(O Bblp~DKeHH bI:MH H3M C l rcI!H51M~I: Ol(HH nopru« llMecrO ... rcrupcx, i\10- J(HCP"'L~I![pOJ:Jalll [h,e JIe'TI-IHL~bl 11 icynona.
28 HACJTE,lJ,HE J.1 TPA,lJ,KIJ)1H
CUEHorPNPI15J C\QOB 29
Ca;:J;LI
lJOWITHC BT1J)JlhT B crporox CMblCJ1C sroro CJIOBit 13KTIIO<I3CT I:l CC6R K,I[< iKI'l1JOC nOMCIU;CtLHC (n<lBl1JJbOI-I), Tal{ Ii C<lA· TO<[I-IO Ta[()KC 3<1MKYI H -xaarpu-xayo C03,lJ,<lIJaJIHCb B paaxax OI1pCJ~CJICHHOrO neCi3a)K3. 80 (])pall~IlYI 11 B AHf'JIHH IcIaXOJ(HT cuoe aaseptueune !~Be I.UKOllbI, LlOCXOWTll(HC K C/\HHOMY otipasuy - HT3ITbHHCK()MY PCHCCC<1HCI-JOMY C::liW lJocncJ(HcMY npHCYLL\H cne.!1}IJOu.\HC cICPTbI: MCCTOnOlIQ)](CJ'mc ml CI())OHC,YTO [[aCT J303MO}KHOCTh C03,l.I,<1'J'b reppacsr, rporu H rc<1CTG1,l.I,blj H305HJIJ:le BOtjHbIX 110TOKOB H 60raTCIH paCTM'I'CJlbl-IOCThj reOMCTPNlfCCKH npaeansnue U,BCTl-lHICH iii H3BHJJVICTble aJJITCl1, BCAYLl\HC K llY;>K3I1KaM H 6eCe,l:(KaM, J:'1-\C MOJKHO yI<pb!TbUl 0'1' COJIll ua.
Y)Ke I3 300",,')1 B03pO>I<1-\eHHH epp:mqY3CKl1J1 carl OTJl11- "l<tCTC51 TeM, "lTO lKHJlOC nOMCLl\eHl1e HilXO,[lYITCH Y sxona B nOMCCTbe, ('MelKA), ,l.I,BOPOM 11 GlgOM", OOCKOJlbKY HCnOJJb3)'10TClI 50.TIee p01311ble yt.I;!CTKH, CJ,l.I, cr;U-TOBHTC51 rrpocropuee 11 lIJHPC, <I 6eccp,KaM Ii[ Ter-IJ.1CTOCi JJHCT13C npHAaCTCH KYA:l Mel-lbl.1lee 3H<t'leHH.e. AI.-IApe neHO'Ip p,0- Bel! 11.0 BblCluel:t crenemr COJ3eprnel-ICTB<l M.otje!lb CI}paHnyacxoro cana, I1peN133Ha<rCHHoro 13 nepayro oxepezu, NIH nporynox P33PJ'])I<CHI-!bIX npHA130pHhIX.
YKpalUCI1HCM pc-
He 'C;JHCllblX GIAOB 6brJIl1 nOI~3e~1l'lhle ucpexonei, rporu
H HHM<j)bl. MO,LIa 11<1 aaroponusre pC3.I1,L(ClII.\HH upnscna I( C03A"HHiO H MHOrO'JHCJlCIIHbIX aaroponm.rx namul bOHOB. 1'13 npucrpacrzn K nHTCp:l'J)'PH hi M HllH CP'1ilOCO¢CKHM :mm03HilM PO/IV1,llOTCH GIA013IAC .cOOp~l(eHHfl" (Bn~uy, 13 Croyn). naMHTHbJ.e CKYJIhl,I"YPhl) crem«, KO}[OII I-IbI, IIHpaMHAbJ H J!o"(Hble PY"II-Ihl coceACTUYlO'l' c rpOTaMH, QXOTIII'14bHM(l1 nam"JnbOll:1MH, 6~lnbHNMH 3aJ12Mld H rrpa'l')'L\.iIHBLIMM YCilklHCI-jf-IhII\l1l1 r~OMHK~I!\'[l-'I. Bo(opC j{ Ul'IM npHCOeAHH.fITC51 KHT:!r7JcI(HC narO,Qbl, oripaauouue (pq)Mbl l'IJIl'1 M()JIO"Jur-re X03lU1cTIl;1
ITpoTHBOJ3eCOM IlO,lJ,061-10H reaueuL\l1vl C.Il)I}KHT oopamemre K HCTOKaM - K nei133)h"HOM)I naprcy, KOTOPh!l1 rI05IBMeTCR B AI-H'JIHH B 1720-e rr; 31'0 l!l B03BpaUJ.CHHe K HllTCIIJlelrry;Ulbl-lbIM HC1'OK3M rYMaHH3MJ, HO H pe130JIlOl\H51 13 crpepe ejJopMbl, Op0I130111e,.[[lliaH 13CJJcgCTBHe OTKa3a 01' YCJI013HOCTelli peryJlH[)HOI'O cazta, B CYIll,I-lOCrH, C03- ztarerm 3TH.Y I-lOBbIX canos BAOXHOllJIHIOTCH H,[(ea)lbHbINlH nCI13,DKJ !H, uocneTblMI1 B npel-lbuzyIll,eM CTOlleTHH cpenCTBaMH JKHBOllHCH - T3KHMYl XY/.\O}KHHK<tMI-l, I(aK ITYCCCH, noppeI-l Hllf.1 f'O!lIT<LH,.JJ;CICI1e M3CTepa.
Pe3H;:J;eHIJ;JIH MOHapXOB CBoe06pa3He apxmcicryper pC3H.L\eH~JilH MOHapxOB 06b!ICf-lHCTCll 130 M[-[O-
B OblCWefl CTenel-II1 OpHfI" I r;JJJbj-lbIH 3;[MhICeJI HblHC paspyureanoro 3aMKa Mapnn npHH;l,'1,~e)I(Jrr }KIO/1I0 Apmr:,m-M;lI-Jcapy Onpenenuer KOMfl0311L\11IO allc<1M6- JlH "ROilH:Hr OCb", J(OTOpafJ H;iCII1I-I;[CTClI 0'1' crpynmcrocn
no xormy sa KOPOJ1CT\CKI'U\'l []~IBH]lbOL-IO/'.'l 130AOnal12 Ii aaeepurac OJ 6acceHHOM 1-1i1)Ke ypouua nocnennea rcppacu, yxpaureu-
II j::i 31-lal\'ICHl1TbIM'Vf ('I(OH5:lMJ1 MtIPJlH'),
no o6e cropouu :9'1'0]1 ocn 6blm1 uoauencusr na13H})GOHbT, npct~l.la~ 31mo..feHHblC,[()UI Iwpoflellclmx rOCTeI1.
32 J-1ACJIE,llJ1E H TPADJ1 Ul1Ji[
BEJIHl(v!YI OFOEKT JIYEP 33
rOM T<OCMOQOJIHT113MOM npnasopusrx apxirrexropos:
Bcpnuuu CO:3/-I,ICT npocxri.r ,!l.JJ~ Ilapnsca, lOBapa W!H JiYlcca60I-Ja, J\!(a/\pI,j/J,;J H Typuna, bO(j)(j1lXII-! /J,1Tll Mal~l-il\a H Hal-ICU, J[e61101l H PaCTpeJIJIYl )lJlH Canter-Ilerepoypra, P06ep Ile KO'I,[\.1151 Ma;J,pH,u<lvr Bropuoypra, I10raHH ]l!o;\BHl'lVIR nopryranscsoa Ma(l)phl... !'v1.e)f(,[lY apxwrexTopa~'IH 3aB513hIB<lCTCH f\H,UIOr no HC'l'HHe esponeacxoro M<lC[J1'la6a f1epBhTf'l npoexr P06CP3 At KOTa IJ)TH 1')Y::'>lIPeTl1pO 11. row KOpO.ncBCKOI'O W30PC\:l T-l Bnn-iec'repe HMceT HeCOiVIfleJ lHOC pO,1l,CTBO C BCpGIlICM, :l ,QUOPCf~ Kapnusnno 13 Typnne nOCXO[J,HT K nepBOMY np exry Bcpnurur VHI Jlyupa HJIH K l\UOl)L\y I<CJIJOC B MapJl.H.
npHl\BOpl-r;[H apXHTCKT)'pa ropaano 60l1ec BOCIJPHHNI'II1Ila K arrenn IHM 13.11 HHl-rmIM 11 oricpsrra /tll}) f-TOBlJlCCTB HJIH 3KcncpvnvlCI-tTOB l'YJ(<l 60J1UUC, l[CM apxirrexrypa npHKITI-laH. Tate, 130 cj)IXIHIJ,Y3CKOI1 apxarercrype KOJ10llIl3[(3 Jlynpa, 13bIXOI-(5IlL\l1i1 B ca;~ (jJ;.)ca,ll, sepcanscxoro WlOPf(<I H :IJMOK Mapm'l npe,1lCTJ13.IJ5UOT C060H !10lKf-lblJ1 CHHTC3, 13 KOTOPOil'! 1'<1J1JlbCKHC TP<l!\Hl\H11 CO'leTarOTCH C 'l)OK,E\blM Ii C!JjXU-ITl.Y3CKOMY CTHJlTO 3J1CMCIITa MH: oro TH[JOJlOl'U'leCKHC I1CIGllO'ICJ-II1H, 11 Onpel(CI1HTh HX nponcXOIK!(CIll1e BeCbMa sarpvmrmensno. 130Jlbllll1e l'OPO!tCKI1C nsopuu, Jlyup, ,\'lJ,ll,PVl~\CKklrll\JTbIClGlP, JIOl-lJ(OIlCI(HI;j Y"HTXO!TI1, jJI1MCI<HI';[ Ban'IKaH, ,\HOIIXel-ICIGI51 Pe311- ,n:CHI (WI HJI H neH CKYlI~! Xocp6ypr Bhl,l\CnmOTClI n J.,_'\lII B. coe/\HTleT-ll1eM. C]"[1J1l1Cl'HLleCKI1 paaaoponrn.rx 31\:1H HH, CBYI/_\eTCJlbCTI3)T]O]J~HX 0 MHoro<mCJJCl-ll'l'bIX nepecrponKJX. [JO'ITH nee OlTl1 6blJ1l1 06bCKTOM 4CCT0J1T0611Bbrx unauou no YKpafllCHHEO 11nH PCI(O[-lcrpYKL\I1H cyutecrsonanunrx npezore xosrnnexcoa, I Illi sero npnrnauranuci, GtMble :lllaMellHThle apxurexropu. Ho JIT>ilIlb B KCKJllOLlH'I'Cnb)-lbIX C!J),'1,1HX 3'1'0 npI1BO/\l1J10 K rrOl1BJfer-lI1TO
Koma II 1.664 r. [(0)lh6cp cranoBkl'J'Cjl, rert.Cp;lJlhHbl~\lI cyllepHI"rreH1~al-ll'OM pe:n'II\CIIL\I"11IWP0Jl5I, crpourcr. bCTBOM n yUpi,1 vxcc 13 Tel..TCllHC IKornl llC'!' pyj(oJlOJ~VI'r Jte Bo. KOllb6cPl' lie IlpamrrcfI npCWIO;l(elll1H I'JI;]BIIOro :.lpXHICKIO[):I, j)[ otr npmciaunacr llpepB:1Th pa50Tbl. Jl,o uaiucro upeMClllI liOUIJIH -repre)K.I (j)P:IIKY:1 MaHC;lp:l, nhCpO /1;1 I{OPTOH<I
[1 J)CPll 1'1 lIJoi. OCPBhll;1 flJl;U-l J)CPIIHIIH (BI-IHJy), [OI")[:lUIO I<OTOPOM)!
B 3~~aJ111H )~()n~(f 10 6hlTb !\UC CKPV[,JICHI11,IC 110- llCPXlIOtTI'1. ne l'IMeeT paem-rx 110 OIC!IOcr~I 06p:IMJlCII~IC IJ,Cfn!XlJ!hl-IOJ;J lJ~!CTH. SbJI~t'JillIOLl\elk}1 5,TI;II'(J!~;IP'1 gllY", M:.ICCHiIl-IhIM ej)!LI-In_']l~IM, If:rnOl\111l-1aer fT;lJJalJ,L~O IJap6cpHiI H I PH~'le. ~lTOT npocicr 5hl orucpruyr, 1<:IK 11 npoexr klp!IO Paf\,I:LITbAH (BI-lIny cnpaua), I(OTOPbll;1 n IXACI<IIl!UICT CO- 60H nopa.nrrens-ryio
n cnoe» PO)IC nonr.rrxv rtpncnocooim, In,iJlb)IHCI\OC "'UI~IL~I\
I( .(IJp;II-11 ~\,lC"OI~ xtaucpe- c cc Llt'TICO nhlpa)KCI11-lhIMH ejl}IHl"CJUIMJ'J.
lI,eJ1bllhlX TBOpel-lI1I1, KOTOJlble IlepW),1I,I1LleC!U1 CraHOt]IIJfHCb )KCPTBOI~ln())IUpOB,
I iOillITHCJCC!U1X 111111 q)I1H<lHcouux 3<1TpWV-IeHliI1 H nenocrOm-ICmaMOHapXOB.
O..:06cnno TlOK;J3JTCJlcr-j J3 3TOM e-n-rene IIyBp: (j)pall-
I (HCK 1 paCTlOpH)J)'IJICll CHCell'! «pcnocn- Kapna V 1'1 nopV'1l1JJ n bCPY Jleicory C'IpO [1- TC.lfbCTHO 1-101301'0 -iersrpexyrOJIbHOl'O ABOpLl,a. YBeJIJ1lfI1BITf111C1C51 3<1 CCleT npncrpoOZ, Bb)XO,~HBlIII1X cj:laCa!\OM rra CCHY, Jlynp K KOHTJ,y XVI R Ha'lI1HaCT i50nee HJIH MCHce XClO'l·UtlecKYl.p'ICnOJl3aThCH aa 10rO-3,II1<1,11, noxa Ienpnx IV ue ornaer pacnoprrxceHue COe,1l,HI-IHTh ero nOCpCI-(CT130M raneperi C l1BopqONI TIovrJ1b)Jn, n03Ue1lCHl-lblM no npnxasy EK,ITepklllbl Mel-(aLlH. JIIO,1l,OI1HI\ XUI 3Cl,L\YMbmaeT npoexr ero 06r-J0J3IlCl-ll151 1.1 pacmnpcuna, ]-[0 He IlOBO,C(l1T zreno zro 1<011 L\Cl 1\01'1\;[ Konsoep n Pl'U-Jl1EVJaeT pemenne C):1cn::n'Tl crpoirrenacrno sroro /~IlOplJ,a m::tBl-lhIM C06blTHeM l\apCllIOIJ3HH51 JIlO;o,OBHI(3 XlV, CraHOBI1TC51 0'4CnHlllTO, LiTO KOpOJlb - 1(0- TophU16Y,!J,eT jKHTb B Jlynpe TOJ! hKO ;W couepmeanoneTI1H - non.HOCTh!O Y'Tp3Tf.1rr mrrcpec K npoercry TeM He Mellce 3<1 COBeTOI\! 06pall\cllOTClI ]{ CaMbIN! Bbl,[laIOlljI1MCH apxnrercropav. B llapHiK npH],}lJlIIJ!CJT Eepl-II1f-lH,
KOJlh6Cp AOBCPHIl pnpaoO"I':Jj'j, O,KoH'_I~rrenbHbll';j npoC1\.T nOCTO"-lHO['O CJJaCI"I" J1vHpa "Mano,",), coRCTV<>, KV/I:l ~OlU)JJ1 JIe Bpeu, JIe Bo H J(JJo.~ Ilcppo. Pe3YJILiI':lTOM
11 x COBMtC[]-[bIX TPYlion Cl';tn:l KOJIOIIH:li~',1 (1I8epxy) - ()~IHII H:l c.r-n.rx paTIIIHx t IpHMepoB ~IKaLleMI[LJCCJ(Oro 3I<J1CKTIf3:\'I:1, 0 LleiVl CB HAt'I'eJlbC'rsYloT IGU( cc J>.lHorOCll1C}[el-IH ue ];JI1.\ICTl30B~,ll-JHII, T~IK H nopoxctcm n-te cro ocrpel1JlJYJe TcOpeTHLlt.'CKHC i!J,HCHYCCI'IH.
34 HAOIE)J,I1E 11 TPA)J,I111,1:111
ero nnaasr nonyaaior o.Qo6peJ-H1C ... [10 Tal( H 0C'l'aI01'01 na 6YMare. Ilccnezinee KPb11[0 naQHHalOT 1303BO,l\I1Tb 13 16671'. - H 3aBCpllJ310T llHl.LIb B CnCi.:('_iIOIUCM CrGneTHH. OAHaKo IJ,HCI<yCClliT no no.BOJJ,y OKOJ-l'IaTCJlbHOt'I RCpCV!l-l JIynpa CTaHOBHTOl O,ll.HI1M 113 GIMblX Ba)KHhlX co6blTull nexa. IlpoCKT .5CpI-II1HH, 3arre'JaTnCHI-Ihll1 H<I rpamope, nonyxazr urapoeoe pacnpocrpaneane 11 ;m;IQl1'rCJlbllhlll OTJ()[]1K II Enpone. JIynp BOfIJIOU\aCT YI~\eanbl-[bTll oopaaen QCTblpeAi1J'OJlbHOI"O ,[\BOpQ3, KOTOPblM 6Yl.\YT BiJ,OXl 1013- rrarscn C03iJ,aTeJl11 1'a[(oro pona .QBOPl\OR B BepJlI1I-IC, CrOKrOJlbMe !if Ma,o,pH,l\C.
BepCaJIbCKan 1VI0,1l;eJIb
EC1'b MHOJKeCTBO npnsua, no6Y)K,U310lll,I1X MOHapXOB B03UOlJ,HTb CaMblC xpacaasre CBOH pe311IJ,CHL\HT-l sa roPOiJ,CKOll seprosi, H nOlJ,061-l;I.lT npaI('J'I1K<L II CXO,ll,HT K IJ,peBI-IOCni. JII060Bh K oxore, Ila1l11'[He cscoonxoro npocrparrcrua, B03MQ)IG-TOCTb npHiJ.YMhlBaTh COBCpmenno HOBbIC aHCaM6JIH H OKpY}KaTb HX 60!JbIJlHMH Ca)..laMJ1 13 CBOC BpCJv1J1 06yCJlOBI1J1H nosuneuue TJKI1X YP.""THbIX TBopeHl1ll, KaK lllaM6op, CP01-ITeH6!lo, Cerr}KcpMeI-1. Ho JIlOAOJ3I1K XIV, npespa-rnu Bepcam, B CTO!IHlW, C,D;CJlarI HOPMOH OTITIXIB!TCHHe Jv10HapXWICCK0I1 B.II3CTH 13 npcnenax aaropounoro I10MeCTbH - paayae-
IT 0 CJ1X nop 0001- ,L--I, eTCH l-ICliCHbl.'I, I(OMV UPBII<lI.lllCl<aJI 3~II\JlblCeJl p~ICUJHpT,rrb llcpcaJ[b H icro cran
;1 BTOPOM. Q)aC<1p,<L, .UblXOI\i1u"ero B can (liHK,y).06hICIHO 1-ta3hlBalOT VlMlI Jle Bo, XOTli MaHepyero ancce )'3II:1Tb IICBO:lM())I<HO. Teppaca
(lie coxpaHVlllllTaJ!cIl)nOIIRHHH<llI penxocn; Crrprrraruucc I(Phl.lIIH
H uropoa :0)'1';1)1(, BhlllCJICIHlbIl1 OPI\CPO)'I iTa ,-\OKOne [1 npoCCCII<OI1 [10)((1-[01'0 PYCTa, cneJl<lHbl Ha HT;Vlb511ICl{HH M;!Hep, OI-ll-laTW HenHHI-l<1 I.-I ail OKOHllblMI1 npOCMaMH IIanOMHIlaCT 0 3;IMKe Bo, TOf:l\:I ](al\ cnnoennuc 1<0!TOHHbl - I1pM3HaK raJlJlbCl<O ro CTI-1J[J1.
EBPOTIA: CTOJ1l1l(A BEPCAJlb 35
eTCH, BeCbJv13 06um:pHblX pasvepon. KOPO!Jb OTKa:lbIBaeTO! 0'1' nyBPCKOll KO.TIOHl-lap,bT (KOTOp3S1 H::tCTOJlbKO .IIHlLleHa xapaxrepa )Kl1nOrO 3.1l:3HJ1Jl, 'ITO I10,[1p:DK<lTb ell6yIJ,YT }1HIlIb B rpaiKi_\31-ICI\OI1 apXYITCKType), ITOCKOJlbK)' HC zcenaer 06I-fran B 06ll..\eCTBeHHoM nsopue. B3aMeI-T Of-I ztorrycrcaer I1y6J1l1KY K C03epIJ,ClHHlO cnoea noscennennoa )Kf:l3HI1. Bepca.TIb 06oe,[1HI-THCT ,rJ,BC B3311- Jv10CBH3aIIHble TeH)..lCHIJ,Hl1: npeBpal.T.1CI-IHC BJTaCTl-l .B qaCTHOC ICleJIO cvsepeua 11 LlaCTHOll/KH3!-lH cynepena -
B ny6JlWIl-JOC spenume.
Bcnen 3;] JII{)IJ,OBI1KOM XIV npyrne eBpOneI1Cl{YIC MOHapXI1 - ocooemro B lepM3HTll1 - T-ra<Jl-lyr C pBeHHeM B03BOlJ,l1Tb nsmrasre aaropormue PC3HIJ,CHIJ,I1I1, 'lbC BeJIH'me peaxo KOHTpacTHpycT C peaJ1bHbl.M nOJI11TH'leCKHJv! BeCOM HX rOCYlJ,apCTB. I1MCIHIO 1103'1'0 My MQ)K1-10 rouopars, 'ITO 6C3 Bepcarot I-Ie nOKBl:1'fIl1Cb 6bl H3 CBeT Hl1McpeH6ypr, Illnecxeri», JIIO~(IlHf'c6YVI; J1a I'panxa, TIeTcproep, Ilapcxoe Ceno, WCT-T6pym-f, OOTc.uaM, BlOPIJ,- 6ypr, CrYTlJ1HI1IJ,IKl1: ABC BbJUJCHa3Bal-lJ-lhle -rCI-I,lICI-llll111 B ,[1arU-loM CJI)"UC HMelOT K)'A3 60Jlbll.TCC 3HaQCf10C, QeM T1MHTaL(HH O'r~\ellbHblX 3.TIeJv!eHTOB Bepcann - xepena iJ,BOPOB, orpo-mua cpaC3;1 c OKI-laMH B nap«, rposranuue canst, MOHYMCHT<L.lThHbIC yxpaurenas,
EaHapCI\Ht'1 p,BOP, COI03HHK <t>paflf\HH D BOrlHe 3:1 HCQClHCKOC lla,CJle)J:C'TBO,
n H3'1;]Jle XVIII B. eraHOBHTCIl L\CHTPOM cjJp;1l-ll.(y3cKoro HllW]HUll. 3aMOK HHMCjJeI!- 6ypr (rmep_xy), KOTO[JbIl1- 110I-la4;1J1)' 6bIJI :J:IrOpO,~T1l,JM nam~JlhOHOM 110'lT11I1tpeSCHcxoro nina, B nepuon Me)l(~LY 171 5 H 1740 r. I-1eO,'\l-IOl<paTHo rrepccrpaHH;tJ1CJL: ocooeuno paCIlIHpHJlHCb ero C]!~hl~ f'l~e - l]o,Uo6HO 13CPC3JlbCKHM - YKPblnanocs MTIQ)KeCTfiO naJJ.J''1JlbOHOB, l3 TOr\l 'lL1CJ1C AM,IJIHcH6ypr, ](oTopbli:'1 C4vlTJe'l'OI O).\HHM H3 CIMblX Y.L\;I'-IHhIX 06pa3l\OB rtpvrmoprrori apxtrreIITYP!)I
38 HACJlE,ll}fE 11 TPA,llI1Ullll
VPEAHYlCTYI'-!ECKA5I [EOMETPI15I 39
HOBbIe J[ 06HOBJIeHHhle ropop;a
l1,ll,eaJlbHblH ropoa co speaea Peneccanca CTaHOB11Tor O,[lHOti 113 rn.aBl-leHlllI1X TeM apxnrextopon. TeM He Mel-lee BOJIbTepa 11 B 1749 r. ITPI1BO,[lHT B neronosaHHC 06JIHK nepenaceneanoro Ilaprcxa, CTpmlTeJIbCTBO snecs BCT-(e'l'Cn 6e3 BC51KOrO nnana, YJll1'uroe ,':1811- )Kel-mC OCTae'I'O! XaOTI1'-lHbIM, CPOHT31-lbl coopYJKaJOTCH rne rrOITaJIO, CHCTeMbI OCBClll,eHIDI 11 KaHaJIl13al 1111
C TPOHTCJIbCTBO Herp-Bpuaaur (cnesa) B 3JIb3JCe 6bIHO HaQJTO 13 1699 r. no 'lepTe)KaM B06aI-I:I. B()CbMH,TOJ!bHbTrI
13 nnane ropozt pacrroJIJraeTDl B UJaXM3T[-10M rropaznce 130KPyr opy,KeiiI-IOH n_~OTlIa.l1!1. "f-JanpOT!113, B KapJICpya (IH C. cnpana), nilJH 1(O'l'OP01"O AaTllpyerc» 1715 r., BJ-IOBb HCnOJIb3ycrCiI pa.l1!1- JJIb!,laJ1 crpy.crypa, nanOMI1I-TJlOll\311 0 nonexax pencccaucnux
J pxnrexropoa
nMvL Bepcans, C ero nepece-reanea ycrpesorenasrx K 3aMKV anncn, COcp;11H51eT qepTbI 060l1x TI1ITOB.
PCT(OHcrpY](W'BI 11 paCllll1peHl1e QaCTO Moryr 6blTb seCbM<l ycrrelllHblMl-l. TaK nponaotuno B Typl1He, KOTOj:JblH C KOHl\a XVI B. nepe;KI1BaeT HeCKOJJbKO nepe(TPOCK. Ho 60Jlee rrOJ<J3aTeJlbHblM BblfJInp;I1T nposaJ1 IlJIaHOBOH peKoHcTpYKl\1111 JIOH):lOHCKoro ueurpa rrOCJIe noacapa 1666 r. BPCM51 P;JI51 pa3yr<ll-!oH opraI-H13aL\1111 ropOp;CKOf'O npocrpancrsa eme He npmIIJIO. HOBbIe Mam:CTpaJ111 nOllBJImDTCf.[ peznco, 11 C03p;aHl1e I1X OCTaeTCll BeCbM<l TPYP;HbIM
CTO'iHbJX BOT-( HaXOp;51TGI B npI1Ml1THBHOM COCTQ}lHI1H. Taxoe ITOJ1Q)f(eHI1C BeU(CH xapaxrepno ,1\Jlll scex xpynrmx CTOJmq 3rrOXI1, 3aTO B HOBblX roponax 06- CTaHOBKa 60J1ee 6J1arOrrpIDITJ-Iall. B nepsoa nonosmre XVII B. nOllSJIilJOTC51 Illapnesans, AHPI1JJ.IMOH, Pnurerrse 11 JIepMa B HeCKOJlbKl1X KI-IJIOMeTpax 0'1' Manpuna - B rpex nOCJIeT-(HI1X CJI)"-IaJIX no I1HI1l\11aTI1Be Moryll.\ecTBel-IHbIX MHHI1Cq;OB. B06aH crponr JIOI-lf'BH, CapJJYI1, XyHI1Hf' 11 Herp-Bpnaaur, 41'06bl yKpeITI1Tb HOBbIe f'paHI1lJ,bl CI)paHL\HI1. Benapua Peane nap; TyPI1HOM (1659) npencranaaer C060H He CJUllllKOIl1 Y!l,a'IHbIH oopaseu ropona, noasezteanoro BOKPyr KOpOJIeBCKOH pe311,':1cHL\I1I1. 'Iepe3 HeCKOflbKO J1eT B03- HI1KHeT KYAa 60)lee COBepmCJ-IHafl sepcanscxas MO,11eJlb. HaKOHel\, Ha 6eperax :GaJ1T1-IHCI<oro Mopn B03- HI1Kae1' Caarcr-Ilerepoypr; noaaa CTOJ1Yll_\a PYCCKYlX uapea, OCHOBal-IHall TIeTpoM Bem1KHM. 3a .I1CKJ1fU'IeHHeM Kapncpys, Be3,1J,e cxena p;eJIeH.I151 I-Ia xsanparsr BblTeCI-IReT lJ,e!-lHMbIH peaeccancxsnaa apXI1TeKTOpaMI1 pap;HaJ1bl-lbIH ITJ1<1H C KOHL\eHTpW-IeCKI1MI1 aprepn-
C 03.l1:lBa5I CaHKTrterepevpr, Deep BeH!1KHi;j pacc-nrrstBaJJ nony-nrrr. Mil POCCYlH BbIXO.l1
K MOPIO l-l OTKphlTh
ei1 nocryn B Eupony PeU.l2KJI.U2H n06e,(13 Hap; IllBe,ljaMH B 17 J 2 r. n03BOJmna nepeHeCTYl CrOJIYlLly. B 1717 r:
Jle6noH, Of.IHH Yl3 MI-\OrOQHCJ1eHHbIX apxrrrewropos, np!1- rriaureuuux ITel'pOM, npeMOJKI1JI nJI3H roPOf.ICKOH aacrpoaxn (cneBa), KOTOphlH nOJIHOCTblO Be 6bJJ1 peam!30BaH. JIC6JIOH, vAeJULH ocotioe Bi-IHMa~me BanIJlheBCKO~-1y OC'I'POBY, T-re 3JMe<raeT neaoro oepcra, KOTOPblfi ncxope npnoeperer K)'Aa 60nhUJee 3I-Ia'-feHHC - HMeHl-IO 3AeCb uoamrrcn 3Aal-ll1e AI-\MllpaJITeficTBa. DcrporraBnOBCKJH rcpertccrs, pacno.roJKeHHaH na 3TOM rtnaI-Ie npu B'be3Ae
B ropoa, B KOHecll-JOM c-sere OKa)KerC51
B CJMOM era L(CI-l'rpe.
40 HACJlEW:TE J:1 TPA,lJ,HlJ,I1H
Ae.'lOM. Bonsnme yJIHl(bl, rrponoxeunue 13 PHMe no pacnopaxeamo Cl1l<cra V B «om te }.._'VJ B., n ](<1KOI1.TO CTenCII11 cnocoocreonana jrp6al-m3aL\HH ropona, KOTOPhlH BCC eure lie BhIXOi.\VTT aa npenenu CBOYlX rpaatru; 1:3 napHJKC 6YJTbBapbI - onepeAl1l1LUHtt npeMll npuxep nporYJlOYI-I011 anncn - 1l0iIB1'])IHCb )IHlUh nOTOMY, '-ITO 6hIJTl1 C1-T CeHbl KpenOCTHbTC crerru Kap)13 V. '1TO .IKe K3caCTCli Kyp-na-Pe 1-1 , Kyp ~\C BCHGlTl 11 EIlHceHCTmx nonea, TO BCe Ol-lH nO-ITpe>KHeMy 1-!aXOA5l'T(}1 3:1 J"OPOp,CKOI;f -reproa.
B CY1L\HOCTH., yxpanren He CTOJlHq CBOp,HTC51 K T1aMJl'1'-
I rHKaM apxurercrypnoro l1CKYCC'rBa. I13mo6JIel-TllblM MCTOM Nf5[ nux OCTae'l'CH L1)[0lIl,3/.1b, I-Ia KO'1'OpOI1 B03BO,\5ITC5l naopuu Yl ncpxsrr, sopora HJlH MOHYMCHTaJ1bJ-JblC JlCCTFlHL\hl, Cj)OHTaHbl, 06eJIHCKI11111H CT8TYH MOHapXOB. IIa 9TOM npammne 31'DKP:l1TCll npoexrsi: 13epHHHH - ,LVIiI PvU"vla, Mancapa -I-\1IJI Ilapiosa, ,Il;Konca - !.VIiI JToHAoHa, Tcccena -/VIii CTOT(I'O)lbMa, lil)J[OlTCJXI - JVIH 13epJJr,IIIa. PeA4:H1UJHM HCKJIJO"ICI-Il1eM CJl)/)](Ji!T I1apVDK, rztc no rrpaxasy Ieapnxa IV npoxnansmaiorcs I-lO~ BbTC I·OPO/\CKHe aprepua, B vacrnocra, YJII1L\<l .D,Ocj)l1l"I. -lame scero fleJIO orpanauasacrca C'l"pYKTYPl-Iofi nepe-
O'mp""B'1JOlll~HC51 C OKOfle'lHO(TH ocrpona Cnrc rrepCllC](TI11.1<i l\OJII.'Oe npe,\llJl Cql""l'~LJI,lCll eAHIlCTIK!1 In "I.M KpaCHHblM l)~I,UO:V1 Ilapa)Ka.3auepmcHl1c MOCTa IlOH-Hee[), C03tl31·1I1e 1·lilOlI\a,1H 1-\ocllHfT 1,1 1.";t[lepeH., COClIHH51 rOIl\HX 11)'1 'P
H T[OI1)1 bpH, n0313011H-
crpOl1KOH OKp)lJl<aTOll\CJ~ nnouiazn, cpenst, l<aK 3TO npoV!CXOAI1T B PI1- Me npa C03/.l.aJ-LJ.'ll1 ru.auna AeJIb HonOJJo T,I III mma CaHTa-MapHJI ,11CJI!la Ila-ie.
110 - II OTJII'l'111C OT PHMa H)IH flOHtlOH3 -
L[el-l b pall BKl110"-1 l_Il'rb pexy B rOpOIl.C1<~~O CTP}~("lyP)'. 1.1;, :,)"ro':'1 Kapn111C .II])HMCPHO 1665 I. eutc MQ)](f10 pa3l"Jl1I,[IeTh IO)I<I]b]~1 <IXIC1,[l JI yepa p,16oTbi JTc Bo, I(()TOPbll~[ IKKOPC yCI")'l1wr MeCTO ·r·nOIJCl11110 rlcppo.
KOpOJIeBCKa.rr llJIOlll,aj];b
Bo <DpaHl\HH nocrenerrno B03Hl1- KaeT HOBbIt! THIT rIlIOf.l(il/.lH - 1<.0- pOJlellCK3JI nnomans. 3noxa Peaeccanca ocrannna neCbM3 HeMHOrO'-lHCnem-lbIC 06pa31J,bl ITJIOmanen rrpannm, I-I 011 C\)OPMbl. TI09- TOMy B 1603 r. nee cure K,l)KeTCJI Hon<l'1'OpCKHM )Ke)laHHe Ieapn-
xa [V - BCPOHTHO, I10,1.lCI<a3aHI-Ioe C10J1JlI'J - C03/~aTh B TIapH)Ke 06-
IIJ 1'ljJHyro KBagpaTH)'IO TIJlOl.T\aJ\b 11 OKpi'.IKeHHH /.l.OMOB pam-TOI1 BblCOTbl (KOpOJICIlCKaiI nJIOlI(aJ],b, nsme nnomam- BorC30B). MalWHACKilJI Ilnaca MaHOp, ]]OH,l.(OJ-lCKHI1 [(OBCHT-rapnCH, 1YPI1HC[(<LJI ITJI()Il~aAb CaHKaprro H [1]]OII\a/\b PaTYlUl1 B CaJlaMaI-lKe nocrpoeuu no TaKoMY )Ke npHHIJ,HI1Y. O/~IUKO pacn0J10:>KeI-fJ-l;Ul13 nenoCPC;:XCTBCTlIl0rl 6JUi30CTM OT HOBOH napml(CKOl1 ITJIOll\JAl1 ).(OCpHI-J crarys Ienpnxa IV nopoxnaer MblCflb 06 opral-IJ13aLiHH npocrpaucrca BOKPYI' cxynsrrrypnoro H30- 6pa)Kcr-rl1H MOJ-Japxa. C ycral-JOBJlCHl1CM KOHl-10M CTaT)lH J110P:OBm«1 Xlll B ne-rrpe KOpOJleI3CKOI~ nnouiana OKOJ-["laTeJlbHO CpopMl1pyeT ·n npencraancnae 0 rrnomann, xoropoe B T-"leHHe nonvropa BeKOIl 6Y/.l.eT upenerem. ce 06J1HK no <I)paJ-lIJ,HM H Eaponc,
TEATP MOHAPXHI1 41
C I1MMe·'"jJld'l[-lbIH 'lep'J'e)K pacnurpc!-IHH Tvpnua, I(OTOPOC lIa'la.QOCl> eute B :,)ITO),.)' Peuecca Hca,11CXOi\[1T H.3 COXP811HtlJI1el'OOJ C arrru-nrt-rx lIpeNleH rrnana R ¢opMe 111;])(NlaTHOH AOJ(H. 31'H; .... 1'''1
I ;160T;IMI~ P),1<0130'(\111111 YMepUJl1f"1 Il 1625 r ACKJHHO BHTOl\LlH
(11<1 lore), Kapno H 3;]TeM AM,l,'leO A~I KacTCllJ1aMOI-rre B XVU H.
(11 a nOCI'OI(e), uaxoucu, n cnemnoHT,CM CTOJTeTl'm IOBapa (ira sanalIe). flnOll\J,[Ih C;(I-[- 1.('IP)1O (BJlCpX), C)ICBa), p~36H"-;1JJ B "1.638 r. H:-I Oi.lH011 OCH C repuorCI<HM ).[I<OPI,OM, OT)H1- ~f~crOl TC)I, LITO C o6eHX cropon rmlllHol4 MarHCTp~l!1l1 pacrrona- 1·:-1101'01 i\UC llcpm'IH nJlOIUJ).[1, Jl 10i\OBHKa BCJlHKoro Ilhll-le BaHIl.O'fCKa5I) H nnourani. n06Cc'lbl BXOJ\lIT 11 '11-1(JIO J(OPO)lCI3CI(HX n.IIO- 1.I.1;I).[e~l, IIOC8HU.\CHHblX J1,0L\0I3HKV X IV, a 3JTeM JIIO).[OBHI~ X V ~ TI.KI-l"X roponax, K;I I( )),I-1)1<O]!, )"1"'014, MOlilleJl be, Penn, Bopno, PetlMC, HaHCH ,., nap~!)]( (HbIlIC nllow,a.r.\h ComacHSI).
42 HACJIE)J)1E l1 TPN(l1Ul111
K (,rPA>K)]AHCKI1M CTPOEHW1M,) 43
06~eCTBeHHall apxHTeKTypa
Coapeneanaa 06U\eCTBeHH<lll apxrrrexrypa B03HI1- xaer IGlK CJre.D,CTBHe pasneneuaa anacreri [-[<I cserC[(YID H ztyxoaayro. Bepunrrs CYA, C03.D,JKITb 3aKOI-Ibl, coovpari, !-IaJlOrH, 6P<lTb non CrpJ)KY rrpecrynHI1KOB - BCe 3TH 06YCJIOBJlem-[b[e }l!1LIl-IOH BJIaCTblO MOHJpXa lilJlH ceasopa cjJyIIKL\HH p,OJIrOe npeMH orrrpannarrnct, B npezrenax ero C06CTBeHHoro )IUfJIYIlil,J. K cdiepe AYXOBl-10r1: 13J1c]CTH rrpl11-Ja,[1JIeJKaJIl1 yreurenne 60Jlbl-IblX 11 npoeoasr YMepUTHX,
a raiose coxpaaemre H nepeua-ra T-[3KOIIlleHHbIX n03HaI-mPi. IIOCTenCI-1Harr SlM3HCHnaL\l1rr ropO,LI.C!\I1X KOMMyH, nonsnenae napna-iearou 11 Y!-lHBepCHTe'fOB )'iKC B Cpe,[1T-IHe BeK<l npHBO,[1H,(, K ABWKe!-l11l0
3:1 He3aBHCHMOCTb I1 npI131-I:1J-Il1C 06llleCT'BCI-1Horo xaparcrepa nexoropsix pe}mf1103HhIX 11 KOpOJIeBCKI1X npeporarns. Pa'TYUl3 B AMCTep.D.3MC, napnaMel-ITb! Penna I1 .uy6rll1!-1a, rra PJ1)J(CKI1H OTeJIh HI-lBaJIH~IOB, KOpOJleBCKl-U1 rocrnrrans B fpI1HBl·r'l.e 11 Llenrpansuan 60JTbI-lHua B JIl10He CHl1,L1.eTellbcTByrOT o 1:lbICOKOM ypoane nOA06HOH apX11TeKTYpbI, KOTOp351 BMeCTe C Tell·! ente OKOH'IaTeJlhHO HC yrsepmrJl:1Cb H 'f3CTO HCrthlTblB:1Jla Cl1JIhHOe B03):(ei1:cTBHe
JI)!<£UlHX 06pa3L\OB KOHQ)CCCl10Tl3J1bHOi1: I1IIH ABOPllOB0I1 apxnrexrypu. C ,[IpyroH CTOPOHbI, Ha'-lI1H,IJOT BhI,[1eJIHTbCH H3 '-IaCTHOH crpepsr nesoropue BHAhl I<OMMepL!eCKor1: 11J111 KYJ1hTY'PI-IOI~1 Ae5lTellbHOCTH. B XV ll. 6aHKOM 06bI'-lI-lO HMCHYIO'l' pe3H.LI,eHUHI0 6arlKl1pa - rpa CTOneTI1H cnYCOI ~\eJlO 6y,[!eT 06CTOHTb Hl-laC!e. Ilepnue oomecrseam,re TeaTphl BhlpOCJlH H3 '-I<lCTHbIX I1 rrpl1~IBOpHbIX: ITapH)K 06513,lTT Kap)],HI-I3J1Y PHUleJIbe nepssrx 06111eCTBeHHbli\! BbiCTaBCI'JHbIM sanOM, orxpsrrsia AiIlI rry6J111KI1 B Ilarte-Kapnanaru,
B 1641 r. Ho liJ -repea CTO rrer nOHHTHe 0 M)'3ee -
o TOM, '-lTO KOJJJleKL\I151 npouasenemra 0CKyCCTB3 He 06513aTeJ1bl-l0 ,u,OJDKHa HaXO,LI.I1TbCH 13 ct:1CTHbIX py-
xax, - 'rOJlbKO l-I<l'-lHHaeT cjJ0PMHPOS3TbCH. J1HUlh C onpenencmrea cjJyHKUl111 MY3e51 1'1 n jJTir3J-12Hl1eM ero 06UleCTBCI-ll-WH 3Ha'-lHMOCTH nOHBHTO! 3,1.1,3HH}] COOTIlCTCTSYIOlljerO apxrerexrypnoro 06J1HKa. K 1740 r. rearp VlJIH 6Hp)[(a enie He 06pe!1Vl CTOllb npI1BbILIHYK) HaM qiopny xpaxa I-la aI-lTl1'II-lbJt'r Mallep. Ho pe-n, B,lJ,eT YiKe BCel'O 0 HeCKOJIbKI1X ronax. B xomie
XVIII B nOI1CKH TvtDOJJOJ'l1'-IeCIU'lX xaparcrepacra« AJ1H 3,L1.JHHH 06lljeCTBeJ:-lJ-J0I'o IIa3H3CICT-I11rr CT3T-J),T
,lJ,JlH apxnreicropon rJl:1BI-IQI1 33T(<l'Iel1.
rJI(1BHbLX lldlmLlt-L>U''_'" CenepI-I011 I Koponcscxari Tanb IJ rpl1HBH'-ie (nnepxy) He 06!1:VlaeT CTO!1b )KC npr{Q Bhlpa)[(er·moH cjJ)'l-lKr(HOH:Ulbl-!Oti npHl-I:WlC>KIIOCThlO: n cvn ~I-IOCI'H) 3'1'0 GIMbri1 60nb1JJ01~ 1-13 BCC.X aHrJT~II;icI(HX IWOP'\Oil
44
45
M e)K,lJ;Y ,o;ByMH nepnoztasm asnoro paapsrsa - PeHeCCaHCOM 11 HeOKJIaCC11- IJ;H3MOM - apX11TeKTOpbI XVII H XVIII BB. OT,o;aIOT npezmo-rremrc rrOJ1CKaM B crpepe cpOpMbI. B CBOHX axcnepassenrax OHH )J;OXO,o;HT ,0;0 HHcnpOBep)KeHI1H OCHOBHbIX npnaIJ;11rrOB rrpenurecrsyronten arroxn, HO rrpa 3TOM nmcorna OTKPbITO He nocararor aa ee aBTopHTeT.
rJIABA II
H3YQEHI1E <I>OPMbI
H ec-iorpa J-T;! :5)J1eraHTHOCL"b CB011X BOJIHOO6p;13r-lbIX JIHHI111, cjJaC;\A L\Bucj:>aHbTcHa
(H:I c. cnena) npauannelKHT !( <IHcrr), l-\aJlbl-mX pOi\C'T'nelll-)yIKOB ljJ;rC;II_p PHMCI<oI1l\CPKllJ.! VlJrl,)J)Ke3y. Kap'l)'illl1 Kl0BM.n,c (crrpana) 80CXOAJlT tc 'l'paA~IJJ,I1OHl-lOMy rpeyroflbllOMY 11\I1'IY C 1130- 6p,UKel-lHeM repea
B OooMX c.rrY'!aHX npe- 06p<l30uaHl1C crap« 11- HblX CllOPM upuucno 3ACCh - B [epMaHyIH - I( C031~aHHJO nOJVII-IIIHbIX 1.l.ICAenpOB,
46 113yt.IEHT-1E (f)OPMbl
YllaCne,l.(01l<lHI-lbIl1 01' anTy!lIHOCTH apxirrcxrypHblt'r oPAep - :,)1'0 npe)Kl~e ncero CHCTeMJ nponop- 11Hl:i. BKJIIOcrJIOIlJ,HH Il ce- 6H 06113JTCJlbHhltl Ha60p ::J1ICMeI-lTOB - 1.\OI<O.llb, (1))'c1' (CTBOJl), K<lnHTCJ!b 11 aWra6JleMCH1', B CBOIO osepezu. pa3ACJlel-lHhlr1 lola apxirrpan, CPPI1:3 H K<lpI-TH3, 0Pil:ep npCl1CTaT:IJJJ[eT co60i1 6J30flbH1 MOI\YJlh, KOTOPblM MOJKe'1" socnpoH3BO/WTTbCll Ml-lOrOKpaTHO J.1 ']'eM G1MbTM oT.ueJ1HTb !-1PYI' 01' npyra nponerst no I'OP!'I:lOI-lT3JlH. OK I1MCeT l-:IeO<OJlbKO "TIO.uIlHi..lOB'>: GIMhlC aaeecrnue H3 l-!HX - AOPI1'lCCKVLl1, HOl-IHlleCKI1t[, KOP111-!CPCKJ:lH L1 KOMTI03HTHbll1., Pa;mWIalOTCll TJ!OKe ereTIeHY! .l1T-!TeI-lCI1B1-IOC'J'I1" penserpa - 01' nW1HClp /1,0 CBO- 60tlllot'r KOJTOHI-Ibl. flOCKOJ1T:,l<y OTI-IOllleHl-1H Me)f(,1l,'y COC'['JBJUlIOTnI1MI1 :3HeMeHT3MI'l OCT310TCH HeVl3MCJ-II-IbIMH,
opnep OTIpe,!l,eJLHeT CTpy1crypy BCel'O 3AarrHH. TpaJ-JC(1)opM.a-
l\HH KaK0I1-JlH60 Yl3 ll<lCTeH (AI1JMeTp xonoausr, nsrcora aHTJ6JleMel-lT<I HJI111GUlHTeJlI1) HeH36c)KHO uapyuiaer L\eJlOCTHOCTb <IT-lGIM6_IIll.
CLlHTJeTOT, LJTO B npOnOpL\I111X OP.l1epa O'I'P;tlK<llOTOI npOnOPIJ,HYI qeJlOIlC-iecxoro Te)13: 1'al<OI1. 3HTpOTIOMOpcpH3M opztepa CHYJlmT r3paHTYIefi 60- )l(eCTlleJ THOI~. Ii a6COJlIOTHOl1 n pnpol\bl nperpacuoro. OPACP llXO,D,HT T3lOKe B /\eKOpaTl1BIT)!IO cHcTeMY Bonsmoe 3I-laLleHl1e npI~/\aeT'C!I cKYJlbnTypllblM )'l,P<llllCHHHM -
C 03AaHI-Ia~ MancaPOM L\CPKORb
Rw !>-.ne- I'pac OAl'111
1-1] n pcspacnux oepasIjOIl XOPOillO H3HecrI-IOn ¢OpMbI - Ll,CpKOBHoro c[JaCJt\<I
C opiicpaMH I-Ia HeCI(O,~bKHX ypOBl-IHX. 0/\11;11(0 B03!-lMIOJJl111 6_lwrOI~apH ~ICnO}]b30- Bal uuo nr'(Jl5Icrp KOI-ITpacr MClKl\Y Bbl}\Bl11IYTbIMkl BITepC,~ KOIIOHHa~-!H 1-lyJ)KIICro )'POIlIIH H C MCI,Uelll-1 b1.'"'1 1-I;13:1t\ KOJIOI-IH3i\'tH r~eHTp~IJIhHOl1 4aCII-I cosnaer Heo6hlY Hbll~ :~<l)(I)(:I~I'. Cncna npHlw."ral-ll-lbll'l Ce6aCTb5l1!OM JleKJlepKO,,", )1,115l J1ynpa B
1671 r. ,'cllpal-L1WJCKHf'i, KOMn03"I-nlbln 0p£ICp.
OpnEP 11 ErO BAPklAll,1111 47
npoq)l1)UO HenKH, 1\0TOPbll~ O'J'}ll1'-laeTCH 6eo(CJI-IClll-lbIM pa3fIOo6pa311cM T-1I0a11COIl H CJ[YJKHT B11311T110li. «apTOc(IWi-i. apxirrexropa Haxoaeu, opnep xaic rapnonac.reCI(;IH 11 3KCIlpeCOHlH311 CI1CTeM3 BhInOJTH)lC'1' CPYHK- 1\1110, Cp3131IH!'v!y'TO C pOJlbIO anexcannpnncxoro CTI1Xa B npOCO,[(J-1H 11)11'1 1'O)-IdJIbHOCT11 B l(JTaCCWleCKOJ1 rapMCHI1H. ITo,l\06J-10 HM, on MQ)l<e1' cra'rs 06bCKTOM 1\JTll PHTopl1'leCKI1X npeyneJU-lcreI-lYlJ1, AeMOJ-lCTpa- 1\1111 BHpry03HOro M3CTepCTBd I1Jll1 rrpnnep)Ker-rl-10CTI1 YCT31-TODJJeJ-lHblM npaBHJ1JM. flonooHO VIM, 01-1 sausaer K OTl0101-lel-THRM, .unccoH31-TC1M 11 eapYla1\MllM, I{QTOPblC CraI-IOBllTC5! I1CTOLIl-lHKOM ero 06!-1OBTleIIHH.
B L\epKBI1 C1J»TbIX JIYIG'! 11 M;lpnlllhl Menon bJOStlI-lHe opnepois TIO!\'lI1HeaO TIJI;JCTH'-!eCKOMY peruenmo cpaca,o,a, !(oTOPOMy Ilscpo !\a KOpTOHJ npunaer !IerKHH J1I3rH6, lG1K ecrru
HOBbIe KOM61IHaU;HlI B 3110X)! Peneccanca apxirrexropst CTpeMYI.fIHCb npexae I3CEl'O
K ynopllL1O''-lCHI1IO opnepOB. B XVII IJ_ rnasnoe Bl-Il1M:lHl1e y,!l,eTIHeTCH
HX KOM6HH31\HOI-II-lblM B03MOlKJ-IOCTHM. B pacnopll)f(EHHH TBOP1\OB
1-1 MCC'rCH 60JlbillOH Ha- 60p: CTHJlb sapsapyerca 01' /10pIiQeCK0r1 crporoCTH no KOMn0311TI-IOH nbllTLJ-lOCTI1, npoqians nenxn OT.T[I1'laeTCH 60- rrec ~fJlYl Mel-lee pe3KHM XJpaKTepOM, yxpanrenna MOlyI' O'rCYI'CrBOB3Th HJTYl rrpeoonazrar» - H;) K0J10H1-l:lX (rnanKI1X l!lJlH C K<lHHe.T[IOpaMH), Il PHCYI-IKe xamrrenert H.T[H al--ITa6J1EMel-IT3. Hrpa C peJlbecpOM - nnnscrpa I1JlH )'TOnnenuas KOJlOJ-lJ-l3, npepsrsncrsm 1-1J1H nOCTOHHI-lbJl~, llhLCTiTI<lJOrll,H(1 HJIH CnJLlOTl(CHHblH 3IUa6JTeMel-lT - 6!IJronpaarcrsyer C03/131lHlO cnerossix KOHTpaCTOB.
6bl OH HCnhITbJBaJl l~aB/Iel-lHe 60KOBblX j\·lacCHBoB1 r.LI.e pacnorra r2l0TC~ rpvnm-r IlH!lflcrp. J-Iapyurcuuc pUTMJ npuIJOi-\I1T K norcpe ouiylI.\CI-ll-UI nponcra.
48 H3Y'-IEHl1E ([lOPMb[
EOIlhLllaJI HJIH Me[-lhlllaH lleTKOCTb nponcra pHTMI1'1eCl<H oprannsyer sees aHCaM6Jlh. Opnep I-leJlh3H paCCMaTpHBaTh H30JlHPOB<UIHO. 01-1 I-IeO'f,llCJlHM 01' creu», KOTOpaJI MOIKeT 6hlTb Yl<paWCH2 reOMerpI1L[CCKHM OPl-laiVIC!-JTOM, Cf(),JlhITl)'paMH, 6apCj[hecjHMH WIH BbICTy:naJ\1J.1; 01-1 COLleTaCTCH C OKOHHblMH IIpoeMaMH, paCnOJIOiKeIlHhTMH ua npOTHlKCHHVI ncero nponera H scerna HMeIOIJ~HMH yKpalUeTl~JJT. B opranaaaumr qJaCaL(a npvlllli[MaIOTi7tf;1CTl1e 11 !(pyrvlc .IlHIlHH, 6YJ(b TO nernrue TGlpHI13b1 HMI )Ke npocrsie nOJIOChl. HaKOHCLI" OP,[(CP q:lCTO ucnoasayerca Aim CI)POl-ITOHOB H TeM C;IMblM rrpaaaer cpaca,lly 06Jl1i[[( uepKOOHOC"O.
OpAep HOP; BonpOCOM Co BTOpOH "(leToepTI1
XVII B. 0P/~CP crallOBHTC51 061,eI<TOM J(OBOJlhIIO CHJlbI-lhlX ).\ecpopMaL\HT~.: napyurenae pHTMa, paCT5DKeI-!HC, CKPYCIHBa.f-lHe, rrano)!(el,ll1e O,llHI1X 3JTCMCl-ITOB I-Ia APyme ~ MaH.lmYJIHLl,1111 TaKOi"O pona npOH3- BOAHTC51 Cl1CTeMaTVI CleC[U1, H cava qeJlOCTHOCTb opncpa nonsepraeror COi\1- Il.e!-lHIO. '-IeM -nnarerrsnee oopaoorxa crensi, LleM rIJIOTHeC cers )TKT-T!-1H,'1eM 3aMCTHec vtcpaurer nor npoeM Oil, "[,CM MCJ-IblIl)TIO POJTh arpaer opnep 1:1 oprannsaLjHH (paCv(a. nHJU1CTpbl l:lb"lf~eJTH.IOTOl He T;IK, [(<II< KOllOJ-TllbI, opnepa BhlCOTOM B 3Ta)1( aa HeCKOJ[bKHX yp Bl.l5IX llhTrJT51I~HT CKj)OMl-leC, L[eM OPtlCP nsrcoron B Ana BJU1 rpn 3T3- ma. B carry CBod! TOHKOC"IH H 113HlT(eCTna ol-m CTaI-IY'r JTI1JlI b q)OJ-lOM AilH MHOrOLIHCJlelll-lbIX yxpa-
C pCAHel\eKOl\hn~'j CHJly:,lT (J)H Pl.\CI-Jxarinureua nenaei np06JleM ~I'I"H ,{llblM 1-lC rlOllb3ml~II-lHe !lfo6oro 113 apXIHCIOYP,-jbIX opnepon, xoropue 11110XO COrJl<1Cy,OTC51
C YCl'pcl\il.!lellHbLMH Imepx KOI-lcrpYI<J·\H5.1- MH. HeliiM3fJ Bbl6upaCT opnep i.a 60Jlbr.nml I \OI(OJIC H IlblCOTOH JlllBa :~Ta)l(a - ynpoIL\Cl-lI-l 1;1 CPOPMbl
Ii He npI1lIJIC1G1JOIl.\H 11 I{ cc6e III I I-IMJHHiI.
... BI1JIOTb ):(0 PA3PYlllEHI15I OP,L(EPA 49
IIIeHI1H, nOCKOJIbh.), o).!,HOllpe rcrrno 6Y)'!'CT YMel-lblilaTbCH TOJTIl\l1T-Ja onop, ssrcora aWra6JTCMCHT<l 11 peaxocre npocIJHJ1J1 nenxrr. t:(OCJaTOQHO npl1I(2Tb aT-l'ra6JTeMeHTaM rrpepbIBHCTblH xapaKTep,L1T06bT HCCJe3JTO caxro ourymerure opziepa
ECJJH TBOpqeCTBO TaKHX apXHTe[(TOpOB, [GIK CDpaJ-lcya Mancap I1JTli[ EOPPOMl1Hl1, HeMblCJTI1MO 6e3 npaneneHWl opncpon, TO B aaxane XVIII B. MI-IOrHC apxtrrexropbl He )'J:\eJlJ1lOT 11M 60.llbl_LlOro i3l-lVIMa!-IHH Iloposi 0l-JIi[ coxpansrorcn J1Hlllb 13 [{alleCme pp<opaTI1BHOrO 3J1eMeHTa, IIp113BaHHoro BbIL(CJlHTb OKOHI-U,1l1 [lPOCiVl HIII'I BblCl)T[1 rpacana, 11 TepHiDT CBOlO crpyxrypuyio (l)ynKumo, KOTopaH nepexoznrr 1< l~pyrHM qaCTHM apXI1TeK'rypnoro aHGIM6JUI.
T;r 30611Jll,eJlenJlHr L Hbl, HCLJe3J-10Be-
I !He rrponera H npepsiBHCTblH xapaxrcp 81-[TaO)]cJ\'rcHTOI3 aenyr f< '['(11\11)" ~fTO 13 naBHJ1bOHax npesueucxoro L(Bm-ircpa (OK 1720 r.) n POHCXO!U-lT p;,cn:'i\ opuepa, 3J1e.MeIlTbl 1<0- 'roporo CTaI-IOHHTor LLi]cn.ro tjCKOJXITl1Blloro y6paHCTH3. Coxpausuor :U·I~J'-leHI-'ie '1'0.11])](0 'lepe,aoHaHHE upoCMOB, POCKOllJb OCYJlhn'!),1)HblX rpynn
1'1 r:rrpa npocrpaT-lCTB.
54 Itl3Y'-IEHME <])OPMbI
OT op,u:epa K 6eCnOpJI;!l;KY: YKpaweHlUI
YKpaIUeHYlH He nonnaiorca anamray 11 KlJaCcmj:ll1TG'lql1H B emc 60flbll1eM creneau, geM opzrepa. I1x noCTOHlIHaJl 11 6blcrpa~ 9BOlllOU,H~, o6yCJl BJ[eHl-IaJl Heycr<lIll-lbTMl1 Tpyl(JMI1 p,eKopaTopOB, 06bl1CHHeTCH TaK)Ke crpeMI1TCJlbHblM pacnpocrpaaennee OpI'I<lMeHTaJlbHhTX MOTI1BOI3 B rpauropax H pesrecnenasrx 113l(eJ[mIX, EYA)T'-IH 3al-l~Tl1elvl TBOpgCCKI1M, opFlrHHJJlbHblM 11 npHXOTJI1111bIM, I'lCKYCCTBO ,l1eKOpall,1111 npJ.'IRneKaCT L1,CI-TJ'ITeJICI~1 - TOI-IKI1.'I: 3liaTOKOB, Clloc06T-TbIX oueHHTb KaK 3aMblcell, 'rare H MaCTepO'BO ucnonnenna
K 31"OM)' HCl<yCCI'SY noxrn sccrna l-I)I)KrIO npnrnaasrBaThC I: OHO CJ(JIQIIHO npHI<pbIBaTbCH 1lI)'TJH1BOCTbI0,
n 106I1'T' He TOJIbKO 060Jlbl.q3Th, HO npueonars B 113YMneHHC 11 C6HB3Tb C ronxy
C03!\3HHC naoopa 0pl-13MeIlTdJlbJ-IblX MOTHilOB erano 0[.\1-111, I 113 rnamnax ,l\OCITDKeHI111 3IlOXH PeHCCCal-IGL 3Ta paoora 6blJJ<I 1Ii.':01"i.':MJICM0I1 -iacrsro 1)'MJHHCTI1'lCCKOI'O 06HOBJleHllil, 11 II OCHOllC ee Jle)KJIlH apxeOJlOrHQeCKI1C OTKPbITI1Jl. CI-laq;:lila xynO)KHH- 1<11 HCrrOJIh30B(iJlH :U-I'I'H'IJ-IbIC Cll,el-lbl, cppanvreHTbl apxureicrypm IX Coop)l)I(eI-Il1M, l:lH3b, L1,BeTO'IHbIC OPI-l<l-
A pa6eCKI-I 1-1;1 nOTO.!l ice, p2cnHcaHHOM 1697 I"OiJY PCI-IC IUoG() NUl l'TOKJ"OJlbMCKOro nuopua Te(CI"'-1 (na
c. cnpaaa), 6111-13K14
It CTI-IJ[[O )KaHa Bcpcna rMllllloro cppau 1J.)l3C](O 1"0 !\eKOpaTopa [(01-1 ua X II fI, 3~IlI,rrKJ-I ~l op- 1-laMel-Yi'aJLbT-U,IC nOJlOC 1(1-1, «oropue HOCX01~IT 1< Rhlilll'IHIG1M H ~ . .'I_;:mpH']':;}HCfCHM ysopa«, co-reTaJO'J'C51 C Tpaj\Hl[HOH-
1 IJilMH LVI}! rpOTCCKa 6allJ\JXHfI<lMH, ClmrypJ<a "''11.'1 1'1 IJ.ptl n HPOBKlli'o'f11 LJ,OCTHI'l-lyrblt'1 ~(HBOnr'iCHbiM 1'1 CPe)J.CTllJMH 3<jxpeKT I<OMIJ03I'IlJ,l'll'l
~ pa-u«; cxone» CTeM l':Ine4aTlIeH,11eM, xoroporo 6Y.llyr 1I06H B;ITbC~ J-1CCKom,J(o nCT crrycrn C031~\;rreJ1 H PeJlbC(I)I-lhIX yl(pamCI'lm~ J-J;t C'!"CH-
I I"IX naucnnx
,llEKOPATI1BHbIJ;I HA50P 55
MeHTbl, CBC'II1JlbJ-lHKH Yl soennsre TpOcpCH. Ho oco- 6el-U-IO aaxoryro PO}Ib curpana CIKTeMJ <lrpOTCCKJ'>, ormpaiomancn I-Ia nirrepsept», koropsre B KOJ-Ill,C
XV B. 6bIJlYI 06Hap)')KeHbl B -rporax- - pyuaax 30- JlOTOrO p,OMa HepOHJ B PHMe, ITPH'l)',[IJlHBbIe 3,[1<lI-HU!, CllJltTeHHC opaaaenron, 6anp,axHHhl H ,o,parmpoBKH oopasyror OC06b!l1 - JlHilleHHhI11 nponopnna, rrry- 611l-lbI H OW;yrll,CI-IHH T5DKeCTYI - MI!IP, B KOTOpO/VI ua paBI-IbIX 06HTaJOT <rYAOBI1l1\<l, )[(HEIOTHble H '1eJlOBeK Bce OHI1 gCM-TO 3<lHHTbl: OXOTJ CMeH~eTOI nponeccuea, Hrpbl H TaHLI,bI nepeXOAHT B cpaxcnae, .. 11x o-tepemrocrt, 3JBHCHT HCI(fJ10LIHTeJlbT-l0 0'1' cjJ::1I-lTJ3HH XY,l\Q)KI-IHKJ
CYlCTeM.J T'pOTeCK3, OTpl1ll,aIOLl\aJ'1 I1POIlOPLl,HH
H 3<IKOHbl T5J)KCCTH, HBjlHCTC~ nOJJI-IOll npOTI1BonOnmKHOCTblO npHHL\11na apxrrrexrypnoro 110 paznca , KO'fOPbIJ1 supaxcaer crporo nponoprmonansnoe
A pa6eCKH Krrona O.llpaH<l (na
C. cncua), 60JJCC rrerlUlel qeM ap.a6ecr<H jKaI-l3 Iie pena, crnnncm'leCKH cxopee HanOMJ.1HarOT TpaAHUl10HHhIM rporec«. 3l\eCb npencraenci I bl H3H1l\1IO n03HpytOlI\HC )l<CT-llI,HHbl, pa.mooopa3HbJC Llygomm\a
11 TOHKH~l paCTHTeJl bI-IbIH opnJMCI-lT. K)IOA Otl.pa I-! , J(OIOPhlH
na «OpOTKOe 13PCMH npHBJleK K pa60TC BaTTOl 6bUl C~lM b'1 10.'1 3H~IMeTIHTb)LVl C03)J,tLTCnervi apaoeco« B H~Il..Ja«e xvm a
56 rt3YQEHI1E CDOPMhl
IPOTECK 11 APAEEC[{f1 57
TePMnH '<poKaflm." IleJ_\er CEOC npOHCXQ)I<l\el-IHC OT CTi oua p51 C;IIIOD0I10l1 nOCKOJ1bKy OH CB513<lH C yicpau.reI-TH)[Ml1 rjJOHTaHOB H rpOT3MH 1-13 paK)'HICK) cro 61UI30CTh
J{ JlOilclO(i CTHXJ1H OClCBH,D.Ha. Cosnarrnan
B J T30-e r: rpanro p:l Byrne (cneDa) Il CDoctt J-_fyj_JI,(j-le(('-LJCl'H crry)I(HT Hnmoc-rpaUHcli
OJ HHI-I kill «aprynra l-l paKOBHl-Ibl E Ct\l1Hb1l1 OP1-1;IMCHT C nacrr.ro .mcpn 13 qCI-ITPC. KopamlbIOl(j-10llp01el!lTO i'VIHHCpdJlbI-Ioro) pacrrrrcruuoro VI )KHBOTHOI"O rrpOHCXC))KiJ,eHHH paccenru.i B BOIK H H<t 6epely BepxH_,Ul 'J:lCT1-, ro pa3iJ,O 6JHDKe K apa6ec.K;1,v).
H;1 3;JL\HeM ruiaue .)'1"0['0 nOJIOnW, yxpauraouicro Ka6Huer 2l0CjlHIH Il MeuoHe, BHJ.U Ihl ,Uc-raJHI T11-JTepbepa, CO~VJ,;lNI-lO' 10 n 1699 r. )K31-IOM bepClTo.M
cooruouteane Me,KAY onopoa [1. TeM, '-ITO OHa rJOi1'[(Q))KHBaeT. 3rroxa PeneCGU-IO O"Iel-lb 60IC1'PO OLl,eHHJJ:l nrrrepsepsi noriooaoro runa. B PHiVre,
B (IlOl-ITeH6no, B HHAepJTal-IA;JX yraepxcaaercs aacromlWM <,6ecnOprrl~0I{» apxarercrypu: HCl10nb3yll
nee perncrpu rparrracrrorecnoro, I1PVlcIYA)[I'IBOI'O
H l'pOTeC](I-IOro, TBOpU;ht c03/~aIOT CJTQ)KHYIO CHCTeMY OPAepOB, rne 3aHMCTBOB<lHHH 11 CJJHHHH51. CO'-leT;!lOT- 01 C nOJIl] OH l-[eCOBMCCTHM OCTblO OT,[IeJ1bHhTX 3J[eMCl-1TOIl.
npencte ncero C rpocpeen H xapryniesr, crpennenae BbIHI'll 3a crporo O'-fep'-leHHbIe paN(KI1 H 06pCTCI-mC nnaCTHllHOCTH,
ITepB.blM npI131-laI<OM 3apQ)K.l1alOlllerocll cruna MQ}KHO C"-IHTaTb HOBoe opaaxreaTaJlbI-lOe peinenae pasncn. Yxpauteiran, rrpexne )KHBOnncnsre 11 orpal-lH"-leJ-lI-lh!e npep,eJlaMI1 namro, CTaHOBHTCH Jlem-l11MH H 3aXBaTbIBal{)T caMY paMKY, KOI-nypbI l-(OTOpon TepHrOT YCTOI::i'-lHBOCTb. 3Tl1M 113Haqa)]b[-[bIM pacrton- 3al-Il1eM 06'b5lCH!leTCH scerna npncyinaa pOKai1J1l0 Jl]060Bb K nycThTM nOBepXI-IOCTJ1M. B OTJll1"-Il1e 01" rpcrecxa, IIbIlllTfblC OpT-IaMCI-IThI HHKor,[(3 - ,[(a)KC B GliVlhlX p,ep:3I\Vlx KOlVm03T--!l_{YlHX - He noxpsr-
KlTOT crerrv CI1nOCllHblM ysopon. C !IPyroLI croponu, MOTHBb! poKalrl})Jl 'raroreior K HaT),palTH3- MY, XOT51 .l10B0J1hHO 6blcrpo I1POHCXOt(HT CJlH!ll-lHC P3KYIJJel{ C xapryuiaran, BJl3H C !lI1CTBOH,. Tpoq)el1 C xaMelliIUMH, H IIOA06HJ51 CTHJ1H3aU;H5I xacro He n03BOJI5IeT onpenemrrs, I( KaKOMY !vlT-1PY - MHHepansnoxry, paCTHTCJlbHOMy HJlH jKI1BOTHOMY - OTl-lOC5ITC5I 3TH CPOpMhl.
Ilepesnt HMI1Y'IbC 6blJl AJI-I fIhepoM TIe Ilorpon B npanrrenne JIIO,[(OBHxa xrv - B '-laCTJ-IOCTH, B Mapnn. Onnop, paooT8Jmrvu1 NIH pcrcrrra (Flanc-Poarrs) H Bacce, 60Jlee CB5I3JHHbII1
C 0311amlH Hlnepbep ranepcu B nap""I.((J(OM OTe!le TyJ1y:l
(I ra c. cnpaua), Anrvan Baccc HcnOJlb3Ye1' -rontnecrna f"!bep;] llc nOTp;) YKpaUlcIlH>! - OTI.-Ibl He CKYi] brrrypHHC - clCTKO opraunaylOT IKe npOCIpal-1CT130.
PO:lK,[IeHHe POK3.HJIJI
POICal1Jlh 13 3apOJ(blIJJC BCTpeQaCrC5I H B "pOTeCKe, .KOTOPhU1 co BpeMeneM nOJrYlJHJl .o.pyroe HaI1MCHOBa-
. HI1C - apa6CCKH, 31-1,eC1o TalQ.KC npl1cy-rCTIlye1' 110CTOHHl-IaH nrpa C ),cfoFICII1BblM 11 HeYCTOrl<IHIlbIM, UKYC K npH'-IYI~JmI3OMy H crpanuoxry O,[1HaKO B caMOM na-tane XVIII B. 130 ¢P;lI-IL(HI1 nOHBJlHIOTCJ1 pannxansnsre H013UJeCTB<l: OlM5lI1l1e C ,opyrHMI1 THlUlVH1 yxpaurcnnn,
58 H3YYHU1E c]JOPMbI
C npClKJ-lHM )WOPOM (nnrepsepsr OTeJUt Tynya) , npHHaAJIe)[(aT K LJY(C.fly GIMbIX BhIAaIOU_~HXC;l TBOpl~OB 3nOXH Perel-lTCTB<1. B 1730-e I: TOp)KeCT'ByeT (,)T(HBonYlCHbJ[1 CTHJJb') - KYJlbMHHilT\H51 pOIG1l1JlH so CDpaHL\Yll1. HaH60Hee H3J3CCTHbIMI1 ero npCACTaBHTeJI>J Mf1 6hL!ll1 1eMCOHHbC, c03AaBl.TTl1H PIKYI-IKI1 WUI 6apolleccbI Fie:>cl-lBaJIb, Maplm1Jl<J 13HJlCI-ICIWfO Ii T(H51rl1HH qapToPhl)[(CKOM, H ocofieruro TIHHO, KOTOpbIM. paooran B OTeJIflX Pytte, BHJIIlap, POI(JlOP H TvL13apHHH.
OT poxaitna K POKOKO
C xouua XVII B. 11 IepMaHHH ,a;OCTI1- racr pacnnera Tpar.(vlu.I1I1 nnrepsepOB B T1cKycCTBeHHOlVl MpalVlope C 60raTblMI1 opl-Ia""CI:lTaMI~ 113 IlI1CThCI3, caMble npexpacnue 06pa3Uhl KOTOPbIX l-JaXOWlTCH B a66aTCTBax
T ...T IITc;;pt.ephl uepxY 1 \111 J3 WTa(IHxayseuc (C!1CIIJ) 6blJlH CO:V,(<lHbl U 1100-IUC 1720-x I~ 0PI';IMCI-I·1~IJ]hJ-lb{e i\'lOT{-,lBbl xapaKrepH3)~oTC51 CYlMMCrpJ1el1, ]-]0 I-IHLlerO uonoro u HH X I·IeT. 3aTO cosnannue i~eC)lTb ncr crrycrs 11l"1- TCPhCPbl K,OBWlbC
II n,lIlHJlbOI-leAMa,~Hcuoypr B MIOllxeHmOM 1-IHMCPCfl6vpI"C (I)H~I3Y) Ilhlrml,[lJlT nOiVIJ1HIIO I rouaropCKHMH BCJICI1CTBI~e OCllo60)K"}.\CII1-151 OT BCCX ),C!lOBHOCTeJ1, J.(ep30CJ"H nnacru-ieCKI1)( peurcuua, cuexecrn KpaCOK
¢AHTA3H5I POKAyrm'r 59
Becco6pYI-lIIa 11. 06epMapXTaJUl. D_lJarOl.l<lp513T0I11-paIl.HQI1H (jJpaHJ-W3CKl1e optrajaeirrta, pacnpocrpananTlJr>!eC5T nOCpeIJ,CI"BOM rpaniop, nepeneccuusre B I1Cl\yCCJ'lleHj-[hlJ~. ""paMOp H oooranrennue HOBbIMll MOTHB<l,11'1, 6hfC"J'PO npI106pCJJH aa Pel1l-IOM HeBl1ll.al-II-TYlO npe)K,L\C n.!JaCrH'.JHOCTb. YnJlOTI-!el-IHe OpJ-laMeHTOB BCAC'r K T()MY, LITO OHH nocrenenno TCPll101' pOJIb 6oP1J,lopa, xoropas BCer,C1,3 coxpanneror eo CDpaI-IL\I1H; -racroe ircnonssosarrae paCTHTCJlT,HbIX MOTHBOB B .KOHlJ,e KOI-IL~OB rrpnnaer 11M COBepLueHHO opHnn-laJlbI-!bll1 xupaxrep - 60Jlee POCKODlHb1l111 nOMne3l-lbIfl. C Il.pyrol1 CTOPOllbl, .3TO HCKYCCTI30, npennasnaaeuaoe ,a;JlH carronon napJ1)T(CKotl apucroxparrrn, IXI3BI1BaeTOI Terreps 13 U.epKBH H 1 leOlKH,[\aI-IHO CTaHOBHTCH 6mDKe K lLlPO,>:(I-lOMY BKYCY. B COCleTaHHH C cppecKaMH yxpaiueI-I a)! oGpeT310T HOBYIO rroIlHXpOMYIJO 11, rJIaBHOe, aennLleCTBeT-IlTbltJ: MacwTa6 - 13 COOTBeTCTRHH C 06'beMHbIM npocrpaacrso» xpasia. B fepM.<LJ-II1H OHM
He BbIT1;J.yr 113 MOAbl BnJlOTb,[\O 1770-x r. , xorna
OKOT-i 'laTeJIbI-lO YTBep.[(HTC51 I-IeOl0IaCCI1 L\H3M BKjTJ1e
C 03A<Il-111hll:j Xonner-IXJynTOM npoeKT mrrepscpa iVI5I TpOH uoro .'8MI (Bl-fI1- Jy) yc'rynaer lIAOXHOneI-lHblM l\()Mn0311UHliM KKJBHJlbe. rpOMJAI-laH pa 1\11 K~l rrOL.JTH
lIO HClO BhTCOTy crcm.i 6bIJ]~1 6bl HCrvlblCJH1Ma 1)0 (DpdHLIHH, l'lle OpflaMEI-IT Bccr,~;.1 COXpaH5ICT 60Jlce TOEI')~O 'rcxcrypy CpunH.I1Te.%HO 1>:1)1(11;)" porn., KOTOpYIO rrrpalOT nYCTbIC nouepxno eTH, xa paxrepu a 11ml pOKJI1ml c em CK!10Hl'IOCThlO K BbTCT)rn;no'-L(l1M KOJ-IcrpYI<J..iHlIM I-Ia crsrxax pa3!1H4I-1bIX c18crerI I1I-rrephepa.
60 1I1.3YLJEHHE <POPMbI
C Im3BlxlTOM f( apx-rrexrypnoay opztepy H aHTHljHblM. apaoecrcasr, xoropue BHOl3b 6Y.LIYT 3aKJIlOlJeHbl B CT[ 01'0 onpeneneuusre paMKI1.
nJIaH xpaMa Hero BapHa:U;HH
Llerrrpirposaam-ni nJIaH CI1MllOJll13HPYeT 60iKeCTneruroe COBepmeUC'l'BO B CI1JTY 3aKOI-l'leHHOCTH H
O 6'bCMI-IblC «ynona, TCpMJJlbHble 0'1'llepCJ'I'IH VI C1(Y!lbrnypnsre yKp~ulel-1HiT uepx- 1311 Cuaceuaz n Bene- 11H11 llDOIIH e nnacunaIOTCH BTP~.1lMIIH!O. 0,/\1'131(0 npHAYMJHnoe JIoHreHJ xepeacnanae 1(OHTpaCrI-lbJX CBETOBhlX f10JJOC npl1 SXOAc B JJITaph H nyxeotipasnoe ycrpoaCTBO I1pOeMOIl DOIIK)mOJ1bHOl'O UCHTPWICCKOro npo-
CTP~HC'TlJ" OKJ3hmaIO'J'Gll1epCnEKTHBllbIM HOLllllECTBOM, IUIl1H-
H He KOTOPOl'O CKalKCTOl l1aJICKO 3<1 npenenann
ME)I<,[(Y UEHTPHPOBAHHbIM J.1 OCEBbIM ITJIAHOM 61
ypaBHOBemeHI-lOCTI1 scex -racren 3,lJ;aHI1JI. ITPO,lJ;OJIbHbIH KpeCTo06pa3HbIl1 nnarr - anneropua p::lCmITI151 Xpncra - HMeeT npyroe, 60JIee rrp3K'I'I1lfeCKOe Ha3Haseane. B03MO)KHOCTb coopars 60JIbillOe lJHCllO sepyrolIJ,HX ,[1JI5I c03epqaHH5I nnrvpnrsecxoro nericrsa, KOTOpoe oonanaer crrOC06I-lOCTbID rrp06)"!K,IJ;aTb 3CTeTHlJecxoe HaCJla)I(,[1eI-II1e - B qaCTHOCTH, 6J1aro,lJ;ap51 CBO[.1M cqel-lHlfeCKI1M KalJeCTBJM. )KeJlaHl1e Coe,l\HHHTb 06e 3TH epYHKU;1111 TOJIK3eT apXH'I'eKTOpOB K nOHCK<LM CI1Hresa. Osan npencraanaer c060I1 caxoe npocrce co-reT3I-lUe xpyrosoro H oceaoro rrJIaHOB. ITpH.QYMa!-Jl-IbIl1 CepJIHO IIJIaH npn CTpOHTeJIbCTBe u;epKBI1 nnepnsre rrpl1MeHHJI BI1HbOJI3. O,/J.I-laKO eute rrpotue
OKa3aJIOCb f-J,06aBI1Tb OCb B uearpaposannoe 5l,lJ;pO rrOCpe,[lCTBOM sroporo, Yf.1JIHl-leHHOro rrpOCTpaI-lCTBJ. OTOT npnaunn HcrrOJIb30BaH B BeHeU;HJHCKOH L\epKBH Cnaceaan n B TYpHI-Icxori uepxsu Can-Jlopenuo. qTO K3CaeTCl! u;eHTpaJII13aUHI1 npO,lJ;OJIbHOrO rrpOCTpaHCTBa, TO OHa ycneunro OCYlIJ,eCTBJI5IeTC5I C rrOMOlIJ,blO CHMMeTpI1crHoro nnaua, 6JIaro,[lapl! I<OTOPOMY CTbIK rpaacerrra - HJII1 3aMeH51lOlIJ,ero ero 01'ceKa - HaXO,ll,MTC5I B C::IMOM uerrrpe
uerpa. Jlesrepcse nenaer 31'0 B lJaCOBHe COp60HHbl, rne BTOPOH BXO,l\ C03- naer rrnaa, OpraHI130BaI-II-IbIH BOKPyr ,l\BYX 0PTOrQHJJIbHbIX ocert, H3 ocnoBe ,o,ByX 6a30BbIX cxex B03HHKaeT MI'fQ)!(eCTBO BapHaHTOB, KOTopble .
IT nan '-IaCOBHH
u Copooune (CJJeBa) 43crWIHO 06'bHCHHeTOI neooxoAHMOCTblQ CAC!laTb ABa BbIXOIl.3. OI1IUKO JIeMepcbc nOA'IepKHBaCT J.jeHTpUpOBal-lI-IhlM Xapa1(TCp coopy)KCI-IH5I, TJOMeCTHB KynOJJ B Cepelll1T-le I10flHOCTblO Cl1MMeTpHLIHoro 3HCaM6ml. HanpOTHB, C03I1aHHhJH (1)I-UliepOM <pall 3pnaxOM I1J1JH BeHCKOI1 IICpKBH
em- Kapno 130PPOMCO (IlHM3y) COC'TOHT
H3 uerrrpaponauaoro lltlpa II OKp)')1(eHHH AOnOJII-IHTenbHbIX OTceKOB.
62 113y~EHI1E crOPMbI
,'(emrrCR I-Ia ABe 60JlbllUre rpynrrsr. Jh!60 31'0 nocJIe,lJ,OBaTeJIbHOCTb uerrrpnpoaauasix H oeipasyIOIl\HX TeM caMbIM npo).10IIbI-IblH nnan npoCl'paI-ICTB - nO,l\06HblU nm PallHaJIh}1,H HCnOJlbayer B PI1MCKOllIl,epKBH Canra-Mapua nil ICIMnnrenna, iHI60 IJ,el-ITpHposannoe npocrpaucrEO - '-IaII~e Bcero onansHoe Ji!lH MI-IOroyrO!lb-
Hoe - CO'IeTaeTGI
C r-rCKOTOPblM KOJIHqCCTBOM AOnOJIHI1Te!Ibl-lbIX OTCCKOB (K]]}IPOC, BecrJil610lIb, Hecp HJUi qaCOBHH). BTOPOll THIT 60!Iee pacnpocrpauea.
CJIHlIHlIe rrpOCTpaHCTB
113HaQaJIbHO 3TH pemeuaa HCXOAlInH Ii3 coseranna qeTKO onpenenennsrx H aBTOHOMHbIX npOCTpaHCTB.
C 1630-x IT. lPpaHcya Mancap nesroncrpapyer npirMep roro, KaK MO)[(I-!O 60nee TeCHO CBH3aTb npocrpaaCTBCHHble OTceKH: B 'LlaCOBHe MOI-TaCTblpn BH3HT3L1JII1 OH npnuaer nononaarens-
HhlM npocrpancmaa q)OPMy ueurpansnoro KynOJIa.
B nOCJIemI]OJJ~11e necsruneTlill 50PPOMIiHH B Pl1Me crpeMH1'CH AOCTHLJb CocIJIeHeHWI t\ByM>I crrOC06aMl1. CHaqJIIJ 3'1'0 BepTI1KaJlbI-IOe coxneaenne: B lJ,epKBH CaI-T'!,'I1BO ,lJ,e CanI1eHIJ,H<l KOI-lT'YPbl nxaua np0).10JDIGl- 101'01 B pI1CYl-lKe l'YTIOJTa, nepsropu xoroporo ycrpeMJIlllOTCH K aepuruae snaHH51, TOf,lJ;J KJK aenpepsmHaH JII1HWI m1JIHCTp C03AaeT pl1'fivl crensr, oziaonpesreaHO 3TO roP1130HTallb, He-
q aCOBHH 3;]MKa
AHe (1549-1553) Q)HIlK6epa LlellopMa, cyP;~1 rro (Ice My; rrOCJ1y>Kl1)Ja KCTOYHM[(OM BAOXHOlJeHl-lH ,lI,Jill <:fJpaHcya Maucapa, 1(0- rAJ ror 06gyMblBaJI 011:11-1 LIJCOIlHH rom napmKCKoro MOI-IJCTbIPJ1 BH:lHTal\lfI1 (cnesa), CTpOHTeJlbCTBO KOTO~ poro H:I'.JalLOCb
B 1632 r. 3p;ecb BHOEb nonnnacror CO'leT<lHHe maSHOL1 Kpyr:JLol1<J;tCOBl-111 C ilOIlOnHHTeJlhIlblMH (IaCOBHHMH, pacno)Jo)KeHHI:>JMH [(QJlbL(OM. O,'(ttal(Q ,'(0- rrO!ll-lMTeJJbHhle -raccaHl1 cnKB,umC51 C nearpaJlbHblM npocrpancr- 1)0)1;1. l-lJCI'OJlbKO opmHVlYHO, 'ITO :;lTO C03i~aer uneaarneunc necoMHeHHOf"O H01JllltCrBa.
r .. IJ<lPI1HH, )l(HIlIllHl1
Il napVI)I(E B 1-Ia'laHe 1660-x rr., pa3YMeCTClI, UI1,'(eII TBopeHVlfl Maucapa. B O,'(N01)1 H:l WlIIIOC']'PHPOlJ<lHHbIX npoexron cucen KHHrH Arcbiteuura civile (m-I H:ly) OH npennaraer }.IBa peWCHM5I ,(Iml l\epIUlM xpecrooopaa- 1'101'0 flJIaHJ. Ha PHcp-1f(e npencrasnena CHCTCMa OTCel(OB) «oropsre C!(I-lMJIOTCiI MJlH pacumpxiorcn npH conpnxocnoseHHH tlpyr C npyroa, Ilrran OTJlI1'-1aCTOI X3- parcrepnon IJ.)1H Iuapn HH vcnoacucnuocnao. HCIl03MQ)KHO paaneJlHTl> 3Aal·mc JIa OT,1J.EJI blihIe '-:laCTM, noCKOJIl>KY OHf! nJ1WEHbl YCTOM'-Il1l3bIX rpaHHll.
OT DJLlliA K CBO,IJ.Y 63
npepsrsaocrs KOTOPOll ,ll,OCTHfaeTCJI TeM, '-lTO onopsr [JOCTaBJIeHbI non yrJIOM (MOJIeJIbHR CB5I1'oro cDl1JIHn110 Hepa, CaH-,I(:>KoBaHHH HH JIaTP3HO). B qaCOEHe KOJIlle)[(a PacnpOCTpaHeHI151 Bepsr (1662) pl1TM nl1Jl5lC1'p npoztorrxea cersro CKpeIIl,eHHblX aa nOTOJIKe rsepmop, xoropsre OKHMalOT sayrpeaaee npOCTpaHCTBO rrocpencrsoa BOCXO,ll,JIIl\HX JIHHI1H - COmaCHO npamntrry, 3J6blTOMY co spenea rOTI1KH.
B 're )Ke 1660-e rr; fBapl1HH YCBal1BaeT, CHCTeMaTl1- snpyer H ymy6JIReT 3TH HOBbIe npl1eMbJ. B CBOl1X anaJ-II1JlX OH pacnonaraer P51p,OM, KaK 3TO ,neJIaJI AO Hero MaJ-IC3p, B3aHMOCBJI3aHHbie npOC1'paHCTBeHHble orce- 1<11, KOHTypbI KOTOPbIX 06peTalOT YCTOI1Lfl1BOCTb nmns npn COnpI1KOCl-lOBeHI111 zrpyr c P,PYf'OM. B JIl1CCa60HCKOll ll,epI(8l1 Henopoxaoro 3aqaTI151 rrOCTaBJIeHHble
O AHO 113 rrOCJIeAHHX rnopemm EOppOMI1HI1 - J(OJlJle)K Pa cnpocrpaHtHVI.fI Bcpsi B PHMe. Cxpeutemre nepmop H>l nOTOJ1Ke C03L(aeT
E '-IaCOBHe nO,{TH 1'0- TH'{ecK)'IO sep'rmcarrs. YC'J'peMHeHHOC'fb
«se pxy rrOL('1epTG1Baerca npepblllaHKeM aHTa6J1eMeHTa) np1-!'zyIJ.)1HEbIMH BblcrynaMH H neoosrsHblM apx.rrpauc» KapHH3 oopaayer etlHHCTBel-lHYIO ropn- 30HTJJIbHYIO JlHHK10.
64 H3yt-IEI-lYIE (fJOPMbI
nap, yrJIOM ortopsi npuztaior sccery 3,ll.anlllO coneptuenuo TlC06blQl-lb1M 130JJJ-1006pa3Hb111 06mrK HaT<OT-leL\, i'[l3PHHH ripeHe6peraeT sepruxansBOH Y1ll1qmK3L\Hc.Ct 11 IlH3yaJlbHO pasnenuer TC apxnrexrypnue 3JICMCHTbl, xoropue (OC['<IHilmo'!' IClPK3C 3,narrH5r, - HJ-IblMH C.I10I3aMI1, peum"l'eJlbHO scryrraer 1-13,1.1,0- pory 13ep,ylu,ylO K neM3- TepHaJIH33L\HH CBOAOI3. Ilonorursre sxcrrepnMel-n'bl npe/\CT:IBJIJlIOT c06011 B03spaT K HeKOTOPblM npmnmnau 3ITOXI1 Peneccauca, xorna apxarercropu 13 60ph6c co crpens-iarori apxoa CTaJIH 13HOBb HCnOnb30B:ITh M3CCl11lllblC crexsi H xerno pasneJI5IT1> onophT - n '-Iac1'I-lOCTl1, npn nOMOIl\11 opnepa, aTI'ra6JleMeHT KOTOp01'O 001-l'-lepKH133Jl auayansuyio :>I-I'.ILII1MOCTb ropnaon'ransasrx JjYIHHJ1.
repMaHCKHH CHHTe3
Ha-iaroe Mal-TCapONI VI J30ppOM.I1I-m ,ll;[WDJ<el-II1C ):(OCTl1rIlO 1101.11'101'0 pacnuera B IepMaHVIH, 17(e apxrrrexropu C [(OHLJ;a }"'VJ B. paspaoorarm I:jOBOJlbI-lO He06bfcll-lhlli. n1D 3/(J1-[1111. C I1CnOJlb30FlaHHeM npHIIL\Hna crenu-onopu HJII1IlH)'rpel-lHero KOT-I1pCpOpca, 6JJarOAapn xoropo-ry npOHCXOI(HT -ierxoe 13113yanbl-lOC pa3/.l,eJleHHe MClK,ll,y O<LeHb MaCCH13I-IbIMH orropanu JiI crenasm C 60 bUlI1M KOJ1I1'-leCTBOM npoesros.
Dotl06r-1311 Cl1CTCMa 6blJla C03B)"IHa sxcnepnxenrav 60ppOMHl-lH 1'1 fB<lpJ1HH: 06a 01111 CrpeMI1JJl1Ch I( yCI1Jle- 11[110 -xa pxacm-i X,) crpyicryp 11 Yl3enHYCllHIO QI1CJla npoeMOll XHJlhAC6pm-IAT nepssn« npl1MCHl'lJI BL\epI\1311 ro-
C HCreM<1 crcnu-onopbl O'l'IlH'lat.'TOI 60JlbiDOH npOCfOTOI;;.
11 u.eplillH HeMel~l(orO ropoaa Pel II-! (uecpxy) M:ICCI1BHhIC onopu I 10llf.(epl[(l~ 13'110T CllOj(bl, paaILCJIel-!l-Ible apxa ~Il'! Me)t(J.LyonopaMI'1 pacnOJlar:[]OTCH 'TaCOIll 111
H rancpeu, occctncum-rc l'SblCOIII'!MH OlGI:.iW'1.
HI'! OI.LH<l 113 ropH301 1- l'aJlhHblX !II1HHH '1e-mo
I re npOCM3TpHB3crOI:
JJHI1H51 raJICpCl1 rrpepsraaercn I lWJ>lCrpa.\'111. JIH- 11I1n 3r-rra6J1eMC11'J:{ COXpaHJle'IUI JIIIUJb Y (X- 1-101\;11·1 Hil napYCOB CI;()r.I~1.
pona fa6eJlb (1699) :3aI1MCTBOBJHlIh1l1 Y fBJ pl1HH rtpmntnn I-Ie3aBl1CI1MOCTI1 npocrpaacraeunsrx OTCCKOB. KpaCTOcjJ ,I\Y1TLleI-IXoq)ep B qepKBT1 CB5lTOro I-II1Konan H<l Mana Crpana
(OK 1710) coveraer era C n Pl11-1l.l,I1IlOM CTel-Ibl-OITOPhl, C031(aB nOCJle.'101J3TeJlhHOCTh npOJIeTOR C nepaBHoMepHhIMI1 pa3pblB<lMH B PHTMC l3epTI1K3JlhHbIX rrpOeKl(I1(I VI CROAa. I3Jlal'OAap!1 'faKOMY pacnonozcemiro, OCII013JHHO]vIY H3 B33- I1MOnpOI-IYIm-IOBeTTm~' rrpocrpaucrs, sxcnepanearsi no CJ1l15!f-IHrO rrpo-
crpa 1-ICTl3eJ-II-ThIX OTceKOB ,ll;O(Tl1r:IrOT csoero anores. COBOKjlJIHOCTb BCCX 3Tl1X npaesioa J1CnOJlb3Y10T
B3PbIB CTPYJ(1YPbl 65
B a66;nCTBC T'OPOAJ EaHU H;I peke
Men (BI-Il-r:ly) Horaiu I .ll.H'IUeHxocj:Jep BHOBb HCnOJTh3VeT cucre-rv pa3pa6oraHHpo ero OTqOM Il,JlJI npJ)KCKoi\ L\eplillH CllHTO'U HrIKOn:1~ I-la M;lna C1'IJ<U-lct. Opr.uinsa I I, HlJ CBOIIOB napyrueua mm~cTI);'IMH, pacno.nO}KeHHblN111 ncw .. )'l ',_ !lOM: 'rpacrcropn» npogOJ1)](3l0HII.IX HX CBOf.(HblX apok npoueneua ra«, 'ITO orm coet\HH}J- 10TOl B cepezurue ](;I)Knoro npo.icra. PIHM CBOgOR, 06YUIOWleuIIbJJ1 coennnenaesr apox, oozee He conn aijac.T C pHTMOM npo.ieTall. f:l aG6;rrcrBe Hepecxerr-ra (CHeBa), nOCJre,~I·reM ruo ptl-l~lH f-Iei;fjl,."lJl-Ja) CO'-Jer;·IIOTCI"J HepUJK:lJIbH<lJI uanpaBIlC.HHOCTI" ne3<lGHCkJl\'1oe nOJl_O)KeHHe onop, l1CKpHBntHHbJe ]lH-
68 ltI3Y'-lEHYlE C[)OPMb[
apXHTeKTOpbI cnenyiomero nOKOlIeHWI, B 'faCTHOCTH, Barrracap HeHMaH, C03,l(JTeJIb uepxan nanOMHHI(OB B CI)l1pIJ.eHxalliu1f'eHe I16eHe}J.HKTI1HCI<orO a66aTcma B Hepccxeane - coopyiKer-mH Qpe3BbI<lath-Io ClIQ)IG-lhIX.
HOBLle THIlLI JKHJIHm;a
Crpyicrypnue axcnepnaeirrsr, ocyuiecrsnennue II panrcax penarnoarroa apxirrexrypsr, TPYJJ.l-lO nepeaecrn B «pepy CTp011TeJIbcma -racrnsrx H!Il1 KopOlleBCKI1X pe- 3I1AeHLI;I1H, TaK Kal( 3)J.eCb none 110l1CK08 cY)Kacrc5I BCJIe)J.CTBl1e Tpe60BaHI1I1, npeANlBJIlleMbIX]( )K]1}lbIO. OxO'rmlcmH neopeu CryrmHI1t()KH B oKpeen-IGCTHX Typ11Ha npet.I;CTaBJIHeT C060H I1CKJllO'-ler-rHe. Era xpecrooopa3Hbll:i: nJIaH C OBanhHbIM $J,[!;POM, CXO/:(HbII1 C npoeic-
O XOTHHCll1rr ):(130- peu Cryrnruun )l<Yr 32J-IHMaCT l.!bl}.laJOl1.\eeC51 Mecro II PH):IY MI-IOl"O'lHCJ1CHHhIX pc- 3H,l\eHl_\ml, C031(aHlTbJX no COilC )(OP0)1CI1 Cal3(JHCKOI~[ I~HllaCf"HH 1.1 OKPCCfl-lOCntX TypnH2 aa npOUDKeHHH XVII ~ XVIII nil. OllHOBpeMeHHO 3TO O)~HO
l-r:l ["Jf;IIlH blX THopel·nil;1 JOuapbl, KOTOPbU1 pa- 60TaJl 13 TYPHI-IC MeiK..'W 171411 1735 IT. CryrtI1HHi~)IU1 qCJlUKOM opranasonaa uoxpvr uenrpansnoa rOC"rHHOrt (cnena), pacnono)f{CHHOrt Ha nepnosr :9T,I)KC_ Kononnu nOA/l,Cp)Kl1B<1I0T nOHH)f{CHHblrt CBOJ.l, 06p~:,YH BMCCTC CHUM qCTKO BblP'DKCH)·TylO anyrpetnuoro crpyicrypy 3A,n-lml - corJlac)-Jo npI1HLJ;l1ny, 60Jlee pacnpocrpaneuuo-ry 13 repraaucxon, a ue
n l1TdJlb5lHCJ«()M a PXI1- TClnypc. CBCT np011Y1- «aer nOJ]JIJMH -iepea LOHpOKHe OI(01·1I-1hIC npocsu; 110,ilHOUpeMeHHo ABepl'l,
CKPbITblE TOY.KH HAI3JIIQ)J,EHltI5L. 69
TJMI1 (I)l1luepa 4mH 3pJIaxa (znsopeu Amsrxan B Bene) 11 EOCPcj)paHa (M;mbrpJf-DK), CB0.!.1eTeJIbCTByeT 06 l1!-frepece ]( trerrrpapOBaHHoMY nnany, HO KJpKJCI-IaJl crpyxrypa maBl-IOH rOCTrU--!QH 60JlbWe scero nanoscmaer pennra- 03H}'IO apxnrexrypy
Mnorne apxtrrexropu sezryr nOJ.1CKI1 B HHbIX aanpasnemotx ¢paI-IL(Y3CKI1H 3aMOK - B Bo HJll1 J3 Me30He - 'y?Ke JlBJIJleT c06011 rrpOAYKT CllI-lTe3J, 11 ra iKe TeH,[1eHlI;Hl1 K CJ!I1JlJ-mIG pa3!IWlHbIX THrrOB I-ra6rno)J.aeTCJI BO MHOrl1X APYfI1X coopYiKeHIDIX . .l1!tll PHMCKOro nananuo Bapoepn!-I11 xapaxrepau xeprsi BHiIJIbl: orcyrcrsae airyrpennero zmopa, umpoxae OI{QI-I[-Ible npoerasr, rJl)'60I<l1:li nopT11K
B pe3H)J.eHl\1111 Bropnoypra BXOt.I;HOH ,[!;BOP 11 -repena naBl1JlbOHOB, 1«1[( BO cppaHLI;)'3cKOM 3aMI<e, CO"'le'raJO'I'ClI C BbJCOKI1M 6e.nb9TaiKeM I1 npJIMoyrOJ1bHblMI1 cpJII1reJl5IM11
KomJ IOBapa cute TO)lbKO npucryrraCT K C03fJaHHIO CrynuHHWnl (llH~J3yH )-!,l
C. cHeBa), 130cj)(jJP:UI )!)Ke HcnOJlb30KITI xpecfo06pa:lHblHllJlaH C .UtHTlXlJlhHblM HAPOM BlIOTapl1HrCKOM 3al\'1- ice Mansrpan»c H
1711 r: (C!leBa).,llnH UeHTp;I!IblrOI~ rocrnnon OB 1136HpaeT Kpyr, TOrA;! xarc fOBap,] npe.tno-urracr OS;UI. 3"["OT THn uerrrpupoBal-1II0ro rImlJ-la '-facro HCrpeq;leTOr B CKPOMHhTX coopyaccnnax (npanepou MQ)J(eT CJl,I)KHTb ejJ pa BUY'CKHH naBHJ1I)OH TpIUlIOll), 1-10 Kpai'lHc PC,':IKO npnacnaercn
B KPYIll·IOMacmra6Hblx cf-poeHHHx.
70 !13VY.EHI1 E c):lOPMLI
HT<lJlb5!HCKorO nanauuo. B K3CTJI-XOsapiJ. H B DjleHXCl1MC B31-16po cosnaer CHHTe3 rraJ1Jlarrf1eBcKof'1 SHJJJlbI H (IJp3T-Iuyacxoro 3aMKa. Y nepson OH 3:lJ.tMCTIJyer op: '3HH3:llJ,H10 soxpyr uerrrpaposaanoro, CI1MMeTpl1crHora 6J10K3, KOTOPhl}1 J3 K3CTJI- XOS3P.11 YlJeH"lJI-l K)'flOlIOM, a B DJleHxei1- Me pacnonaraercs sa nOpTHI(OM C cjJpOHTOHOM. 0'1' BTOporo OH coxpanner f1-06pa3HhIl1 nnan, nOCJJe,nOK1TeJlb!-IOC!'h BHY'lpel-IfIHX ilBOpOR, i~eJlCH11e H;t n:lBHJlbOJ-TbL
TOHKOCTH [IJIaHHPOBKH
l1CI0'CCTBO nJIa!-Il1pOBKH non RJTH5!HHCJvl (jJP3HUY3CKHX apXHTCKTOPOB ,110Cl'HraCl' npexcie llCBe,110MOro ypOBH)J. B :)IlOXY PCIICCC31-lca WlH C03,naHI15! CHMMCTPHTJ J3 LjeHTpe 3!-\aHH5l CTaJiH pa::\MCl1-\<lTh JleCTT 1l1UY, qTO TTMe}[O ncraTHl3l-1bIe nOCJJe,l:(CrBI15! !-\lI5! RHyrpel-U-leI1 Opr<lHI13aLjHV) 3<lM.Ka: nCJ:-lTpaJ1bI-IblT11<opnyc pa3,11CJ1el] H3p;Boe, a )[(l'J}JbTe an3pTaMeHThi C,11BHHYTbl K 60K013bIM T{PbIJJbHM. IlpobneMy M()}KHO 6blJJO pcunrn, TOJIh]<O O;:\lIHM nvrea - OT,L(eJlItTb ocrarouumcn 13 nerrrpe BX0.11 OT pasvcuiemroa C60KY JleCTHI1Ubl. TaK nocrynaer Mancap B Iv1e30He, rne B uenrpe iKH.I\OrO 3T3)K8 llHOBb pacnonaracroi 60!lbLUaH
IT peno,cl::eceHl-l;[>t :lHrJl 1'1 HCKHi\'l HapolloM rcpuory MJJlb6opo B na,'I~Tb
o cro rtoocne upn Bneuxca-ie OAI-10- HMC1 n-ra;11)c3HW~HT[HH, CTPOHTcII'hcrBo I(O'J'OpOI~i n~1..1a)10Cb
n 1704 r., OTJlH',T,ltTOI l-le0611Il-lHbJM COl.{CTa[[HEM C3M olX ])331-10- oopasuux en'lnCH B:')1-16po, Hcno,rn,3Y51 ~lHTHql_-lbIC, H'J'('lllb51Hcxue H qJp;U-IIIY3CKHC j\·'IOTHBbI) cosnaer
MO Ul,1-rYTo CL\Cl1H cltCKy'O KOMTI0311L\l110
Ha OCl10Be KOlilpacT3 o6'beMoB H COl_lCT~ll-jJ151 pa3nl''fl .. n~lblx ::}JJe.MeH~ TOR I.lel-ITpaJ!bL-lbl\1 IlaBHJThOH, )TJIOBbIC n:JHl1,..'lbOI [bJ~ KPhUfi)<;J
H KOJlOI-Il~;r,~;r 06P;I:1YlOT el_IHI-foe uenoe.
... VI MX )J,AJlLBEl1WE£ PA3BIHHE 71
rocTHHa.fl .11JTH npnena rocreri C i\P)TOI1 cropouu, Yl'l3epiK.11eTfHe rrpnnmma c,nBoeHH0l1 rmannponxn - iwa puna rtapannem.usrx I<Oi\1Tl3T - ,L(eJIaeT B03MO)KHbIM CYIL\CCTJ30llaI-IHe :JT-TcjJHJJa.L\bI C BblXO.L\OJ\l 13 can, C03,'\<lHl1e nonepc-rHOl1 OCI1, npoxozrmueri -tepes uenrp 3,L(;JI-IT-:!}J H pJ3MeT11el-TTTe !leC'THHI1bT C600', B cropone OT crepei\hl KOMHaT. I1MeHl-lO B 60KOnbTX sonax, HacrI1H<L5! C XVI! u, CT:JIfVT eo MHO)KecrBc nOi:lBJ151TbCH mryrpeuune JleCTJ-IHqbl, «opnnopsi I1liOiV1H::JTbl p,_,1J51 rrpH(}1),TH, LITO C13I1AeTCJlbC!'ByeT 0 nOBbTlUeHHOM llHI1M;\f-1l1H [( 1<0M(I)opT), TT YIOT)',
fInal-! ('JI~lHH_?rO :l/IUHHJ1 B bIJeHXCC'l!\:fe OT)JHY:aeTOI -ie'ucocrt.io: naIlJl;lI-lHCBClCl1H "'KH::ltlpaT')
B L\tHTj)C orcpyx«; 1 I
C Tpex: Cl'OpOH TpaAI'lL\~IO]-]I-lbrMH (l)p3 H 1.\1'3- CI(HMI~ n-06pa~HblMH <'KBaAp~ITaMH", 3JMhl- 1GH0l1\He nO!lyKpyr nuopa HFl3KJ1C Kp'hUlhH
npe,~.CI;HlJIHIOT co6of\ H;ICJle~IHe TI,mna,'1HO, Mm-1Cap:lH l'eHa. rJ!l<1J-l }ICBO npO'JJ1ThImlCTCH n C1MOJ1'1
~~;I~£' C'l'pOeHHH - 'ITO X,I~ paK'fCp110 ll,n~ arcro
apxurercropa
OT HHTephepa II: OKPYJKalOrn;eii cpep;e
Apxsrrercropu Y.11eJl5ll0T 60JJbIUOC BHI1MaHI1C 11 TOMY, KaK COOTJrOCl1TCH iKI1JIHIl\C C Ol<p)I)K::JJOlll,etl: cpeaoa CH3'-I;\Jla 01'111 crap:lIOTC.flI-l:JHlI)"-JUlHM 06pa30M COrJl3COB<lTb BI-Iyrpeu HIOJO rrJI<lI-IHpOBKY C KOMllo:mUl1eti ncero aHG1M6-
".:.:.
,.~. :~.
72 Yl3Yt.IEHI1E cDOPMbI
rn paucya M:UIGIJ: "-J!' rtcraeuraer Al30HJ{bIC ;\flJjJTJMCITTbl
HJ InopOM :orra)KC 3;lMI<a Me30H (nnepxy). Anapraneuru cneua BKJHO'-laIOT 11 Ce6}1 3an)', rOCrl1l-I)no, CnJJIbHIO, i.BJ I<a6I1HCTJ VI rapneP06HYIO; I3MCCro WIOCKOro nOTOJIKa 'H3 cj)paHL\)'3CKHl1 M~u-Iep. lJ mix HMClCI'l'OI BblCOrme «ITraJlb51HCKHC', CllO.l\bl - HC06h['IHhll~[ lVlJ1 (])par-1L\Hl1 3JleMCHT HHTCPbcpa. 111-1- repecuon Bblf1l.fIJ.(HT CIJ,BOCI'lH<lH !1JIJHHpOlllea ana{Y1';!MCHTOlJ
B 3aMKC Bo (BTOpOt\ nJlaH csepxy), me Jlc Bo pa3MCIJ.(aeT aHcjll1- n<JAY C BhJXO/.\OM 13 cal~ NJ nepsov 3TJ)KC, '1TO noanonaer H36a1ll1Tbtil OT MOl-ryMcHTaJTbHoil J1CCl'I-!HL\bJ. TOJ!bKO L\CI-rrpaJlbHJ}I rOCTl1Ha51 UMeeT HTJJlb.fIHC[(Hti CBOil" ):IocTHr210~l-!l1 BhICOrsr BCC.O 3,QaJ·mJl.. Xapaicrepnoe AJU! 3BOJII0L(I1H 3aMKa B XVIU B. YMeHJ,wCHHe p23MepOB MO)J(J-lO YBHACTh
B Illauc (rPIT1111 nnan CBCPXY), KOTOPblii ocraercs 6nl13KlilM K Bo, HeCMOTpJJ na npncyr(,'fEMC acctuauu.
B AM3JlUCI-J6ypre (1I1-I113y) - npocTOM OXOTHM'4beM narmnsone B napxe Hl1MctleH- 6ypr - ABWKel·mc Il C".I'OpOHY YMcHblUeliH" p;13MepoB 1I0c"j"[11~leT Kpat"meil '1'0'1[(11 CBOera pa:31311TWI,
JKJ.1JU1lll.E HA « (TlPAJ-IlJ,Y3CKI1I1 MAHEp·; 73
JIlL 3aMoK B Me30He C 3TOH TO'lKl1 3peHI1.f.1 ne naer YIJ:OBJIeTBOpl1TeJlbHOrO peIIIeHI1.8., L(eHTpaJIbHblH OaBI1J1bOH zmnraerca csoero 3Hl'leHH.8., rrOCKOJlbKY pacnOJIOJKeHnaa c60Ky JIeCTHHIl,a CHapyJKH He BI1,[(Ha, 3a1'o B Bo, rne IITaJIbJlHCKl5l rOCTI1Hail, yseasaaaaa Kyl10JIOM C KOJIOKOJleHKOH, pacnonaraerca B caMOM neirrpe 3,L(aHlliI H 06- pasyer sucryn, JIe Bo IJ:OCTHraeT rapMOHH'lHOrO co-reTaHH51 Me)K)J;)' THrrH"IHO <ppaHIl,Y3cKHM BKyCOM K nrpe
C npocrpancraenrrsnm 06beMaMH H HOBIIIeCTBaMH B «pepe BH)'TpeHHeH nJlaHHpOBKH.
3TOT npnamm BblcTynl - nsorayroro HJlH MHoroyronsnoro - 6YIJ:eT rrpHMeH!lTbC51 HeO,L(HOKpaTHo. Ilpyrax TeHlJ:eHLI,H51 COCTOHT B TOM, 'lT06bI Hal1JlycIIIII1M 06pa30M BITHCaTb )KJ1JIHr.qe B OKpyJKa!O~yJO cpe,D,y - B 'laCTHOCTH, B caztsr H napxn CHCTeMaTH'leCKOe YBeJIl1- "IeHHe OKOHHbIX npoeaon H see 60JIee xacroe paaaeuienne JKMJIbIX KOMEaT aa ITepBOM 3Ta)Ke aeonpoaep)KHMO CBH,L(eTeJIbCTByJOT 0 )J(eJIaEHH {<BITHCaTb» 3,L(aHHe B rreH3a-JK.
3 JMOKMC30H COXpaHHJT see O'-lapOB2HHC I1CxyCCl"Ba MaHC2pa - )'H11- KaJIbHOro CaeAI1HeHI-l51 'lepT [lO'lTII apXaH'leCKl1X (BbICOKHC OCTpOKOHe'-lHbIe KpOBJIl1, K:lMCHHhle CJT)'XOBbJe OKHd) <'CTaKKJTO» KOMn03l1l\HH) H casisrx Aep3Kl1X 00 CBoeMY 32MbICny pClIleHI1H. C0'1eT3Hl1e L(CHTjXlJlhnoro naBHJIhOH:l nl1paMVI/.\aJThHOH tPOPMbl C H113I<HMH, BbIABUH)'TblMl1 nne pen KPhJJlh.fIMH oupcncnacr opHrHHaJlbHOCTb :,2MKa.
7<1
75
A pXHTeKTopbI 6apOKKO p;eMOHCTpHP)'lOT 5:IpKO BbIpa)KeHH)l1O CKJIOHHOCTb
K HCnOJIb30BaHHIO 3KcnpeCCHBHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeI1 CBeTa 11 npOCTpaHCTBa. BH3yaJIbHbIM 3cpcpeKTaM IIp11,lJ,aeTC5:I 'rarcoe 3HaQeH11e,
QTO 3TO sencr K KOHu;eHTpaU;1111 scex pecypCOB 11 IlOpa311TeJIbHO p;ep3KOMY CJIH5:IH11IO apX11TeKTypbI C ee )KHB0I1HCHbIM11
HJIH CKyJIbIIrypHbIMH 3JIeMeHTaMH.
fJIABA III
rflABEHCTBO BITEqATflEHHR
AllTapH 6p:tTbeo A:l:tM (l-Ja C. czrcna arrrapi, MOH<LCTblPc[{oIl ueptcsn K:tHOI-IHKOB CB>ITOI'O AGl)'CTHua B Pope ua lore fepM,ll-IlU-r) llOXO)KH -ra TeaTpaHbHble ACKOpaunu: AeJ(opalJ,l1~1
)Ke fallll1-1 ij:t J3H6Hel-lJ (cnpaua) 1-IJrrOMHH;!lOT CrI1JlHCTH'-JeCKH apXHTCKT)'PHbIl1 3C1(113. B 060HX cnvsa-
fIX 3clJCjJeKTHOe .
BneLJ~rrjjeHl1e ,[I,OC.~11- I',leTC51 sa C'-JeT HCnO!lb30BJHl-lJI csera H n POCTp:tHCl'Oa.
76 fJIABEHCTBO BIlE'-IATJIEHI151
CJIH.lIHlI:e HCKYCCTB
B TeYCnl1C scero XVII B. TBOpL~bl crpeasrca kJ313nC'l"b 113 coseraHI111 rpex HCKYCCTB - apXI1TeK'IYPbl, )KHllODT1CH, CKYJlbTITY-
pbl - JIHI-Iefi:!-Ible, uneronue 1'1 cnerouue :XpcpeK'l'bl, npC,IV .. rrasJULll 13 'rpex H3MCpeT-TWIX '1'0, -rro no CYIX nap CL!HTanOCb nO)lBJ1aCTI-IblM JII1D.l b (paI-ITa311H :h7t(0)f(HI1Ka.Me)l{,U;Y 15901116101'r. nOllBJ1J110TClJ nossre )](111l0[ll1CHble YCJ[OBHOCTI1 - nOKa3aTeJlb CBOI1CfllCI-IHOH snoxe oc0608. BOCnp11l1MYHllOCTH T( BH3yaJ1bHOMY xapaxrepy spenmna. 8 ocHOllC 8TOro o6.IIOBJ1eHWl, H3 i~B)1X nomocax I<OTOPOr'O - npOTHIJOTIOJTQ)Kl-IbIX H .o,onomUlIOIl\l1X .o,pyr npyra - J JaxOAllTCll KapaB31.l)KO H Pyoenc, - neacar Bl1AHMOCTb nO.ll,JlHHHOCTl1l1 J'lCnO!lb30B3HI1C c;lMblX XYl\OiKCCTBCHHblX npHCMOB. Or-racm noA06Ha51 BocnpH11M'II'IBOCl'b nopoxaeaa Kourppeqiopaaunen, KOTopaH BHOBb OTIHpaCTCH ua npncymee CHMBOllH"lCCKOMY 3PCJlI1lJW nOCTH)KCHl1e TJHHCT13a IKTl1I-lbI, OTKPblUJeMoti 6JIarOT-(apH cyrreCTI1BHOJ1 MOLl\H HJIJH03HI1. Ho B ueJIOM sra BOCI1PHI1M'lYlBOCTb ,ll,31lCKO BblX01\11T sa paM[(11 IOTonVf'leOWrQ MHpOBOCrrpI15ITVfH.
B PUMe 13epwHmncpBblM npHnynl1Jl K CI1CTCMaTHYeCKOMY 113YLICT-!Hl{) npnesroa, n031J0Jl5J10Il{IJX C031-\JUaTb l1CTI1]-[I-lbIC «K3pTHHbI» U nOJII-lOM COOTlleTCT13I1H C Ba'lYpOM H 13 peJlbCCpHOM HCJlOJIHCHHH. B ~CpKBH CaJ-I'r'AH,ll,pea Hj-j Kunprrnane apxarexrypa nmepeepa noxoxa ]-[J cqemrqeCK)IJO TIlIOT.TJ,3,ll,[{Y, rne cpHrypa C13>1TOI'O l-la,ll, J<JPHI'l30M B3MbIflaeT K ueirrpy KyaOJIa. B uepxmr CaHT3- MapHH ,ll,eJ1JI<! BHTI'opHa BH,ll,Cl-me CBH'I'Oti Tepesu MaTepH3J1l13yercH, a B 3nCI1'~C co6opa CB.SITOrQ Ilerpz npOHI1- 3JI-Il-IbU1 cseroa 30JlOTor1 Yl 6POl-I30Bblrl sesser I<acj:Je/.\pbl CJlOBHO 6bl B031-10CI1TOT I-la J'JJa3ax y eepyrornax. IIapaaoxc nOAo6HblX KOI-ICTP)IJ<L\HI1 3al(J[!OLJaeTCH B TOM,
B PHMCKOfi: J"(CPJ<BH CaHTa-MapH.51 /.\eJTJ13 Bmropaa
BepII HHH llhrC1p:lHllaCT uirrepsep '·I:1COnHH Kopuapo ROKPY" CBocB CICYJIbn'lypHo(1 rpynnbl,Sl1ttCI-lJ1e CIlHTOI~ TCPC3bl" Mpasro] Hhlii naUHJ1hOH C OTBCPCTI1CM IJuepx)', J<Yl~a vcrpeanacres cuer WI BhlCOxoro OKH:l, l'I1IJII03HOl-IHCTCKJifi 3<ixpCKT 061l<IKOB I-Ia cuoztc, JIO)KHbre '1'11J'16YI-fhl~
r'/.le p:J:.!MeL1\C II bt COsepuarouure "T)' ClIC'11 Y 3pHTeJIH ... HCII03MOlK- 110 ttOCTWlh 60!1 bwer'1
;1 HaJI0rHI·r C Te;rrpO~·I.
Bl13YAJIbHOE 3PEJl11I1(E 77
QTO 11rm ~\OCTH)KeHHH 60JlbWeD I1JI!IK)3HI1 B HHX COBepmeHHO I-IC HCD0J1b3ye'lUI O,ll,J-10 H3 maBHbIX ,l..\OCT0I1HCT13 CK)'!lbrJTYPbl 11 apxnrexrypu: B03MOJKHOCTb pJCCM3Tj)VIBaTb TIp0I13Be!l,CHl1e non pJ3HbIMH yrmlMH. B 3TOM CMbICJIe n03BOJTHTeJlbHO rOBO]JHTb 0 perpecce B cpasneI IHH C !l,OCTlDKCHI1J1MI1 MJI-lbCpH3Ma. Bel~b AJIH nOJU·IOTbl j1rreQaT.1TeHHH 1-ry:>KHO coxparrrrrs paxypc, Heo6xo/l.HMblJ1 WIH C03epU,aI-IHH spcnnura. B NIHHOM cnysae pe'lb ,ll,Cf"ICTDl-l'TeJIbJ-IO H):(e'I' 0 3peJIHJlJ,C, xoropoe OJKl1BaCT J111111b B npouccce nOCl'aHOBKl1l1 'Ipe6yC'r OT 3PHTCJlH llpeMCHHom norpyaremor B csoe npOCfpJl-lCTBO - eCJTI1 )[(e :~TOI'O I-Ie npOHcxOAHT, OHO HeH36e)!(J-IO npenpamaerca B )K:IJ1KOC TIOAo6HC l1.JIJIl03HH.
TI OA06HO 6PUhHM UHMMepM~tI-n-l, 6paTb.l1 A3ClM, XYAO)KHHK KOCh~1a .ll.aMI1JH
11 CK)ljJbllTOp 3rHA .f{lmpHH pa60'raJI!~ BMecrc na MHO['OLlHCJ1eHHblX crpOI'ITeJIhCTB:lX n Bauapuu. Ho CCJm nepnue 60JIee CB!J3JHhl C Mecrr-IhlMH TP<lAI1l.\H!lMH H O,(tHOBpeMeHl-IO C upnasopHbIM y_ICKYCC\"130M (l1.0raHH~E;lTHCT L\I1MMepMaIlH 6bm JII06HMl\eM KIOBl1Jlbe, I(OTOPhll~. npHllne](an ero ]( CO:,il3HH 10 .ienHhlX yxpanrennw H3 HCKYCCTBeHI-lOrO iVlpaMopa), TO rrropr.re 110)))"1:110'1' 06pa30Ba-
I me B PHMe, KYila npneXJJlH 13 1711 r; H BOnnouuuor cooo([ HpKO J3.blp~DKeHHyl{J ].It'I'JJlb- 5lHCKyJ.0 TCHilcHl\HlO, 51BJUflOTCH npanep)KeHLt{lMH HT~Ulb5IHClnlX TpJilHL\Hl:1. Cn.my
HM npHHOC5IT npexcnc ucero nurepsepu
Ha peJIl1rl103Hbie l'eMbI, n KOTOPblX '-'YBCTBycrC51 CHJ1hHOe llJI11}IHHe 13epI-l111-W; Hrpa
C 3cpciJelcraMl1 331\1-](;ro CBeTa, Ci)peClZl!!, MHOrOL~BCTI-Ihle Ct<YJ1bTIT)'PHbfC rpyTIfi hI.
13 MI01-IXeHCl(oi:j l\CPKBY! Cl351TOrO l'IHa HcnoMyll,KOro (meBa) npeilCT;JBJlel-lbl Bee acneicru HX HCKYCCTB;] - H;JC!Hf1;1Il
01' BHeWI-Iero 06JIHKi.l 3p;aHv1}1 11 KOHLl;'U[ IJI-ry''rpCHHHM y6paHCl"BoM.
COJ1HE'-lJ-L"JI APXJilTEKTYPA 79
78 rJ1ABEHCTBO BITE'-lATJIEHVl}]
YI~<l'lHOe HC[l0)lb30- Sal-1I1e CBeT" eraHOllHTOI OW-IHM H3 IlOCTHJKeHHl1 L\CPKOBHOH apxrrrexryps, (m-))13Y uepxoas
B 6aBapC](OM ropone BHec, THopeHHe 6paTbtB L\HMMCPM<ll-f(l). Coer rtpoxo llHT '-jCpe3 60](OBbre r.poewu H rlpeJIOMJI}IeTC~ CKB03b onopm-tc KOHCTpyr(l(HH,
I'll He nOMalOIl\I1HC5I np0'-jTCT-nno B CJTQ)T(J-IOt'l nrpe neperoponox, pacxpuaaerca npn 110MOU~H ocsemeans: ero C03~(aeT CBeT, KOTOPbIH orpasaeror 01' MOTl~Horo KapHH3a, 6cryTJ~ero B,[IOJlb OCHOBaHI15I KynOJTa, KynOJr:l [Bapl1l-ll1 B Typm-Ie K:lK B '1aCOBHe CB5ITOro Cyapna, rax
1<1 B UepKBH CaH - nOpeHIJ,O, 06peTalO1' ct)OPMY TOlIbKO n CO'1eTaHl1H apXl1'I'eKT'YPHbIX CTp\'1(1),]) c lX13MeIIl,eHHbIMY! BOKPyr HI1X ClleTOHOCl-lbIMI1 )l'IeMKaMI1, KOMn0311- UI1~r B BH,[It 3Be3,[1, 60KOlloe oceenienne, cnnerenne JII1- HHI~1 1'1 r\eM:l1'epmLJTI13aIJ,I151 csona 06pa3YI01' OnTI1'.JeCI<oe ycrPOKC'I'DO, B ](OTOPOM mnyaJlbHblH 3cpcjJeKT ,[Iocrl1ratTUI npcxnc BCtr'O aa C'-ItT arpsr CBeTa,
YTOHl.leHHbll1 ceerouoa sqxpe«r H ](paCOT8 H3HIL(HQ['O crincrcnuu rOTT'NeCKHX llepBTOp
II l_\CpK1H1 -reurcicoro ropOIV 31Pp - TI)Opeunc ):()KOB<lI1l-111 CaI-ITl1 HJ1 - A(ll(eml (1667-1723) - nOI-(<,epKH1l8TOT 3I-la'feHHC CHMllonHLleCKHX 3HaT(OB: H g:!rIHOM CJlyLJ a e pcvs l1I-\CT
o 3IJe3ge CU;IToro
lil-Ia HenoMYl\](OrO,
nOI1CKH B 3TOM crpepe OTllHCJalOTCH Heo6blKHOBtHl-IbIM pasnooopaanee. B BeHeIJ,l1aHCKOH UepKBH CrraCeHI1H flOHrel-Ja nocneaosarcnioro -iepenyer oceemeanue l1 3JTtHeHHblt 30HbJ T-La BCtM npocrpaacrse OT BXO,1.\J !~\O ::lJITapH, nO,[\ClepKI1KlH 3THMI1 CBCTOBbJMI1 KOH'rpaCTaMI1 cnenuuecxan xapakrep csoeri KOMn03H1J,Hu' Mancap B napLI)KCKOh IJ,epKHH BI13HTaJJ,HI1 C03iC\aeT He06bJ1H-fYIO p113HHl'\y nOCpe1\CTBOM I-Ie BI1,[(I1MOro 113 Hee]:!a 001'0110'1- Hom OCBeIl\eHHll, EepHl1HI1 OTHOCI1TCH K ocuerneamo cxopee IGlI( XY,[lOJKHl1K:I-IaCbILueHHbIH 3Ha'1eHHtM CBeT npencraer M<1TepI1aJTI13aJJ,l1tfl 60)KeCTBtHHOro /\blxaHWI H HeOT'beM}]eMoii 'UCTbIO scero aHCaM6JllL EOppOMHI-m raicse OTDO,1.\I1T csery uepsocrenennoe MtCTO, HO T1XLKryer ero HH<l'1e: ocseuieaae nO,[l'1tpKI1BaeT OCHOBHble llHHHH ero apXHTeKTypHbIX COOp)OKeHI1H, B PHMCKOH u:epKBI1 Can-Kapno anne Kyarpo c]:lol-ITaHe pacuseuenHblrl lICeMH IJ,BtTaMH pallyn1 icynon CJlOBHO orpsrsaercs 01' csoero OCHOKlHl'lJ1, HCJ1pKOe OCBeIL\tHHe crpal-IIlhlM 06pa30M cornacyercn C I13blCKaI-lllblMI1 H3f'H6aMI1 cr H, B L(tpKBI1 Carrr'Hso ne Canaenmra nnaa 'laCOBlIH, no-r-
SO rIlABEI-! CTBO BITE'-IATJIEHYl51
HaJIO:lfi;eHHe KyrrOJIOB
HeCOMHeT-IHO, Man cap)' rrepeo-ry npnmna B [oJIORY MbJCJ!b HanO)KHTb ztpyr na ,o:PjT3 ,o:EJ KyrrOJI3 C orncpC1'Hl1MH B uerrrpe II ncnonsaoaars iJ/Ul HX OCBell~eHHl1 CKpbITblE 01' B3rnl1,o:a 60KoBbie npoesua. B qaCOBICIe BH- 3IITaLl,Hl1 31'0 peIIIEI-THE HJXO,o:I1TCH cute B 3aqJTO'J:HOM COCT05(]-]HI1 H BC1'pEclae1'OI EHOBb II npoexrax MaHcapa p'JIJl Ma1l301le51 Eyp60HOB B Cel-T-JJ;eHH. 3aTeM )KI{)JTb Ap)],Y:)J-I-l'vLmcap HCfrOJlb3Yer ero B tlJCOBl-Te cooopa Yl.I-lBaJIU!J:Oll, a KPI1C1'Orpep Pen B JIOH,[(OHCKOM co6ope CBJITOI'O Ilaaaa. B re iKe ronu EOPPOMHHH C03AJn 06pa3eLl, I-IJJImKeHU5! rtpormsonoJlO)Kf!bIX crpyxrvp B TJ,CpT0311 Cair-Kapno <lJIJIC Kyarpo ~IJoHTaT-Ie: pOM6oBHP,HhlI1 nnarr, KpeCTOB11,!1T-Lble napyca CEO,!1a, OBa.lJbHbIl1 «ynon. BCJTeA aa TeM Jnapnmr npncryrraer K HarpOMQ)l-',!1eJ-n-no THnOBbTX 3neJ\TeHTOB. C'rpyr<:Typbl1'P3.l1HLl,110HHbIX C!JOpM - napYCOB CBO,!1a, Ll,HJIHI-I.l\pW-IeCKHX OCHOB3J-II1l'i KOJlOT-Il-l, KYrrOJlOB H KOJ!OKOJIeJ-IOK - rrJpa.uOKCaJlbHbIM o6pa- 30M I1CKpI1BnmOTOI, I1X npOrrOpL~I1H nzpynrarorCJI 11 R3JI1MOAeHC'l'ByroT, oxassisaa HCIGD-K310IIl,ee BJlHJ!I-fHe il.pyr I-Ia npyra. Tlapyca CB0il.a OIIHpalOTCJl na rrycrory, 6apa6aHbI rcynonos YMeHbIII3rOTCJl, xynorra paCKpbIKlIOTC5! na Manep 6apa6aHOB, xonotconeuxu pJ3,!1YBaIOTCH na MaHep K)lJIOj]J. Ilocne 1730 r. TypI1I-TClmtl: apX111'eKTop EepI-Upp'O BHTTOl-le cmrreaapyer nee 3TH npl1eMbl B O,!J,I-IO uenoe I1crrOJIh3YiI BCIO raMMy B03Mc))KHocTei1 (001'0- ,lJO'II-[ble OTl3epCTVUI, H3!IOJKel-ll1e KjlJIOnOB, ,[1eMa1'epHa-
BnapYDKCKOl~ qaCOIll-Ie Br-r3wr:U1HI1 (nEB:!)') Mancap l1pHMel-15ler ADa TlOBblX CBe:IOBblX peilleT-)WI.
B pH31iHL\e OH f1CnO]1I)3ver nOTOJ]oqHbll~ cser, '-leVi HCTO'lHHK Wi FI ecpa nc UHliCH Hall CaMl1M
HeqJOM 13ollpy)!<:el-Ibl ABa K}'1l0JIJ H KOJlOKOncmca, KOTOP::IJ[ pesrco KOHTpacTHpyel' C TeMl-roH 30]-]0[1, 06pa30- g:::nu-ToI1 GepXlIHM KyflOJlOM.
YKPOllJ,EHYlE CBETA 81
Her [-[WIero 60nee flpOnlBOTJO}IQ)[(uoro, '-ltM CHereM a IC)'- 1l0Tr013 B "LlaCOBI-re napmKCJ(OrO ccoopa Y!'IlBanH,~oe (B)-un),) IT n rypm-lCKo]1( uepxaa Cal-lJ1opC!-Il\O (cJlena) - TBopeHHil coorncrcrBEHHO AplIY:'lI-l-Mancapa H [BapUHH. ([lpal·rL\Y3CKl-U1 apXvl'reKrop om-rpaeIU( HJ orrsrrs: (j'pm-Icya MaHGlpa
no 1-:12J10)l(el-nno ,~Byx L<ynOJJOIl L~PYl' J-Ja ,'~pyra, flpM'IeM v nepllom
M MeeTCH OTBepCTHe
B uerrrpe, J B'ropOl~ 0[uemaerca CKpbrThJMB OT lJ3rm[ll,a npOeMJMl1.
Vlnm,mromr1 ::IpxrneIITOP nonpyxcaer ml,l\ CKPOMHblM 6apa-
6al-1OM HCEl1A[1- MbltI nlapYiKH ('IC)'UOJI»)-
113 cxpcuicnuux apOK11 necopaanepnc 60JILUSYIO
JI113aqH.H CBOAOB) H CO'IeT<l51 UX C KapT{<lCHhTMH CTpYKTYpaMH, OH yp,Ba11BaeT He TOJlbKO neperoponxn, HO H KPOB.lJ11 - B pesynsrare ero IJ,epKBI1 C1'JHOBJlTC51 HaCTOllll(1-1MH OrrTlI'-IeCKaMH KJMepa[Vll-T, rrptrsnanHbIMH Yi_(epiKJTb 11 Y01J111Tb CBeT.
HEEECA KAK OITTl1'-lECKA5I l1JIJH03lUI 85
84 rJLABEHCTBO BllWIATJIEHYllI
£h peClm Arrrvana "-:l!' KO'Hne!l~ II ranepee 3HeJl nap}[)KCKOrO naJle-Po5UI~ (cncsa)
H Auupea [[OilllO'
Ha CBOAe P11MCKO'I'r l(tpKBi'I Car-l'r'l1rHaJ..\HO (llHH3y) pa3JIW-I;UOTCH no CHO'CMY xap.ucrepy. «pacora neplloti O'CHOBan" H<l ]{OI-)TIXICTC cneTOBbl x i'litaCC, TOf,Ll,:l [(,lJ( HTopaJI LI pe!\CTaBrmcr Co601:i meneep I1J1.111O':-IHOH.ICTC1(OH apXl1'rewrypbl.
ocm!cePi B ueprcsa I1!Ib-)];Ke3y, K01'OpbLe 1'fllCKe l1Me;01' O<JeBH,fIHOe CXO,'1CTRO C ileMaTepl1flJUI30BflH!-lbIML1 C1~0,'1a!v1I1 fBapl1HH 11 CO CBeTOBb!MH npoeMaMl1 B~H1'OHe. B03MOiKHO, B TBopyeCKl1X nOHCKax flpXvlTeL:l opsi B,'10Xl rOBJlHTlHCb HaXO,'1l{flMH )J("~BOTII1CL\eB. Kal{ Ob~1'a!v,l
~bT"O flJ'ln CBOllX pocnHceH A"VAO)J([-IHKl1 ncrrsn hlBfl-
flylO n ,1-'0 ". -
Jar napaAoKC;t!IbHyro nOTpe6HOCTb B nOTlHOCTbK) 3;1-
I~Pb!TblX VI rJl<1AKl1X CBO,'1ax, cyru,eCTBOBaHHe KOTOPb!X Ire C()llMeCT!1MO c l1CKyCCTBOM -raJ(HX apXHTeKrO~(Jll, KaK 130PPOMI1HH HJLI1 !'BapHHH. IT03TOMY 13eJIH<JaHWLJe peJrH[,H03Hb!e POCTIHCI1 BeK3. 6y,'1yr C03i-\,U-IbI II L\epK-, flax, nocrpoeaaux HJ n5I1'b,fleCHT ner paHbrue.I1CKYC~ " C1'BO 110L\l\0, KOTOpblfJ npOBeJJ nOCJle,lJ,HLJe roztsi CROel1 )KH3HI111.BeJ-le, HaXO,'1HT TIOCne;WKl'reJleH 13 rJ.eHTp;1J1bHOI1 EBpone, f,'1e XYAO)!(}lHKI1 nonysaior 13 paCTIOp}l)Ke-
IIHTephep npOTHB apXHTeKTypbI
Crpenncnne 13bll11'11 sa npeziensi peansnon apxnrexTYPbI nocpencrso« )KI1BOTII1CHOI1 HJIfl103HH BOCXO,'1HT K ,fIaBHHM BpeMeI-IaM. OK. 1470 r; MaHTeI-Ib51 )'IKe 3a,'1yMblBaTl ilJI5I KOMHaTbI HOBo6paCIHblX BO zrsoptre repuorOB MaHTyaHcKHx rurrepsep, C03AaJO~1111 nO,'1JIHHHO l1JlJlI03HOHl1CTCK11.H 3cjxpeKT. B snoxy Peueccaaca Flepyuua, ,LQKyJ1HO POM;tHO, Koppenxo TIP0,'10JI)!(JIOT 3KCnepI1MeHT11.pOBaTb, ,[(eJla51 B creaax, rr01'OJIK;tX 11. KynOJ1aX OTllepCT115I, xoropsie BbIXO[.lHJIH na cj:Jal-rraCTI1QeCl<He rreM3J)Kl1, 6erYll\He 06mlKa HJIl1 Tl()jKHble apxirrexryprrae coopvxeana. 3Ta Tpa,'1HlJ,115I coxpaH5IeTC5I B PHMe 13TIJIOTb [.10 XVII B.: Ilsepo ,[(a KOPTOI-Ia B mrrepsepe rOCTl1HOI1 naJ!aLV.\O Bapoepnna H306pa)KaeT J-Te60 C HapHCOBar Hb[Ml1 aJlJleropH"leCK11.M11. CPI1- rypaxt», HO CJMa apxnrexrypa noxa erne JIHlUeHa 11.)])]103110H113Ma; fJYJIJll1 11.CTIO)]b3yeT 3cj:Jcj:JeKT CBeTOBblx I(OHTpaCTOB B CBO,L1e qepKBI1 ilJlh-,iJ,JKe3Y, A06HBallCb CJll1HHl1H Me}K,'1y )!(l1BOTII1CHbIM 11306pa)!(eHl1eM 11 ero apXI1TeKTYpHblM 06paM!IeHl1eM; ITOl\LjO-OTel( npn CO- 3,[(aHI111 csona L\epKBH CaI-IT'l1rHaL\HO OTIl1pae1'CH npeH!v1YllleCTBeHHO J-1a JIO)J(HY!O apxtrrexrypy HJIl1 KBa/J.paTYPY, KOTOpy!{) ,L10BOAHT AO He13H,fIaHHOrO npezcne cosepinencrna.
3'1'0 BJIeLJel-Ule K CBeTOBbIM oTBepCfH1I!v1 H orrrnxeC[(I1M YJlOBKaM COBna)J.aeT C nOHCKaMll apXI1Te[(TOpoB. EepHHHH nposanser 60JlbilTOH I1HTepeC K KOHL(errl(HI1
86 rJIABEHCTBO Bf1EqATn:EHI151
Hl1e oounrpnsre nonepxHOCTI1 B CI1J1Y OTCY1'CTBl:1H 11HTepeca K oTBepCTI15!M B CBO,l(e. Ho B I1TJlIl1H rJIJBHbTMI1 ero I-lJC.1Te,CiHT1KJMI1 CTaHOBJJTClT Tearpazn.mae xY,I.\mIG-IHKH 11, npezcne ncero, EUJjII1 ,l.\a 5H6l1eHa, KOTOPbll1 rmrae'r OC06YKJ CKllOHHOCTh K !v1:lCIlITa6!-1hIM apXl1TeroypHblM xovno-
3Yll.\HJlM,. nopoxne I-I H b[M era cjJal-rra:mc11.
, YKpalUCI-I11H B CTI1JIC poKJHllh TaTOKe BCT'YTIarOT B napanoxcam.sue OTF(Oiliel-IHH co CBOI1M 06p:lNllleI-THCM. Jlerxocri, I1X pacnpocrparre T-l1151 HJ see crpytcrypu O'JeBH,I.\HblM 06pa30M CBI1,[(CTe]]bCTuYCT 06 OTCYTCTBI1I1 l1HTepCCa K LJeTKoMY paaneneHHTO P<13JlHLIHbTX LJ<1CTeH cOOP)TJKCHWI. OIl,H:lKO, ecnn Y'-lHTbIB:1Tb, C KJKHM Tll\aHHeM ilH-IOfUe JpXHTeKTopbl CTPCMJ1TCH l1CrrOJIb30BJTb l-IeYJIOBI1MOCTb
JIJ1HHI1, m:6KOCTb neperoponox H CJlH5!flJ'IC rrpOCTjXIHCTB, cnenars He3ai\leTHbliV1l1 pasPUBb! Me:>.t<:p;y CTel-l:1MI1 11 rrO'['OlIKOM, MC>K,I.\Y CDO,l(aMH 11 onopann, Mb!1\OJUKJ-lbl rrpH- 3HaTb, LlTO 3TOT THfl mrrepsepa HaXO/-II1TC5! 1\ 60Jlbweti, LleM K3jKeTCll. na rrepBblti B3I'JIJl,T\, rapMOHI1H C apxarexrvpuon KOHl\el1i.\HeT1 3,l(JT-lI1Jl.
B uenor« )Ke npn aH,UlH3e B3:1HMO,l.\eHCTBI171 apxirrercrypsi H mrrepsepa I-Ia npOnDKeHHI1 nonyropa sexon H B MJCIlITa6e seen Eapomr BeCbMJ TPY,l(HO CCPOPMYJII-1pOBaTb K3Klle-TO 06llJ,He rrpmnnrnu. 3TOMY rtpernrrcruycr 6eCKOHe~I!--IOe P33Ho06pa3He KOMn0311ll,l1HI1 1\eKOpaTI1BHbTX cnlneH, K KOTOPblM npH6eraJOT apXI1TeKTOpbl, np11'-leM nocnezunre ,T\3- JIer{Q He BCCr,LI:1 CrpeMWl"C51 CO],]]<1COB3Tb T1X Me)K,I.\Y C06011. HeCOMHeHHO, cnell,I1(pl1"-leCKI-!I1 xapalcrep 1\31-1HOrO rrepT10,l.\a BO MI-IOrox onpenenaercs HMeHHO orropxenuev ]]]0601'1 CI1CTeJVlaTH3aUl1l1 11 csooonon TBOp-
B cnoev rrpoexre nCCTf-Hl'-IH.blX vxpamel-mCi (CJleml)'aw'- 11HI1C1m!1 apxirreicrop Topuxunn npHI(YMhleaer YCTPO~IcTI.IC)
C JifC110flb308al-:THCl\'1 JTO)Kl-JOK I{OJIOHnatJ,bI, 06P:,h'olJlmOru,eli HCl'Op"rL!C(](lJe CL(eH bl. f1pH C03A<lHHH rocrnnoa npnrrr IECCbl Cy6yl'l
13 napWKCl(OM orene Poan (J3HH:1Y) 6oel)q)pa!-l OTf<J3bJllaCTC)J OT apnrreKT),pHblX opuepon, pocnucen
!-l;] nOTOm{C, LI0](O!T6t H 6apcm>eejJoR. FlepcXO):( 0'1' eTCH J( ]]OT011 KY coaepmacrcs Ile3;J-
,\1 (:TI 10, KapTI1Hbl pacno.ra I'JKlTCH
ua uornyrr,rx npocrpancreax, 3Ji\!II{J-ryThTX JlI'l1-HI.liiV[H. ztcrcopaTHlll-!hIX IlaHHO.
POCKOWb OEPAMJIEI-IIJfJ! 87
na I1CrrO]]h30B<1Tb JIl06ble MOTHBbI 111lPI1CMbl, HI1KOT'gJ He OTKJ3blBa5!Cb rrpn 3TOM OT cysepeaaoro rrpasa Ha HOBlUeCTBO c06CTBeHHoro H306peTeHI15L
M e)!(iJ:V 1750 I-l 1753 rr l"beI1OJIO C031(aJl Jl)IH pesunenl.\HH B Biopuoypre ABa HJlTepbCpa - napall!-lYIO JleCTIlHl\V H KaI1- 3ep3a~lflb, ItJJlH' HxmepaTopClmli 3aIl (BBCpxy), I3YIl)l"H I10CJlel~-
1 IMi'\![ HdCJleJ_~I·H1.KOM HTJIfbllHCKOH 'rpazml(HH rppecxa, Tse rr 0110 COL[CTaeT ee C opHaNlelIT:lJIbHblJ\Hi TeMJMI1.
B03BeJIH'IeHHOe rrpOCTpaHCTBO
I1AeaJIbI-IbIH OCMO'!'P anapT<1MeHTOB aepcantcxoro 3<1MIGI, BepOJlTHO, 1l,0mKel-l rrpOI1CXOill1Tb COrJ13CHO npaB11]]JM, CXO,l.\HbIM C TeM11, '-lTO 6bIJIl1 113.1T())KeHbI JIKJ,l(OB11KOM XIV B 1-le6oJIbIlIOM CO"lI1HeHYlI1 -Hcxyccr- 130 110l03blB:1Tb Ca,LIb! Bepcana-, rne KOpOJIb'-leTKO H JICHO asnaraer, KJKI1M o6pa30M cnezrycr 3J-laKOMJ-1TbC5! C C<1/\:lMI1. OCMOTP rrOApJ3YMeBJeT nOCJle,LIOflJTCJIb-
88 rJIABEHCTBO BITELJATJIEHI15l
I1EPAPXI15I ITOtJ,XO)J,OB 89
n JDI aHfJIln)CKHX ~,QOMOB xapaxrepHbl senu '-lCCTBeHHhle XOlIJIbl. O,QI1H If.) calI1blX 3JMey:aTeJlbHbIX 06pa3L\OB 6bIJI C03/1;111 B:m6po B Kscrn-Xo sapne (cneua). Yueu'-laHHbIM HCBH,Ll,l1Nlhl jI,'l 3AeCb K)'TTO!lOM Ha napyce csona, XOR~ CTJHOBIfTClJ uerrrpov nOHCTI1He rearpwnHOK KOMH03H!\HH'
ABe 60JlbillHe apl(:I;"(I>1 orxpicnaroroi C TOI1
H ztpyrori CTOP01-lbl
na JleCTHI1'-lHble nponersr, ranepen BTOpOro 3Td.)[<J Ha'tHil-l:.lIOTC}1 3J KOJIOHH;]MH, 1l11·lpOxne ,QBepH BC,1Y"
B rOCTHHble, OTKv/\:r MO)[li[O npOHTH U Gli\
rryto CMeI-IY paxypcos, Ka)!{,lJ,bltI fl3 KOTOPhIX nosBOJUler HJCJIa,l\flTbC5! TeM I1flI-r HHbIM B11)l,OM: rrocernrem, rrpOIH1KaeTC5! I1AeaJIbHbIM COQeTJI-lfleM qBeTHI1KOB, CPOHTaHOB, CKYJIbrrTYP 11 BOAOeMOB. BH3HT COCTOI1T 113 nocneAOBJTeJIbHoit CMeI-Ibl rrOA'beMOB, CrrYCKOB, rrepexonon 11 nosopo'1'013. Hnrepsep 3Jlv1Ka, 01' HI13KOro BeCTYl6IQJUI 11 neCTHI1l1,bI C ,I.1BOHHbIM rrpOJIeTOM -repea ar-ICPHJIJ,1(Y rOCTHHbIX, BbIBOIl.HIl.\I1X K 3epKJJIbHoit ranepee, B my6HI-re KOTOPOH B03BbIWaJICH TpOB cysepena, rrpe,l.1CTJBJI}]eT c06011 Hecpaenerruvro rrOCJIe,l.10BaTeJIb-
HOCTb paxypcos, COBOK)'fIHOCTb KOTOPblX OnpJBAbIBaer rrOJIHOe napyuremre ,I.1HCTPH6YTI1BHOit JIOrHKH HJ BTOpOM :OIT:DI<e 3aMKa. TOT rpaxr; qTO sezryuraa I< DraaHbIM anapTJMeHTJM JIeCTHHqa nonyaana Ha3BJHlfe «JIeCTBHqa TIOCJIOB'>, notcaastaaer; KJKOe anaxeane npl1AaBJJIOCb l.IepeMOHl1ilM BXO,l.1a H npaesra, a rarose - 11 ocooenno - MecT), HX rrpOBe,l.1eBH5l. HeopznrHapHoMy WeCTBl110 OCPHlI,HaJIbHbIX nOCOJlbCTB 0'1' JIeCTI-JI1qbI ,1(0 ranepen COOTBercTBoBanO eJKep;HeBl-IOe, HO cosepmaromeecs B 06paTHOM l-JJrrpaBJIeHHH mecrBHe tcoponn K LlaCOBI-Ie, 'KOTOPJ}] C 1682 r. PJCITOJlaranacs HJ BOCTOqHOit OI(OHeLJHOCTll JI-IcpHJIaAbl. Do Mepe nponmoxemer sepea JHcpHJIa,l.1y 1l.0c1y'n B KOMHaTbI LJaCTO CTaHOBHTC5! 60JIee OrpaHI1'l:eHHbIM: aa BeC1'I1- 6IOJI5!MH H JleCTHl1rraMI1 cnenyior npnxoscae, 3aTeM anaprareearsr, HaKOHeq, I<a6HHeTbI 11 crransnn, K)',I.1J BXO,l\l1Tb 6blJIO sartpemexo. TaKJ}] nepapxnn rtpnaaer CMb!CJI ITOCT051HHOMY rrpe0,l.10JleHI1IO. 31'0 erne op;Ha aJlJlerOpHQeCKa51 BepCI15! nozn-esra, YCHJIeHHa51 MHoroLII1CJleHHblMH JIeCTHI111JMH, B CoopY)KeHI111 xoropsrx
apXI1TeKTOpbl 1'00 3ITOXH npoaenIIH He,l.1IOJK11HHYIO 11306peTaTeJIbHOCTb. I1HaLJe 06C1'OHT zteno C
B CBOHX pHCYHl<aX AJl5I pe3HAeHL\HIf
B Bropufiypre Hel1Mal-l He C4J1TacrCJl C I1HTepbepa~m Tscnono. Ho nonepc-moe ce-reHHt IJ,eHTpaJibHOPr '-IaCTl1 (BHH3y) noxa- 3bIBaeT~ KaK)'lO B::liKI-IYIO porn, nrpacr JleCTHHL\a, KOTOpa}1 BMeCTe C BCCTH6[OJIJIMH 3aI·mMaeT 60JIbIlle nOJlOUHHbI 3AaHHH. CHa'-laJI3 npennonaraJlOCb c,l1eJlaTb BTOpy[O, cHMMerpH'-lI-lyro nepBOH JIeCrHI1l(Y B npaBOM KpbIJle, O}.lI-IalCO P06ep ne KOT rrOCOBeTORaJI OTKJ3aTbCiI
OT nee. BbICOKYIM BeCTH6lOJlb B cepennHe Al30pL\a BE,i\er
B .Ka03ep3aJJIb (H a npen c.), OT xoroporo BH/l:HJ TOJIbKO «puura B (jJopMe 6aJIAaXHHa, 11 K <lHq)J1JI;!l1e KOMH<lT C BbIXO}.lOM B GIAb!.
92 DlABEHClBO SITEQATflEHI1H
TEATP APXI1TEKTYPbI 93
qepKKIMI1 H co6opaMH:
JHcjJI1JIJ,[(br 3,'1eCh OT'CYTC1'B)110T 11 rJIaBB)10 pons nrpaer cpaca,'l, I1MeHHO cjJaca,l.l, npe,[(BOCXI1Uper noaanenne anrapn, KOTOPbIH j-IaXOi'jI1TCH
B T'ny6m-re 11 LlaCTO nosropser ero xapaxrepnue -reprsr, I-Io cpacaL( - 3TO npexzre
ncero TOp}KeCTBO Bepb!, CI1MBOJIH3HP)11011Iee ziocryn B xpaM. ITpeo,liOJlel-lHe CO BepWaeTCJI, T3KHM 06pa30M, nnms npn axone, OTKPblKUOmeeor BOCXj,:ll1~eHHoMy 133r}1}IL(Y mryrpeanee npOCTpal-TCTBO OTHOCHTCH Y)Ke K Brre"I<lTJleHBHM BI13yaJlbHOro xapaKTepa. 11 3TO npOCTpa!-lCTBO
'Bce 60Jlee YCJW;Kl-I5l:eTOl: 1-laqHHa5( C Bopposmnrr, OHO CTaHOBHTCH 06'EtKTOM apXHTel<Typr-IhIX 3KCrrepI1Mel-lTOB; flOHreira npnnaer eMy ApaMaTl1.'-leCKl-n'l: 06JlHK 6JJam!'lapH nrpe CBeTOBblX KOI-lTpaCTOB; fBap11I-rH 11 ,ll,HTqeHxoqltp oprar-ll'l3yloT em nocpencrso» KOM6HHaq!1I1 uepaapsrsno CBJI3JHI-IbIX MElKAV c06011 OTceKOB. ITPI1NltHtHHe KapKaCHh!X CTPYI{T'YP H (pparMe!-naL1HH nnaaa senyr l( MHoroKpaTI-IOJVIY YBeJUlqer-llHo qHCJla orrop 11 BH3Y<lJlbnsrx npOCBeTOB - TaKoro H:306HJIHJI seprnxaJleH I-Ie 6blJIO co apesreu rornuecxon anoxn.
HaKOHeI.(, T3Koe npocrpzucrno HMeeT HeCOMHeHI-lbIH TeaTpaJlhl-JblH xapaxrep - 3'1'0 3peJII1- rue, xoropoe npHBOAI1T B eocropr H omrospeMtHHO YCI<OJI.b3aeT B cqe!-mqeCKI1X zrexopainri1X 10l1apbl I1 raJIJll1 ~\a EH6HeHbi M())!(!-l0 1-1,111'1'.11 CXO,'lHlole nepennerennn JIeCTl-lHL1, 06P330B:1I-lnsre KOJIOI-IH<lMH rteperoponxn, qepei'jOBal-IHe OCBtlL(e!-Il-rblx H aarenenm,rx 30H, HanOMHH,1l0-
nme orposoure H (10)(mre apXl1TeKTYpHb!e coop)1>KeHHll, xoropue MO;:KI-TO 6blJlO 6bl OCMOTpeTh TOJlbKO Mbl(}IeI-lHO. 11111'3- He3H - BeI-IeUl1aHeL1, KaK H JIOl-Irel-J3 - B CBOl.JX apxnTeKTypHhlX xanpnaax 1'10- BO}l,HT 1::(0 BblcmeH TOql<M BOCnpHHMqHBOCTb K npaManrqeCJ(VlM acrreKTaM npocrpaacrsa. HapHAY C OC06b(M, qYlcro BeHeL1Iial-lC[{I1M BHHMal-lHeM j( CBeIY, OB OCTaBHT 3TY BOCnpl1- l1!VrCJHBOCTb B 1-!3Cilei'jCTBO nepnosry nOKoneHI1IO apXI1TeKTOpOB- HeOKJIaCCI1- L1HCTOB.
C XOIICTBO Me)]'!.\)' TY1JHHC](01:; UepKOBblO C3l-i-llopeHUo (DBepxy, na c. CJleBJ), CUC]-IH'KCKHMH ):\e1{0- paU.I1.HM11 E TypHHCKOM r<oponenC](OM TeaTpt (BuepXY CJleBa) 11 nccrT-lHu;etl T(OpO~eBcr(oro ijBOpUa Ka3tPT<l, P.>IijOM c l-Ieanoneu (BflVl3)') o6YCJlOB.T[tHO p;rcc(JIeHeHHeM npocrpaircrna a TaIQl(C '-Iepc,Qom-lHHeM OCBelll.eH.I_-IhlX'H aareHelHlnrx 30[-], porn, KOTOPblX E C03I1JI-) l'lYJ 06'bEI\'ll-IOCTr-l" cpaBf-IHMa C nOCJI~Oll~rre.rlbHO CMellJHOlL\J1MH il:PYT Ap"Ta TIJ[;IH<lMH B TId'!:;;uKl-IOH )KJ1BO [lIKH ITepcneKTHBa, ]-[CCMcyrp51 na (BOlD -ncpcrpyecirHOCJ"b", 11P0H3BOAI11 CHlIhHoe Botl,I:JTJJef-lHE. Kaic npu nOCell\eHHH, Taf( H TIpH OCMOTpe npocrpaHCTBO pacnmpHeTOI nocpe,11CTBOM CBe-WBb]X H CB~33T-IHblX C HHMH CTp)~nY1JHblX rrpMcnoco6ntl-LI1I'1. IT03/.U-]J:JJ1: (noene
1752 r.) npuerep HCnOJlb3o.narTH5I TaJ(Ol1 r(OMnO~JHl.\HH EO W:,opuc Kacepra, CO.3/.\AHHO]'0 V60K/.\CHHblM KrracCEUBCTO WI BaI-lBI1TeJIJ!l1, nOKJ31")maeT, '-ITO
I-fa npOT)lJ!(CHHH sccro XV11J B. apxlutKroPbl COXlXIH!llOT aurcpcc
){ ;!:IPJMaTHC(eeJ(j~ 01 :xp¢tKT'ctNl, nOflBJUlJoJj_\~_"M- 01 6naroiPpJl Ma[-IHITYJUlUH'IM co CBtTOM I,
n POCTP;lHO"[IOM.
3m O;!:lT-lO 113 HeMI-IOCHX ):10erl1.OKeHm1, xoropoe COI-naC11TO) npHHJ1Tb OT CBOHX npezuuecrBeI-lHHI:{OBllOKo.ntH11e CreOKJ[;]CCHL\!-1CTOB
94
95
P aCD;BeT apXI1TeKTYpbI na nporaaccrurrt nonyropa BeKOB B MaCIIITa6ax BCeM EBpOrrbI 6bIJI 06YCJIOBJIeH 60JIbIIIilM pa3HOo6- paancx CTI1JIeM. Y,n;ilBilTeJIbHbIli TBOpqeCKilM rrOTeHD;ilaJI xy,n;O)KHI1KOB, YCTOI1QilBOCTb MeCTHbIX Tpa,n;ilD;ilM il rrpo,n;OJI)i(I1TeJIbHOCTb casroro ncpnona crroco6CTBOBaJIil rr05IBJIeI-uno pa3JIilQHbIX, qaCTO rrpOTilBOrrOJIO)KHbIX
HarrpaBJIeHilH.
rJIABAIV CTl1JIl1CTl1QECKl1E
YXl1IUPEHl15I
£Y-'I)"111 npCI-\CT<1JJH· Tcn~MH p;J311b1X nOKOiJCTlHf'I, }j{1O)J b Ap;ZY"JH-MaHCap (Ha
c. cnesa, ua rpouc KopOJIeBCKO(l 4aCOBHl1 nOMa HHnaJIJOI(OI')
H CIHTHJ-)vr-A(u<C:Jlb, C03t\J.TCJ1b uepJ<lwr
B 31-\ape (borCMI1,1) (CnpaBa) )K11)[[1 n OAl-lO BpeMiL TCM He Mel-leC TpY-'I!-IO I-Hr1TH AB)'X 60Jlee pa3HbLX apxnTCKTOPOB
96 CTI1JIHCTH'-IECKI1E yxvrUl,PEHVUI
EBpoIIeii:cKaa apXHTeItTypa B Ha'IaJIe XVII BeKa )];151 ,UByx nepnux ,':(eOr.llIJleTI1H CTOJleTHH xapaxrepnu 60ll! urue pa31-1006pa3Hbre 3KcnepYIMeJ-lTbI 11 npeesrcraenaocrs TP<l,!:lHUHI1. Bo (I)paTllJ,HH reI-IpHX I npOJ\OJl}IGICT J-T<lCIJTble ero npe,!:lruecTBC[-U-TMKaMl1 pa60Tbl B 3aMxax CeJ-l-)KepMCI-l H ~T!Oln'CH6JJO. KOpOJlb rropysaer C80- 11M llT0611MbIM apxmexropaa - )KaKY II AHt1P)13 ,[110 Cepco H Jlya MeTe30 - COeAl'Il-lHTb /wa /\BOPll,J B Jlyspc orpOMHOJ1 r;UJepeC11, l1,UYI.QCJ1 B,[I,OJlb 6epera CeHbl. CoXP"I J5IeTC51 MO,L\<l l-Ja CTpOeHI15I 113 KHpnH'-la 11 J(,lMH51:
I1Mel-!!-IO OHa onpeaenner I"JUBHble -repru KopOJleBCKOli! nnomanu H II IOL1J,3,[1I1,L(ocjmf-1.
B PHivle na mmCKif!J1 npCCTOJl scrynaer [[;men V Boprcse, oi-sesn cDO[-ITaHbI 1'13 HCanOIl.H B 1594 C 1-1 CMepYb ,L(ej[n2 Ilopra B 1602 cnOC06CTB)'EOl' ycnCJlIl-IOJ1 xapsepe HOBblX apXHTCl<T0POB. <DaBopHTaMH Bopresc 6bI1ll1 (DnaMHl1110 nOI-JLjHO, KOTOPbll1 yMep B 1613 r, " 3<lTeM 511-1 BaH Carrren, npoananmra Ba3JL-IIJ,HO. 1l0CJlCI.l.HHM C03}.pnIJUJJJlY, KOTOpa!.l.110 CHX nop HOCHT Hi"151 Boprese, Kapno Manepaa B03lJIam1Jl nocne ,L(eJlJu Jlopra CTPOI1- TCJIl,C'lBO cooopa C.135ITOI'O Tlerpa, l-Iaq;I'I'OI'O no npaxa- 3<1HHIO nansi e 1607 r. EC!1H ITOIlIJ,HO ornaer npenno-r-reH 1'1 e AOBOJlhl-lO TpaJ\HLll10l-IJ-IOMY CTHJllO, TO Ma.n;epHa npn C031J,JI-IHI11J,epKBI1 CB}l'1'Or:-1 Ciosanm.r (1603) 1303- spaiuaeror [( nnacra-recxori 06pa60'J'Ke rpacana
Oc06eHHo nJIO.D.OTBOPllbIM CI'3I-TOBHTCH BTOpOC necsHlJle'IHC setca, Bo ¢IJ<1Hll,PHI11-JaQHl-laeTc5I crpoarenscr-
rh ourau AKlla-rIao'±" J1<l (1311113), cnena), Ha3BJHJl"h{H RgeCTb nansr n;lBna v, npuHaJVle)[(l1T K {.u'H...:.ny canux npeicpacuux IBopel1l1n (j)nalVlHIIHCJ nOl-lf\I10, I<OTOPI,II1 110 npocsrie '1"01'0 »ce non- 1'l1qm ica pa60Ll.11
Il nananuo Boprc: C, C03,1JII 1.1H>1 HeI'O noMHH~U(bHVJOqaConlll() u Cal I'r<l-!i'lapHJ1-NbllJl{ope C'13COBH>1 ]1;1\'J1111-JJ) l'I npHHI-IM:lJi yqaCrHe u pacuinpeHHH KllI-lpvll-l~n"CKOI'O ABopl,a.1:I naJl;ILIHO 6oj)l"e3C pa60'1':'1I0T TalOl(C KY.1IbJ1TOpl)1 Ilscrpo l->epJ-mHH, Maztepua, MOKI(H
VI XYIJ.O)I(IIHI<H ,l1,lKHT'O- 11"1. PeH~I, ];al'JmOHC
H JlaHclJp:IHKO
Ii KBHP111 JaJJbCIWM _[\BOpUC Mbl RHOSb IlC!,]Je'laCM Pelon"~
H nal-ltjJpaHI<O ~MCCTl' C CIIXl.YClIH l1 A)II,6:.IHO - PY""OBOI\}I'I' HM II TacCI'1.
I) KAHYH 13I!JIJfJ<oro BEKA 97
IlO cepHI'1 UepKJ3CI~ C 601'a'1'O YI(paWeHl-IblM HI-rrcpbepOOL - iJ,./IH aBl'YCJ'I!lHUCB B Al-lT13CpnCHe (apXH'J'el('J'op BellL\CJlb Ko6epxep) I,f l1e3)'YnOB B Bpioccene (711<06
(j)pa -ucipr). Oco6eHHO Bbll.l.e!15leTC5I l1e:~yHTCKa>J UCPKOflb II Aurnepneue - l'BopeI-ll1e Ilerepa XIOFlCCCI-IGI. B HcnaE lHH_ rile CYPOB:lil npOCTOl'<L yMepmero B 1597 r. Xeppephl COXpaJ-lflCT npenoree B.TIH5Il-ll1e, IbMec 11,e Mopa
.. cosnaer Tlnaca Ma(top R Ma,o.pl1}1c (1619-1621) H
llaYYlHaeT CTPOHTeJTbCmO KOJlJle)Ka Knepecua B CarraManr<e (:J 617 -1620). CanTHllO Conapz, pa3- pa6aTbmaH rrnarr JVIfl 3::1J101KCHliOro B 1614 I'. coeopa '13 3aIl1',l \6ypre, '[',HOKC OCT<lCTCH nepen crp_oro TH, Xapal<TCj)l-lol:i IV]}] xouua peTTCCCaTlCHO~1 3nOXH, l-I3I(OI1CL\, 13 n::llyc 13apTOJlOMeO Gbm-IKO C'rpowr ua l-IOBOK YJrHl \C 13::UTb61-1I~ROIJL\bl ,L(ypauL\o-llaJ[Jlal1w:_IHll~1 11 GaJlb6H-CCllapcra, KOTOPb]C CII)0K<lT BeJll11<oncnrrhlM 3a13epIUeHHcM CCpHU 113)1- Ml1TeJThIIblX l\BOPL\OB, C03,rPTJIlbIX CTOne'I'HeM pansnre. UeHTpaMH 06HOBneHwr CTaHOBHTCH Tor)l:t A[-lfflH)] H cl>paHUIiJ5I: 11 [-[1-1I'0 .iJ,JKOHC, eepnynUlH110! J13 T-1T::l IHH B 1614 r, 3a](J'la~\bIBaeT OCI-IOllbl ::II'II"JII~}kKOI'O nann3[lH<1I1113MJ, a fI Ilaptoxe
T ,if CJ\"'ITC";IH T(CPy .1 KOBh XICH1CCetlca I) AI rnscpi rene (nucpxy), J110[(CCM6yprClCl'1l:'1 IIIIO[)CLI B napl,DKe
III 13al-Il<CTYIl-tr-x~lyC
HI 1I1rotJ,lKOJ lei
1< 110111\01IC1<0,,", llBopue Y',1rJTXO)IJI (1l11l-l3Y cupana) CBH1.\C'['CJ1bCI·IlVIOT 06 ;1J(TjojB~.IOI;1 {J.e)I:l'eJI baOCTH P1'6cHca
e e<:j)epe ;~Cl(Op:1TH 13- uoro HCKY CI'lla B 1.620-c r. ~leTKocTb p;n,C\e.llHTCllbllbIX nnHHI~, I1:lHlI.\CCTllO ACTa)lei'l H 061]],;1)1 crpo- 1'0C1'b CTI1JI}I I} Yaw'l'XO)I)IC xapalITCpHhl 111m D.)J(OHGL KOTOPbII:1 6hlJI l\U"lorHI\~ U6g:3:1I-1 naJlJI::L.LJ.HO 11" OlGl3aJl 60JI""'OC 130 IleflcTBlIC ua ~11-I1'J1Hl:-i('l(ylO apXH'I'eKTYPY,
98 CTHJfUCT11'-IECIG1E YX11W:PEHH5I
13 nepnon pererrrcrna MapuH i'v1ep,wlH /.IOMHI-mpylOIl\y.Io n03HljHIO 3al-Il1MaeT CaJIONIOB,[1e Bpoc HaCJTel-(l-IHK CDI1- }1I16epa )J,e}IOpMJ H npenresa (I)paHcya Mancapa, OH C03- naer JIloKceM6yprml'IM zrsopeu 13 ITapIDKe, HOBblM IlapmLMeHT I:l Penne, cpaC<1/.1 ueprcsn CeH-)KepBe B ITapI,1)Ke, 3<lMKl1 KYJTOMbe 11 DJlepaI-IKYP,
PHM YpoaHa VIII K IIapH:IK PHlneJIhe
Co scrynncnue» Vp6aHa VIII Eap6epl1HH na nanCKI1H TpOI-l B 1623 r. pl1MCKUe IlOHTl1cjmKl1 l-Ia'-!HI-IalOT non/.Iep)KHBaTb A),/.IQ)KHHKOB-l-IOB3TOPOB, B nepaox pazrytcoTOPbTX C'fOnT 13epHl1I-ll1l1 Flsepo na Koproaa. C 1624 r:
OBH BJVleCTe pa60'1'alOT Ha CTpOJ1'reJTbCl'Se llepKRl1 CBHTOW E116mLl-IbL 13epHl1Hl1 nopY'IaIOT C03)J,aTb 6pmI30BbIM 6aJI,lJ,3XvlH T-Ia CTbIKe rpancerrra l1 nerpa B cooope CB5lTO- 1"0 ITeTI)a. IToCJle CMepTJ.-I Ma,[1epT-lJil (1629) 0 H CTaHOBl1TC5l era npeeMHHKoM na crpourenscrse 6a3l1JTl1I<l1 VI ,[1BOP1V Bapoepmru, rne p36oTalOT TalOKe Ilsepo zta KOPTOH3 11 MOJlOA011 Bopposoum.
Bo (J_)p<lHllHl1 3TOMY nepHOAY coorsercrsyer 1-I013bl11 nop;beM X)',[1())KeCTBeHI-IOrO TBopcreCT133, l1Mrrynhc [(0'1'0- posiy nan Pmucnse B 1624 r Ero Ocj}Vlll,HaJTbl~bIl1 apxnre[Crop )KaK JIeMepche 3I-TaKOMl1T ITapl-lJ.K C I-TeKOTOpblMH
oc06elU-IOCTl'lMI1 pl1Mo<ofl apxaremypu I-Iat C13JIJ BeIQ, Ho 60nee OI_)l1I'l11-1<LJThHbIMI1 BbIrWl)J,JIT rrcpssre TBOpeL-!l15l CDpaHcya IvlaHca-
pa. cj}aC3tJ, D,epKBH CDeJIbm-IOB, 3aMKU EepEl1 H EaJIbpya, a TdIOKe -11 ocooeaHO - qaCOBI-IH MOHacTblpn BH- 3HTaU}II1, 3aJIO)!(e!-Il-],Ul B 1632 r B TPHtJ,ll<lThle ronsr B fIdpvDKe nponozcsaeror I1HTeI-lCI113I-lOe CTpOI1TeJThCTBO CIaCTJ-IhlX ocooHl1I<OB, H:lQa13UJeeCH B npensiayIl\eM tJ,eUITI1JTel'.Hl1, Mal-reap C03- naer OtJ,HI-I 113 caMhIX conepuienHhIX 06pa311,OB l-\OMOB TdKOrO T'11- rra - orern, /.Ie JTa Bpnnsep, uaxaTbIM 13 1635 r: B cesepnon 111'aJIHH caMble aKTHRI-Ible uerrrpsr - 3'1'0 BeHeTjJ.-Hl H TYpl1J-L C 1631 r, na 6epery 130JIbUJoro KaH3JI3 J1oHreI-I<l crpour uepxoss
JI eMepCbe (Ha
c crtpana) rrooi.rBall 8 PUMe B H<l4ane nexa. no B03IJp~lll[el-Um 01-1 CTJ1-1 OBl1TC5I mo6H"'L[eM Putncm.e H l-i,l'Il1- }[;IeT pa60'raTb 1\ IlaneKapi-!I1HaHb (r"bII-lEWI-[]~fj Tlane-Poam-), rrpuHH_Maer \ITiaCTHt 13 06- HOMel (1111 COpGOlIT-JhL Ceepx roro, n 1624 r.
01-[ B03rn<lH)15JeT CTPOHTen bemO Jlynpa, YaCOBH5I COp60HHbJ (H<I cpolie KOTop0!1J,r306pa)1(0-] cro noprper) He Clll-1l\eTeJlbc:TByer 0 3H<\KOMCTBC C HOBC(IWI-1MI-I HTaJ11:,HHCKHJYIH 06pJ3- l:\3MH, I-JO 3anal~Hbu~r ee cpaGI,[( Il MONteHT CTpOHTeJlbcrua npcncrauu»CT cooon 0/111J-l 113 Ha~JGOJlce "PHMCKHX" I1:!WI'I'I-ll'JKOB napY[)K" Cnesa - J-I:14aTbll';i
u 1624 1: 6aN~;IXHI-l pa60TbI5epHm-]H B coGope Cmrroro ITerpa
Cnaceans, B Typl1He iKe rtpozion)K3eTOI HaCI3BIJJHHCH B )'_'VI B, npouecc paCUJl1peHIDI H )'l(parneI-lIDI ropona,
Haxoueu, Ilsepo na KopTOHa co:iAaeT 13 1635 r, nepnoe 113 Pl1MCKI1X coop)')KeHHM - llepKOBb CRilThIX JIYKI1 H Maprnnsr - H TeM caMbIM npOK!Ja,~(bll3aeT COBepUJeHI-IO HOBhl .. (1 nyrs. Ao csoero OTbe3Aa 130 rIJJ[opel-lL(HJO B 1641 r; 01-1 paooraer T;11GKe H3A BHJlJTol1 C<lKKeTTH
(OK 1638-1640) H Ha,[1 yxpamenaeM rrOTOJIKa 13 130JlhUJOH roc1'I-1I-I0i;[ tJ,UOP113 13ap6epHl-1l1 (1633-1639), BOppOMl1Hl1 r:rOcrTH He OTCTae'r 0'1" aero, C03tJ,alla51 rrcpasre CBOl1 npoHJBt;jeHI1JI: H3CJ.;1ThTe B 1637 r 3~(aHI'If! KOI-JrperaU,I1H oparopuaaueu VI ,\IOI-JaCTblpb TpHHHTapHeB, CTPOI1- Tt:)lbCTIJO «oroporo - 33 0CKJlIo'-!emlCN! cjJaca/.la uepssu (CaI-I-KapJIo ,L'Ule Kyarpo <J)OHTaJ-le) - npOAOJl)!(aerCH C 16381101641 r
I:-lOBOE llOKOJIEHHE APXV!TEKTOPOB 99
CTHllh C])pal-1Cya Marrcapa BOCXOi~l'Yr K HCKyCCTBY Ca)IOMOI-la I\C Bpoca, T,e, npeW_UeCl'IleHHHKOB ero cncnvcr HCK~ITb cxopee BO ifipaI-IL\HH,
a He B I1'IaJJHI1, rue OH, [Gl)I(ETC5l:, umcorna rre 6blB;UL B oJlya (CJleHa) ocr pa60TaCT AJlil 6pa- 1<1 KOpOJ1)1: B cpasueJlIiH C lUillll,eCrBOM ero opnepou KOMflO- 3Hl\Hl! JleMcpCbt (BI-JH3Y, H306pa)](ell nepen 'HCOBHerr Cop6m-IHbl) Bhll"lIill\HT 13eChMa 6aH~lJ[b[-{ btNll1.
100 CTl1JU1CTI1CJ:ECKV!E VXI1 LUPEHH}{
Cepe!1;HHa BeJea
ITOl-ITHClmKJT I1.HI-IOKeH'l'illl X ITaMcpHJJYl (1644-1655) OTJ1J1<UeTCH TaKHM )[(e 6JTeCKOM, KaK 11 npasnenae ero npczuuecreennaxa. ITamlU;L(O ITaMcj)HJII1 Ha nnomamr HaBOHa nocrpoen LQKHpoiIaMo Pai71I-ldJIbll)1 rrpn }"IaCTJ.1I1 Bopposrana BI1JIny ITaMcpHJJH C03,a,aeT Arn.rapne. K TBOpeHl15IM EepI-IJ1I-IH npI1BaW1c)Kl1T cj)OBT,U-l LIe-J'bIpex pe«, mrrcpsep '-laCOBHI1 Kopaapo, naJIaU;L(O JllO,ll,OBJ.1:m, Ho HaJ.16oJIbLUY10 aKTl1llHOCTb npOJIBJI5IeT BoppoMHHI1, KOTOPbH1 paooraer I-Ia crpOJ.1T'eJIbCTBe uepxscri CJ1-rr'HBO I~e Canaennna (1642-1650) 11 CaI-I-,I()KoBaHHH HB Jlarpauo (1646-16<19), nanauuo (Da;lbKOHhepH (1646-1649) H UepKBI1 CB5rrOH Arueccu na nJIOlL\3AI1 Hasona (1653-1655).
Bo CPP,U-IU;I1H B 3'1'0 p,eC5ITI1JIeTl1e YMHp,nOT KapAI1H<lJ!
Pmnense (1642), :3aTeM JIIO,ll,OIJl1K XUI
(1643), Pereirnna AI-JHa ABCTPI1HCIG]s1 ira,,[HHaeT crponrenscrao Bans-ne-I'pac, nopysennoc CH<i'lam cDpaI-TCya MaHGIPY, KOTOPbIH C03AaeT erne O,ll,Y!1 I H3 SeJJHKI1X me~\eBpOB srorc nepnona - 3aMOK Me301-I, aaJl(»KeI-II-lbH1 B 1641 r, Ol\HaKO nOCJIe BOJlI-leI-Il1H (I)POHAhI npeeMI-TJill<OM Jlesiepcse 1'1a nocry Jlepsoro apX!1TeKTOpa KOP0J151 eraHOBHTC5l He Maucap, a JlYH Jle Bo, B03I'1taBI1BlllI1H CTp0I1TeJIbCrBO'J1Y13pa (1654). J1e Eo paooracr TaIOKe B Benccncxo-i 3aMKeH B 1656 r; aaxanaer CTpOlTTe!lbCTBO 3aMKa Eo AJIH (DYKe,
IJ;apcTBo BepHHHH B PHiHe
Anexcaazip ViI Kl1)l)KYl, '1'penril 113 nanCTpOH'l'e!IeH XVII B" norry-rnn rnapy II 1655 r. BeJII1KaH apXHTeKrypI-Ja5I ztearensHOCl'b EepI-llTHl1 H<l<fYlJ-[aeTCH B TO BpeM51, xorna J30PPOMHI-IH 11 Ilsepo ~\3. Koproua pa6m'3.IOT I-Iall: CBOI1MB lJOC!Ie/l,!-II1MI1 TIlOpeHHllMI1 (nepuuri C03AaeT KOJUlCiK PacnpOCTpaHeHlTH Bepsr H ¢acaJ\ U,epKBB Can-Kapno <[JlJIe J<YaTPO ¢Oluar-Ie, B1'Opoil - uepxun CaHTa-MapHH AeJ1J!a Fla-re I1 CaI-IT,l-]\!IapI1JlI1H Bua Jlara). Kapno PaMI-IaJlbAI1 npOAOJl)KaeT C1'pOWI'eJIbCT130
H <1,'1 C03ga,;II~eM PI1MCIWH TIJIOU,a- 1111 Ha IlOHa (B1-Tl13y, TUIWPTHHC IlauxnHI1) TPYIl.HflHCh IJeJJl1- 'lJi1WI1C XV,l())KHHKH, OhCPO 11:1 Koproua, l'iepHHHH,063 PariH;Jflb,~H, 130PPOMHHH .. , Bee npun l'IM;1l0T Y":tCTH e Il C'J'POHTCJJbCTBC '" OT,[lCnT(e uurcpr.epOR ncopua OaMcjmflH i.(!l}] HHHOKeHTWJ X, TTpHJlel';1l0U,eCJ l( HeMY LlepKBH CB51TOI;1 ArI-IeCCbl H qJOITTaHOB, YKpawaIOIJ\HX nncutaus.
l\epJ<BI1 CaHTa - M3 pHn HH KaMDHTeJIJll1 H nnourann )J,eJIb I1orrOJIO, B ItraJIl1H
I rnrne ne BeAYTC5I apxareurypuue pa- 60Thl TaKoro MaClIIT36a, ConepI-lH'I3Tb
C PHMOM He MOI)'1' HH Bel-!eqT1H, rne coxparrserca sepnocre TpaJ\I1L~HHM 11 ap;':H'J'CI(TOPbl ,nalo'I HOBYIO }KH3Hb crapblM 06pa3uaM 3a c-ier 60faTblX CKYJlb[J'IYPHbIX YKpJllieJelHH (rraJIaU;L\O Tlesapo H PeuUOHI1KO, UePKOBb Ocnenonerro Jl()l-Jrtl-Ibl, ucpxom. CaI-I-MOH3e AIIJIeCcanapo TpeMHrHOHH, 1668), HI1 (j)JIOpcrnutn, T-lH Typnn, TTY! ,'\:1)!(e Heanons, rne 3JBepUraeTC5I TBOpyeCKaH 1_1eHTe!Ibl-lOC'J'b cDaH3aro,
BE'-IHhltr PHM 10 1
IT OJlb30BJ Bllll'I I~CH 60Jlull111J'1 pacnoJlO)!(el-Il'leM Yp6J-
1-12 Vl.I, 6epul'nm nepe)J(H,~ I<paTI<HI'1 ncpn- 0;'\ HeMHJlOCTH B lI;JLJ;J.ne nOIITWlJHIGIT<J I1HHOKeIITH5I X, KOTOpbH"1 nOHayaJIY o'['~all,Vl
n peI1TTOL[TeHHe llj l brapne 11 130PPO"II,jflH Ho nOJlHOC'I'bl'() cro
a pxurcicrypn hTl~1 rcHl1ii 6bUl 01 terrcn TTpH rune AJTeKCH-IAPC VII. 11Mcrmo J( :'jTOMY TTepHOP,y OTHOCJITUI IIJnanuo KHL\lKH (1664), ucpxoss C~HT'i\HilPca HH KJlHpHI-I:JJ1e, L\CPKBH H KacTeJlb-13.H1J,OJIbq)O (1658- )(i6I), ApPHLJHH (1662-1664)
11 rnauuoc - TBopcrlH5I WTH cooopa Cerrroro Ilerpa B PI1MC ]{'ICpe.upa (1.656-1666), CIGUI:J PCWKJ (1663-1666)
H T<OJTOHI.-l(I)J:i: 3::'1:-"lbITG1- rouian rlJlOltl:lflh
11 BellVllja5J J( cooopy. TaJ( ~l,iB(:PJJJWIOCh rpoMa~1l-10e C'rpoHTcllbCT- 130, 11~I'"laTOe nepei-n+u n2TI;,IMH »noxu PeHeCCallGL
102 CTHlTHCTI1'-IECKHE YXHIll,PE.HH5I
... B TEHl1 KOPOJI5I COlTHlJ,A 103
KOHeIJ; HTaJIl>JlHeItoI'O rrpeBOCX()!1;CTBa
B 1660-e rr. IlPOJ.1CXO,lll1T peraarounut IlOBOpOT. CMepTb AJ1.eKCJI-IApa VII, EOPPOMHH!1, a 3aTeM Ilt.epo ~\J KOPTO(-13 3I-JaiVIeHYlOT 3<1SepUJeHl1e nepaona pacL\BeTJ apxnrexrvpu B PHMe, 'rorna K:lK fIbeMOI-IT, rne I1paBHT CaBOHCI{;UI Al1II<1CfMJI, 6JIJroAapa nepecsny fBapHH.11 s TypVfl-l B 16661'. CT3HOBHTClJ O,L\l-IHM 113 L1eHTpOB HCKyCCTBJ. 06 YCl-lfIeHI1H ('1>pal-ll1l'(11 na Me)KAyr-raPO,llHOI1 apene CBI1AeTeJlbcTByeT I1HTepI-Ial1HOlUJlbHblH xapaxrcp OKOI-l'IaTeJ1hl-IQW nepecrpomor JJyspa, K KOTOPOH 6blJ1H I1pHBJIeCler-rbl caMbIe H3BtCTl-lbJe rppanl1Y3CI((1C H HTaJIbHI-ICKl-re - 33 I1CKJ1lQ'IeI-!!1eM BoppoMl1J-I].1 - apXH'reKTOpbL HaKOHel.(, B AI-IfJlIHl pecraspaL1,H51 Crioaproe H BOCCTaJ-IOBWreJIbHble pa60Tbi B JJOl-IAO!-Ie nOCJIe IlO)!<3]XI 1666 r. OT<a3b1KllO'l' pernarouree I3JI!151HVlC !-EI xapi.epy Kpncrorpepa Perra, IWTOPbl.H OCTaJ-leTCH lWMv!I-mpYIOU.jei1 cj:lIfrypOI1 B aJ-IrJIl1HClco0 apxrrrcicrypc 1.\0 KOHqa CTOJIeT!11I. fIOMHMO pcr{OJ-ICTpYKLjI1H co6opa Caxroro TIaBJ1a H JlOH,'10HCKI1X qepKBel1, 0)-) paooraer !-IaA KopOneBCI{HM )"OCIlHT,lJleM B I'pnn-
llWIC, no nsopue YatiTXOJIJI 11 B X:;JMIITOH-KOpT. Bo (VpaHLI,HI1 paoorsr B Bepcane, IU'lHHaH C 1670-x rr., npHI·!I1,vIalOT rpal-IP:I103HbTM pa3Max: paCUlHpeHHe caW)B, ('OOepTKa" JIe Bo H cTpOHTeJ1bCTBO (IJapcjJopoBoro TpH3HoHa, 3<lTeJYL IlOCJIC 1678 r. nepecrpomca caxoro 3al\1KCl 110,[1 PYKOBO,llCTBOM )KlOJUI ApAY3H-MaH.capa, B0311ep,eHl1e MpaMOpJ-IOrO TpH3HoHa H 3aMKa Maprnt. B T1apmKe CBHAeTeJIbCTBOM mrrepeca KOpOJl5l K yxparnCTTH!O CTOJJHT_\hl H coaepmeacrsosanmo cppamryaCKOro CTHJJR CTaI-IOBRTC51 HOBbIe apXHTeK1)'pHbIe CO- 0pY)f(CHHR: 06cepBaTopHR, c060p I1I-IBaJl!IAOB, BOpCJTa CeJ-I-,L\e}-H1 11 Cen-Mapren, IlJIOLu;ap:11 )110,llOIl!1Ka Bennxoro 11 TIo6eAbl. [JOCJIe OlepTH GepT-THHH B 1680 !1 Kapno P3HH<1JIb).1H s 1691 r. BeLlYll\HM PI1MCKI1M apXI1- TeKTOpoJvI CTaHOBHTOl KapJ!O cPoHTaJU, C03A:lBLU!1H B 1682 r. cpaca).1 CaJ-I-MapCeJ1.lIO :1Jl1o Kopco. HeCMOTp51 I-Ia ynanorc apxirrexrypnoro rsop-recrsa B nanCKOM repone py6er<a BCKOB, QJOHT3H3 Il0J1b3yeTC5! KO}]OCC<}n.bHOfl norrynspnocnao. C HHM 6Y1-lyr pa60TaTb
M 1-IOIKeCTBO apxrrrcxropos cnerrytoutero noxoneann, B TOM '-II1CJle BaKKapHHH, ni66c, ef)muep cj.)(lH 3p}];]x, XHlIbAe6pal-liJ,T, 10napa H 6paTMf A3a~T.
P aCLJ,BeT XYAml.(eCT)3eHHOm TBOp'IeCIna n uapcrscnaune nlOI,OBl1K3 XIV 130 \\11-10- rOM cran cncACTBHeM BO!HOflTClpH3l\ta Kon boepa, [-[a3!-la"leT-HlOm C10pHl-1TeH,~aHToM crpoeimn E 1664 1- )J,EHCTrIl-lTe.%J-lO, rr03HqH51 MOJ-lapXCl, xoropurt 3>1HI1MaerClJ apXI1TeK'I'YPOH C :'lMI1HPH3MOM npJCI'HO ),lme"leI-lHoro JUo6I-fTeJUl H 06CY;KlPCT co CGOHMB apXHTeKTOpaMl111eTaJll1 3<1IJ;yM.JHHb[X HM COOp)0Kel-1111\ urm.-r"lacrol OT nosencHH5f era ["'lll1HHCTpat 03a60'r.EHl-lOro npcncic Deem TeM, 4TOOhr 3:JKllf()'IHTb pa3pa6aThlHaeMY10 3CreI'WJeCl(Y10 TCOPHIO H cyuiecreyio- 1.I.1)'TO x),!lo)[(eCTHC!-[]-lYlO npaKTIIK)' B qcrKO onpenecemn-re rpaI-[]Hlbl rrOJU1TI1'-leCKOM nsrro,cjbl. B 911' HOpMJTHBrryro CJ.1CTeM1' HCKyCCrH nnonne BnHCbIB,lel'CH ylpOl~'1e]-mc aK~l,[(eMHl1:, Il pr{311JHI-IhlX CcjJ6pMYJj}rpO~>ITb npaB~rJla upa COThI J.1 xopoinero BKyca, OAH>lKO J-I a «oponcsCKHX ClPOI1TEJlbCTSaX )~<a33HHH MHHHopa qacro He C06Jl10,DJlOTc>c l1MeHHo n03ToMY £Of[bLUor~ TpHaI-IOH (I-IJ C. CileB~), .3Jlleprnel" HblH B peaynerarc AClJ1f"l1X nOI1CKOB 1:1 COl\'n~Iel-ll1j\ He HJ\leef n01JTH HH'-JCrO o6mero c I:!3"BymbOHOM 06CepBJTOpHH (C!IeHa, HJ 3aAHe.M ITJl2He) - TBOptHH.eM 10IoAJ !leppo. TiY.fI-ICl T;]K)!(e OTJH;CI;nOTOI .upyl' OT t1pyr<) nhlxq~J1W.J.1I~
U Gl!\hT q"XIG1A l3epcalrbcnoro AHOP ua H [(OJlO]-[- 112JP II ynpa.
KNill EPV!5! fAl:JCFiYPfOB 105
104 CTI1JIHCTvrQECKK E 'iXI1LL\PEHl1J1
rep 13 rIpYCCI1I1, 3cjx[:n-lep II DaBapl1l1, <lll1wep cj_)OH 3pJIax H JIy-Kac (iJOf-! XHJlb;~e6paHLlT B ABcrpHI'I, Kpacrorp ,UI1TUCHXOcj)CP H CaHTHFfU-AMKcnb [l501'e;>'1I1I1H, 110ral-Tl-I ,UWI'L\ClIxoq)CP BO (llpaI-lKOHI1H. nIX1HI1,TaY3P, Mooc6plorrcp H q_)paJ-Il\ Bnp npO,[lOJDKaJOT CTapyJO rpaAY.Jl\I1TO lvioHacTblpCKOI1 apxrrrexrypu. rrCpBb111 cosuaer a66aTcTBo B CCH-q)JlOPI1;tHC H MC!1bKC, IlTOP0I111AI1H3I1JIb.l\Cl-IC, rpCT'HH B Bai1HrapTcHc.
B 31'0 mc BpCMJ! BO C])paHl\HH nocne PHCBHKCJ(01'O MHpa (1697) B0306f-IOBJI5lIOTCJl p360TbI B KopOrrCBCKl1X PC3HJICHl\H5!X: YKpaIllCl-Il1C MapJII1, nepcnen](a anapranenros MOl-lapXa, B0311CACI-ll-TC H013O!': QaCOBHI1 H 06H013/ICI-mc HI-iTCPbcpa J3 llepC<lJlbCKOM naswu.one MCH3JKpH (311Cpl-lHeu). nOHBJ1!ICTUl JJ;eml!I CCPW! 1-1013bIX aaropomrsrx AOMon, "ITO 03- 1'!a"IaCT nop;bCM npJiBaTl-IOI1 apXVlTCKTjIPlot KOTOPbll:I nponmrrcs AO 1730-x r;
PeBamll CeBepa Ilocne saaepurennn TpH,[IL~aTI1JICTI-Iel~ B0I1- HbI B r-\CHTp;UJbH011 EBpone H<1'-1HHaeTC!I noCTenCHHoe 06HOBJIeHHC apxn-rcicryprrtax CTWleH: H3 nepnou 3Tane rnamryio pons l1rpaJ111 nransaauu, a C 1680-x r 13 13anapl1H no- 51BJI11l0TCJI nepaue BeJIHKHC TBO]JCHI151 MeCTI-lblX apXl1'1CKTOp013 - nepxom, B Karmene Ieopra 'uHTL\Cr-Ixocpepa H a66aTCTBO B 06cpMapXTaJlC, nocrpcemroe iVIHKa3JleM 11 KpI1Cm3J-IOM TyM6aMJ-l Ha py60KC ArvU-XVIII BD. H3 JB;lHCL\CHY BbIXO,,:(HT uenoe IlOT<OJleHHC XYA{))KITHKOB, pozmaunrxca i\le/IYJ,Y 1655 H 1670 rr; MHOrl1e 1'13 HHX nOIl)iLJaJIH oopaaonanne B Hrarmn. nenne!lbM3H pacoraer B CaKCOHl1l1, IliJIlO'I'-
n ~a M:lcTepa OOJlO~ IVIH10T ~pXHTeKTypl-Jblfi 06!lHK Bci u;
B H:LGaJle Xvlll Il.:
Herann ([JIHuep cj)OII :~pn:IX (1656-172j)
1'1 Ilymlc (POl-! XH,%ile- 6paTl,~'1' (1668-1 n:\) 06<1 Y'-lHJIHCb B 1'['1';1- nHH y f{apJIO <j)ol·naHbj_ H;J K~p'j'Hl-IC A'''ygO)l(HHK~1 1J.eJ1JIO'J'T'O "BMA na BeHY H:, GIIlOIl GeJlbHct(ep:l' (13l-IH:lY), r.ocrpoei [HOro XI'IJlbAC6pal-I,11TOM ilJIH np» HL(;I EBfellH)! tlBOplla, B ucrrrpe noIGl3:lT-l ,'1lJopeL( Illnaprneneepr patxrn-r roro )KC apxurexropa,
a Cllella L\CPKOllb Can-Kapno 50PPOMtO (T)l'(IJjepa cjJOI-I 2ipJIaX8, KOTOPI'[I~ C03}laJT 'J'("lKxce kf MJ1epaTopcK)~() 6H6nnoTeKY (CJlerla).
rf'I. aCiIl co6opa
'-¥ u BaJ1eHCHI1 (BBEpA)'), C03/jaHHbIH KOHparioM PyAOflb(PO~1 B 1703 r., O'nll-ly.aeTC5l CBOHM HT:UlbHHCKHM 06JlHKOl'-'I. OAl-l<1KO ero Tpl1 ypou- 1-151 H opnepa IlhICOTOl;j 1I Ol~HH :::yra)!( (Ja B.blcrvnaronnoc aHTaOJl(;MElrrax Hill10MHHalOT He C'I'OJIbKO PHM H)]k1 TypHH. CKOJlbJ(O CI1- L\HJlHIO J10Clle,~,01l\HX ,~ECir.l'I'L11eTHI1 - L(epI,rnr B DYJJJeM H H)"ll"i ParV3C. XOTfr Kapno (llo;-rra ua nocrpon» uepxour. B C~Vla:rI,.,t~lr-lKe (1681),I-ICrtaI-lCI{I"(; "PXI'ITCKI'OpbJ OCl':JlOTCJI \..f)r;KD,hl i\'lft PHNlCKOMY IUT l-I5-:I I 11110.
01' nOPTYTAJU111 no JTOTAPI1HrI1I1 107
106 CTVlJ1I1CTH'-IECKI1E YXI1ll\PEHI151
BnOPTYnm~11
xvrn R pa311I1THC apxarercrypsr CBfJ3JHO c pa3pa60TKO(~ 30)10- TOHOCHhlX 6P<1311Jlb(I(HX maxr, 060(,<11'HBIlTHX xopons )J<yaHJ V (1707 -1750). H,)CJJ-rue npu HeM AB<1 m<1BHbIX crpourcnsCI'Bd - :'ITO KoponcnCI(;151 6116JIHOTelGl B KOHM6pe H c~Bopel-\ Mac\lpa (l-IJ c. cneua). KOpOJlb 1\0HepklJI (03- ,~arlHe I\BOpUa J1ioABHry (1670-1752), KOTOPbffl Y'-Il1i1CJ1
13 PHMe H<1 )OBe!1Hpa. MOHaCI'blpCJo.H UePK013b HJXOAHTClT
B GIMOM uenrpc JHCJM6JIll, 100 B ue.ilOM
}IX ,11IlOPl..\OB (Pooep ae KOT B J3y::m-PeTHpo), acnanC1me apXI1TeKTOPbI C03,11aIOT l..\CJ1hIH p51.L\ TBOpeHI1H, KOTOPblC J-II1"LJCM He 065133.HbI (j_)pal-rL~HI1: c060p CaH)IYI1C I:> CeBHJIbC H rtopran ):IBOPL\3. Car-I- TCJ1hMO (<Dl1repoa), l-\apox:pal-lHTCJ1bHI111,bl cooopa B l'penane H MOI-IaCTbIPb ITaYJIap (CI)paH"LJccKo Xyprano), c060p 11 llJlaca MClI10P B CaJIClMClHKe (6p3Tb51 qYPpHrepa), 6pa- 311JlhCKOe 30JIOTO .L\aJIO B03MO)KI-lOCTh nopryram-cuovy IWp0Jl10 >KyJHy V npl1rJIJCHTb apxrrrexropa nrsaocxoro npmlCxQ)IqJ,eHI151 110rJHHa-(j_)pH):IpHXa JIIO):IBI1:ra
r(J15l C'rpoHTeJIbCTBa B Macppe POCKOIJ.Il-IOfO nsopuaMOHJCl'blP51, napa):lOKC3JIbHbIM 06pJ30M CBH):ICTeJIbCTnvrouiero 06 YCTOH'II1BOCTH HCl 116epHl1cKoM nonyocrP'OBC MO):lCJIl1 3C1Wpl1aJ1a, KOTOP,UI HaIIIJIJ C13011X nocnell,OB3Tel1eH 11 B L\eI-l'rpaJIhl-IOH Espone. B 1693 r; Ha CHT_1HJ1I1H rrpOHCxO):lHT crpannroe aesorerpaccaae, H PCKOI-ICTPYKll,1111 paspymemrux 3p;armti BIIl1CbIBJIO'rCH B 06J.I(I1:H rrOp;'bCM, 3aTpoHYBllJHH I-Ia npOT5l)KeHI1H nepHoi;): DOJlOBHI-IbI BCKa raxne ropozra, KaK HOTo, Paryaa,
50cjxjJpaH crporrr orens AMJ!O tIe Iyprre B I1apI1iKe, I<<1PTO - 3aJ\IlOK MOl-I MOP:lI-TCH H OTeJIb EIOJlJIC jJ,C W:aM6J1el-I B Illatre, ,I(emlM:)p - OTeJIb i-\C Cy6H3 13 I1apH)Ke. I1MCHHO rrpn HX B03ReAeHHH Ha<J:HTlmO'I' nponnnrrrscst f1P{;Il-lU,I1- Dbl 0pH<liVleI-l'l'aJIbHOrO crnns POI(::tI1!lb.
B AI-IfJIl1H XOI<CMYP H Baafipo, scrynau Jl 60Pb6y C 31<J1eKTWlMOM Pena, CO:11\<lIO'l' B HaqaJIC BC](3 B K:)C'J'JI-XOBJP1\, B 5JleHxcf:IMC Yll3 I'PHMcToprre coopyxeuns, KOTOpue rrpHI-r<lAJIOK3T K emOIY C3MblX OpHI'HllaJlhHblX 1'1 caMhlX MOW,llbL,{ TBoper-IHIlr aI-ll'JlHH.CT<OI1 apX[1T icrypsr.
HOELle u,eHTpbl
YTpeX'l'CKf1J1 (1713) 11 PaUTT<lTTCKl1H. (1714) noroeopu CTaJll1 pa3YMI-IbIM I<OMrrpOMJ1CCOM, KOTOPbIl1 ooecneLIHfI Ecporte /~BaAll,aTh rIHTb ncr OTHOOrreJIbHOfO lvmpa. Ol-IH 03l-la<J:aJIH xoneu cppaHll,Y3CKOH rereMOHHH H yrnep;K.L\el-m:e AHHaCTHv[ Bypfioirou B HcnaHHH, rocflO!l,CT130 AI-lfJIHH na Mope H YCHJICl.lHe pOJIH AllCrpHI1 13 Espone. 5Jlal"O)_\:lVI t~OCTJiIrr-rY'rOM)' paanonccmo Me;1qJ,Y ,uep)IGll3a.m IX1CJ\BeTJIOT HOBJ re ueurpu A)'A())((CCTl:lelII-IOJO '['130p<Iccma. B MCnal-tHYI B03pmKJFleTCn aKTI1BH<l51 .L\CHTCJlbHOCTh, VI, XOTJl <Dl'JJll~flrr V npnrnauraer (I)P3l-lT~y3CKHX apxtrrexropon /VI5l CTpOI1TeJIhCTB<l cno-
Ka'l'J I-I b51, CI1paKY3bI 11 Ilanepxo. [epqOfYl JIurapHJ-[I"CKYIe H3HYlMalOT K ce6e na c.!I),)K6y Mancapa, 3aTeM F}ocj)(l)pJ ua, KOTOPhll1 C03,ll,aCT 3aMI<H Apys H JlIOBC- 13~IJIb, 3aKaHLll1BaeT orpom-enscrao uePKIlVl-pc3H):IeHLI.HH npnaaca Jj Hal-lcH H zrenaer HCC[(OJIbKO npoercros 3<1MK<l MaJlbl'paH)K.
l(OMnnel{C rcpasuo 60J1bTlTC nOXOiK Hlt nsopcn, qei\:1 l-Ia MOlJ(ICTb.lphl H B aTOM cOcr'OJ'IT ero pannIGIJIbHOe OTJlHl.JHe
OT ~JCl(Qpl~aJla
]1101\ Bl{I( XIV C03- zraer YC.IIOIlHH 11M! 11031)())lqlel-l~1}1 apxurc- 1~f)IPbl I1oTapel.llr·HH l>Bcpxy :laMOK JhoucBHJlb] nocrpocuuun Borprppanora.
Pa3HOo6pa311e XVIII BeKa
DOCJle 1725 r. apxarercrcpu B OCl-IOBHOM npononscuor OCI3ClHBaTb HaCllC,[IHC '(pex I3CllHJ(l1X TIXl,ll111~H:(i. HTa.rlhHHCKCln apXI1TeKl)']JCl XVII 1L 01' 13CpHHHH fJ,0 fBap11HH, coxpaaser csoe Bn115IHHe B Dr,eMOHT'C, rne CHa"r:]J]a rnaBeHcTByeT IOBapa H 3dTCM BvrITOl-IC, na Cl1U;HnHl1, me paooraer faJUiap,l\11, a TalOKC B Ascrpan 11 B EOl'eMHH. <DpaHu;')13CKl1.H CI'1111h, ocooeauo B ccpepe ,lIBOPUOBOf'O crpcarenscrsa, B,UOXI-IOB.lInCT apxHTcKTOPOB J3aBapHH, Hcn:u-IHH, floTapHl-rrHH H 3:lna!(Fl011 fepivld:TTHI1. HaxoBCU, rpanaunonnsre ,U.f15I Benei \I1H TCHAeI-lqHH nanJIJ,Ll.I1aI-TH3MJ Ii nOApa)K,LT-IHH ;U-ITI1'-1HbIM 06pa3Ll,aM (uepxnn Cn-I-HHKKOll0 ,[(C TOJICI-ITHHO apxirrexropa Tzpaan, CB5IThIX CHMCOJ-IC H fBi-'I!~O apxnrexropa CKaJJbcj)JPO'ITO, l1C.3YH1'OB apxrrrexropa Maccapn) I1C]Je)Kl1.BalO'T I-IOBbIl1133JleT B fllirnl1H 11 I-Ia'IHlIaIOT npoaa KaTh 13 PI1M.
fIy6Jl11KalJ,l151 B 1717 r. "EPI1T<lHCKOro BirrPYI3I15I') KOrmHJ K9Mn6eJIJlJ soanemaer 0 pO)K)J,eBvlH HC0I1:lJIJla,llHaI-TH3Ma, HCTOKl1 KOTOPOI'O BOCXOMIT K l1Hl-1l.'o ,1J.>KOHCY lJram-IO]:] ortopori 3'1"Oro T\BWKCHVI5J CTJHOBHTC51 caM nopz; EepJJHI-IJI'OH, C03!.\<lTeJ!b nHJ1J1bI R LII13RHKe. Tloc-
JIC CMepTI1 KJMn6cJUIa B 1729 r: !l:l3HJKelll1e B03maBJIaeT Yl1!Ib- 5JM KeI-IT, C03A:lTeJlb XOJlKXeMxO!JJI<I. B cropoue ~\ep}KHTC51 WKCHMC [H66c - LUUfJLal'I/:\eq, K<lTOJ1l1K, 1'OPI1, Y'JeHHK cj)OTlTaBbI, crons xce )J,aJICKl1.H OT KeJ-lTJ, [(aK H OT XOKCM)'Pa.
IT POCI,-rbl K3MIJ6CIlII;] ,l\IlH V::H-1CTC/Ixavc (BBepxv Oillll-I
H3 I-mx), nOliIlHl-II-lhll;1 MaJ-lluj)CCT ITvrJTaI.lHCBom 1'0 ,l\BmKe HH5I
B AI-JfJfHH, 6bIJI H C03,'1aHbl B 1 71 3 r. - -repes IleCKOJThKO .icr DOCIle CBcpxK1IaCCH-iecxoro orenn Cy6H.3, ITOCTpOeJ-lI 10m .r(eJI aMapOM (BI-nny).
EBPOTIErI[CKI1Yl lZAJlEl1210CKOn l13
OTO HC"fHHHbIl::i nOCJleAOBa're}Jb Kpncrorpepa Peua (JlOTT~1()Hcrme Ll,epI{]3H Cssrron Mapl1l'1 B Crpcune 11 Cei1J-!T-Map'I HI-! e[JI 3C (VHJI,lI3, P:3!l:10IYlCPKaMcpa II OJ(cqJOpge).
C 1725 r, B PHMe Bl-IOBb rnallCI-lcTByeT OWCIIOMHTeJlbHoe pa3Hoo6pa311e CTI1JIe(l. OcJ-lOIlHble Coop}0Kel-IHH 3Tof'r :~[lOXH - rreCTHl1IJ,:l aa J1JlOw,a,IJ,H Vicrr<lT-ll1E (,Il,e CaH.KTHC), nnourans Cairr'HruaIJ,HO (ParVW:.\HHH), nsopen Cemn:l (rpyr'a), cpaGlf.\bl c060- POB Cal-rra-Mapr·m Ma,ll)KOpe (c!JyTa) H CaH-21}KOBanHH HH IL.npaHo CfaJIHllel!l), cj)aGI,ll
1 (epr(BH CB5ITO}! MapL1H Mar,,<a.,'ll1llhl (Capnn) H cpOHTJJ-1 TPCLI)1 (CaIlbBH)
Bo (Opal II \I1H 1730- x r C,[,WI!.> PO!{<l0J1b pacuaeraer B n pon 3 Bef.\eJ-Il15lX nI1HO, Me(ICOHHbCl'l J1a)!<y. B 3TO )Ke BpCMJI B UCI-nP,UlbHOft EBpOl1e nOJlBJ1HCTC511-IOBOe nouonerme TIlOPLI,OB: ,1J.I1Tuenxorpep, HCKMaH, MYHreH<1CT, l..i,l1iVrMepM3HH, TYM.6, 6paTbH A3aM, (I)I1DJCp, KIOBHllbC. J3narOl(apH J.1X ),C11- JlH51M apxnrexrypa IepM<JHHl'l H 130relVrHH xvm B nocraraer llbICmci1 TOQKI1 CBOCfO pa3Bl1THH.
Hcn<lHH51 ocraeror p<\:JAeflel-lHO(l: J{Opo.lleRClme rrOCTp0l1!(H - L\BOplJ;b! B Jla I'panxa, Apal-IA'Y:'Jce l1 OC06CHI-10 xoponescxan pe3Hr(Cm~l15J 13 MaAPl1Ae - B03IlOMITCH HT:l.1lbHlICKI1MH EnE cppaJ-ILI,Y3CK11MH apXY!'J'eKTopaMH, TOUP K<1J.{ penHfE03HbIC HJIH cJ.aCTI-lble
coopY)J(eJ-lH51 - CpaCa,Ll.bJ C060pOB II MYlJom H Cal-ITbJ1ro-,[Ie-KoMIlOCTena, ~\BOpCL\,I(oc-ArBac J3 BalleH-
ClWI - npC,lICTaIOT B BblClUCH crene- 1m opHrHH:lJlbl-lbIMH TIlOPCHH51MH Hcrr3HCKJ'IX apxwreKTopOB. DOK<l3JTeJlbl rhlM C TO"IKI'I 3PCIII1H pa311006pa3H5J CTI1)le(1 MO)KI-IO
P OA'.-fnmHtlcfl
B Hum, Cl'lUHllHcq P03apHo LI.~H<lPAl1 6bIn r!lalll-lbJ~J 1l)_iOXIIO- 1)I'lTeJle~1 pCKoHcrpvJ(I~HH cuoero P01\lIoro ropona, em HeeOM- 1-lel-IJ-IbIM llJe!iellp()~l CQHT(lCTCfI C03.u~IHrlbIl1 u 1744 I' CiXlGlll uep«BY! CtH-,l];iKOPf.\)KO (HBepxy) El Pary3e.
)J,H5I CHL\HJIHH xapax'l~epl'lhT I1J1:lCTM'LIeCI(OC pcureunc OppCpOH
J-I;J TiJCX yponi rsx H npHHfI.I'JrI 6awl-IH-1<0- !lOKOJlbHH. ({al( II AHI"[11'11'1 r'lll~1 Il fCpMJIlHI1, ,::rn'l 3.l[er~1I-ITHble CHIly- 3TblllOCXO,ll.flT J{ cpeziHCl1eKoBoti'rpapH1\HH KOJJOKOJlbl-Il'I-llopn!I{;I
114 CTl1JIlIICTH'lECKI1E':lXHIIl,PEHl1}1
ClI~[I'a'Tb TBOpqeCTBO IQlJaPhl, KOTOPh1l1 npaeascaer
B TypHI-I B 171411 paooraer 'laM),(O CJ30ero OTbe:W:1 B Hcnannro B 1735 r: K TOM)'}fCe 3'1'0 O'leHb pemQ,:!l1 !-\JUI Hramia npaxep 6iIl1:30CTH K HeMeIVWH apxrrrercrype, (060p Cynepra H ,'\Bopel,,\ MaAJM HarrOMJrIHJIOT (Dmuepa (1)01-1 3plIaxa, !(J30ptu, CrymH-U1,[liKIrl - XI-UlbAe6palclt(ra, B T'Y1JHl-ICl(OI1uepKllH KapMHI-Ic IOriapa HCDO)[b3yeT npnexir«, O'leI-lh noxoaore Ha cHcf'eNIF crerra-onopa,
B03pO,lKll.eHHe ItJIaCCItll\H3Ma
C 1740-x r ua-mnaerca 06ruHl1 nosopor f< HeOKnaCC11- U,l'!3MY. Ilepuocrerteturyio po.u, :v(eCb I1rpaICJT <l1-1T'nI.1HCKHH naJlJTtlAHJHH3iVll1 IIOBblIii B3fJllIt\ [--Ja <1.HTI1'-ll-lble naMJIT.HI1KH PHMa, Ha CTbIKe Anyx 3CTeTTd'leCKl1X MHpOB aaXO/-\HTOI cj)Hrypa I1HpaHe3H, neueuaanna no MecTY pone,[(tHE),] H pHMJfJ[HHlla 00 ,[(yxy, TC;;npaJlbHOI'O ),.j',[(O>KHHK<l 11 apxeonora. ,.QBJ1)J(cl-me 3TO paasnsaercn nocrenenao 11 ua nepuux nopax I-Ie sarparauaer BClO Esporry B Cl"OpOHe see CLl1C npeosrsator ITPYCCI'Iil, POCCinI, ITopTyrJ.nWL B 1-ltMCt\J<0I1 8pXWrCI\Typc n05lllJlJleTC51 Pll1~ !JlEl~CBpOB, f(OTOPbIMH aaneptnaercn l,,\H[{}I, l-laqaTbltl na py6EJKe neKOB a66aTcma lJ Cen-Iane (TyJvI6), 1l)ll1(_1)~UlbTtHe H POT-
rf'\ aC;I,ll cooopa B '-!--' MYPCHH (nBC pxy) 1 I PC!(C'I';WJIHCT ca60tl 1_10BO!lhHO pel\KB)71 npH;W;:p CHJ-rrC3<l: 11CnaaCK11l1 Clam,
(I 103l\1ICMaH.bcpHCTCKHC MOTHBr~1 B CKYJTb rrrypru-rx YJq~"urerucrx, KOJlOHHhl OPW:pOll BhlC()TOI~J
B OAHl-! ::)"r~Dr<) COtH~T~leTCH c IlPHC)'lUI1 M cxopcc l'['J'<lJ1HH Hm1 UCllTpaJlhl i'O.I~ Eupone pa~M;lxOM, :3'1'0'1' lIIe,L\enp HC1'lal-lCJ(OI1 apxr-reterypst np'11-J.!\)]C}[(HT K '-lHC!I)' G1MbTX 0PHI'HH;VlbHblX ec TBopeHHr7i.
K YHWI)HKAUHHMO,llE}JEH 115
aM-HH (cDHwep); ABa rnanuux TBopeI-lWI j-jdh,laI1a B (j)11pqeHXaHJlHrel-Ie Irl Hepecxerine, uepKOBh B Bnece CUmv!MepMaHH), Ten,}) If Pe:mAeHql1Ji CK10BHJlbe) 13 MTOJ-TXeT-Ie, CTOJll1qe Ea13apm·!_
Eo (DpaI-Tr(HH 130306T-TOBJIlleTCl! nepecrporixa KOPO!lC])CKI:.IX pC3HI~eHJJ_HJ1., l1 aa aBaHCTJ,el-1Y BbT,f1BHf'3eTC}[ fa6p"13Jlh, OH acnonsayer CTI1!Cb ])0- Ka'HJlb 13 HOBblX anapraneurax KOpOJUl B Bepcane, pexoacrpynpyer 33MOK q)OI-ITeI-I6Jlo, C03,ll.3eT rraBHJ1bOH Tpnauon B Bepcane, KopOJleBCKHe ITJlOllP,[1H B PeHI-Ie, B Bopno Irl 3;lTeM B Ilaproxe, LITO 03I-ICl'IaET B03pO>I(C(eHHE 0611\ECTBe1-IHOH apXMTtKT}'PbL fa6pH3JIb COXpal-IJ1tT BtPHOCTb TpaAHl,l1M Ap,oy31-1-M.3Hcapa 11 Pooepa.ae Kora, I-TO B ! 31'O)KC I3peMJI [-Ja'-m rraer CBOTO «apr.cpy CycpJIO,
60nee BOCIIPl1l1MC!l1Bbl.J~1l( naJlJI3,DJ131-ll13MY 11 PVfMCKOMY BJIHilHHlO,O 'leM csnzrerenscrsyer Ll,tI-l'l'P,lJlbI-laJI 60)!bI-II1Lj<l B J1WJI-Ie (1741).
I-lEK01'opbIe A:11'h] MOryT CJI)'iKHTb BeXaMI1 AWl 0603Ha"Il1BIlTCr0C5113 CtPtAI1I-lt nerca paapsrsa: B 1751 r. B Heanorn, rrpH(3)!(aCT B;LHBHTenJIH, B TOM )Ke rOAY MapKH3 Ae MapHIThH I-Ta3HaQatTClI CIOPHl-lTtH,[1aI-ITOM KopOntBCKHx CTPOCI-ll'Il:I130 Cj)panL\HH, rrOC-'IE 3EMneTpJICEI-IHlI 1755 r. l-lallH]-]aeTCJ1 peKOI-IcTPYT{LI,Hll J1Hcca6oml, B 1759 r. rra HCI13HCK!111 npecron scryrraer KaPJI III, R 1763 T', EK;[TEPYlH;] II CT,lI-IOBHTCJI I1Mnep;rrpHL\el;T
n POCCI1I1 - nee 9'1'11 C06blTWI no-
KCl3blBal{)T, '{TO rrOJIHTHL]eCK;]ll RJ!aCTb npusaana I-Ieo6xOAHMOCTh pecraspauna KlJaCCHqH3- Ma, KOTOpa51 )'iKe Haq<lJIaCh no 11I-1l1l\H;LTl1Be caMHX TBOpqOB.
C TpomClb JIHllHT1 C03AaI-JHOrO toeapO'(I' Co60PJ Cynepra
B TY1)HHe (IlBCpX-V) 6blJl"a 06YOI08nel-ra T'jJe6onaHH~MH CaM()I-() npocicra, 11 ee HeJTb~3.H P,1CCM,l'lpJ1SaTb l,at( OC0311aIl11blT;t CTHJTHCJW-I,eCKHl1 Rhl60p I-iHTephep rOCTHH0I1
D() !~B()pl\e CryrH1f-IH,Cl)KH rrOKa3bwaer, C l\:'H~-.o_(! flemOCTblO apXHTeIITOp HCITOJIb3),CT GJMbre pa3- !Jl1'lJ-JGJe peUJel-111H. no,~06JTaH J,i3MeHq~IBocrb, KOTOP)10 He Cllel-\yeT npHpal3l-rHKITb J( :')fvleI('fWlMY, COBCPllltHHO LI}'JK!1J <1)paHcya [:16pH'9- nro, HcnOBQJ;ylOIll,e.MY t:AHHC'rSO ClllfJJl (RHH3)' PaTVDJ:I fl. ITmlll\;ll-\l1 JIIOAOllHlCI XV ~ PelfHC)_
116
117
E apOKKO, KJIaCcHqH3M, pOKOKO ...
}J;r5I HaC 3TO npnesr-nuae TepMHHbI, XOT5I MbI He ucerna MO)KeM ,n;aTb lIM -rcrxoe orrpcztcncnnc. Borrpoc COCTOHT B TOM, gO KaKOH creucun 3TH rrOH5ITH5I ~ ocooenao crons cnopnoe 11 3bI6Koe, KaK 6apOKKO, ~ MOI)lT rroi-io-rr, HaM B OCMbIcneI-IlIlI nonyropanexonoro nepnozta B 11CTOPlIlI
a pxrrrcxrypr.r.
rJIABA v
qTO ME TAKOE EAPOKKO?
HCOn;lflJI;[e'IIUHPnM 06b)C)HO He OTHODIr K 6ap()](Ko. ,UctlcTI3HTtJlbHO; .rocrpoer+ HblH KCHTOM B 1734 f. Xorrxxexr-xo-rn em!
c. CJIClla) 11Mcer He CJTlifTlIK01vJ: l'.H-Ioro 06- LLI,L1X -repr C MJXeTOM I-IeMeW(()fO ;[nrap51 (cnpana). J(OTophn::t 6hll! C031-13H npuvep HO B TO IKe BpeMH H neCOMHEj-]]lO npunan)[EJKI1'T tc eTHJI]O ,·6apO'lHOrO POI<OKO".
PAcnflblBLIATOCTb TEPMHHA 5APOKKO 119
"I 18 ~JTO jl( E TAKOE I3APOf(KO'
IT JBHJlbOH ClHCYCH B ITOTCA;!Me (HJ
C cnesa) H ucpxont, I1HCyC2 MWJOcCPl\1I0- 1'0 B noptvrain.cxori Epare (CJ1CBa) npcnCTJBJl5110T C060l'l Kpai'ilme T()Y[{H paaBHTH51 6apo'lHoH apxzreicrvpsr. ITepehTH 6bIn HCI'ICIT n 1745 I'
no pacnopHJ!(CHHIO CDpHAPHxa II, ,ll,eticrIlHTeJlbHO, IlcrynJlCHHe na npyccKH~J npecron B 1740 r, MOHapX<IcjJp2Hl<ocj:lHJla npauc)10 !( 3an03£~aJlOMy paCL\Bery pO[(O)(O, ["Op~I'.JHM npuaepaccnLICN! [(OTOPOf'O 6bl)1 apXHTCKl'OP BeHLleCJIaB KT-I06CJlbC,[IOPCP
(1699-1753).l:hopaJ1 6b[Jl;] 3aJ10JKeHa
B 1727 1:, H CTPOHTeJlbCT130 nponcoosa[IOCb II Te4eHI1e croneTHll. XOTJl 3TH coopyJKeHH51 HMeIOT MallO 06U~HX -repr, HO o6a CI3HAeTeJlbCTBy.IOT 0 TOM, 'ITO IU OICpJHH:lX Enponst coxpaHHIOTC>I pa3H006pa3J-1ble I-JanpaBJlCHHJl, nopoxc AeHHble HCKyCCT130NI A'VII B., TQ['AJ IGIl<
B I1T3.lU1H, B AHI'JlI111
H BO <!lp3HL\I1H 6epcr nepx KPI1THcJECKoe O'l'HOIIleHI1E 1\ .COBpeMEHHOMY'} - COf)TJCHO JUIIleH TepMHHo- 1 JlOI'HT1, (,6apoc[Ho-
;vryv - HCK")iCCTBy, '-lTO sne-rer 3<1 C06011 o61llm1 nOBopOT
x u,eHHOCJ'HI\'l KnaCCkI-recxoro nanpauneHM}!
Ecm1 orpaan-nrrscs TOJIbKO TeMI1 KOI-Tl-\eIllJ,I1l!Ml1, KOTOPblE OOJIa,ll,aIOT ,ll;oC'raTO'lHoi1 lJ,eJIbI-IOCTblO, l1X MOJKHO pa3,[jCJll1Tb na TpM oonsmne rp)'IlIlbl. I1epBaH I1C:OtJ,l1T H3 rrpn311:tHMl'i YHl,mepC3JlbH0l1 M BHeBpeMeHHOl1lJ,eJ:IHOCTH OapOKKO: ero qepTbl 06H3pYJKl1BarOTCH B J-IeKOTOpsrx IlpOH3BeAeH1mX l1CKyccTBa, l-JacraHal! OT nepsotisrrnoro 0611\eCTBa 11 BIlJIOTb ;tIO nauurx AHei1, EapoYJ-Ia51 COCTanJllllOJJ.(aJ1 LleJIOBe"IeCKOrO zryxa, Ilpe6blBaJ1 B IlOAaBllel-!i-lOlvl H/IH aKTHBI-!OM COCT051HI1l1, OK<13blBaeT BJIl1J1- HYte Hil NIHp ¢OpM 1111,ll;dt l1CrrOKOH UeKOJ3; npn 6Jlilrorrpl151'l'lIblX yCJlOBI1HX 01-1<1 3aHHMaeT i_\OMHHHP'\'1011\YIO nosuumo B TBOp'leCKOH AeH'J'eJIbHOCT'a,
Bropas rpynna Ilpl1i1'lel-llle'f repxnnr TO!IbKO K onpeAC!IeHl-JOM), Ilep110AY 3'1'0 XVII B, H - HHorAa - naxa)10 XVlll B, BlVlec'1'e C 'J'eM TepMHH)' npnrraercs He06hlCI;111]-]() .IlIIfPOI(OC 3H,lCleJ-IHe, IlOCKO!IbKY OH l1Cn0J1b3YC'I'CfllVl51 xapaxrepncrmor U;eJIOm KOMrureKca MCTOPWICCKHX, )"}'Ao)!(eCTBeHHblx H HHTeJIJleKry3JlbT-lbIX
071l'131113 xapaxrcpnux crepT HCrOpI10rpacpl1Yl A'VII-XVIII B, - oxecronemure cnopu 0 CTHJll-fC'1'U"leCKHX xareropnsx. 06'b51CHHeTC5f 31'0 1J 3H3 LlYITeJlbHOI~ CrCrreI-H1 TeM, LITO I1Cl'Op.l1KH ziartuoro nepnona oopexeHbI f1(;nOJlh30BaTb IlP,HBblQI-IOe nOHH'J'Me .6apOKKO., 3Ha'leHHe I{QTOPOf'O ocraeror BCcr,M.d TYMaHl-lbTM,
Pa3HOBM)l;HOCTH 6apOKIW
CHa"Iana TepMHH ~6apOKKO» HMCe-r 51iJKO J3blpa)KCI11-1)lTO npespirreu srryro OKpaCKY KaK CHHOI lUM nenonmrroro 11 crpauaoro. cppal-IlJ,y3bl nOJl(3)'lOTCH I1.M, 4T06bI3<JI()lerIMH'1'b llep3KHeJ-JOBIueCTl\a BOPPOMHIll'I H!II1 Inapnua, HTiUlh}I]-]L1.['J - 'IT06bf flbICMe51Tb su-rypnocn, tppaH1J:y3CKoro pol(aflJl}J, 3HaMel-I<1TC!lbJ-JO, "ITO 8TO CJI0BO qacro OTOlK,[(eC'I'BJUlIOT C TCpMHHOM ~rO'J'HKa» - euie OAHOl1 [(<JTeropncri 6eccj)OpMerlJ lora vI crpaarroro iVJ5l Mbl1.lUleI-I ~!Jl XVIII u JIHUTb B KOHL\C XIX B" KOrAJ HCl~CCl'110 nocn penCCGIHC-
J ioro ncpnona C'T:ll-TOBHTCH 06bel(TOM HJycJl IblX I1CCJlep,OB3- HHll, 'J'epMHH «oapOJ<I(o» H3'Jl1IlalOT ncnonsaoaan, p,JlJI 06031 [,Nemm ncex npOH3Be)J.eH1111 A3HI-IOrO nepaona ]-10 eM)' nOCJICA0133TeJ[bHO npnrtaior - B 3<lIlHC¥!MOCl'H 0']' B3I'JIJI,D,OBTOJi! 11J1I~ HHOJ1 LlJKOJlbl, Taro HJI¥! unoro aeropa - crons pa3JIH4J-Ible 3J-TaQeI-1I151, ClTO lljJHMHpHTb nopoxnea-
11 ue H MH nponrsopes WI n pe,n,CI',lllJIHeTOJ I-lC1303MQ)KlII TM.
120qTO )KE TAKOE 13APOKI(Qt
5J13.IIeHHI1: cyruecrnyer 6y,[(TO 6bl sex 6apOKKO co C130- eH 6apo'-Il-IOfI JTHTep;rrYPOM, 6apOQr-JOH AVXOIlHOCTbfQ 6apO'-I~IOti COL(l1aJIbHOH CTPY1{TYP0l111 6 ap a '-iH 0 I)! , HaYl(Ql1.
TpeTb5J [FrUITa orpaI-lI1QI1Bde'!' I1crIOJIb30Kll-lVie TCPMI1- [-Ia ctpepoa a pXHTeIOYJ)bl 11 C'-JI1TaeI' 6apOQHblMH 'rBOPCH!1}1 EepH11HI1, EOPPOZVHll-IH, Ilsepo aa KOPTOI-Id, IsapnJ-IH, rrpl13J-IaBa51 ruicse HX rrpe,r:(UlCCr'Bel-IJ-IHKOB (rrpeztoapOKKO), nocaenoearenen (noaanee 6apOKKO) H rex, KTO vtCrrbITbIBaJJ I1X BJlI15JHHe.
YKpaWCJ-n1H PH3HHlIbl I\;j pTC3HaHCKOro MOHKThTj)}11l [paH:J,fIC (CJKKI) 6hlJIH
C03.l\:IHbl MCiKnV 174?
H 1747 IT. 1-leH313ecr-l-lblM XWIO)KI-IHKOM. I1HTepbcp uenHKOM
uocrpoeu I-I" ocxone esteplres - Bepl'H- 1(,l!lbllhIX nOJlOC C 0pmIMeHToM,IWTOPbIC
C03gmO'1 Bne'-[:rnieHHe H3YKpallleI-IHblx llHJlJlcrpou TP:llrIRI,HOl[-
m-re ;:meMel-n'hI1 3a YICIOllot.rel-l11eM BOflIOTOH orcyrcruyor. ::lTO CBO'- 60glla" mrrepnperaUH" H nrpa C !leTaJHIMH ml'I'cphepa: Bbl'-I)'PHUC IGlflHTe.~H, nonscpxn B:lIOll\He BOI'I-lVT)'IO JHlIIl1JO CTeH, 00- i-\o6ne :lJ-rra6JlCMCI-lT<l
y OCHO[]3HHJ1 (1301:P. Heocnopnvoe rrpnC)lTCTBHC 110'-lTH nOJTHOCTI,IO H3MeHef-lHOro, HO ue BnOJIHe 3<l6b1TOrO apXHTtK'rvpuoro opnepa gae-r KJllOQ I( IlOl-IHM;IHHIO HT1Tcpbe pa TaK01'O runa. nOCKOJlbK)' pof«111)110 on conepuierrHO 'ry>Kn, cro HCTOKH crreaycr I1CK:lTb HC
IJ rporecxc, <l B c60pHHIGIX npY[,lI,)'MaHHhlX opi\epOB, KOTophle H3l1~1J3clnHCb (pJIaM::1H.lI.CKHMI1 HJJH HeMeIJ)(lttN1H XYI~O)KnHKal\n1-
M"J HbepT--ICraMH
B xonue XVI B. XOT}I B ,~p)'rHx esponca CKHX crpanax 0 HEX 3a6hVlH, B V1.cnaHHH OHM npO~(OmfGVIH
o Ka3hTB<lTb peaJlbHOe BnHfll-Jl1C .Ila '-"1'l-1[),;KeC'TllCHHoe TBOpqCCTBO.
HEITPl1Ml1Pl1MOCTb HAITPABJIEI-1l1I1 13APOI<KO 121
=-'lTH TpH I-I<lOpaBJ1eHl'Ui I1pl1MHpl1Tb HeJlb31I: B KJ)[(,[(OlVl crry-iac 6apOQJ-IbIMH Ha3hlBalarCJl 're npmI3Be,o;eHH5J, KOTOpuc HC npH3H<lI{)TCll TaKOBblMH COrJ1aCl-lO ,o;ByM APYI11M nOW;OI\:1M. OWlaKO BpX>K,Ue6HOCl'b nanpannemra He Melll;[C'I' '-1,)CTO e03HI1IQIOulet'r rryraaaue: 6apOLJI'lbIMH OXOTJ-IO npOB03I'JI3UJaIOTCll see apxrrrexrypnsre coopyxeana
XVII - Xvlll DB, CTHlIb T(QTOPhIX MDlK.HO onpenemrrs K<lK 60- nee HilH MCl-lee POCKOIJlHbu1, sxcrpasaratrnrsnt H!IH BhI'-iypIlblM - ,u,Jl>l3TOro 06h[qHO xsaraer 06HJlbllblxy1<pallleJ-II-1H I-1JIH )[(C HCKpHBJleHHbIXJIHlflIH. ECJII1:>KC 06napji)!CHB;[tTOJ pYIMcl<oe - 111m, Ha xY;'10H KOHel\, HTaJJbHl-ICKoe - BJII-15JHHC, npl1ivICl-lCI-lvie TepMHH<l «6apoKKo., cra:r-(Ol3HTCH He1136eKHolM. Cfl(160CTb TdKOtt "pry;vleH'l'<1L\HH nopccxztaer Maccy TpY/\1 lOCTer)! - na OCPBblFl1l3fJ(l'11J: T-Jep<l3[XIIlHMblX. rI03TOMY HCCJTe,o;oBJJ-Ille rro-nn scerna 3aKaH'-1l1BaerOl BonpOCOM: <,'-ITO )Kt TaKOf 6apOI<Koh MeK,llYTeM 'fHTaTCJlb 6blJJ snpaue mKH~laTb, '-.ITO awrop paapennrr sry np06JTeMY aapanee,
C Tpoy6cpPH-XlUIn, CLI)-l}J;CTCJThCTBVID[]~Hr:t 0 HC3allHCHMOCTl1 aurnnncicoro HC1<yCCl'B:L 0'1' (COHTHncirransusrx CiI1JIHCTa'leUGifX Hanp:llvIEHl-n1, crpoJ!U1C51 no l-JH}lL\l1aTHBC XopaCI Vonnona C 1748 1'.
B f;l)ICPCC (IlBepxy), KOTOPino apxrrrexrop-znoriarem, TOMac TIlrn' OKOJlO 1760 roga paCI1HGlJl
B 1-ICOrOTI1YCCI(OH CT'HJICj He-I" 11114(TO He06hlQHOl'O rVl5l TOl'I_~aT1n-]el~i AI I rJU1 vI".
122 '-ITO )K E TAKOE EAPOKKO?
BAPOY Hblf! KJIACCI1UI13M 123
BapOKKO H KJlaCCH:U;H3M
Dpl1HLU1IT anespessemroro xapaxrepa 6apoKKo KaK Bblpa)!(eHIDI snyrpennero KpH3Hca H B,o;oxHoneHH0I1 MaTepH;lJIH3aJJ,Hl1 socnpnaraa qenOBeKOJ\1 npapommx 11 csepxnpnponnsix !l.BJIeH11l1 I10EOHTC!l. l-Ia npe,lJ,CTJSJ1eHl111 0 rtpano rrpOTI1BOnOJIO){(l-{OM npnmnme - 06A)1- MaW-loro 11 YITOpH)J,OqeHHOI'O KllaCCHL(H3M3, 13 KOTOPOM crpeaneune l( rapMOHI1H npe1.1DOJIJ1'aeT I10NlHHeHl1e Ml1pa cpopMaM, nopo)!()J;eHHblM CTPj'KTypHbl!YI MbILUJIeHl1eM. H3J1l1WeCTBaM onnoro CTI1J1H npornaonocrannn-
H hlHeWH}lH rtnolljaAb Boreaou B Tla PH~(t (BI-1H3Y) MO)KeT C'IHTaThCiI 06pa3- I~OM KfJaCCHl\HC"J'l14tCl(01'O HCKYCCTB<I II CHzry cBoeti crporoa npOCTOThl, XOTH TpaKTOBKa ;][-ITH'IIlblX opAepOB neuaer ee C«Opee 6;'1)OYIJOH. OHa np(-'n-raAJ]C)KJ-1T K ll.HCJIY ](OPOJlEBCKHX nuoina-
}101l5l'l'CH no-rm CJ1HOHI1MaMl1. <J)paHJJ,11l0 BpeMeH JltonollHKa XIV MO)]{HO C paBHblM I1paBOM Ha3BaTb KaK 6apo'-lHOI\ TaJ( 11 IUIaccHJJ,HcTHyeCKot'l, XVII B. - CTOJleTl1eM I1JIl1 6ap0'-IHbIM, H.lII1 KJIJCCHLI,I1CTl1qeClG1M. Hatna 6apOYI-IJH H OAHOBpeMeHHO KJlJCCl1l\HCTH'-IeCKJH snoxa TO'! G1MbiM yeTKO OTAeJlHeTC5I OT npenmecrsyiouiero PClleccaHca 11 1'pHp;yuwi1 m-1iXYCrpHJJIbHotr spu. Eo llCCh,v!a cnopHblM npencraenae'ror CMeWeHJ1e 'repMVLHOI\,I<oTopble 06bl'IHO palJ,l1KJJlbHO rrpoTHBOnOCTJJ3J15J- 10'101 /\P)T I.\PYl'y·
C aMblM HpKHM sonnourenne« 6aPOKKO OObl"lflO C'IHTa- 10'1' 'lHCaM6Jlb cooopa
H. WIOm3,L1H CmnoJ'O Ilcrpa u PHMe, B KOTOPOM rapMOHH"lHO COqeralO'l'OJ KaTOJll1l\H3M, PHMClU1I~ cn1J1 h, 1 iancrVO, HCKVCCTBO BcpnuHH. 1'10 -Kal{ OTAeJJHTb K)'TIOJl MHKe.~ar-Jl1)KeJ[O, He(~ H (~)aca!\ M;IAepHhr
eTCH crporccrs ztpyroro: pearrurocrs aroro apxerurm-recxoro oopaaa neocnopana, HO B curry csoero '-IPE3- MepHO o6061l.(eHHOrO xapaxrepa OJ-! CTal-l0BI1TC5I CJIHlll[(OM rpy6bIM HHCTpYMeHTOM AJl5! JH<1JIH33 nonyropaseKOllOl'O nepnona Il ucropira apXI1TeKI,)'PbI. Kposre 'roro, nOA06HbJe xeprsi -rerxo pa3Jm'IHMbI TOJIbKO 13 CBOlL'C KpaI1HI1X npOHBJ1CHHHX, TOl',!.!,J rGlK cviuecrsver MHo)KeCTBO MOAmpHKaLjl.·n1 HJ OCHDBe B3a~M01-\eI1C'rBJ1J] 6aPOKEO I1 KMlCCHLjH3Ma. I1HbIMI1 CJIOBaMH, T:mol1 noztxozi He CIIoco6CfByeT r')[y60KOMY rrOHHI'.IaHHlO X)!/.IO)KeCI'BeHHblX HlIl1 apXHTeKT)'pHbIX npouaneneumt.
C ,o;pyrol1 cropoiru, 0603HaLleHHe L(eIIoti 3nOXl1 repMI1HOM (·6apOKKO" BeAeT J( TOMY, YTO npOTYIBOIlOJIo)[(Hble nOl-IHTl1B 6apO'IHoro H KJlaCCHLV1Cfl1QeCK01'O era-
Aeil, xoropsre np"J-U1- TO CYI1TaTh lJ OCHOBHOM 6apO"LH-IblMH)
HO npH :31'01\1 L\ Hcr:t nOJIHOC1'blO O'l'CY1'C'I'uyror CileAbl pHMCKoro BJlH!lHHJl. B L\<LHHOM cny=ae B03HHKaeT BOnpoc He 0 xapaxrepe caM01'O apXHTeKT)'pnoro coopvxceuuu,
a 0 J(a,[,CI'Op~IHX, npnauarun-rx 6Y.'lTO 6bl cnOC06CTGOLl2T]' cro nOI-II1~UITHJO.
TIpHMeHeJ-IHe TepMI'u-ra <,6apO'-lI-lblH» J( TBOpeI'lJ:UIM, 1<0- ropue CBl11J,e1'eJlbC'L'ByIDT 0 pacnpocrpaHeHHH no Bceti:
Espone 3apO,l1YIBWeroca B PaMe XVII B. CfI1!lH, eener K MHorO,{HCJIeHHbiM 3aTpy,o;HeHIDIM. Ilepsoe COCTOHT B TONI, LITO 3TOTTepMHH He nonnaercn TOYHOMY onpeneJleHI1!O. ECJII1 nOCMO'lpeTb Ha apxareicropoa, ,{bff rsopeHIDI scerna H 6e30l'OBOpOYHO npJ131-laBJJII1Cb 6apOYHblMH (EepHHHH, EOPPOMHHJ1, rIbepo na KOPTOHa, IsapaI-m), TO pa3H006pJ3l1e J1X MaHepbl JlHUJb ycyry6J1JIEl' CJIO),K.Hoe!'b 3a,'laLIH, C 60J1bIlIOrr OCTOPQ)KHOCTblO MO)T(l-{O BblAeJIHTb GIMble 06u.\I,[e -repru YCBoetme peHeccaHCnoro HaCJ1eAHH, ,[Iep3I<I1e HOBLUel"TBa B I1naCTl1"leCKOM 06JlI1Ke 31J,~U-[Hl1 H I1CIIOJlb30BaHHl1 opnepos, He06.bfLfHbJe npOCTIXJHCTl3eHHble penrennn, CKJJOHHOCTb K nOK:L3HbIM
0'1' uincpsepou 11 «ononuan Eepr-H1H H' Al-IGlM6JLb C03}la.R~UIC}l
C Xv u., «orna nancrco nepr rvnoci, B PH M. l1~tej-JHO na npHMepe ::!Toro Cl'pOI1'J'e!lbCTBa, rne ua npOTHJKCHI1H IIO\'X C nO!IOBHI-1Q}1 C"rOJleTHi;[ TPYAHJI H Cb neml'l:n:iw,le "'TJJ1MIHCKHe i\'laCrCpa, C-1'~tTIOBHTClJ ocoeenno OClel<HAI-roi1 HenpcPbwHOClb 3BOJIIOllHH HCKI'CCTB - OT 3nOXH Pelle.ccaHCJ '" HI1J10Tb l-\o},'Vlll13
124 qTO )KE TAKOE EAPOK](O'
3cjxpCKTaM.111YJ )[(C B03I-Il1K3er sonpoc: KaT{ sccnpnunM3Tb 'Ie - MJ-IorOtIl1cneJ-Tllble - TBopeHl·UI, lCOTopbre 0'1'HOOITCH K Apyn1M HarrpaBJleHI1HM' K «areropan IU13CCI1- L(I1CTWICCKoro 1-\063BllJ!e'TOI 1'01'1-\3 IlOH5ITI1C ('POKOKO<'.
C TlVlb POI(OI(O CB~3JJ-I C oprraMel-rraJ[bHT,IM uanpa 1.1- JleHHCM, POlJ,l1BlllHMClI BO <!JpaJ-ll.\HH 1.1 KOHlJ,C
OT 6apOKKO K POIWKO
CI1C~l1cj)J1K3 POKOKO onpenezrsercn ,[IBOHKl1M oopa- 30M: ao-nepestx, nOCpe,[lCTBOM H,[IeHTl1cl)HKa~HI1 C HCTorcaMl1 aroro opHaMeHTJJIbHOrO T-T3npaBJIeI-Il1JJ - pOKaI1JUI, pozmmuerocs BO (I)I)(lH~1111 Il KOHIie ),_rVII B.; BO-13TOpbIX, 6narOtlap.a rrOCJlC1-\OB3TCJJbHOlYIY crpexneuuro MT-lOI'l1X apXI1TeKTopOB XVIII 13. (OC06CHHO HeMCl\KI1X) nepeOCMblCJII1Tb ,'10CTI1>KeHI151 npezunecrsyrouiero CTOJleTlUl: YCJ1JIeHl-lOe BJ-IH1v131-IHe K BH)'TpeI-IHI1M. npOCTpaHCTB<lM, ,[IOCTI1)KCl-lI1e MaKCHNI3nbJ-IOfl rJ16ROCT!1 B CO'-IJICl-leHH!IX Me/K1-\y pa3JH1'-IHbTMI1 <.faCT51MH apXHTeKJ'ypHOrO CoopyJKeHIUJ, HCI10J1b30- sanne YKpalIIeI-TJ.111 1-\.'151 CM5lrL[eHHli C1"p)1J<TYPHOH iKCCTKOCTI1, OTJ-IOCHTeJlbHOe npeneopeacenue K cp3Ca,liy. Ho ace 31'11 npmruanu 'JaCTl1111-l0 )'IKe 6bIJ111 peanu- 30BaHbJ apXl-'lTeKTOpaMI1 XVII B. 60PPOMI11-IVl, 1'BapH.HH, Kpl1C'1'Oq) T1 n03,[1J-ICe Horan H ,lI,HTL\o-!Xoq)ep, Hel~'MaH, B Cy~I-IOCTI1, pa60TaJIH B OAHOM uanpaslleHI1I1, n03TOMy sonpoc 0 pa3rpaJ-lH'-reHHH Me)K)J;y 6apOT(l(O 11 POKOKO OCTaeTCll cJpe3BbrQaHI-l0 !1eJ1HKaTHbIM.
XVIll G. npO~lHT(lTll1e
11 apxu'rctcrvpy (BBCPXY naBJ.iITbOH AM,vlvreH- 6ypr B M10llxeHC) ucxoropue H3 cro 'lepT - xpvnKocrb, Hc60J1btul1C paa-iepu, rl-J6KOCTb m'II-IHti, OTlGl3 0'1' nOKa3Hofi POCKOlllH, sxyc
K yelJ;J.-Tf-leHHbll\rl H H 1-(THMHblM npocrpaucr- 1l~1M -ll.310T KJlTOt.T
K [lOHI1M:ll-THTO pOKOKO. 310T CTI-mb n04TH HC- 1(]]IO'I11'ncl1bJ 10 OTHOnnc5I l( npl1llaTHOT;1 apXI'ITeKTYpc -[(OPOl1elKKHC pe3vllJ,CHllHI1, saroponuue IJ,OM'1. Onl-TaKO cro 1-1C110Jlb- 30U;[J111 H IS peJIHl'H03- HOi'1 apXHTeKT)'[)C - OC06CI-IHO l-r;t 101'C r'epMaHHH.
. ..J:tJTII! lWACCW1ECKOE EAPOKKO) 125
OT PeHeccaHca R 6apOIm:o
Ecrnt EOPPOMUHH H HeI1MaH, HeCOMHeHI-TO, I1PHl-IJ,lllIeJKaT K OtlJ-I0!1 Tpa,lJ,l'IT(I1H, TO MeJI<,Dy EOppOM.H1Il1 11 Ma,[IepH0I1 pa~3}lI111H51 1<)'):1<1 60nee cyutecrseaau, OCHOBHa5I 1"P),,[IHOCTb COCTOI1T B TOM, LJT06bJ onpenenars, xorna PHMCKOe 6apOKKO OT,1(eJLVlJ]OCb OT Peneccanca 06wmo ero "3::1 pmKT\eHl1e" OTHOOfl' K H3'-l3JTy XVII B., 0603 na lLaH TeM caMblM nepCXO,llHbII1l1epHOA, KOTOPblH 6y,[l1'O 6bl OX13aTblBaeT nepnyio QCT13CPTb sexa. OO,[l06I-loe MHC1-IHC 130- ,jo6n<1/l,;)nOHC cpa3)': Bypxxapm, BeJIbcjJJlHH, PI1r'Jlb - nepsue HCKYCCTllOIlC1-\bl, xcropue BBeJlE TepMI1H ,,6apOK](0') 13 H<ly'-!HbIM 060P01', - CL[I1T2JIJ-I HCTO[(OM 31'01'0 CTI1- !TH TlloplleCTBO MHKeJraH,!l)KeJJO BTOP011 (TOJlOBHT-Tbl XVI B. B A:JJTbHeI1IIIeM, C noaanemrex TepMI1I-Ja <'MallbepH3M", 113 rrepHO,llH3a~J1H 6apoJ(]«) 6bma I1CKJl!OLJeHa ero nepsaa Cp333 - ra, <.fTO OTL(eJI>IJla J\lJI-IKeJJaH,!l)KeJ10 OT KOJ-lIP CTOneran. AplJT,vrCHTI,I B nOJ1(3)' 3'1'01'0 peWeHl15I cneayer
JI 106011 nocerwrem, GlJIOHa n ANC1ILMeuoypre TCp5Je-r OPI-1- eHT~lUHlO H3-3a MlIOmLlHC'lel-IHbIX acpican 1-1 0C:06blM 06pa30M paCnOJIO)l(CHHblX OKOH. Herro n0,1106- HOC npOHCXOAHT
H BO (l)paHlJ,y~cKO~'[ mlBHl1bOHe TpHal-IOH
R Bcpcane, rile )' f10CCTHTeml, cana ncpcc'ryrrnnrnero rtopor, cosl~aeTC.?l nllCGaTJICI-lHC~ 6W(TO on lla'IHH;ICT BpalUaTbc~ B01(P)'1' C06CI'Bel-)Hor~ OCYL 13031>10)1(1-10, 3'1'0 cnenCTBHC npncyuieu HMeHHO POKOf(O OC06CHHocni - Hrphl c npOCTpaHCTBOM.
126 'UO )KE TAKOE EAPOKKQ?
l1CKJTb cxopee B l1CmpHH )KHBOnHCH, CleM apxrrrexrypu, KOTOpaJ1 K 1600 r: euie OQCHb ,[IJJICKa OT TCX HOBUIeCTB, KOTOPbIC npHBHOCH'I' KapaBaWKo MIIV! npC,IJ,CraBl1TCJII1 00- JIOHCKOro aKJi:(CMI13Ma Kappa-re. O,QI-IaKO 3'1'0 penrenae Heger K npoaany B nenpepsnnro« P,l:3BHTll!1 apxnrexrypbI - BbllDAaer nepnozr MC)I<,.W] 570 I1 1620 rr: OrCI01\3 BO;)I-Il{KaeT oTLIH60"lI-IOe npenctaanenae 0 KOT-Iqe Aryl 13, KOTOPblIl BblrJ.(}lAI1T HCHCl,[lC)I(J-IbIM I1 6blCfPO 3a6bITbIiVI 1)'nI1KOM, a H::tC],FlO XVII B. BOCrlpl1HHlvlaCTCJl KaK BPO,ll1 He'repnennnoro OlKI1,'J,aHI15I HOBbIX LUCAeBpOB, rOTOBbJX B03- l-IvJl(j-i)'Tb na )I)Ke nOI~rOTOB!leHHotj A'Ill Hl1X no-rse,
'Ie, c03AaHHJH, sepo- 5111-10, /'J,;Ky3crrrre I_J:HM- 6aJIo), "aHl"Jmi'ICKoe 6apOKKO,) (nsepxy ucpxoui, CeMHTlJ:)[(OPiVK-HH-3e-I1CT, nocrpocnuaa 1'1I1KOJIaCOM XOKCMYPOM) OTnfiY:;leTCil ycroa-nrBOCTblO cpeanenexcIlblX rpannunrt, KOTOpsre II ucpso« Cll)"Iae xaparcrcpnr, -'VIi! ncero 3HCaM6Jl.H, a EO BTOPOM npOilBJI}[[OTGl B MHoroyrollbHOI~ oaUTeHKe Jut( KOnOKOJlbHel1. PHMClwe EJIHHHHe OTCy1'ClSyCl H TaM, K 3l1ech. Cscpx 'roro, OqeHh nsnmn.re cxym-trrypnue yKpa[JTeHHlI qiacaua B uepKBH Carrra-Kpo-re CBfil\eTem,Cl'BYK1T 06 aKTHBl-IOM YCBoe.J,u'llI peHeCGJHCHbIX MOTHBOB - I-leYTO n0/106- Hoe rrpOHCXOAI1JJO
11 B I1cn;U-lHo.
cnoru mOnOJDKlI.lOTC5I 127
HeOIlpe).,leJIeHHOC'J:h 6a pO~~o TCpMl1HY "OapOKKO" HeJIb;)J1 AaTb KOHKpeTHoe onpeiJ,CJICI-lHe, H BCTaeT EOnpOC, CTOI1T JIH 9'1'0 ).,IeJIJ'1'b. Bo ~'J J rorux O'1'HOLUel-IH5IX rrp06JIeMa sra OTHOCHTC5I CKOpee K ncropaorparpaa, 'lCM K l1CTOPl1!1. ITOH5I'1'l1e OapO({KO, paapaoorannoe 13 npOUTJIOM CTOJIeTl1l1 AIm pea6vLJlHTal\1111 AEyX BeK013 I1TJJlh5!I-lCKOrO ncxyccrsa, He MO)f(eT 6bITb nepeneceno 13 crpepy vUY'lCHI1J1 I1CnaHCKoro, rOJ1JIaHACKOf'O, aHnIl1HC!<Of'O KnK rppamryacxoro I1CKYCCTBa, "lbe 3Ha"leHl1e ne onpCAeJl5IeTCJ1 OOJIee HJIH MeHee Bblpa>KeHHblM CrpCMJICl-II1ClVl nOAPa:JKaTh Pl1MCKI1M l1JIl1 'fYPl1HCKHM xy,'l;O>KI-lHKaM H apxnrexropaa. IToCJIC 9nOXl1 Peaeccauca pa3JIH'lI-lbIC I1CICYCCTB3 rrepecrator pa3Bl1EJThCJl CI1HXPOHHO. O'leBl1L\I-IO, 'ITO 13 KaHyl-I XVII B. l-IOH3TOPCKHM I1CKYCCTEOM. npezicraer OTH10L\h He apXI1TeKT)'pa: Al-IHI16aJIe Kappa=e, Kapaeaztxo, Py6el-IC - TpH BeJIl1KIIX l1MeHII 13 061-IOBJICHI1I1
nOCnCMaI-lbepI1C'1'CKOH )f(l1BOnl1- __ '._--. ............. ...
Cl1 - na OAHO I1JIH AEa noxoneHl1ll onepC)](3IOT B CBoeM '1'BOpxecrne EepHHHH H EOPPOMHHl1. YCTOC!QI1BOCTb Tl1rrOB l1 MOW:b pen10HaJ1bHbIX l-IarrpaBJICI-mll co- 3/,\aIOT no MCHbIllCM MCpC CTOJ1h )Ke YCTOH'-Il1syro CTpYKT\'PY, KJK 11 'ra, 'lTO B03Hl1KJIa B pesynsrare pacnpocrpaaeaax Pi1MCKOM MOp,eJIH rro acen Enpone, B rpovanHOM KOt-mJIeKCe 6apO'-IHbIX naMJlTHl1KOB TOQHOMY onpenenel-JI110 rrOMae'1'CJl JII1LUb O,[lHO - nee OH11 5I13.TI5IIOTCJ1 HaCJleAHIIKaMI1 PCT-ICCCaHca. CJIO)f(HOe CDJleTel-I11C MeCTI-IbIX TpaAl1l\I1H II BJIl15!T-1l1l1, MHoroo6pa311e nepeXO)J,HbIX CPOpM, l-IaJIO>KeHI1H 11 C/J,Bl1rDB npaztaior HM 3KJleKTI1QI-IbIH xapaxrep, C KOTOPblM 6Y)J,er rrOKOHQeHO TOJIbKO 6JlarOl-lap5I HacTynJIeHI1l0 HCOKJIaCCI1L\113Ma, 03J-IJ'-!JBIlierO paspsm C npenmeCTBYIOI.I.\CH srroxori.
A norpeoao« 68- POKKO MOJKHO CCJHT3.TT, HtnOMepHYlo nb!lJ1HOCTb (I<OTOPY!O AOJIT'Oe BpeMA. HMeHOBJflH ,·qYPpI1T'epeCKHOM", XOTil 3aQaCTYlo OHa He HMeeT HH'[ero o6urero C '-lYPjJw'epo~i) HcnaHCKOT'O I1CKyccm3 KOHll,3
XVII - HJ'lJJIJ
XVIII BB. Ero He3aBHCHMOCT'b OT HTaJlbHHCKI1X oopaauon unonHe OCleBl1,L(Hd (BHH3y cjJJCJA cooopa B CaHTbl1T'O-,1I.e- Koxirroc'reJIa). Ha me,1l.YIOw.er1 cTpal-lHqe - BCCTH- 6!OJlb ABOPUa 13eJIblleAep Il Bel-Tee
CB11)J,ETEJIbCTBA 11 )J,OKYMEHTbI
,<I1T<1Jlb}lHl\bl vrtpexaror nac B TOM, eITO Mb! 130 cDpaliL\I1B B03Bpall},aeMCH K rOTBLleCKOMY BKyey, LITO H<llUH KaMI1Hbl, 30I)OTble WK;nY!llm, cepeopmran rrocyaa 'rare I1CKpHBJIeJ-lbl H 3<lKp}"'leHbL, U10BI-I0 Mb! noreprrnn rrpeacrannemre
o I(pyr-e n xsaztpare, '-ITO nee [-r;)U_IB yxpamenna C'['ar-lOUHTeH 6apOY]-lbnlH CBepx BClTKot\ »iepsr-.
ill~pJJb'[(e Epoe "P!J-tmu;ytJ-Ibte nUCb.MCi 06 Hmanuu-, 1.739
130 CBI1,ll,ETEJlbCTBA 11 ,QOT{Y MEHTbI
POJIl. almp;eMIlii: ...
POjE)J,eHHe £)_JpaHI.J;Y3CKOH 3CTeTHKH
B XVll 6. <1>pal-lUp5l petuumensno ecmynaem 6 PH()bt m60pteOCU ooapeuuux nauuu. OHa oopauiaemoi
1C C06CmBel-tNblJ1;l mpaouuun»; ucnumueaem ZOPOOO1'lb
sa mo Bl-tUMaHUe, C xomopuu om:HOCUmC511C uccyccmey «opom; YCBaUBaem YP01CU OpeeHUX Zpe1COB UPUMJlfll-t. Teopemuuecsue oe6ambt npuotipemasom oqiuuuansnui; cmamyc e PaM1Cax 0(J-106aHHOU 81671 2. 1CopwzeeC}(;Qu A1WOCMUU apxumexmypu.
M one)] b yKpm.l1cHHl1lfJ nO'J'O)IKC
B 60JIbf.llOM 3;))le l1Crrrp:IJIhHOll 60)lbI-THI~bl BJII10HC (1311113)1) XOP0f.110 nO](J%Iuaer, I-1aCKOflbKO CHJlbHh[J\-1 6hlJLO YlT~.JJlbJ[HCI(Qe BJllliIHHe RO <J:>paHUI1H XVfl G. -
B Y~ICTI-[OCl'H) BeJllILJeCTBe(-JHbIX PHMC]C[-1X AeKop:Il.\VfMM H KeJI;n'[W[(eIfO (B anIlGIH)
H 6paTbeB Kapp;lf(e (n;)JtaIl.Il.O ([)apne3e).
CKOJlhl<O llpeMeHH IIpOUJJlO C rex IIOP, 10K Mhl BO CPpaHl.\HH nOHH'J'I111 He I1Me.Il11 0 TOM, YTO raxoe npeuocxozrnas )fG1BOnHCb li I1CTI1IIl-IOe YMeHl1e XOpOITIO CTPOyITh' JIl1lTIb nsa CTOJJeTl1!l H:l- 3a):l HaYaJ111 Mbl pJCII031-1:111:lTb 31'11 Kp:1- C01H 11 CT:1JII1 rrOHI1M:1Tb, B CHIIY 'lero Yt.laJIOCh ,'1peBI-ll1M MaCTepQM C0:3t\3Th CTO)!b npenOCXO):lHOC HCI<yCCTBO. BepHO, YTO H3ll1l1 nepssre KOpO.llT1 IIOCTPOI1J1H MI-IOJKeCTBO 3,ll.aHHl1, KOTOpue 11 cerozrus C1ll1):1eTeJlbCTBYIOT 0 MOll(YI VI Bem1CjHI1 rocyaapcrsa, HO noCKOJIbKY I-Ie 6bJJIO Y j-]HX mO,'1elt, cnoC06HbJX AOCTOtiHO OCYll(tCTIlHTh I1X I-IaMepeI-lI1H, Mb1 HCHO Bl1/lHM, <ITO B 3THX lleJJT1Kl1X TBopeHHHX - malll-lblM 06pa30M, HaUlHX ucpxnax - TOflbKO paenne I'OcYJ:(apeI1, 6Jlal'O<lecwfe H3- PO,'13 11 BeJlHClHe coop)')KeHl111 nocronm.r BOCXHll(e]-!I1H < ... >.
JII1UJh He3a,l.(oJU'0 no (l1paHll;I1CIGl I
y <ppal'l U,Y3CKf1X a pxurcxropon H xy,ll.OJKHI1KOB CJIOHHO 6bI OTKpbl.~HCb rnaaa, 11 OC03H:1JlH 01-111, l-IaCKOJlbKO HX HaYKa mnKt, qeM Y AP BHHX rpexos 11 PHMJl51l-1. OAI-r3KO Bbl COr)13CWreCh co MHOll, LITO BOT fMe 8 TeQeHl1C era ]JeT Haq;IJl11 C03,1:(aKlTh 3,[jtCb T:1KI1C BelljH, xoropsre nO,l.(3I01' l-Ja,l(Or<!.1)', CjTO npn-
CBI1,ll,ETEJIbCTBA 11 ,QOKY!vIEI-ITbJ 131
ner AeHh, xorna ~Ihl nn Il CleM lie veryrrHM ::JTHM J~peBl'II1M MOI-JapXHlIM - KilK B I1CKYCCTBe, TaK H BO BceM JJpOCJeM.
I'vIOJKliO AaJKe CI<;13aTb, qTO Y)Ke ceaxac BI1AHM Mb{ HaCTYnIleHYIe 3'1'0['0 C'JaCTJlI11l0ro AI-IJi, JJO'l'OMY YTO KOpOJJh, YlMe51 HaMepeH11e nOKa33Tb rrOTOMCTllY lleJIYlYHe csoero l(3PCTIlOB<LI-IHll, )'Kpamaer gOM3 CBOH H npannekaer B KOpOJIeBCT80 cnoe MHOfHX lle!lHKI1X .lllOlJ,eT1 6JJarOAemIHHMI1, KOTOPblMH oct.maer I1CKYCHblX M::ICTepOB < .. .>. MOJKHO ]IYl 60Jlee npesoanecrn H3Hll(Hble HCKYCCTB3, <I eM y<]pel~Hll AiG1ACMI1I0 )KI1BOrrHCH H CKYJlblTI'Ypbl, K3.K 3TO C,I.(eJl:!JJ 01-1' AK<lt.leMHlO 3T}' lXI3MeCTH.fl 01-1 npl1 CBoel1 3BrYCTel1IJJcti ocoee, ocsman ee IIo-qeCTITMH H npI11311.llerWIMH, Aa6bl oopena 01-13 P,O)DKJ-IbIl1 noxer B name BpeMH H senaxyto CJJaBy B 6YAYI1\eM; OI-l COACP)KI1T npenoaasarenea, 3:1H5!TbIX 06y"lel-1HeM lOHomeCTB3, Bpelvl!! OT 'BpeMel-lH j'ClpC)K,I1:1eI' l-larp:1):1bl ~'HI noOlIWCI-lHH Y'1CHI1KOB 11 ):I~l)Ke H36Hpael 113 HVIX K3)l(,l1bII1 rO,'1I-ICC!(O.llbKI1X YeJlO- 8eK, -qT06bl OTrrp3IlHTb I1X B l-1Tam11O ,[VU! COBepl.IItI-1Cf'BOB:lliI1H B 3TOM I1CKYCCTBC < ... >.
.. _M Hep;OC'l'aTKH (ppaHIJ;Y3CKoro C'l'IlJHI
M.bl Blf):lHM ,ll.OMa, xoropsre npencrasJHllOT co6oti I-Ie 60Jlee CleM XaOTI1<1HOe CO<1eTaI-lHe BbIABI1H)'ThlX Imepe,l:( 31J,aI-IHfi C 3:1AHHMH rtpncrposircasur. onnaKO :lBTOpbJ 11X CLJHT:lIOT CBOH COOPY)KCHHH npcI30CXOAHhTMH, eCJJl13pWreJm Bl1AH'!' CTOJJbKO)](e fOJJOI3, K:lK Y ranpsr, H CTOJJhKO JKe pyK, K:lK Y Bpnape», OJ-m C<IHT:tIOl' npHHTHbJM pa31-1006pa- 3l1eM TO, YTO Bee LJaCTl1 crpoenna 8blfJflll-\HT HenpallHJlbHblMH Ii[ necopaaMepHbIMI1;. YTO p83HbIX Op,I:(epOB !-W HHX oom.me, L[eM xorna-naoo 6h1JIO Y rpexos u pl1MJH1H; YTO 6eC'1HCJleHHbTe yrcpaureuua noxpuua 101' necs <paCl,l.(; \ITO «puura COCTaBJlHeT nO'ITH [[OJ1O-
11111-IY 3,l1<lI-U-l!!, B ](OTOPOM I1MeeTCH JleJIHKOe MH())KeCTBO BOllG1X YI'JlOIl 1,1 HePOBHocTei1.
YlMel-Il-!O nosronv onnu H3 MOI1X npyscri, 06JlaA<llOLU'Fll1 Benl1KHMH 1103- llal-lHHMH B MaTeM:lTwreC](I1X Hayl<ax, rOBOpl1JI ~me 11 uiyncy, p:131~11lt\bIBaH 3AaHHe nonoonoro pozta, YTO OXOTJ-JO nOi\HSl!iCll 6hl B 1l03,'1Y'X, na raxoe MecTO, OTKYA3 Mor 61-.1 HG-lO y1lHI-1eTb see 3TH tcpsntrn noeeauiero 'rrma, IIOCKOHbK)' 0 'LIKI1X npa-rvnmmux JlITHHsx I-Ie senan caM 3BKJII1):1, H K;]JKeTOJ, 6YATO 3TH apxarexropu ~UMblCJlH}]H C03,1.(31'b TaKHe (1)111YPbI, 1<3KI1X npexne liH](orAa He BHt(bIB3J1H
OO:3'l'OM)' CJIC):IyeT npnana-n; 6011bWHHCTBO 113 pa60T:lIOll\HX 1'lblHe H )Ken3lOll\HX conm 3;1 apxarexropon H3bICKI1KlJOT Mepbl 11 IIjJonOjJI\11 H II llmrype ye.1l0BeyeCKoro Tella, ](a]( ),'!yIT I1X BI1TPYB11l1, HO MO,l:(C}I}TMH CBOI1MI1 H3611palOT OTHIO):lb He ripeK1JaCHhlC ;lHTHYHble CT:11)'I1. Cxopee MO)](l-IO nOAYMaTb, "ITO rrpHMepOM cnyzcar 11M q:mryPhl KvIO B GIMblX paanooopaaaux nosax, H60 rpanep 3TOT Il CIlOHX rporecxasrx pl1CyHK3X p:m>J1eqeliHlI pa,'111 V!306pa)K3JI JllOAel1, y KOTOPh1X CJJHH:l H IlJJe'TH nsuue ronossr, PYKH C!lOM:1I-lbl nnnuuxpyqel-lbl, aora pa3HOT1 ):I.flHl-lhl, a npn-rcCKH npeaocxounr 06beMOM scio OCTaJIbT-I)'IO OAe)!(,I1Y. 11 B HX nOC1'POI::[Kax see qaCTH llblrJl5lt.lHT l-:J3VBe<lel-lJ-1hlMH, ra« <ITO B0I1.1l0U.j'llOT 01~11 C0601~1 1-111(npOJJOpW1lO H HepaBHOMepl-IOCTb, XOTll ,l:(OJl)KI-Ibl 6hlJlH 61,1 nOt.lpa)](;)Tb npexpacuon CFfMMeTpl1H H pa3YM!-loo: npIKT0I11-IOCTYI XOpOIliO C110- )KeHI-IOrO -icnoseaecxoro Tena: npallHJIY 3TOMY 1-1)')](1-10 cJle,[jOl3aTb BO scex Coop)T)KeJ-J.HHx, K:lK ,l.(en;tJlI1 neJ{()f',LI,:l ApeBT-me.
AHApe Q)C!IH6beH -Beceou 0 »cusnu U 11'l60peNWlx uaunynucux cpeou ojJe(mux U I-10Gb/X xyOOJICI-I.U1W6'), T. II, OapH)K, 1687
1'1" ,.
132 CBI1,[(ETEJIbCTBA 11 ,lJ,OKYMEHTbI
IIpeBocxop;cTBo rpe'leCKHX opp;epOB Hap; JIaTItHCKHMH
ITpHLUJla MHe II rOJIOBY MbJC!Ih, KOTOPOI1 XOq), nozrerurrscn. cnenyer paaaernrn, H;,! ABe 'I;,!CTVI WITb opztepoe apxnreicrypsr J1 llhTAenl1Tb OTAeJThHO Tpl1 opaepa, xoropsre MbI rrOJlyqI1JII1 OT rpeKOIl, - ,110pl1qeclulli, I101-II1cIecKHI1: H KOPl1I-IqJClmH. 11x MOlKHO C rrOJIL-lbIM rrpasoxi aassars T..\BeTOM VI COBepLUeI-ICTLlOM opnepos, H60 I-Ie TO)]bKO 3aKJlIO'I;'!IOT 01-111 B ce6e BClO xpacory, HO T;(KlKe H see 1l0Tpe6HocTH apxHTeKlyphT, 1l0CKOJIbl<y I1MeeTCll JIl1lllb TpH crroco- 63 CTPOHTb, 2 HMeHI-IO rrpO'II-IhTH, cpeaHl1fl yl 11311LUHbIl1, 'ITO npeBOCXOAHO I3bIpalKeI-IO Il :9THX rpex opnepax, H BOnee He HY;K,l\aJOTCiI OHH B ,lJ,ByX ,D:pyrI1X (TOCK;'!HCKHI1 H KOMrr03TJTI-lhIH), KOTOpue, 6y)),)fCIH llaTHHCKHMH H TeM caMhlM If)lJK,ll;bIMH HM, 06pa3Yl0T CJIOBHO 6bl COBepmeHHO 11J-J)IJO noponv, or-rero fIJIOXO C HI1MH COrJlaCYIOTC}! <,,>.
ECJIl1 npl13HaTbCH 110 COBCCTH, l1I',leeM m.f Mbl npauo 1l0-llPC)!<HCMY Ha3bIears AOpHYeCKl1t,ll1, 110J-lH'IeCKHMI1 H KOPI1J-JcjJCKI1MI1 Tpl1 3THX 6e1\Hb1X op-
CTpOHTellhCTIlO uepKllI1 B BaJlb-,lje-fpac (BBCPAy), H:lCl:lTOC II 1645 l'.lv[;lHcapoM, 6Y/1eT 3,WepWCI-Io 1'O)lbl(O B 1662 r.
nepa, K2)[<,D,0,l11-leBHo yp0,Ll,YCMhIX H HCTil3aCMhlX H:1IllHMH pa60Tl-ll11G1MHI OCraJl:lChllH B I-IHX XOTb K:maJl-I·m6V1\h Y<lCTb, KOTOjXliI He nO,lJ,IlepmaCb 6bl riary6HOi\ry H3MCHCHHIO? HbIHe C TPYiJ,OM MO/KI-IO Hai1:TH 11 apXHTeKTOpa, KOTOPbII1 He nortryura.rcs 6hl cnenosars nYYlllli,\ol oopaanaa :ltITWIHOCTH: see OHH lKeJIaJO'l' CTPOJ1Tb rro co6CTBeHf10H cjJaHTa3EH 11 AYM:llOT, '-ITO nonpa )IGIHHe ecn. Y,ll;elI nonaacrepsee, TOrA<l K<lK Macrep I-IenpeMeHHO AonlKeJ-l COopymrn, He '1'1'0 HOBoe; 3TH )KallKHe mOAH eooopaacnor, 6YATO HeKHH cl):lJ-lT:lCTH'-!eCKHH KapHH3 l1]1Vf HeYTO APYroe 13 TaKOM »ce pone oana-raer C(3)),aHHC H0130rO opnepa H HMeHHO B ::JTOM COCTOHT TO, qTO HMeHYIOT TBOp'IecJ'HOM, KilK eC!Il1 6bl Ilarrreon - IlcnHKOJTenHOe 11 necpasnexnoe 3/CI;!Hl1e, J(Oropoe 11 ceilc12c MOlKJ-lO YIlH,IJ,CTh Il PHMe, - I-IC 6hUI COTBopel-1 TeM, I{TO ero ,J:IOCTPOl1fl, XOTH KOPHHcj)cKHH opzrep, 113 xoroporo OJ-llJ,eJlI1KOM COCT2BneJ-l,
CBH,ll,ETEJIbCTBA ,-1 ,lJ,OKYMEHTbI 133
He rrOHCC IIHK3Koro yu\ep6a. 0 TanaHre apXHTCKTopa J-lYJK.1l0 CY1\HT], 1-IC no OT,C\CJlbrlbIM ,CI,eTaJIJlM, HO no rapMOHI1H BCCm TBOpeHI1l!. 3TH CKYlIOYMHble, 6y,!\Y'I11 He n CI1JUX rrOCTI1Yb YI-[HBepCaJIbHylO npapony HCJ..')7CCTKl 11 11031-1<lTb ero 110 BceM 061,eMc, 13bIHYiK.D:eHbL 33- HI1M;1TbCll MeJIOCIaf>ll1, OT KOTOPblX He Mor)1'f OTKa3aTbCll, rrOCKQJIbL<y Her y HEX npyron uenv H e<lMI1 no ce6e OHI1 6ecnJIOAHbl: HAeH I1X CI'O.!Jb nepasvnHhl H l-II13KH, qTO LIe cnocoonu OHH rrp0l13BeCTH 1111'-IerO, KPOMC ziercopaTI1BHbTX MacoK, ,11pm-IHblx pa.lVloC!eK l1 npocIl1x OKXOTBOPJlbIX rpOTeCKl-IbIX YKpaweHHH, KOTOPhlMH nOHC'l"I1He KHIllI1T HOB:lH apxnrexrvpa < ... .>,
<ITO p;o ~1Cj-[}I, TO H H3X())KY CTOllh IIe- 06hlYI-IYIO H COBeplllCHHylO xpacory B TpCX rpeQeCKI1X opaepax, 'ITO ABa I'lPYnIX J!aTHJ-JCKI1X MeWI B cpallHeHHH C tll1MI1 He -rporaior; /C1:t H rrpH)l.aH1-IhII1
HM panr HconpOBCp)KHMO CBT.f,l1eTcnbcrnyer, YTO MeCTO WHI HHX OCraJIOCb 'l'O!LbKO HJ rcpaxx, nocxonsicy nysmero 0I-I11 He 3aC!1),)IG1B3K)T LJ:epeBeHcKI1I1 06m1K H III1II(:lH npocrora TOCKaI-ICKO- 1"0 rrpH13eJIH K H3f'rr3HHIO ere H3 ropo,Il,OIl H K CCb1)]Ke B ,110]lla cpena nonea, HeT eM)' 60JIbille p;oC'ryna B xpaMbl I1JIH ,lJ,BOPT\hl, cran 01-1 nOCJle,ll,HHM H:l scex 11 CHOIlUO 6b1 rOHHMbIM. 'iTO,lJ,O sroporo, KOTOPb1l1 B3!,\yM3n nepemeronrrrr- [(0- pm-IcjX:KHI1 H J-l:t3BaH 6bW KOMnO:lHTHbIM, TO 01-1, no CylK.,Llel-lHlO MOCMY, Ki'NL 6e3paccYlll-lee nepnoro H uc ,ll;OCTOI1H AJ)!,e J1MCHOll:lTbCll opnepora, )160 noCJIYlKHll npHYHI-IOH nponmoueii B apXH'I'CK"IYPY CM)1'fbl, C rex nop KaK pa- 60TI-lHK)1 n3HJlI1 CMe]]OCTb onponepraTI, I1pCW·1HC<lI-II1H ,lJ,peBHHx H :l3f151- JIHCb BCJIKoro pona ronICJCCKHMH npnYYI,<lMH, C03,D,3B nernncoe MHOlKeCTIlO )1J(paWcI-lHti, 1-I0CHII(I1X :3'1'0 vLMlI. ,lJ,06- PblH BHTpy11l1fI YlKe B Tt IlpeMC1-I<I npcnnnnen, K KilKHM Ilpe1l.HbIM nocnenCl"BHH,M npusezrer mo6011b K HO[JlllCCTBaM, «oropas mane ,a:OXOAI1T y)Ke 110
nOJ1l-lofl pacrryutennocrn 11 3:l6BeHHR npa13I1J1, xo'roprce AOJDKI-IhI 6hITh HepywI1Mbl.MH; H 60J[t3Hb 3T<I YCH.l1I1BaeTCH C I<a/K/~hIM ,!.I,HeM, 11 HeT nponm nee nOCJTH IiHK3Koro nexapcrna,
O,!.l,l-laKO eCJlH 6bI namn uosue saxel'C!1I11-1eCKOJlbKO yMepHTh paCI1YlI(eIIHOCTb CBOlO H OCTaThClI B npenenax PHMCKOf'O opnepa, HHbIMH C)IOB<lMI1, HCTI111HOrO KOMn03l1THOrO, 13 KOTOpOM HMelOTCH T:lIG1C )Ke ruepztue UpaBHJI3, KaT( H B APyrI1X, TO iI 6bI I Ie CT(333JI 0 HUX nypnoro cnoua, H60 3'1'0'1' OPACP BCTpC<laeTC}! H n;!iVI5!.1'l-Jl1IGlX, C0:1,1J,al-lHblX B C3Mble lI,BeT)1Jl\He cronerna <".>.
Ponan cDpeap {\e llla!Yr6pc .J7apCUIJIe.rfb J1te}IC~V Cll-/,mU'tJ-lOLl U ':'0- Boil (ljJxwne1-Cmypoa", ITapJ1lK. 1650
J1 e MIO:,), OW'111113 apXHTCKI'OP0J.l B,I1II>I_\e-rpac, 6bIJI '1~llv!(e H OI\HHM 113 nepeBOj.14I1KOe BllTpvm1fl - H<lpmw c 10Jo!'10M neppo ,I Po.~aHoM (j)pcapo't<'l i~e WaM6p~.
134 CBH,UETEJ1bCTBA H ,UOKYMEHTbI
EOJIbIIIJle IIIJIXllbl TIOIIJIbpn ...
CKpem;eHJIe B3rJUI,l1;OB:
HTaJIHH H <l>paHD;HH Iiymeutecmeue Eep7-tU1-lU
6 1665 2. 6 IlClpUJIC no. npuenatuenuio JI10006UKCl XIV npueeno 1'C OlDlM 0l111CjJbtmU- 11M: UmaJlb.R1-tC7{;UU.JV13n1{J Y31-taJl 0 cytuecmeoeauuu ¢PctHlf/3C1WU apxumexmypol, a ¢pClHl{}GCJCue npopecCU01-taJlbt u mooumenu -
8 mO}J!I1.£UUle r.ppectp oe IllaumeJlY - n03HClKOMWlUCb
c e20 B321Z.ROaJliIU. Ilpuesscas
B Hmanuto, ¢paHUJ!3bl JlCCl)fCOaJlU ucnumams nompsceHue. Ha B paccxasax UX' nopca 3BJ!Llum pCl3CJLtapOBClHue U OClJICe omspoeennoe neoootipenue.
rrapmKCKHI1 KomJe/l( (]-[],[He .J!I!-lCTHTYJ') 'IeTblpCX l-Ja'-lHtI CTPOHTC5I c 1662 r no npoerov n)~1 Jle Bo, B KOTOpOM BbICOK:m KpOBJIH 60KOBhlX crpocn n 11 cc-ieracrc» C I-IenOMepHo rpoM:I.[II-lOI1 6aJllOnpa,1\oH.
YUHAell KPOBJllO ABOPL1:l TIOI1JIhPH, OJ-! (l3epHHf-(H) CKa3aJl, CJTO OHa CIpe3MepHO BblCOKa H '-ITO nenocra TOK 21TO'1', I-IeCOJ>l1leHf-!O, yCyry6JUlJlCSI C XOl(OM npexeun, H npunert lIO :'lTOMY nOBOIW Cp3B1-leHHC
C clcnOlleKOM, KOTOPbH1 JII06I1T XO!IOlII-lble I-lanJ1TKH Vl BeJII1'l' cnyre CHOeM), CJlei-lI1Tb aa :3TH~·1. Cnyra
C IICPUOfO pasa see nounnaer
H nozraer X03JHlI-IV o-icnr, XO.1l0Anoe rurn,e. 'Y'6eAJ-iBWI1Cb, CfTO cyMen )TOAHTb, OI[ l-I<J cneAyIOf~Hl1 Ael-II, [JO,!l,aCT nHTbC eute xonomree, 3<lTeM erne H eLLIe, noica TIHTbe
He npcnparuacrcn B !le,'\, a X035111I-1 I-[W·lero I-Ie 3aMC'-laeT, eCJll1 TO.'.[bKO He :n60J[eB:teT 0'1' »roro. TOCJHO TaK )Ke 06C]'(J]1T zreno H C [(pOIU[ePi., KOTOpa51 B csoe l3peM5I 6hlJl3 I-IH3KOH: 3aTCM ee cnerxa npHITO!1- l-lJI.1IH 11 [[OCT(rr([-lHO ,C(enanH nee nuute, OT'[Cro B KOHqe KOHqOIl cpal:![-l5I_II:lCb ona TIO I:!blCOTe C OCT<lnbl-[bli\c1 3!J,al-II1Uv!, H HHKTO He 3<lMeTHJ1 :n'oro Y)[ZanlOfO yponcrsa. 51 co CMeXOM OTBeTJ1J1 0-1l', 'ITO KPOH!Ul poena [-Ia M,lJ-Iep W.1I5W,
1-10 Tenep]' MOAa Tpe6YCT HOCHTb I1X TaKI1MI1 HH3KHMH. 'l.TO CARa nOMeU~3eTC51 rOJlOBa, rr021TOMY lv(())KHO OlKl1iPTh, '1TO VI KpOBHH nOI-1ll351TC5I < ... >.
. .. IIepMOJIKa BaJIb-p;e-rpac
CBYl,UETEJ1bCTBA Ii )J,OKYtv!EHTbI 135
OTnpaLlHJ1HCb MbI B Bans-ne-I'pac
OH (5epr-IllHH) llIIHMaTCJJbHO OCMOTpen uepxoiu. H nO,ll,I-IJIJlC5I ua C3MbIH nepx xyno.ia, <JT06bl YIII1!1eTb POCTII1- CH MHILb5lpa. < ... > 3a'I'C]vL OH npMl-IJlJIC5I BIIHMaTeJlbHO lXI3rnH,a:blB<LTh anTapb, B f-I-I Tioficrp CnpOCH.1l, I-:aKoro OI-I MHel-mH 06 3TOM COOp;l)l(eHl1H. OJ-! Hl'I'lU'O He OTlleTH)L, BClIOMHHB TOJIbKO fll06HMYIO npHCKa3KY i\!!r1Ke.1l3[-1p)I(eJlO 6yOLLapOTrH 0 TOM, '-ITO 113paCXOiC(OBaJ-ll-Lble H<I pvlCyHKf'I ,'1el-lhrl'I I1AYT H:J n(UIh3Y mlIllb OAHOMy f1~l COTHH. KOfA<l Mbr BepHl'JIl1Cb gOMOI\ iI cnpOCl1JI ero, nO'ICMY OH I-II1KaK He OT03B3JIC5I 06 :'HOM coopy)KeHI1H. 0[-[ OTBeTHJI, '-lTO )'lKe pa[-lhwe 3<lMC'Ian, [(;]K nJIOXO 21TOT M(JHO!10H a pXHTeK'TOp (HMen 1I BI1AY JIe ,UIO[(a) BOCnpHL-II1M<ler '-lpKHe cnosa:
Ol-l 06paTI1.il H:1 211"0 llHHM3l-lHC, ](0- r,C(a pa3I'OBOp 3awen 0 10iITOJlC BaJlbne-I'pac, KOTOphlH 6YATO 6hI pasea xynony cooopa CB5!TOro Ilerpa B PHMe, XOTH 21'1'0 COBceM LLe T<lK, a 9TOT MOJIO,[\OH apXVlTeKTOp soapaawi, QTO )' lGDKiloro CllOM SKYC, rr021TOM)" He )KemL5I HH](OI'O 06BlK:1Tb,. He CT;W OLL roBOPHTb 0 6e306pa3IIblX )'KIXLllIeHI1JIX :~TOM l_iep[{U11 H rrpo-mx ee [1(3'bHHax, 06C)l)[(,il.an C lIP)'fI1M -rencBeKOM [\'YTIOJI 031-1;]CIellLlOH uepKIlI1, CKa3;UI on, CJTO [1:] 60)IbillYI0 rO)[OBY nauenamr KpOXO,[,J-I)'1O epMO)IKy.
BeIlcaH rrpeBOCxO,ll;IIT JIYBP
Besiepoxr, 0[(0)10 llIeCTH '[,lCOB, Mbl 01'lIpaBHllHcb B l:leHCJI-I TIo npH6[,[TI1H, O)KHI~3l1, «orna I-lafi.llyr npwnp.rrmnca, sauren Ol-l n L1epKOBb ilOMOJIHl3lI.111Cb, oir Il:J'JaJI OCM:JTPllIl3'T'h ABOP H 3!J,aHHe. 51 cxasan, '[TO rrOCTpOHJIH cro DO npHlQ3)' KapAHHana Ma3apmm, KOTOPbJl1 6bIJly11paflHTCJlCM 21T()I'O :JaNlKa. BOHAH BOB[-IYl'Pb H )'11 [1):lell CTOJlh l-lH3JG1e C[Y-
nel-IbI<I'l, OH nHIIIh RcnneCH)'JI pYI<aMH OT H3YMJIeI-IHJI H uu-rcro IIC cxaaan. nO,'IHJIllIllHCb B lIOKOJ1 KOpO_l]5J. 11 I-LanpaBI1BillHCb nOCJIe OCMOTjXlI1X B no[(01'1 xoponenu, 0[-] 3aMeTHn: -TlpctcpacI-IaY! 3,C\eo, ;\llCPl1JI:lg3 KOMl-laT, B Jlyape KOpOJl b )KHBer 1<)','1<1 xyxce- < ... >. OTOOlP OIl npomen n nOKOH KOpO!leBbL-M3- repn, rne rrOXB:lJlHII Me6enb H rr030HO'ry; ctcaaan, -rro nOXOT-\HT Ol-l;\ 1-13 [1030- nOCJe[-IIlYIO 6pOJny; 01-1 Aa)Kt n3JlblJ,eM K HeM npI1KOCHynCll, 'l'ro6hl y6e,C(HTbCH B :~TOM.
BR3RT B BepcaJIb
TIpH6bTB B BepC3.11b, namnn Mbl TaM I'-Ha Jlerto'rpa, KOTOPblVi cpa3y uac rroBe_1I1l GlA; OTCIOAa OJ-! (l3cpHI1HVl) MOf paccnorpers :l3MOK CO scex CTOPOH, H }l 33MeTH.II, [GlK'l']_[(3TeJIbl-lO nonoupacr OF! C,10Ba, 'IT06bl B03,',\aTI> rrOXB,VlY: .0CJeHh H3HIl([-TO H Kpa0[[30, rrOLIHIl3ce nponopunn Co6JI]()/l,eHbl B 21TOM 3aMxe, ,ll,OCTOI11-10M uenakoro rOCYAapl1·'.
Korna MhI cnYCTB.IIHCh K reppaca», rne BeJIHCb pa60Thl, JlellO'I'p rrorcaaan eM)' HJ131-I, cnyC[(]1,L(JU-I rteunrx 11 Ail}l 1(;1- per, OCIeHh XOPOillO 061,51CI-Il1H see, CITO H3Mepe[JaeTC51 Ci'\en:ITb; OTTYAa rrouuru Mhl II L1BeTOLIl-IhI11 can, soxpyr KO'l'OPO- 1'0 vcrpoem.i M:VleHbKHe reppacsr BIk COToVi 1l/:.(K1ll)YT8 HnH OKO)[O roro 11 BhlGL1KCL-lbl BeCfl-lo:)eJIeHble nepcssn C KPOJ-lOH B BHAe 516JI01<a mlH iuapa. Kasanep CK<l33)[, 'ITO Bee sro O'1eHb xpaCHEO - ,1J,;l)Ke CnyCK 13 OpaH)](epCIO, Kyt\;l OH souren, C!'ro6bI H3MepBTh ee tuxpmry < .. >. Bepnyaumcs H 80I~IilH BO gBOp, scrperun 01-1 suxonsuiero KOpO!I5I. Ol-L cxasan Ero BeJlWleCTl3Y, '-lTD trauien see YIlI1AeJ-lHoe I<13HlJIHblM H KpaCHllhIM; 'ITO YllHllJl5IeTCH, OTCJero rocy!1aPb l-IalleAb[l3aeTCJI B CTO!lb npnrrruoe MeCTO ][I1Illb pas B HellCJllO; 'ITO 3301y)KHKleT OHO XOT5I 6bL i_IRyX lXI:J. CKJ3:U-IHoe ViM '1pe3Ilhl'-laHHO nOf-IpaBHHOCh KOPO]][O.
136 CBJ1,Ll,ETETlbCTBA VI ,Ll,OK'llV1EHTGI
JIY'lUIaJ! u;epKOBI. B llap»~e
::laTe,\! J-IaITpaBHJlI1Cb Mbl B COp60Hl-IY. < ... > rTpH6bIB ryaa, !I:J.weJJ 01-1 ,l.(1l0P il0- BOJlbl-IO KpaCl1llhTM. BoFI,l.(fI B uepxom., CKa3:J.JI 01-1, LiTO 1,I:) V13I1AeJ-lI-lbIX 11M II napH)"KC 3T3 - ozura 113 r.y-nuax 5I OTlleTHJI, '1'1'0 CHO,l.( NIue Ka)!(CTC51 1-Il13Kl1M. C :~Tl1M OI-l COl'JlaCI1J1ClI. 51 nooa 11l'lJl , 'ITO IIMTUH lola CIlO,lle WIOXO pacnono)!(.eHbl, pam-TO J<:J.K H noxcmennue II 1-II1K aurcnu, xoropue BnOJIORHH)' MCI-Ihwe ")"01"0, K3KHMH /:\OrDKI-lbl 6hlJIH 6bl 6hITb, HO cCJm 6bl C.IleJ1aJIl1 HX p;OCT3TOYI-IO 60JJbWHMH, 11M npruunocs 6h1 cornvn.oi, nocxom.icy I-lHlllH vcrpoensr B CBOi'l,qa1'Ofl q'lC1'H. OH 3:J.MeTI1JI euie, Y'j"O yrnosi-re rmnscrpr; ,l.(llofiHhle, TOr,l.(a K,IK CJIel-'IOBa}lO 11M 6blTb npOC1'hlMI1, H LITO II q<lCOBHt TOJ1hKO ,l.(ll:l Heq:,a, XOTil 13K 6]']Th HC AOJ]}KHO - I-Ij1)!(J{O nllTh 1!I11H, no KpaflI-lUi Mepe, TpH. 0601111f1 HX,3<lMeTI1}1 OH, '!TO zmepu qaCOBCI-I He pacnonaraTOTOI npvr rrpOTHIl,'IPYTa - H 3TO o-iem, 60JIhIIJO!{ H31>lIH.
nom) cJ:)peap AC UJawreJlY ,,)f(yjJ/-taIl nvmetuecmeun xaeanepa Eej!l-lUHU (10 rPjJaJ-njU10", nap]'-DK, 1665
llJIOrn;a)J;b HanoHa n PHMe
IlnoIl(a,l.(b HaBOI-la, nexorna T,HPK HMneparopa AnCKGU-I,l.(lXl Cescpa, MOrJIa 6bl CClHT3TbC51 upexpacm.r« MCCTOM, eCJIH 6hl He 6bIJU raKOH rpnanoii: 1-10, nOCKOJJbKY 3AeCb pacnonaraerca OIlOIJ,HOfI PbIl-IOK, TO BhlrJIJ1,l.(I1T (_)HJ A)/)!(C, creM nnoiuans M06ep. TCM He MeI-TCe, 1-Ja110 npasnars, "'lTO (l)OHT~lI-Ihl 'rvr HeCKOJlbK[) .nv-nuc, qc',\-! Ha nnouia- 1\H JVI06ep. :'hy ,l.(J1J.1HHyIO H Y3KYIO Il!IOU.\8,[1b < ... > oKpY)KaIOT, B CYU.\HOCTH, ncero ,l.(B;:t rpacana - L1,epK13H CBlITOI~1 Arneccu a 6hlBwero ABOpLl,a IlaMcpYIJ1H, coopY;KellHI1 nO.lcICTI-II-Te BeJIHKOJICnHel;111IHx.5:l etuc He Bl-l,l.(eJI HI-ITCPb-
cp 3TOro ,l.(1l0pJ..:(a, me )!(a)J(AY nOCMOTpen. nOTO!lOK DbCpO iT;a KOPT[)H<l, 0 KO'J'OPOM cnblIII,IJJ MHoro ,'106PbIX cnoa 5I )-?Ke P<lCCK<l3hlB,VI mlM 0 L1,CI-ITpanhHOM <j:JOHTaIlC C nOKpbIThlM HCporm1¢aMH 06em1CKOM, KOTOPhl11 6blJl H,U{ACI-I B caMOM L1,H]JI\e - 0 HeM ClUC H -repea era JlCT CK<1)!(YT, '11'0 ner Il MHpC I-IWlero 60Jlcc BCnl1crec1'BclIrroro H couepmenuoro < ... >. ECll1 )]]0- ,l.(1-I WBOPllT rrpasnv, TO K:lB3.nCp BepI-lHlIH C03,[1a)] 3T01' WC,LIenp p3.,L(H CI1<1- CeHHJl C06C1'BCHHOA )KH:3I-IH. EMy IlPYcmm'I ece ClepTtJKH uepxsn C13ilTOl'O Ilerpa, BCC LJep1'C)KH H 3aMeTKI1 iYIHKCJl<1HI1)!(CnO 11 £paM3.UTe C TeM, CIT06hl 01-1 3:lKOI-I'-lHJl 31'1al-IHll, :)<1MeHHB n rrraI-IC rpC'leCKHH KpeCT na JI3.1TlHCKl1fI: 0l1HI1M C-'IOHOM, paspeummr i\eJraTb see, '11'0 01-1 3aXO'-IeT, 1-10 C Oi_(l-mM ycJlOBHeM - 11I1erero HC Mel-l!!Tb 11 He paapynrars 113 'rom, '1'1'0 )-?Ke 6WIO noCTpOCHU. Korna MHneAllleMY .5epI-II1- 1-11-1 B3,[1YM3.}TOCh npoonrs OAB)' H3 xe'l"bIpeX 31-13.MeHI1TbIX KOJ10I-II-I, CIT06hl pa3MecTHTb lIe60JlblliVIO neCTJ-II-ILI,V, 13eAYll1Ylo H<l Kaq:,er\PY: KYOOH rpccnyn. Ilpnurnoci, CKPCI1JI51Th ero )Kene3HblM 06PY'J:CM. 3TO BOBCC I-Ie UI)'1'IU, o6pyy rare ]-1 ()CT<1nCH Ha 3TOM MeCTe, noCKOJlbKYTpell1l1l-1<l nam.iue He n011IJta. K l-IeCLJaCThlO}lllll xananepa, II 3<L'\!eT«ax i\-IHKCJI<lI-l,ll)!(EJTO I-IaUlJI!1 YIGl3:t1-IHC HC npJ'H{aC;nbC!! sub poena capitis (11.0)1 crpaxosi cMepTHofl IGI3Hl:! (mIT.)) K 'leTblpCM M<LCCl!IBI-lbIM KOJIOI-IH:lM, npl13Jlal-ll-lblM y,'lep)KI1U<lTh qy,llOllHU\I-lbll111ec. Dana XOTen neueCI1Tb 6egl-IofO ECPI-lHHl1, K01'OPbII1I1CKynHJl CllOI~1 rpex, npH,'IYM3B CjX))-ITClI-1 Wlfl n,10IlJ,3.ijl1 Hasorra < ... >, A '-ITO llbI CKaJKCTC 0 uepKBI1 CBilT0!1 Araeccu, 0 ce 110pT;JnC, KOnOKOJIbJ-J!!X, xynone, OB3nbl-I0I1 rpopxre, «onoxnax )(0- PHl-I<j:JCKOI"O opnepa KaK suyrpa, TaK H CT-Ia PY;T(H, 0 cc BenHJ(OJJCI1Hoi:f MpaiVlOpH0I1 06m111011KC, C!<ym,frrypax, 0030!lOTe, pOCnI1CilX, Opl-IaMeI-lT<1X'
CBVI,Ll,ETEJ1bCTBA VI. ,Ll,OKYMEI-ITbI 137
Pa311C HC COf'naCI1TCCh esr, qTO HeT II MI1 pe HI1 xero 60_rree 60raTofo 11 113bICK3HHOW'! Bnpove». MHO roe MmKHO rr03aI1MCTB()llaTh B apxtrrcmype 3TOro 3,[1:11-1HlI - !IC CTOilbKO npaBI1JIbHOro, CKOJIbKO 113YMHTcnhHO xpacnnoro < ... >.
UJapJlb Ae Epoc .111-1lnW,!I-l"bW nUCIrH.a oti Hmanuu (1739-1740),), TOM II, PirminDidot, rIapHlK,1931
Be3y-MHe fBapHHH » IOnaphI
]'vIbl llH.L\I1M uepxons fBapHJ-II1-0TU:l, B 1(01'OP0l1 see K<lEeTCil ¢;UlbillI1BbIM:
K0J10Hl-lbJ BTOpOro opncpa T-re conrra,l.(<lIOT C K(JJIOHI-JaiVlH nepaoro H IlhJ3bIBaCT V,l.(I111JICHHe, KaK crom- C!laOall onopa ,lIeplKHT BCC['Ma 06111HPI-ibll1 CBOg. J-Io W~HIlJlC)-]l1t HCYC3aeT, KOf/\:! vanaeun, qTO :~TOT CBO,ll - He HaCTOH;J\HI1 (I-I;[CJ"CllIIlJ,HI1 ormpaercs I-Ja BI-IeWI-iYlC CTCHhl qepTmH), cncnan JII1Wb AJl)! BH,'1HiVIOCTI1 Ii OTJlWlaeTC5I He06hJJ(HOIlCI-Il-1011 HcrKOCTbIO. IlonooHaH 3<lTeJl IlbIf'-'lllAHT HCY,llaLIH0l111 J-leYMCC]"]'!OI1, rrOCKOJ1hKY 113 apxnrexrypu cnenyer H3fOHlITh nee, qTO MO)](eT 13hl- 3B,,JTb Y 3PHTt}j}1 'lPCBOl}' OTI-IOCHTCj(b- 1-10 npOCIIlOCTI-l COO p"i)](eHI1 H.
Bo nsopue Kapl1l-1bfll-IO ecrs JICCTHHua, K01'OpaJ1 rrOAI-II1!VlaCTCll Cr-r<1LJ:LTla ABy~m nponcrasiu H COC,lIHHJleTCH II 01\HO l-Ia,l.( rOJlOB0I13PHTeJUI, -rro 1<10- )I\CT nanyrars H npOWmO,LT,I-1T Kpal1He I-lCrrpl151TI-lOe ])nCcI3·meHl1e.
110 3TOfI )KC npH'-IHHC HeJlb3l1 0,ll06- pnri, Il1101Il.1I1C B 803.'~yXC JIeCTHHJ..:(bl, KOTOPhlMH TaK YlliJCK310TOT 13 napmKC YrnC]JlK,IJ,aIOT, YTO 3TO 3:16alll-IO, TOfAa KaK I-Ia C3MOM ilcne :,)"[0 cxopee CTjXI!II- 1-10: XOT!! rrenco MmKI-IO ijOKa3<lTh, -rro npo-mocn.io OHH HC vcryrrnor gpyrHM, MbICHb 06 :,JTOM npnxoznrr Il rOJI()By I-IC cpaay.
Kopo-re ronopa, 0]-Il1 CTa135TT nOI~ coMl-ltl-IHC npoxnocrt., 11 :')"["0("0 BnOJII-IC
,[IOCTaTOerI-lO, '-IT06bl I-Ie HCnO}]h30B3Tb l1X B xopouien apXI{TeKTYpe.
EII\c O,l.(l-Ia U,CPKOllb, H<l3hIBaCM.<lil I1JIh-KapilwIHc r-r 110crpOCIUIall (DI-lJ1HI1- no fl1Bapof"r (sic), cztenana BeCbMa I1CKYCI-IO, HO Hi\ClI ee 6C3YMl-la. B l(e}]OM, see 3TI1 apxsrrcicropu 6bU1H BcehMa 11306pC'raTCJIbHbI, HO, rrOCKO!lbKY 113- 01>1"1'0[( ranairra c611BaeT C HCTHHHoro nyru, ocooenno npH CI'PCMJICI-IHI-l YKJlOHHTbCfI OT !lCCX nporopemucx ,[10- por, C03,l.(a-'IH Ol-lH 3AClHHil, KOTOPhIC 1-13 nepflbll1 B3m!!l\ HpaH5TTCil 60r<lTCTIlOM 11 M3CTCPCT130M, Ol(I-lalW paayre Y,L(OBJICT130pHTh I-Ie MOly!": OC06CHHO 31'0 BI1,[1- HO Il TBOPCI-II1l1X fBapI1HH-01'LP, noxo)KC, uaupo-ie pa3yM<l J1Hlllel-li·loro.
lflapns- HHl\OJIa Konren "nymeU!ecl1wue 6 Hmanuio (1749-1751)", napH)!(, 175R
J1a c.'.';1JI:l PClI,lKa H BaTI1I.G1He (1l1leP''-Y) ua pnC\~-H,e I06cpa Po6epa. O,cJ.HOro 1-13 ",','(0)1{-
I L11K{)~ :\\11,1. B" KOTOpb[e Y4lUIl1Cb 'B PJ-lMC, \.j'TOObi rtocrynrrn- no (l)p;,IHL~)l3C.KyiO aKa.r~eMH[O.
] 38 CBv!j,:(ETEJILCfRA 11 L\OKYMEHTbl
Crrop06 YRparneHHHX
CO'LtUJ-£el£Ufl Bumpyeun noKCl3bIBr;{J{)rn, umo uenpaeoonoootiue U HajJYUleJ-£Ue npotlOP14UU B ytcpatuenunx eu- 3bt6CUlU pa3iJp({)ICBHUe yxce G aumuunue epeuena.
B XVIiI e. ucxyccmeo qipanZfY3CJC020 pOJCaiJJlflpa30GUJ-t..YJlO 2PaJ-lUl~bt qianmaiuu 00 coeeptaeuuo ueoonycmuuou, no JVlJ-teHU1{) lCPUmuxoe, cmeneuu: peasuu» ommopoceuun oxaxcemcn ouens CWlb1-lOL{, - U oua 60Cmopocecmeyem.
OCy~J~p;eHHe rpoTecKa BH'rPYBl[eM ...
< ... > J-1bIHe HJ CTCH:lX PIKYIOT TOJUr 1(0 HeBep05ITHhIX '·jYi-!I.1fT\ BMeCI'O Be- 1.l!eI1 HClHIllIhlX H npaBH}]hHbIX. Ko nOIll-Ihl CT8J-lOIllITCIT TpOCTHI-IIQMH, 1I:t KOTOPbIX l-pONLOJ.1!I1TCIT MI-IOJKeCTBO rreperrncrennux pacre-mrr, YbYl JIHCTOCTKII 38BHB,nOTCH 11 H::IrH63IUl"G1 I-Ia M:l1lep BOmOTOB; (-(8 nOtIClleCn-1THG1X COOPYJK,IfOT Ma!leHhKHe 3:tMKI1, H3 KOTOPbIX, CJTOBHO ~:lTO KOPI-Il1, npoH:JIXlCT810T TOHl<He ueronxn C paCGI)KeI-1HblMH na HI1X Clml'\,pK<lMH; 13 iJ,pyrHx CfI)lY:U1X 3TH llC'rO'-IKH oopaU~aIOTUI 13 usersr, 113 T((lTOPbIX elmrypKH llhIC013hll3;)lCrrCrr 1\0 n0J10BHHhl, IlpH'lelvl y O/,HEX rOJIOBbl CTenOBt:'-Iecxne, y 1\pynlx )Ke - :lBepl1HblC MOPiJ,bl; ace 3'1'0 He cvuiccruyer, He MOJJ(er C)'lI\eCTB(JIl;)Th 11 J-IHKOrll:1 T-Ie cymecreouano. !--I "Lll{ pacrrpocrpannJIHCb 3TH 110Bhle q:JaJ rJ'a:n.m:, '-1TO 110'-ITH He ocranocr. mO,lleA, cnocooHhlX flOHHTb cyrs rrpexpacuoro B ncxyccrue. MblCJlHMOe JlH !l,eJlO, LITO- 6hl rpocrxnrca )'ilep)KHBa.1J3 rpyny, L!To6bl H3 llO/-\C13e'-1HHlGl 1l03HHI(;1Jl 3;1MOJ(, <JT06bI ua nupocuiax 1-13 3TOro 3:1MIGl TOHKBX eero-ncax rapuena Jin qmrYPbI, L1T06bl, ll<!KOHeL\, 11:3 I(Opl-Iei1, CTIlOJlOB H LlIlCTOB PO)K,!l,:1- JlHCb yceseuauc AO n0J10BHI-II,1 (llBrypu? Ho I-IHKTO ne Il03!VlYll(anC;1 1l0/!l,06HblMI1 J-JeJlenOCTHMI1 H HHI(TO HC 3:111aeTCH uorrpocosi, MOJKer !TH n0,[1061-loe C)'lll,eCrBOB;ITh: J-1hIHt'UTJ-It'e COCTOJll-lI1e ),MOB TaKOllO, CTTO NUllO I(TO (110C06ell Cy,~HTb 0 110i1J1!-lJ-!J-1hIX /~OCTOHI-ICT}J:1X HCI')'CCTI3<l.
Ha CiJpOllTHCI1HCe '):\eol"l"1-I KIIHT' no apxmcrcrype- B,·,-,.PVBr-ur. H311<lHHbIX rleppo B 1673 IOL~)', H306pa)KeHbI TBDpe'-1115111 npoeicru nocne!_\1 iero. B rJIv6)1Hel<DflOI-lI-l:ll~)' Ihmpa )1 06ccpn:nopH)[, I-I)) nepe.~HeM nnane - ',eIJpa'IU),3CI{I1JCI op/tep- H Tporr II a}} apxa.
CBIIfL\ETEJlbCTBA VI )J,OI{YMEHTbl 139
.,.II KO~lMeHTaplIii IIeppo
< .. _> RWl'pyllHlO He nOIJepHJll1 B TOM, LITO 1(;[CaCrOI CY)KiJ,eHI151 ero 0 rpoTCCIG1X, l-! He Ylr:urOCb e~·ly )'6eAHfb nOTOMCTI30 H npancrc clloeri; uanpoTHIl, no MI-It'1I1110 MOtMY, C[{,13al-IT-TOe 11M no 3TOMY nOllO,LIY nocrryncnno
A.ilH MJ-lOf'HX 06p,131~OM: I-IHKOMV
6hl H 13 ronony He rrpl1LLIJIa MbIC!lb
o CTOJ]], 9KCT'p:lBaraIlTl-IhIX BeLL\aX, ecmr 6bl 011 G1M at OCra13HJI flI1C!'Melllloe CBHAeTenbCTBO 0 l-lHX.
!--I 1-I:!ClOTlhKO xoporno onHC1!I
OH ece OC06el-lHoC'rH T8I<OCi )](11130- I1HCYl, '-ITO 110JlIIOCTbiO 1303MeCTHll H;]I-leCCIIHblil I3pe4eJ-JeM ytuepo, flOC1(0!lbKY al-)THCIHhIe IGlpTHlihl nOl(061-IOro pona J!lC'le3J1H 6eCCTle,'1- FlO. n02-nOM), anrop srcr 13 60TII,meM creneuu npocsernn H,llIlI1X XY,ll())K- 1-111](013 tl 06JlaCITr rpOTeCKOIJ,
r rC)KCHH OTBpaTI,rn I,IX or nonpaxaHl151 1'/ M < .. .>.
"j'~ecmnb 1GlU2 no apxumexmvpe Bumpyeun» [bpH)K,1673
IIpOTlIB pOKaibIll:
Ocpautaextca C npocb6ou K rocno ,'1aM CKY}1bm·opaM-AeKOIXIT()paM co- 6IIl0I1;]Tb IICKO'T'OPhTe orpauu-icunu
II TIlOpyeCTBe CBoe:VI: nc ,lIe)JaTh ){()CV MeJ-lhLUe neco-mux '-JaCOB, nrnnrry HTlH 6y6tl-I 60JlbWt CKPHllJrfLll-lOJ'O CMhJLIIG1, 'It!lOBecleCK'y'lo ronouy l'vlellhwe p03hI, cepn paBHblM rpa6- nHN! 11 'r.n C 60JlblO B ceprme y;vIomreM HX )"Mepl1Th 1-leCJ(OJlbKO CIlOl1 rel-IHl1, nOWIHl-H-IB em npocTeT'iulHM :l:lI(()Il:IM nporropinrn < ... '>. Mbl B0313hlCl1JIH rortoc !1.;\JlCI((l He qX13Y, Mbl repnenn ,[10[lrO, flOKI XH;rraHO CI'IIl, MbT CTap,tHHCh, KJK MOI'!1I1, nontoorrn, 3TH Bbl!:(YM){!r1 crorn. qYiJ,eCI-IhlC, YTO K IX13YMY
01-1H y;Ke HHK,IKOI'O OTHOmeHl1il
He HMeIOT, l-I Ha[Jl rpy6bll1 3l.\pal3hrr:f CMhlCH :lacr<!Il.ilHCT uar C'-lwr;rTh ax ClIleXOTBopHblMH < ... >. Bo BOIKOM cnyxae, Mhl HMeeM fljXIBO H,ll1ewrbUI, '-ITO J-J;t KB:tl.\paThr 01-.iH I-Ie 1l0KYCITTOI HI-It' crauyr 11306p;!il(:1Tb soruyryro nOBepXHOCTh 8 llHi\e 6yKBhl S,
XOTH reneps 3TO 1'];ICrOJlb[(O 1l011IJIO B MO,W, '-!TO HCnOJlb3yeTu1 !1.a)Ke
I1pH CI)X)[.1TeJlbCTfie 3,L1<lHHi1. iia3blB;Icrca sec 3TO q)OpM;JMJoI - npaana, ueOT1\eJTl1MbIH OT IlHX :'JI1HTCT "IlJIOXHe" 1106aBHTh 3a6bIBaIOT 8npOCJeM, Mbi I-Ie BcnpaJKaeM npOTHB roro, clT06bl OHl-! npHo6lT\~UlH J( CU011M 3arorYJTHHilM nponnunnanou
H HHOClpal-lqt'B, «oropsre no Helle)l{ecrny CBOtMY npenno-nrraror pyxmII-\b nporunoro nerca H He cnoco6- Ubi HOl-fHTb nam COlllXMCI'I!-lhlJ!1 sxyc. '-Ie:"I 60.llhmCe pacnpocrpane- 1-JJ1e nony-rar :)Hl BblAYMKH
y 111-IOCrpal-Jl-\eB, TeM !-(om,lTJe coxpauur Q)pal-IL\I1l] (HOe npclloCXO{(CTBO. YMO]UleM He ~Ja6bIB:1'l'b, '{TO MI,I 110- K'y'TlaeM npcxpacusre npnxn.re ncpemSI, 8 uac IX130pmOT, oocrpyrusa» HX C uent.ro npHlr(aTb HM 1-ltMH(JJHMO H30rr-Iyrylo q)OPM)I; 'lTO !!l1epH
n 1-I<lIJJHX !-(O;"l:1X Ae.naIOT(51 IIYl31([1MI1 H :3:lKPYUltHHblMI1, I1pl-I'-leM
3:1 3TO Hac :):tCTaJl))H(OT nnartrn, 60J1],me, XO')}! [-[,1M caMHM or aroro l-IHKaKOI1 nonsau ner, flOTOMY '-ITO IlaNi BCt' pa13HO, JGIK llOUTJ-T II KO,\-IHClT)' - cJepe:J npH,vlylO HJll1 -iepea 3;(KpyrJICIJl-IY10 zrsept. "-I'rCl }Ke «acaCTCH H30f'l-.lYJ'bIX CTCH, TO OT J-lHX
I-It I1MeeM Nlbl uu-rero, KpOMe NJnOJ1]-IHTe!lbJ-JblX 3a6clT, l-l.60 lie 31-1:1- eM,. Ky1\:l pa3MeCHITb I') rge npnCTPOHT], CTVJlh5! H;JU_]]rj (if fljXJLI)-'IO :vlt'6CJlb.
Illapns-Hnrcona Komen -Htrscaiiuran 11jJOCb6a 1C 1QBf!.Tluj)(,{';H", Mercure de France, r!elw6pb J 754
140 CBH,LJ,ETE]IbCTBA H ,LJ,OKYMEHT'bI
Paccyllq.;eHHe B 3arn;MTY KOJIOHH
KpHTHKa XVIII HeKa Hacmynaem nopa ¢oPJl/lUpOBa1-iUH ucmunuux
U ecmecmeeuuux 3mCOHOB apxumexmypu, Hamypa.nucmuuecxan 1CpumUJW
He 02Pa7-fU1-fUBaemCH uanaO}CaMU Ha yxpauteuun
U Oep3'KUe BbtOYM'KU: ycmauu Iloxae oua omeepzaem Bee, umo omoannemcs om usnananenux npuuuunOB soouecmea. B c.YJKeJeJ-tUnx )J{arw-CfJpaHeya Bnouoe.JlH ysce outytuaemcn
Y2jJ03a scmemioiecxozo pensmueusua.
He 6Y,QeM repsrs 113 11I1,i1y Ham)' MaIleHbKYlO cem,CK)"IO XYIlKI1HY. 51 norrycK,UO B Hti'"1 JU11.]]], KOJIOHHhl, nOH, aHTa6JJeMeHT H OCTpOl<OHe'-ll-lYIO xpuIll)', KJJK,ilJH 113 oKOl-Iecll-lOCTell KO"]"OpOJ1 oopasyer TO, 'ITO Mbi Ha3blBaeM ¢POH'J'OI-lOM. V! H!1K:lKOrO CBO,'1a, HHK<lKHX apox, IJ,O KOTI tJ1 , 3TTHKOB, i'1a)Ke J1IlepeH H 0](011. I1TaK, nosroparo BaM B :laK1IrOCJeRue: B JIl060M apXHTeKT)'pHOM opnepe ecri, TOilbKO KOJlOHHa, aWra6JleMeI-IT H ¢POHTOI-l - JlHTU10 OHH BXOJl,5lT COCT<Ir1HOH '-!aCThiO B ue)IOe. fUIH KaiK,U;aJl 113 3T11X 'rpex -racTdi I1MeeT ,nomKliYIO cj)OpM)' 1133J-l11- zraer ,[(OJliKHOt ~'leCTO, mr-rero 60Jlbme go6aHJUITh ue HYJKHO, nOCKOJJhKV 3i'1<IHHe 6y,o,C'1 couepmtHH1oIM Y Hac'
'":) TOT PHC)T]-[OK OmIOp~ C 11306p'I)!(Cl-II1- U eM necrrn-uu B OTeJIC I'ananon (1731-1742) cnY::KYrrnpeKlxlCHoti HnmoC'rpaUHcI1 roro, Kalwll cjJ~HT;13Hel~ OTJJI1- 'I;]JlCH nurepr.ep B crtrne 3<1J<JleiiMeI-II-lo['0 He()K~aCCl{l\HCTaMH pOKaiiJlR.
CBf1.l1.ETEJIbCTBA f1 ,LJ,OKYMEHTbI 141
30 ([JpaHl.\HH ocrancn OT I"IpeSHHX npeKpaCl-IhIll1l3M}lTHHK B HI1Mt - KIla,,\p~nHhIH gOM (Meson- Kappe). C.> BCe BOCXHllj<lIOTCJI xp a ccron I 3TOro crpoennn. 110cICMY' 1101'OM), '-ITO' ece B HeM COOTl:leTcTBytT 3;]KOH;]M apxrrrexrypu. 130JlhlllO)1 KKli1paT, Il ](0- ropOM rpazruars KOJlOHI-I Y,[1Cp)KHBalOT <ll-rra6J1tMeHT H xpsnuv C ,o,By"m OKOHtCIHOCTHIvlH 11)111 CPPOI-ITOH<lMI1 - 60Jlte l-IH'-lerO ncr, Ilpocrora 11 6JI<!roponcruo 3TOH KOI-ICTP),Kl(1111 6pocaercs B rnasa <".>
l. I131>iIH. i(O!lOl-ll-lbl He cronr OTn;errhHO, 1-10 CJll1Tbl co CTtHOCi.. OucBH,,\HO, 'ITO KOJIOHH<! 6eCKOl-leYJ-lO repHeT B ~1311Il\eCTBe, ecnn B03J-1HKaeT XOTh Manti1iuee I1PCfllITCTBl1e, He 110- asonmomee Y;IOBI1Tb ee KOT-1Typ. 51 rrpH3HaKJ, -rro o-renr, qaCTO B cuny 06CTO}(TeIl1oCTB l-Iell03M())KliO nOCT;lBHTh ((OJIOHl-Ihl OT,o,eJlbHO. JIIOt\H XOTlIT iKHTb B 3<IKPhlTOM MtCTe, a I-Ie B TIOJlHOCTbiO OTKPhlTblX K(JMH3T3X. n03TOMY npHXO,QIHCR aarronaars npocrpancreo MeiK,l\ji KO.!JOJ-Tl-IaMH, HHb!JvlH crrOIlaMH, npHCJJOHnTb HX K CT.tHe, B TaKOM cJly-qae ':lTD ,!.(OJDKHO CclHT3TbC}l He H31,JIT-lOM, a BOJlbHOCI'bIO no He06xo,[1YlMOCTI1. Ho CJleA),er nOMT-lHTb, CITO BClIKall BOHhl-IOCTh nener K I-ICCOBepmeHCTllY, or-rero npnoerars K .HUM HyiKl-IO C OCTOPOiKHOCThlO H JlHIllh rorna, xorrta ncr B03- MOiKHOCTH 1136eK:lT1o ee. T~\[(, eUIH BO:lHHK<1n nOTpe61-IOC1'b npncnoHHTb ](O,~OHHbr K crene, I-IYIKHO cAena rs TaK, CJT06hl OHM B1olcTyna!lH xatc MOJKHO 6Wlbmt - Ii COXP~llIIl!IH 6101 ,lIaJKC l:l11011'-!!1HtHI-I(JM rrOJlOlKef-!HH CBOCM TOT CB060!J,H1oIH 06_1I1'1K, KO,["Ophil:! npazraer HM CTOJlhKO asnutecrna.
2. < ... > f13bBH. BMecro xpyrriux KOJIOHH HCnOJIh3YJOTCll «nanparnr.re TIU.IJJlCTPhl l1UJI>.J(TPbl - 3TO ncero rmun, nypaoe nO,'106J1c 1<O.!JOHH, yrnbl HX cBI1,[(ere.rlbcTB)-'lOT 0 I'IaC11JIHH Hat\ HeKyCCTllOM 1-1 ouryrnrao OT,[13I1J'IIOTCB OT
npOCTOT1ol, npncyniea npupcne. Y HHX OCTPb1t H HeW.\06I-1ble, ocxoponaroume B3f.ilJl,'.\ BbICTyll1ol.l1JIOCK3l! I1X nonepxI IOCT1o npnnaer BceMY opaepy CKYYI-l1oIH 06J111K. O~!H I-Ie MOI'yI' CYJKaTbCil, '-ITO COCTaBJlJICT 0,[1I-l0 113 maBI'Ie11IllHX npenx.yuiecra KO}lOHH1oJ. BtT B HHX HHKaKO[1 Ht06xo,C(!1MOCrH: eesne, rne HCIIO]]103)'IOT HX, M(JiKIIO 6hlJIO 6bl noCT<lB!1Th KO!lOHI-Ihl. CJJen;OBaTCJIhl-IO, 3TO ne.renas Bbl,D;)'MKa: K rrprrpone OHa OTI-lOlllem11I He HMeeT, He06xoi.\I1MOCThIO OTH10,'1b He Bb131l~1l-1a, HCI10!lb3YlOT ee Tom,KO no l-leBeJKtCTBY li r'eprtsrr m1UIh B CYIn), npl1BblclKR
Mapx-Amyau JImKbe <:Jcce ()6 apxumexmype.118PI1)[(,1755
IIpoTHB BapHaIJ,HH CTMJIlI
Hecxozn.xo ner I-Ja3an; K333nOCh, 6YA'J'O uanr nex - :~TO BeK POK:U1JlJl', uunc ncno 06CT0l1T HH;)Lfe, XOTl! no-resry TaK l1P0I130[JlJlO, HHKTO lie 3HaeT. Torzta rptCltCKHJ111 PHMCKI1H CTHJlb Ka- 3aJlCJI HaM XOJlOAHblM 11 CK)'''-IIlbIM; HbII-Ie Mhl rOPAI1M01, LfTO YCBOI1Jl[1 60Jlbuiyio 4aCTb y'-!eHbIX CY)l(,lJ,eHHI1 :'J'l'HX naponon; H, He C1IHIllKOM 3a,'\),MbfB3- 51C1>, yruep)l(,lJ,atM, 6Y,C(TO ,QPyrHe H;[l1HH 110Ap;IJKaIOT HaM II yxpametnorx, n;alKt eCJJl1 MbI I1CnOJlb3yeM crpaHHhie BbIX\YMKI1 l1eKI1Ha I1J1H npl1MtI-llleM T5I)KeJIOBtCI-IbIH CTI1JIh MCM¢I1Ca 1.\.ll51 suennren ornenxn nauinx crpocmni. ,LJ,0.1II'oe BpeMH Mbl OT,naFlaJII1 TIpellTIOCJTel·me IIOC!lt,QOB3Te!1llIvr KIOBl1Jlbe 11 JIa )Ky, 3a61oIU 0 TBOpeHI1J1X Mancapa H Ileppo, icaprnnsr Barro 6bI}lT1 HaM 6JI11iKe, 4eM urenespn JIe Epena HaM OCTaeTCJI TOJlbKO neprryrs 1"0TI1- qeCKHH CTl1JIh B naury apxirrcxrypy, 11, IGDKtTCJ'I, MhJ I-Ie CJlHTIlKOM OT 3TOI'O l1:lntKH <. .. > .
)K:lK-(J)paJ-1Cya DJ10I-lt\eJlb • Cj)PClH.t{V3C1Wfl apxumexmypa». l1apJ1)K,1752-1756
142 CBI'l,D,ETEJThCTJ3A VI /..\OKYj',,1EI-ITbI
POJK,l1;eHHe 6apOKKO
Bonpoc 0 6ap010W cmauoBUJnCfl enaeuou JneJUOU HeJVte&4JWU ucmopuozpaqiuu xouua XiX eexa. Crnpacmuue cnopu Pa320pCUOmcfl no eonpocau 0 cymu 6aP010W, e20 npoucxoicoeuuu, omnuuumensuux 1.Wp- 111ax, npooorocumem.noonu u maaumaoax. Hanucanuue no 311'lOMY nOBoDY paoomu COXpaH5l101TI BOO CBOl'O 31-la1.lWklOcmb - 1-[acmoniaco CllOJIC1-lOUnpeocmaennemcn u Ce2001-ifl aauuas; meua.
EapOKIW COrJIaCHO BeJIbcpmmy (1888)
Crano npHBI>ICJHb[M ilTIpell,eJIelIl1e 6aPOKKO KaT< C'l'I1JIH, 3HztMCI-IVIOTJl,erO co- 60fl pacnan H)l11 - COI")[<lCI-IO ooncc jJacnpocrpaHeHI-lOMY 13b1IxliKcm1To/\erpa,!l,JLI,I110 Pel-reCC1HCI.
3T<J CTYUlHCTWleCKa}1 TpaHccjXJ[lMaL\HllI1MeeT cosepmemro pasnoe 311:1- '-leHl1e II HCKYCCTlle 11TJ.rJHl1l1 cesepI-lhlX crpan. B l1TaJ1H11 maBl-Iblfl HJ-rrepee rrpeACTJBmWI' nocrenennua nepexor; OT HopMaTHBHoJ"O HCI,yccma
K HCKyccmy ,cllo60IF-IOM)1 11 iKl1BOI1I'iCHOM),", OT )KeCTICOrI ej)OpMbl K orcyrcrBl110 q)OPMhl. Cescpnue naponu He
II J)(lXO,'1HHH -repea nOlw6H)iJO :~IlOJllOL\H10. Y HEX PCHU'C31-1ClI,11l "PXHTCKI,)'pa lJl1l(or.[(;·\ He I1MeH<I T<ll«)f:i crporon H npasu .. %HOI1 CpOpMhI, rcaic lU lOre: :,)T,I apxl1Tcln)1p3 eccrna OCT3113JI,lCb B T()11 I1HH 11J-10{[ crenenn nHeHHHu,cf:i jKHllOTTHCHblX H ,'pm:e i.\CKOpaTHBHbIX
n PHCllxlCTHl1. c:.'IC,,\ol3aTeJlbHo. R ll,:J.11- HOM CJIY'Jae HeJ1b311 ronoprrn, 0 pacnaI-IC HOPMa-tl1IlHOrO CTYlJl51 Peneccanca
I-IanpOTJ1B, IlI1CTOPHH aJ-JTHLlH010 HC)(ycCm:l, rne lla<HlT-TaCT IJP(1)KI1B;lTbCiT onpenenenne .6apOKKO", MOJKHO JlaflTH 3H:J.j]orWH-{()C HBJICI-me. A1I'rWIHOC HCI\")'ccrHO "YMHjXleT" C TeMH .)1(C CHMflTOM:1MH, 'iTO H I1CK),ccrBO Pel-TCCcanca.
Haura 3a,l\;)CJ;t COCTOI1T B TOM, 'fro61,1 onnelT!) 3TH CJ1MrlTOMbl < ... >.
B O'l'J1wme 0']" Peneccanca 6apOKJ<0 jXl3RHBaeTGI 6e3 B01KHX Teo PJ.lJ1. Y 31'Oro CTOWI HeT 06pa3L1,OB. C03,,\:lCTCH lme'l:lTJICI-IHe, Y.TO I-ml<TO He scrynaer 1-1;( HOBbll1 nyrs H3 npHHI1Hl1a.l1Mer-rI-lO
ITI'IPJHE3H (CJTCn;l O",H<l H3 ero ,.TIOPC:-I) 3aHH;\II~ICT Hbf/J,::1l01ll;CCC}1 Mecro B ncIOpVll-I apxm-etcrypsr XVIII H. GYi\)nlH eu,,- 3)'rOU~Hj'\'l' 3ueHOM j\'le)K/(j' 6~lpOI<r{O r,1 HE:UKJT~ICCk[LJ,l13i\-1()1\'11 01-1 OJlUllC'T'ROp}le-J TalOKC B3:lvIMOtiCI1CTHHe PUMa n IlapHflGI.
110::lTO,\1Y 3TOMY CTHmo He naror '1'0'1- rroro OTTper\eneHHH: rronnrne '<COBpColCIllIbIH CIHJIb» llIUIIO'laeT II ce6H nct, '!TO OTJlHY3eTCH 0'1" allTl<I'Il-lOCI"I1 HJIH I-IC npHH3,,\Ht>KHT K 'HeMtlJ,KoMY (ro- , TwrecKoMY) CTWITO». 3aTo y JBTOPOI3, ruuuyuiux 06 HCI,),ccTBe, mJ51nnmOTCH IIpC)K.L\e I-Ie H31lCOllbIC KpHTepHH npcl{p;lCHOro - TaKHe Onpe,1l,eileHHH, lG1K <-TQnpH3HOe, CTjJ:IHHoe, 3KCTjXIBaraHTnoe- ~I T.n. Hpanarcn TO, LITO HhlrJIHf\HT 0PHI"UlI<1JJbllbIM, llbIXO,l\HT 3<1 paMKl<J IlpaBH.~. Ogap0133HHe CBo60Ahi B03- llel~rCTBveT 1-1;1 VMh!.
CaMC; C}1()ll() ,,6apOKKO<), HblJ-IC [lCEM np1-1I1bl'1I10C 1-1 npH1IHToe HT:tJJbH1ILI,aMI'!, cpparrLl,V3cKoro npOHCXOiK,1l,CHHH. ~1THMOnOn15l ero He 5ICH;), Hexoropr.re ncn ()lvIT<IH] r(JT 0 non1LJeCKOI~1 ejmIype ,,6apOKKO'), npI<WOAH~Crl K a6- CYP,l\V, zrpyrue - 0 "He BnOHHe Kpyr.no~·,> >KeM"lY)KHHe, HOCiflu;eti 3TO HMil. FI ,·DHL1HK.llOnell.HH" :')TO cnono y))(e l-IMCeT :H,I:t -renuc, fiJ!l-l:lKOC K TOM)" KaKOC MbI ,1l,aeM eM)': "DapOKKO - II cepepe a pXHTeKTypbJ osaasaer HeCJTO crpannoe. B BhIClIIeH CTeneHH HJlI1, eCJII1 vrOi~I-IO, 6CcrlpC"ICJJbllO crpairnoe ... 'ITollll"fae 6apOKKO sne-ier aa C06or1 nOHIlTHH CJpe3Mepl-roro H CMexornopxoro. f)oppo~ml-lH C03J\<LJI JIYLJLllHC 06pa:JL\bI 'LIKl'lX Crpa)-lJ-lblX COOPY>KCI-IHI1, a fBapl'lHH M())[(CT C911- l'JTbCJl M3TpOM 6apO'lHoro HCK),C(Tsa-. ]-!:IM TerlEp" 1-ICnpl111bI'lllO co-reTJHl<lC 6apOCIl-10f'0 H crpamroro - 1303M())[mO, Mbl C'HuaeM nocneruree onpenenenne CHHlLIKOM CHJ1bllbIM. KJK HCKyCCTIlOllCIJ.'lCCKl-lI~1 TepMHl-l 6apOKIW YTCPJU[O CBH3b CO cxiexoTBOPHJ,IM; HanpOTHIl, B pa3f'OIlOpllof'i peQI'I CjlOIJO 31'0 ynorpeonnercn ,'Inn 06031-lay.eHHH a6cypr{l-loro Hmo <lV;.lOumunoro.
CBl1D,ETEJIbCTBA H ,QOKYfvlEHTbl 143
reHpHX Ben h(i)JTHI-1 "Pe"lWCCCtlIC u. 6apoKlw" Gerard Monfcnt editeur.
ITapHiK, 1992
EapOKIW COrJIaCHO PI1rJIIO (1894-1902)
t.ITO CJlep;yeT' nOI-Il<IM<lTb )'[0,'1 "HcKyccmm1 6apOKKO')? ECTb HCCKonbKO 3THMonoll1.'ICCKHX TOJTKonal-lI1fl, I-I;) KOTOPb[X Mbl ()C'r:lII:lllJIHIl<lThGl ne oy,,\CM. i\1hl TTpHp;aCM :,rrOMY CJIO!:»), llI10JII-le HCI-lblJ1 OlbICJI: 6apOYHOe 03H;)QaeT crpanaoe, HeoGblYIIOe, He06hTKHOBeHHoe, L-fo Hco6bIK.HOBeHHoe - sro T310KC L1,Cilb JlIo6oro j(JIaCCI1- gCCKOI'O ucxyccrsa H povaua, II TOM '!HCJTe peneccancnoro, 3TO npomsonoctnuneHHC 06hV\CI-lHOMY, iKal-IjXlIlhIM CI,eH["1M cClIqmoro I1CKyccma - nanpaxcp, !l HClOPW.JCCKI1X nO)]OTH<lX Paepa3JLH npy[qHHbl c06brrnfr H ane-rarnenue 0"1" HHX npe,'1C1':HOT I-leo6blKHoneHI-fl,[MH, !.ICI1CrBVIO 1I.\HC JJHl_\3 Bbll')I>li.\HT lJC06bl Knoueuao )(paCHBbIMH Olll-laKO NIbl IIOHHMaeM T3.KOe trecosnoronennce VI HMeHHO no ,)TOH rrpHy.H1-le C'lHTaeM ero BOCXHTHTCJlbl-lbIM. TO)','1.J K:1K HcofibJJ(] ioucunoc
II 6apOKKO Mbl He nOl-1HMaeM, OHO H;IC He y6Cjl(j~aeT, K,DKeTOI HaM nporaeopev»IlhIM, nO)){]-]hIM, H HMCHHO no 3To(i npn'!HI-It MbI Cc) I<rraCM cro c.pauuus: < ... >.
J33rmlHcM na nanry Bel-T),. Cllvlble erapsre y}ml~bI 3:1CTpOel-lhI 110MaMH 11C- 06hl'IHh1X nponopumi, C xapaicrepuuMH Cjl:lC:lA<lMH, ,l\IlCpllMH H OKHaM[~; B TOM jKe crane C03~raHbJ MHOfHe l1l30PL\bl H I3G~HKOIleTTHhle r,epKHI'1. OTO apXHTCKT),l)I-lble TIlOpCllHH (j)HU.lCpa CpOH :3pnaxa II npC,'ICT:J.BJ<lTeJlen ero nmOTI1,I - H CTHHb 3TOT HMeH\-~OT 1lt'IICKl1M 6apOKI(o. Bencxoe 6apOKKC) KOI-ILI,a XVll- I-I:l'i:lna Xvlll seKOB npencrasnser co6ofi perucH:JJ1bBOe, [-[0 rrpH 3TOM 'lix3BhlCJatlllo OPHf"J1l-ICiJlbIIOC H JlillBOe paamrrue H'!':lJ]b}IHClWfO 6apo'TI-IOf"O CTHJI~. Tor )J(e cj)eHOMel-r MOlKI-IO I W6)Jl0,[(<JTb II J())f(J-!O}l l'epMamll1,I-la 6epcrax PdhJa, B bC}IbrH~l Yl HCnaHHI1, Boo6IUC, 130 ncex K3TOJlH4eCKJ<]X crpauax Esporn.i. 3TH perI10r-r;UlbFlbrc CTHJIH JIHKOri.\3 He n03J-IHKHH 6bl, CCJIYIObl ue 6hI.no H'r3)lhHHCKoro 6:1po'lnoro CfI'IJlfl - I'IX oouicro I\OPI-II[· CKam:y
CBl1)lETETlbCTBA H ,IJ,OKVMEHTbI 14'5
144 CBH,IJ,ETEJILCTBA Yl ,IJ,OKVMEHTbI
rpacpusecxoro IUTaHa: B 6apO'II-I)110 :e)TIOxv, K3K I-I BO BpeJvffl PCI·ICCGtHGL. vrraJlb}1;KKOe I1CKVCCTBO IlI(JIlO'laCT B CC6fl I>!HO;i(CCl'BO' perI10Ha.TJhHblX uncon. Oi-\H;tKO B sno: .. :y PCl-lCCGU-IGl nCpBOCTeneHHOt 3Ha'IeI-IHt: rro.rv-taer Oi-\Ha H3 I-IHX,<!lfl0pel-l'l"Yli1CK3fl; l-iapHgy C He}i i-\pyrHe lII[{OJlhl OlG13bJU;tl(J'r HtKOTOpOe BJlWll·lHC IU o6ll\ee pasmrrue. B 6apO<1l-J)'T0 srroxy rrepneircrao y CIlJIOpel-lLtl1H oT6ldpaer PHM - 1-Ie II cirny pCI'110mIJTJ:,1-IbIX npenMYll\eCTB, nOCK()JlhKY nOelTH [JCt 1.')IJlOiKl-II-lKH 6blrrH B PI1MC 'I)!;IGlIUMI1, a H3-:]a Bhlc'taIOlll,elk51 POJIH n',tnCTBa; pcuruoUjl1M Cp~\KTOpOM CT:lI-IOB11TCfl yIll1BCpCa!lhHOC IIJIailbJLTeCTIlO nanc'!])a, onnpaionierooi na KOI-ITppe(t)()pM:1UI-IH).
I-1MCI-lI-iO no :;J'f'OI1 npH'-lI1He ClICi.\yeT Bbl,~CJIl1Tb PHMCl{HH 6apOCJHbll1 CTI1Jlb. Bee, '-ITO I-IClXO/'l,I-ITGI 38 ero npei'l,eJUMI1, TCpJIeT 3J-Ia"c[HMOCTb - J-I;\np11Mep, l3eHeU118I-lCKOe HCKYCCTBO "XvllllCK8;
cKy!IblnYPbI 3iJeCI" HCT, 3PXl1TCKTVPY H }KHllOIIHCh llHlLlb C 60nbTll11M TPY,'l,OM MCJ)KHO OTWXTH K 6apOCJI-IOMY J-ICKyCClBy. HanpOTHB, 60JICH-1CKoe HCKYCCTBO BXO!IHT COCTam-IOM '{aCT]'I-(_) \l PHMCKOC (60JIOl-lb!l BXOAl1T B CJHC!IO nancxnx rocynapcre). OTgerrhl-lOl'O P:13fOBOP:I :laCJlYiKI1118l0T cp_1l0pel-lTI1HlJ,bI (KO"roPble HMelO'I' renepr, TOJlbl{O perl10Ha_IlLHoe 3Hil CJel-II-le), l-leaI10JJI1TaIICl(CJC, MHJJ;[HCKOt Ji! fel-IV:~3CI{Oe YlCKVCCTBO.
, 'AJIOHC PHrm,
-Hcmoxu 6ajJu'tHozO ucxyccmea 8 nUI1e»,J(lmc/esieck, IlapH}K, 1993
60!(bIlle: B!llliIH11t HTaJlhSlHCKOro oapoxKO o6HapJ%HKleTCll 1'1 B GtMOM COBpeMel-lf-IOM apXvneKl')'pl-lOM CTI1]]C, B GIMbIX IlpOCl"hlX apxHTtKI"()]lH'ICCKHX ~"JleMel-lTax. YlT<lK, l-leB03MO)KHO orpnuars BceMHpHYIO pons I1TaJ!bll]-!CKoro 6'apoK- 1<0130 scex, 'ITO HMeeT OT{-!OUJCI-Il()C ]{ apXI1TeKType <'cc>.
yhaK He"]" COMUCI IYli1, <ITO AilH l1C1<:yCcmOBt,l(,l ynTy6Jlcl-lHOe 1-l3Y'-lCI-JHe HT3Jlbancxcro 6,IPO'lHOro HCKj'CCTB:l nonesno VI nrrOc'(OTI30PHO Ecrr, H erne 0i\Hl-l Eonpoe: CTIOC06C1-1 JIH narr IJK)'C BOCnOJIb30- lla't'bGI tll)Cl'H)KClIl1}]M~1 l1T:1Hbm-ICI(()[,O 6apOKKO u rrponnar JlY! mrrepec rry6J1Y!](C1, a He OLlHl1 1'(1110),0 !-JC.K)'CCTI30BeLlb.I, K T:IKoro pona )KI1Ronl1(H. 3,11CCh oruer T;]I{)Ke 6Yi-\e-r nOJf())I<HTtJlhl-IbrM, npl1'lCM i-\all ero CIC)[OBeK, KO'l'OPbl11 neycranuo CrpeMl1J1CSl OTBpanITb He:'leI.jK'I10 rry6- IlHKy OT HT,\JlbflHCKOro 6apOKKO H I3nO]1- He B :0TOM IIpeycneJI, - 51K06 FiypK_,xapitT (B eIaell-roc"!'H, II "llI1'lcpOI-Ie,»). B -BocnoMHl-l:lI-II1)[X 0 Py6CI-lCe,), oHy6JlHKOS<lHHb!X B nOCnCL\l-IHC roil),) ero )KH3HH, 0(-] IlpellpeK, 'ITO 1-13CTa1-leT TIel-I!:>, KOT7\a ]{ HT;]m,m-lCKoH6apOCJI-IOl;i )KI1BonHCH eral-ry'!' OTHOCI1'l'bC}] C 60JlbWl1M IlI-lI1MClHl1eNl II cHMflaTHtH. 3mlMemlTenhHo, LfTO OH rGBOPHT 3TO B t.rrurc, nOC1NU\eJ-lHoi'1 Py6e]-[(:y: BeN, npH::Il-lall:ln ~tOCTOI1I-ICTlla Pvoenca, IlCH36C)[(]-IO npI1XOi-\l'ITC51 npn- 3H8Tb - xonl B HCI\oTOP0M: Mepe - ,IOCTOHI-ICTBCl v)T;L%ilHCKHX 6a po-nrr.rx TBOpCI-IVIj:j,
13apO'-lI-lhll111tK - 31'0 no npeanyrnecrsv )[\·11 CTOJ1CTYle, 1'10 HaQ8rrO 6apoQ- 1-101"'0 CTHn51110CXO,8,HT K MI1KCrr:lJ-liVKCJlO H KOPPCil/KO (MIlome oOI-lapy'iKHIl8JlYI ero y Parpasnn, H I1pH )KCJlaHHl1 3TO MO}KHO TlOK,13,\Th; O,8,J-TaKO B Il,lI-IHOM CJJVxae 6a PO'-lIlbIC 3J1CMCIlTbl JlI1111b orreuanli ropaano 60rree flPKO Bblpa)KeHHOe CrpeMJICI-IHC K xaparcrepuon i-VI}I Pel-IccG1J-lGl rapM0I-1H0; roraa .1<<lK J'vil-U\CJIal-ILl)KCJIO H KOppCP;KO SnOJIl-IC OC03H,1I-1I-IO H l-le/,\BycMblcneHHo npOKmti'l,hTB3rrH nyrb uaupasncuaio. H KOTOPOM Vl'a,i_(blB<l!lH
6Y,'l;)'ujee; 3TO 6blJ1H cy6'beKTI1BHblt xyi'l,O)!(}[l1J<H - B orm=me OT B aucmert crenenn 06-bCKTHI1l-IC)I"'O Pa(t):I8j]51). YlivlelII 10 no :)"[,011 npwml IC II Ita clail I1CTOPHIO 6apo'-lI-loro ncxyccrsa C 1520 rona. Ho, llOCJ(()_IlbKY peC!h nner 0 CJJl-JJJJKOM 601JMlJOM nepnone H CJlen:YCT orpannCII1ThCH TonhKO CIMhlM rnaBI-IbIM,}1 npeztnOCJHr~110 y6pa'lb In Moero HCCHei-\OB;]HHH 0 x\1 BeKe TO, B 'ieM He BVDK)' aeoeXO,'l,HMOCTH. npe>IZ,'1e ucero pe-n, H,'1eT 0 MaCTepax, KOTOpJ.1X 06[,1<[[-10 ("[[1T,IIO'l" npl1I~aWIGKalltHivlH Ii »noxc BoapoxoicI-IWl: MHKC}[;U-li-\)Ke!lO l-l Koppena«i 0 l1epBOM .fl6y,'l;)' rosopirrs TOTlbKO KIK 06 -orue 6apo'IHoro CT11IUT->, l-[[-[[,IMH CHOKIMI-I, :)TO eI"O BTopo~I ncpI10,1J" I-IaqI1I-Ia}I npmvlepI-IO c 1520 rOA:1; 0 KoppewKOTOI(bKO K2K 0 npemexe 6apOqHOI'O HClnpasnenna !VIb] He CK;[)KeNr Hli cnona 0 TllKOJlC iV.II-IKenJl-lfPf(tJ10, 0 (iJ!lOPeJ-ITH~iCKOivl Mal-lhepH3Mec Panuc KaK 0 uencuualicKoi'1 )[(}II:lOrIl-lCH XVI scxa, KOTOpYIO HC 6e3 OCl-]OKl!-Il1iI HMeJ-fYJOT -sanoanaJlblM PeHeCCIJ-JCoM'). Ho THHTOpeTf[) 11 Tl-lI_II1:11-I, HCCOMr-reI-lI-IO, vIMeIO'1 TOCJKH cor.pnxocuo-cmia C 6apoKKo. 51 orpal'lINYCb TeM, '11'0 i'12M Kp:UKjTfO xaparcrePHCTlIKY 3TH'M TO'l"K<lM cortpm.ocnone- 1-IYlH Me)K,a:y neI-IcqIHI-ILVIMH H 6apOI(KO
Hame ncra.n.noc IlCCllt'i-\OHaI-I~IC H~l'luerca, 110 CYTB, TOTlbKO co BTOPOH nonoBHHb! XVI 13el\'l. 1'1 J.-l)i){\J-10 I3bl,[(CJlI1Th 11K1 nepHOA:I: nepBblti npOAOJ])IOCTCH AO 1630 rozn, ](O!'I~a 13CpHHI-II1 Bblpa60'I':]J1 CBOH Crrel1Hq)UQeCKHH CTH]]h; 3,,\eCb B;1)j(Hoe 3RI'-JeHHC lfMelOT apXI-I"l'eKTi'lXl 11 )KHIlOIlHCb, u'y)]],rnypa )](C OCL1CTC'J-I MdJIO sarponyrori. Bropori Ha'-lHl-tae1'C5! C 1630 rOi'l,a:i'l,OMHr-mpyeT 3,QeCb 13epT-lHI-m, H CKy!IbnTY1XI IlbIX01~I1T I·ra anallcqeI-IY. BI-ryTpH 3TOro XPOHO_,QOrWlecKoro ,'lenel-ll1fl cneztyer IlIXlH3necTH ):tp)-Toc - reo-
~ T;] 1-lcMeL1IzCJ!' LGlpkllGnypa (OIC 1860), U I-la KuropblH H306p~l)Kel-JbI Au.ycr [J
H apxHTcKrop IJ)lHHrep;) TIcnntJJb.\LaI-J, rrpCKp:ICHO nDlG13bmaCT npe3pfoITt!lbHOe ortromcrruc K 6apO'H-rot'1 'lPClMCjXIOCTH.
EapOKKO corJIaCHO KpolIe (1909)
FInK, 6apOl(KO npCLJ,craB!lSIeT co60M:
Ht"lTO BPOltC ypO,lJ,cma B ncrcyccrse H nO:)'fOMY I-It' l-lMeeT K I1CKyccmy ]-)HKa«oro (HI IOlllCHI1H: nanporun, [)l-IO COBepmel-IHO qV)K1W 11cKyccmy, Y KOTOPO-
146 CBI111ETEJlbCTBA l1 IlOK%1EHTbI
ro 3al1MCTBOBaJIO 06iUm H HaI1MeHOIlaHHe, npOHHKTIO 13 ero crpcpy H nOAMeHHJlO ero C06011. He no,[('-lI1HRlICb 3aKOI-IV XV,llmKeCTlleHHOH uent.nocra, 130Cci·aB;J5T npcrms Hero HJlH o6xOAlI era, 6apOKKO O'1eSHf(HblM 06pa30M DOi'\'.fI1- HlleTCR gpyroMy 3aKOH)l, J HMeHHO 3aKOHY l-1aC,1a%,lIel-II1J1, KOMCPOPTa, xarrpuaa, Hl-!blMH CJlOB<IMI1, 3aKOHYYl'HJlHTJpHOMY I1Jll1 regoHHCTl1'1eCKOMY, KOMY KaK J-lpaBI1TC5l. n03TOMY 6apOKKO, KJK see pa3HOBl1,llHOCrn vponcrna B I1Cl'YCerne, ODHpaeTCJI na nparcrnsccxne no'I'pe6HOCTH, KaKMMH 6hl OHM HH 6blJlH H KaK 6hl HI1 CCj)OPMI1POllaJIHCb. Ho 3TO Bcel·ga - KaK 11 B Jl,aHHOM cJI')"'lae - crpeancnne HaCJlaAHTbcJ! TeM, 'ITO HpaBJ!lTCJ! nonperca nrexry 11, npe)!([le ncero, sonpexn caMOMY HCKYCCTllY.
Benenerro Kposc <Jeee no scmemuxe«, Gallimard, napl1%, 1991
BapOKKO corJIaClJO Opcy (1920)
file 6bl Mhl HM BCrpeTl1JlHCb C co-reraHHeM nporaeononoxeorx nanpanrreI-lllH B OAHOM rrpOH3Se,l.\eHI1I1, CrHJlHcTwleCJ(J!lH :~q)(PeKT scema 6YAeT VllVleTb oracnreuae K 6apoKKo.13apo<JHW1 AYx - fl03BOJlHM ce6e 3TO TPI1BHaJlhHOe Bblpa%eHHe - He 3Haer, <Iero 01-1 XO"leT. On %<{%,!l,eT 6b1T]' sa 11 OAHOsperecmto rtpornn OH XO'1eT - B3f'.'IHHHTt H3 I(O}]OHHbl, caMa crpyxrypa 1(0- TOPbIX 5lBJ15ltT c060ti rraTtTI1'1eCKHti napanoxc - TBep,!l,O CT07JTh na 3tMJle VI 06paTI1'J"hCH B 6erCTllO. OH XO'1eT - MHe BcrrOMHHaeTCJl. OgHH aureno-iex H3 0i.\H0l1 peiuerxe B O,[(l-lOH ucptcau [I CaJlaMal-JI(e - rrO,l.\H7JTb KHCTb H orrycTI1Th pyxy. OH y,ll3J15leTClIl1 npH6.1HlKaeTC5l no CI1J!lpaJIH. OH rJIYMI1TClll"l3,Ll, l-Iaf.l BceMl1 Tpe60B3Hl1llMI1, nOf..l,'1l1l-!llHCb npnnuur.y nporuaope-mn
3Y,ll)f<el-mo ,I.\'OpC -Bapounoe 1.IC1()lCC1n60·), Gailimard, Ilapu:«, 1968
,n;eOaTl,I B IIOHTHlJbll (1931)
B pcaynrrrare nepnsrx YCI1.nYIH rro 6oPb6e C qWffIOCO(pWleCKl1MJ!l Te3HcaMH 0 6aPOKKO I-Ia CBeT IIO!!BillIaCh ,lI0BOJIbHO 1'3- Kall KOHu:errll,HiI. I'pvnna HeMelJ,KHx HCcncnonarencn - O,l.\HI1 npI1H3,l11le)K3}]H K JJJKOJle npcxpeccopa naHocpCKl1 J!l3 [aM- 6ypra, f.lp\THe 60llet 11J1J!l Meliee nocnenonarensao pa3BI1BaJm 1l3fJUl,llbl Bt%q)JJ11- 113 B repMaaCKOM mrcnrryr« B PI1Me - Hl-IKaK He )Ktil~UJ<I 0=3a·I1,C7J OT csoero oreepraiotnero CJ!lHTe3 nonxona OHI1 BI1- ,C(tJll1 B 6apoKKO Jll1lIII, cpOpMy apxarekrypl>I, rrpI1MeI-lJIeM')'lO no-m: HCKfIlO<IHTeJlbl-IO,llllil rpacance, «oropue B031-lI1IGlIOT e MOMCHT<l CTpOl1TeJlbCfBa XpaM:l ,ll,)KC3Y B PI1Me 11 npnxonsr l) yn:a,llOK 13CI<Ope rrocne Boppoium«, lleJlJla ITOPT3 H 13CPHI1HH. 3"1"0 )'TBep)I<p.CHHe YAaJIOCb onposeprrryn, C nOMOIl.\hIO MOIl.\I-loro Op)',lIHJ!: 3THM cnoeoopaamn« Ta paHOM CT3JJa 4)0- Torpacp115l3HaMeHl1TOfO oxna fl MOHacrupe TO~Iap, pacnOJlO%eHHOI'O HC,C(JJleKO OT JlHcca60H3. Bee xapaicrepuue -iepTb16apoKKo, Bhli~tJleHHble cnenaanacraMJ!l esuueynoxrat lyTOti rpvnnsr, HaJll1'1CcrBYlOT - H HaJlM'leCrBylOT B H36blTKe - B 3TOM 31-1aMeHHTOM orote, npencrantrnome~! c060ti JlHJJJh O,!l,I1H 06pa3Cll1K 6oraTCHIlIei'1 !l)'3J!lT,U-JCKOti Tpa).111l1,l'll1, pacLjBeT)'KoTOPOI1 cnoco6(."TBOB3J"1111lenHKYlC reorparpnsecsne OTKPbmfll113HaKOMCfIlO e TBOpeHI1i1MH MaCTepoB rro ·1 y crOpOHy okeana. EgIla B3rJUll"ly1l na OKJ-IO MOHaCfblp7J B Tor-rape, MO%HO onoanars see 3TH 'Iep"],bl TeH)),eI-llJ,Hl! K )f(J!lBOnHCHOMy, uurecumoutaanpncyuiee KIl3CCl1- I.\H3MY crpexrnenue K KOHCTPYI\TH[lHOCUI; onryuteuue my6m-Ibl, rrpnztaroniee
:1 pxarexrype uc-rro BpOAe rpen.ero 113- MCpeHI1.H, Al1HJMl13M llMCCfO npoxnero nO,Ll,06ml CI:16illIbHOcrVl; .YJlCT31OIl.\HC CPOPl>fhl'; I1cnOJlb30B<lI-IHe cupux, He06- pa60TJI-lHblX upnpoztuux MaTepl1aJ10B. Y1, csepx 'roro, nxyc KO lleeM.y TC<lTP;LnbHOMY, POCKOlllHOM)l, BbIYYPHOMY, nOlG!:3~ HOMy: en)' oco6eHHOCTh 6apoJ(l(o BCCfl1a
CBI1j.\ETEJIbCTBA VJ IlOKYMEHTbI 147
OTMe'1alOT )l,XKe caMbIe I-ICBHHM:lTeJlbHbIC l-la6mol'laTenH. Oxno B Torcape npenccXOAHT nee, '.fTO Kor,Ll,a-JlI160 ,!l,tJlaJIH EcpHI1Hl1 H Hyppurepa ,Qa%C B nepaon H3Hmrctuero pac.mcra pOKOKO.
,,13<1P0'11-10CTh - i1BneHHe I1CKJlJOCTHTtJlbUO cesepaoe, - 3al!BJ.fJI K 06U..I,CMY 113V~L'leJ-lI1K) O,llHH H3 ]"OJlJl:tH,'1CKI1X v-ucrHI,lKOB. - K lory OT Ansn 6apOQHOcTh xax T:lKOBJJ! nepecrana cYIlI,eCl"HOKITb.. ,> Ha CJIC,Ll,YlOl.l.\H11,l1eHb Ilo.n, cJ>l1peliC, I-IarrpoTHB, BbICK:13aJJClI B TOM lJ;jixe, 'ITO H;] cesepe nO'I1H ner 10JaCCHlJ,H3M3, 3 nOJlb lle%apf.leH nosropaa CBOC yrsepJK.I:jeHHe, '1'1'0 IlO ¢paHlJ,1110 6apOKKO rrpOl-II1K110 H.3 HTaJ11111 H VJcrraHHI1. «13apoCJHoCTb B03J-1HK3eT B '["cx crpanax, rne oncpacana sepx KOl-lTppecpop!>lal1l1lI, - CKa3aJIAPyr0l1 yCIaCTHHK, BCPOl!'11-10, I1cnblT3BUlHfl OIHlJJKOM cnnsace llf1115l1-mC Bel1c6axa, - C3MblM 6apocrHblM XYAOIl(]-lI1KOM 6hlT( Py- 6eBC, xYAO)lG-lI1K 1«ITOIlI1'1CCKI1}l, rrpOHHKH)iTbltl l1e3YHTcKHM I~"XOM·'. -Her, - B03- pa3HJI XWI,O%H.HK [YAM;U-l H3 AMCTep,ll3Ma, onapascr, K3K H<I ABOI1}JOH ·1111)'11 COOTeQecrBeBHY!K3 H coopara 110 pcacory, rax J!l H3 CJ!l]IY CSOYLX 1~01l0/.10B, - 6apOCn-lblM A")'110lKHHKOM no npcavyu.ecrsy cnenyer C'IHTaTb PeM6paH,!l,Ta. 011 rrpI1Hal~~e)KHT K 6apolG(Q, nOToiV'Y '1TO YCBOWll1,i.1,eH JfIOTepa; [TOTOM), 'ITO rtpoctarvtner HI-l/..I,J113I1A}'aJlbH}10 )f(J!l3Hb: nOTOMY cITO n:pOHI1KHYl' 'IJ'BCmOM OTBeTCTBeJ-lHOCTI1, YJ]-Il,IMH CJI0- llaMH, '{)lecmOM :3Tl1YeCKl1M; nOTOMY CITO flBOXIHT BH)'TpeHHIOIO lKH3Hb B «pepy peJlHrl1H; rrOTOMY '1TO, n.uccnen H3 scex cenepnux A)'f.lO%HHKOB OH Cl1mlCrneHHbJi'I, lITO nO'!Tl1l-lHYeM He 06513aH KJl3CCl1lfeCKOI~1 VlTaJlHH .... ). B nOI-ITI1HbH He 6WIO nopryra.n.ocux HCKYCCTBOlle,l.\OIl; HMefI HCKOTopoe rrpaBO npe,'l,Cf<lBJUlTb ~D;: YI Hdf.lellCh 3TO f.lOKa3<lTb, Mbl 6bInH CIlHWKOM nornoutexu rrp06J1eM<lMl1 06U\efO noPll_D;K8 11 HC CMODlH OTKJJHKH)'TbCH H;} see BblCI)'IlIICHl1lI. B npOTHllHOM orysae HM51 Hyrrso Ioncarn.nema nposeysano 6blll K:1'leCTBC perrmxn ua I1j,151 PeM6pa}~'I,Ta. HYHbo Iouca.uee:u - rene 11 C03,'"(3TtJI.b
OJG-Ia B Toxape - 6blJl nptATCQerr Gapovnero l-Ianpa[lneHI1!! II COBpeMeHI-IOM HCK)rCCTBe. On rrOHllM~UIIlH)'TpCl-lHlOlO .!KVI:JHb 11 '1enOBt'1ecK"VlO HH/.1HBl1J.IVaJlbnocn., 06n3,[1,l/l CB060,C(HblM B,'lOD-IOBeHHeM H yYl1CTBOBaJl J-1eOpraI-1113()1l3HH)'l0 npapony, nepeA:lB2J1 OKeaHHCleCKy10 He)KH()CTb, KOTOp~llIHH'1eM Ht ycrynaer aTMOccpepl1'1eCKOI1 Ht)K]-[OCTIf PeM6paHi.\T<l, C03,Ll,allJJl 3eJleHOB3TblC OTreHKH, npencnonneuuue Mcn;t HXOJIHH 11 06YCJIOBl1tlIJIHe rrOHBJICJ-1HC "C[leTOTeJ-JH" ]) COBpeMel-lHOM ncxyccree
3Y)l,)l,cl-mo zt'Opc, mast »ce
BapOKIW COrJIaCHO <l>OClIKOH)' (1939) 13apo'1Hbli't MeHI"J!lHl't1· nocrommo 06- na p)'i](111l3eT ce6ll B YCfOH.'1I1IlhIX -reprax, rtonropaiounrxca B C8MblX pa3HbIX Kpyrax 11 B caxroe paauoe spexn. Bar y?Ke TpH CroJICTIUl 3TO AOCrOJlHHe He O,[1HOH TO,1I>KO Esporru - TOY.HO Tal{ JKe H 1<'1;tCCH- 1.\H3M HC npHl-13,n;JTelKHT HCKJll0llHTtilbllO I( Cpe,l.\}l3eMHOMOpCKOI1 K)'JIbTYpe. ~fro MfliOBeHHe - Hecor.meHl-IO, ea~mc CIlO- 60/.1HOC - H:3lK:H3HH cpOpM. OHH 3a6bUl11 J!lJlH H3Bpa"fl1!111 TOT npanuem my6HHHo[0 COOTBe"fClBHll, maBHblM aC!leK'TOM KOToporo - ocooenuo II apxnrexrvpe-> I1peACr~lC1· YTTOpHi.\O'J:el-ll-lOCl"b; npencrrOJlHeHHble crpacruo, OHH %HB}'T lVJ51 C3"IllX ce6ll, 6e3Y,Ll,ep)f(]-IO pacnpocrpann- 101'01 J1 pa3paCT21OTCH, nOA06I-l0 '1)'):(0- BHIl.\HOMY paCTtHHIO. Pa3A)'B~J5TCh, 011H O1PHB<lIOTClI )),pyT' OT npyra, crpesorrot nOJ"!IOnITl, npocrpancrso, npOH3l1Tb ero, oananers J!l'>1, 11 C03i\aeTClIllllCq;1'l"JIeHHe, 6V11TO OHH l-rac!l~l)K,Ll,alOT(}l cscen Bn3- Cr'bJO H;lJl HHM. CaMO'yTToeHHe 06beR"T:I Y1 i1pOCTliblH. «CI1MillIH3M. cO,ilel1C11lyral" aTOM), 6yticrBY cpOp~l. [-10 061,eKf HHKOJ",Ll,<I I-Ie Bbl.l\eplKHKlt1· TCX 3KCnepYIMCHTOI3, K KOTOPblM npHoeraK1T Cl)OpMbl, BHeKOMhlC llC[(OI1 T31;lli0I1 CvInOH. Oc06ellHO 31"0 OQClll-~QJ-lO H nopaaarenuro II OPI-IaMeHTaJl),I-IOM I1Cl0,lCCTllC. HHrAe a6CTpaKf"H3H q)OPM:l He o6.1];lAaeT CTOfTh l!1l.H0
148 CBH,Ll,ETEJIbCTBA H ,Ll,OKYr.1EHTbl
BblpajKelil-loti MHMH'lecl<OI1 CKHOHHOC1'bIO. 11 l-lHf'ge HeT T3)(01"'0 CMeWel-Jilli Me:>K.11)' tj)OPMOI1 H 3H3KOM. (!>0PM;I Y)Ke I re TO_~bKO 03H;t'!acr, OHa 03H3'1aeT H3Bi13;)HHoe etl COr\ep)K;U-lHe, ee Tep3310T, lH06bl npHCIToc06HTb K orrpe,lJ,eHeHHOMY <'CMhICJIp. IiMeHHO -rorna H3<IHH3el' goMHHHl)(lB3Tb )f(HBOnHCh, TO'1Hee rosopn, uce HCKYCcrB3 06begHl-I51IOT CBOH 1303- MO)fCHOCTH, rrpeO/\OJIeBaIClT pa3,1\eJIlI1Ouure I1X rpal-THl.\bl H 3<1 HMCTIl)10T .n;pyT Y I,\PYI:l f1pJ1(:~n,1. Ogu013peMeHHO, BCJlei:J,CTBHe lJ I060IIbl'IHOti !-lJ-mepCHH H non l3Jm5lHHeM HOCTaJlbfJ1H, 3a!l0)f(eHH0I1 8 caMI1X cpopMax, rrp06Y)KL\aeTO! I1HTepec ]( rrpoIJlJlOM)', H 6apO'lHOe HCI<yCCTBO l-l3lIHH:1el' HCIGlTh BgoxHoBeHHe, onopy, MO,[(eJlb
B gpCBHOCTH. O/J,H<lKO 6apoKKO crpescrr C51 061-lapil)](HTb fl HCTOpHH csoe coocrlleHHoe nponnroe, Dog06HO TO MY, K<lK (~)P<lHUY3CI(He f103Tbl XV11 BCK;] nOYHTCIJill J-Ie 3cxYL~a, a EBpl1nH,lJ,:1 11 CeHeI(Y-Tparnxa, POM<lI-ITHCJeClme 6apoI(j(() qeHI1'J' 13 Cpel(HeBcKOBoM HCl(ycC!1-1e WIaMeHelOuryro roTI1}"), - ee 6apO'lH)1O pa3HOBH.l1- 1'10CT),. Mbl !~,L~eKYl OT MbIOlH 1l0JIHOCThIO ynO,l\06HTb 6apO'lHOC HCh"YCCTBO POM<1HTHLlecKoMY, )'[0 CUII1 130 (VpaHL\1111 3UI /.\5a "COCTO!lHl1l1') CPOPMbl Bb[['H5IAfIT pa3HI1'-I[-lhIMH. TO :')'1'0 06'bJlCHnerO! I-Ie CTOJlbKO CMCHOI1.l1BYX Han p:lBIleHI1}I, C((OIIbKO HCTOpWleCl(l1M glcHoMeHOM paspnsa, KOPOTKoro 1151pOCTHoro I1HTepBana, eanonaennoro HCIWCCTllCHHhlM KnaCCllL\H3- MOM. JIHLUb lli)eOAO!ICB nponacrs )f(HBO[]l-lGl ,Ll,allH,,\J, glpaHl.\Y3CKHC XYAO)f(}U1KH CMomH npHCOegHHI1TbCll KTHl.\YJal-l)!, Tmrroperro, KapaB:ljl)f(O, Py6eHCY 11 rr03,lJ,HCe, 13 r.cprroa Bropon HMnepHI1,
]( MaCTepaM XV1Il nexa.
AI-IPI1 tPOCI1l10H (·)J(U3I-£b cjjOjJ.M", PU.F, Ilapn«, 1939
BapOKIW COrJIaCHO TaUbe (1957)
I1CKYCCTBO, 1l0CXO,[(>lIl.\eC [( KOppe,iJ,)KO H iVIHKe!lal-I!\)KeJIO, 6J1aronapn KO'ropOMY nO}JBHnHCb PYIM 13CpH~1H l111fiopPOMHHI1,
npaanuecrna -Osapoeanuoro OClp013a', BepCUlhCKYlti 3aMOl( vI GUJ,bl, l..\epKBI1 (f)Hurepa tj)OH 3pnaxJ H 2l:I1TJ~eHxotj)p3, He 3aCII)'jKHIl<leT Ha3B;IHl1ll. yn:lAHJ1LleCI(Oro YLlH HCI{'1.)KaIOIll,erO IlpH1-JIJ,HIIhI PenecGIBG!. BOJlee roro, :')'1'0 HCKyCCrBO npOHCXO.l1HT OT Pel-ICCG1Hca: YCBOHB ero rpopMaJlbHblC ypOI(H, 0]-]0 cranm I1X H3 CJly?K- 6)' He H31lecTHoMy npoxne HgeaJIY - B HOIlI,IX 06rn.eCTse11Hh1X 11 ['C)(},,[(apCTBeHHbIX yCJIOBJoI51X.
!J:eI1CTBllTeJIbHO, PCHeCGIHC l'OBOpHJJ lICJIOBeK)'TO}lbKO 0 KpaCOTe, 0 npnponc H 803MO)!(J-lOCTllX ee I1cnOJIh30BaHI1JI, 0 6J1<1rOTBOpI-ihIX rrOCJIe/:(CTBYIlIX nporpecca H nayse H 3BOJJlOI~HH pasyMJ. Ho HC HIYlJJ<l.rr eM)! Hd,'1el(,[(Y H3 . 6eCKOHeCIHoe BpeMfl, ue ooeman 06e3- ,[(OJleHahIM Be'1J-IOro B03A:t5lHHll H TOp)!(eCTI3'l. 3"l~1 orpa1-111'1eHHOc.'Th B KaKOHTO Mepe CT<lJ!a npH'1HHOI1 peJlHrH03- HOl'O KpH3HGI, B peayxsrare I(OTOpOro KaTOJIH'IeCl(aH uepxom, KOHCOJmi~HpOBaJlaCb H3 TpH.l1eI-l'I'CKOM cooope YI nollBHJIC5I H3 CBeT npOTCCT3HTYI3M.
13apO'lHOe llCK},CCTBO, POi'111BllleeCH II nenpax PeHCCCaHC<I, crano mrpaairrenCM 3T!1X I-IOBhIX KOI-lIJ,eIIIJ,Htl, '1TO II 9IlOxy pacnazta YI-IHBepCaJlhH0I111epbI C po](OBOH HeI136e](HOCTbl(J HeJIO ](TeCHOMY COI03), C uepsouuo 80 BceM, '-ITO HMeno ornomenae I( OIJ,eHl(C qeJlOIle'leCl(OI1 npnponst Euie O.l1HH COI03, 'l"aK)f(e spellaTbl}1 MHorHMH HeraTI1IlHbIMI11l0CJIeACTBI15IMH, 06pa30ll3J1CJl npH cnHHHI111 C COJJ,H<lJJbHbIMH H nO!lHT!1YeCl<HMH I1HCTHT)'TaMH, KOTOPblC 3apOAwI11Cb B XVI nexe, HO 1l0CTOp)f(eCT130llaJIH )'iKe Il CHeAJ~Oll\eM CTOJIel'11Yl. Bapo-moe HCl(YCCT- 130 paanenanoo, aa npannopnoe, sensMO)!(j-IOe H KPCCTb5lHCI(Oe. OgHa J1:; npu'IHH 1'01'0, 'lTO 6YAYI1\He nO](OJleHI1lI nepeC'r:UJI1110HHM3Tb ero lJ3blK, 3:lKJIlOY;\JIaCh 13 31"011 CBH3H C 06pC<leHHbIMI1 na f'Y16e!lh cjJOpM<lMH o6U.\eCTBCHHOfO YCTpOJ\cm<l. MO)[o 10 1I,I)f(e CIGl3aTb, VI 31'0 Tal()f(e 6ygeT neprro, <ITO 6apoclI-IOe I1CKyCCTBO, 06pmlJ,<lHOo j( Boo6palKt'lIHIO H
C13Ii,Ll,ETEJIbCTBA Ii f-\OKYMEI-ITbI 149
B3blB~1 cxopee I( qYBCTK1M, a He J( pa:lyMy H JIOrHI(C, nOTaKlJIO TCMHhlM H csryrHblM croponav LJeJlcmellecKoi-i HaTYPbl, B CHiI)' LICl"O CTaIlOllHJIOCh nperpanon na rryn: nporpecca BepOllTHO, I1MeHHO no :3'1"0}1 npl1'-II1He B03HHKlJa TeHi:[eHqml C'-IH'1'aTb 6apOLJHblH cnUT]' pacxnaoauHblM 11 )f(e[-!C'I'IleHHbIM - II npUl'HBOBeC ynopHiJ,O'1el-lI-JOi\>I), H M)')](eCTBeHHoM), ](n3CCHL(H3MY
Cornaruascr. C 3THM C)')!(,,\eHYIe;\l, MmKHO OTMCTYITh, LITO 6apOlO(() - H MOliapXWIeCKoe, H apHCI'OKpaTHYeCI(Oe, B pennruoauoe, H censcxoe (nOHnTHO, LITO CJIOBO 31"0 ncnoassvercr B caIvlOM WHpOKOM CMblcne, XO'leTO! I"ja)[(e 3aMeHYITb
ere In '·3eiVUllil ioc-) - YTBCpgWlOCb Jll1Illh 13 OA1-1011 - 13IlO}lHe onpenenenHOi'l - '-I3CTH E8POIlbi. 01-10 WHPOKO pacnpOCTp,lHHJlOCb Il TCX crpauax, rne 06- 1l.1CCTBO HMCJIO HpKO BbIpa/l(eHHhII1 HepapXH'IeCKH}lX.apaKTep H rne 6,1arocOCTO}1JiHe seen CI1CTeMbl 3aBHCeJIO 0'1 rpyU3 KpeCTbnH, OT ](O"],OPhIX Tpe60133_1JHCh nOCJI)1.1laI-mC H noxopaocn. XOT1I6apOKKO O'f"JIH'IaeTCJl rrpHBJleKITeJIhl-IhIMYI tlMl a6comoTHhL,( MOHapXHI16J1eCKOM H rrbJUJHOCThlO, xopoino H3BecrCli TOT cj)a](T, 'ITO caMaJ! MOIl.\HaH H3 a6COJJIOTHblX MOH:1PXHI1 nainna csoe C3~1Oe HPxoe Bblpa)f(eHHe B J(J1aCCWreCKOM C[,[1J1e. Pa3YMee-rClJ, :3TO'1' 1(J13CCVJY:eCKl1tl CTHJlb He 6hlJ! JlHlJJCI-1 6apOQHblX B](panJleHHit nOA06HhlH vertex 061.,5ICHJlCTOI 1-laJIWII1- eM B 31'011 crpane MHorOCJHC.1lelil-IO}1 6ypj1w,nl1Yl C [Opu,I\I1'!eCKl1M 06pa3011<lHI1CM: «oropax HMena CK)]OHI-IOC.Tb I( a6- crP3KTHbiM nOH5ITI1HM H ynOB!lCrBOPllJl3 ec rIOCpe.l1CTIlOM IGlp'Ie3HaHCJ(oi'i qmJloCOcjJYlH, 06pall\35ICb I( l\eHHOCTJlM, crpeMHrn.HMO! B03BbICHTbC5I I-laA CJ1)"13I1I-10- crmm 11 HMCIOlll.I1M TeH,lJ,eHUHlO K Y}{[,fBepCUlbHOCTH. B npOTeCTaHTCKI1X crpaH<IX 6apOKKO He np11Jl(J1JIOCh no CXO,lJ,HhlM npWIHI taiVI 06VCJlOBneT-lHhIM n l'1aHHOM crrysae nOT;x6~JOCTllMI'1 ToprOB00 3](OI-IOMHl(j'I, npHllbl'lKOH I( paC'IeT)' vi nporpecco-i M:1TeMan'I'1CCnfX HayK, '1TO
a uenox: CO:Ji:(an;l~O COBepweHHO HHYlO CPOPM)' YlliTCH)leKlY;UJhHOI1 }KYI3J-JH H npaeepxesnocre I( llHblM peJlHfH03- HblM 1(0Hljem\I'I51M. BeCbM3 3HaMCI-IaTeJlbllO, YTO OOIll,ccma I~OMeHHaJJhHOl'O xapaicrepa - T<lI(He, KaT( POCCWI nocne Csryrnoro BpeMeT-m HJIH KOJIOHHaflbHbie crpanu AMepHl(l] - C :~HTY:JVla3MOM
rrpHl 1l1M3J111 6apO'lI-IOe HCKYCC'l'BO. He MtHee 3H:1Mea3TeJlbHblM BbIT'Jl.llAHTTOT cpaKT, qTO f10nb1TI(H MOHapxa H3MeHHTb 31'0 06TJ~eC"rIJo C uernco npenp.rnrn. KpeCfhllHY]]·!a llllHp'ly3JlhHOro 6yp)}:ya H BOBJICYh 3eMenbHoro c06cT13eHHHK3 B npoMblIllneHl-I)1JO HHAynpmo, npo6Y'lHB ero tnrrepec K )f(H3HH cOllpeMeHHOI'O rocy,,\apCl'lla, CCJBn;lA,UI11 C npOI1CXogHBlll.HM onuospeacnno ymlAl(oM 6apo](j(0 B HCKOTOPbIX pernonax B uelJOM)f(e cnegyer CI(33;JTb, YTO nporpecc HaYl-G111 TeXI-IHKH He crroco6cmyer IlJlaCl'11QeCKoM),Bblpa)f(eHl'llO, B KOTOPOM BbIA3IOll.\eeCn MeCI'O 3aH11.M3IOT 'NBCTB<I H 06P'13hl. (DwJ()cocpc](an MhlCJIh XVIll BeKI necer II ClMOI) ce- 6e OTpI1L\al-IHe Yl:lJII1LUliei'1 '1YBcTBlue-lJbIlOCTH, crone xapaxrepnon ).J,JiH 6apoJ(J(o. HeT HH'1erO Yi:[I1BYITeJlbHoro Il TOM, qTO OKI 6,~arOCJ(J10HHO BCrpeTHJ13 B031l1XlT K KnaCCWleCJ(HM cj)OpMaM < ... >.
Ecrm XVII BCI( BO <lJpal-II.\HI1 n peACT:]er KJlaCCH'-TeCI(HM II CBOYIX GIMhlX 51pKHX rrpOJIIl.iICI-IYIllX, 6apmo{O)KC cymeCl'I3yCT I-Ia nepnrpepna .J(J1;JCCI1L1,H3Ma, TO }"TVIlI sex npO,'lon)f(aCT OCT3KITbCH 1(}J.accHLIeCKHM, HO napany C 1(J13CCHJJ,113MOM paCJJ,IleT3C'1' CTH}]b, ](OTOPb10 Y}Ke J-ICflb3fI H:J3B3Th 6apOYHhlM ComaCHO XPOHOJlOrH'IeCKOH Tpa,'1HIJ,HH ere HMCHVIOT CTH.'leM PerCI-1TCTB:1, ]1.10- ,l\0511](a XV HJlH POK311JleM. no CJIOK1M <aMepH](;tHC](Ol'O rrpocpeccopa (jJHCI(e KHM60Jla>,I1CKYCCTBO POI<OKO - 3TO "OgHO ll.3 GlMbiX opHrHH3J1bHh1X 11 caMhlX Cllc)KYIX XYilO)KCCTBeIlliblx -re-tel-m}1 CO speMel'l J'0Tl'I1(J1 < .. .>».
BI'IKTOP n. Tarrse <IjClP010W u. 'lCIIClCCUl.(U3M», Librairie gen£'raie fi'Ctnc(I1~-e, 1986
J
(
/
A66aTCTBO UepKBH
11. MeCTa rraJIDMHHl.{eCTB3
150 lJ,EHTPbI 13APO'-!H0I1 APXHTEKTYPbI
EBPOITA B 1730 rozrv 151
._---)""
~.
.Mope
_ KOpOJIeBCTBO Ilpyccaa
_ M BJIaileHHll fOreHUOJIJlepHOB
o BJIaAeHflJl fa6c6yproB
o COe.lV.JHeHHble nposnauxn
o KOpOJIeBCTBO CaKCOHIlll D KypqJIOpmeCTBOEaBapCKOe • I'epncrcrso JIoTapl!HrCKOe
~ Kypc):lropIIIeC'l'lIO Taaaonepcaoe
nom.mx
• 3aMOK
Am.naHmU'ieCK:UU
OK:eaH
CHpaKY3hl HOTa
ParY33 If 0 n. U wee K:O
.Mope
-~----
152 TIPH.TIOlKEHYU1
06Ulfle pa60Tbl
be/roque et rccoco, Les Deux Mondcs, [\lri5, 962 -Picrre Ch<lrpcntr;H,Baroque, [3"roque Office elu Livre, Frihourg, 1964.
-Philippe du r()COCO,
V [in, Par is,
-Anthony GltH1( (uon pe).(~lI(q!1el;t), Baroque end Rococo. Architecture and Dccoraticn, Harper and How., New York. 1978 -Tonr: Summerson, HI/!,bteent/:J CerMIJ1J', Thames arid Londres, 1969. -N(clLolas Pcvsrier.z History (dB/Ai/ding
7)1H.!S, Londrcs ct Princeton, .1976. -Ficllet, La Tbeorie Arcbitec!.u.}"yJ/e 'a tl-f/!/! classique, !Vlarcl~lga, Bruxcl1cs; i979
-JOIHI Sumu.erson, Le Languge de
Parcaitecture, t:EqUC1TC. Paris,
-t-Llnno- \V'a)ter Krll!t.Aidiilec/L/i rIJ Theory; Princeron /\rc111fcCLural Press) NewYork, 1 :)85 -Jeln Cas rex, Renaissance, baroqu« ct dassicisme, Hazan, fJal'is, 1990
-Robert Tavernor Paltadio and Pallaatanisin, Thamcs and Hurtson, Londrcs, I')')!. -AI:Lln GJuber (110/1 pe/l~H\L(Yle:('I), Li'!rt rrirope, C\lacicllcs CI Mncnllci,
-Ch ('isti CI n N ()b~rg-ScI11117, Archlleclure baroque, Call1ln:lrcliElecta, Pari), 1992 =Chr.stian N cbcrg-Schulz. Architecture baroque iardit-e e: rococo. G;tllim~trd/r·,lecr~l. Paris,1994.
[\'aTaJIOI' B.bICraLH\U ,·TpHYi\Hj) 6apoKKo,~ -.Henry Millon (1IOi.1 pei-I"KJIYleH), Trio!Jl/J/:Jes d« Baroque} Arcbttccture ell Eurqpe 1600-1750. TurinMontrcalWashinaton
Marseille, 1999-2000 ~
<1>paJ-Ill;H>1
-.Je~tn- Pierre B~_llleloll, / )eJ}'ICUJ·es parisic.me: sous t-lcnn tvetLouisXll]. Le Temps, Parts. 1')65
-Allan Braham, I./!rchitec!urc des tunnercs, de,)~()l(Ulot f.,~ i.edoux, bcrgcr-Lcvr.iuh, Paris, 1982-
-Anrhorr,: 1)1 un L "..hl ct Architecture en France 150U-1 700, ]\"[;[clila. Paris, 198',
-Philippe Mingllct,I'mncebaroque. Hazan, Paris, 19BO,
-J eall-I\,1arje Pcrollsc oc 1\10n tclos, Histoire de t'architccturc [rancaise de la Nenaissance a ella RCI'[i/ulic)!l, Ivlcnges-CNMI-IS. P"ris, 1989. llTanH"
- Paolo POf{ogl1csi; Noma barocca. 1966 Laterza, Ibri. 1966
- r~uclolpll w/jrrko\ver, Studies in tile ltaiian Baroque, Thames .md Hudson, lonorcs, 1975.
=Rudolph \\;:'ittko\ver,AJ·t erarcbitccture en ttaiic, 1600-.1750, Ilazan, Paris, 1991. -S:dV:ltore BOSGlr[IlO, Sicilia barocca, Offlc,,"l Eclizioni, Horne. 1981.
=Ricliard Kr.ruthcirncr, Tb« Nome 0/ Atexandervii, Princeton Univcrsiry Pres,'i, Princeton, 1985.
Be.rIH]{()OpMTaHHff
-John Summerson, Arcbttectuvc inBritain 1530-1800) Harmcndsworr h. Penguin Books, 1953
- K, Downes, Engli-sh Baroque Architecture, Londrcs, 1966
H6epHl'i:cKHll norryoct-pon -G.KuL1Icr cr M_. SorL\AI-1 and Arcbitecture in
1959-
- Yves Bo[tincau,Baroquo ir)f'riqur3; Office du Livre, Fribourg, 1969
-BralulTl et P Smith.
Zwerumer, t.ondrcs, 1
,'l;f('{_ll.'i{!r/~
-Ch;lrle~ Avery, Berrun. Gallim~lcd, Paris, 1998
-CeCil Gould. Berniniin France, Loridrcs, "1981.
=Paolo Porroghcsi, BUiTomhIJ, arcbiiccutre/cnlgag_e! vincent ct Frc:,d, Paris, 1969
- Retlthcr, BaltbasarNcuman, Mun.ch, 198j,
-VCl";l Comoli M;:l1l,clracle11\flclreirLI Griscri
(no,U pe,~r,IKL~Hef'I), Fiff./)j)()./UU(fJT{.fJ arciJit&u'() dette CMjJi/(J/i do Totino (f /Wadl·leI. 1714-173(), c;ll~li()gL.le d'expos.uo», Tur!n, ]995
c:nYICOK l-'UUIK)CTPALl,l1l1
CllHCOK l1I[JIKJCTPALU1M 153
IlNIMIO
1 Ja II.'TOK H MooHe, neT:liIb JlCCTHI1L1hl.
2 U,epI(Ollb il>I(C3y;rn.:c 13 Bel-JeU}1r'l, /~e'I'~l,Ilb
j MOI-UClblpCl~:lllllepKOl3b u LlmHI}~ulh'rcHc, Llcr;uuJ,
4 UC:PI«)l\b C;lH-~J[J;JHCIKKO B Oypo-llpel'o (IilXI3Hmnt).
:) ITan;lllrw KmIHTHI'JJ.1 B n~lJlepi\'~O,
(, qep'(OllL CIII"l'H<po"lIC 1.l_!le"'lt:.
7 Cooop B CHpaKy3~n:: 8 rlallJcl.llbOI-l l.~mnllep Il ,LJ,PC3N~I[e,
9 (U.m)pCL~ L[e1111l-t11 B II)X(l"t.
11 ITlOntC. -Ilpoexr 6~lJIJl~lxHl·la ELli] uepl\BH KapHI-lh}[HO 1\ I'cuycPHCYI10K ~-}EC-;II,I-npOeauc, MY:1efi I'paHc.
lJTAIlAI
12 n;n-lll~jl'LH, {·l{aptIHr I-I~UI IVie.l1 bXH{)P He rJo)lHHhllK OO-UI'PHB::IC'1 co6op CI)"1"orO \leTI);1 B PHr.IC"), E~lp'j'vl1ld,
11., Pi',"', n Vll p
1:) F)epll,I,Il-THl "nJ1i1H ]-LePKCfi1 Cll-n·'AJ-!,'~IPCl HH KrmpHII~lJIC»,
(l)]n)pe.HL~['IJI, [HiCyHlm]l l'l,:;-}Crail-'IIIQR
14 l(epl{BH PHivle, PHCYHOK n'i/I;l L_LTj_i1HM~j_P:I,
]5 (JlCBa (l)ac1.U nepl<llH HJlba,n,jl(C:~-JY, [Jl-lcy 1":1 o« lu . .'la LLlt~[iIIM':lP;['
15 LTIP;lH:l (j);·IC13J. l\epKBi"i CmlToro IT~ !lfI;1 1'1 Cnsroro IlI0JlOlIH1,;l
1\ n~l[:Jl-DEC, rp:nnopa flapHiK, ["-1y:=;el~f
KO_;UIt':fIGl I\)lCpeUH 1) C\Jlarq~lllh:e.
17 BOPPOMHl-lH: \lpOCKT (liaCJ,~a WiJle.ilb!-1l:-1 /_l)T~llJepl(ljH C'l H-(I)II.llHflI10-HepH
II PHMC, IJI'lcyuOK RCII;[l 'lXIIIIOP
EiPITI';lT-TCKOI·O JKEYCCT[I;] B }1e,llbCKO\l yIIHLICpCHTCTC, C(}6p~lHHe n(}}la ~\k-'I.'IOH;l,
20-2] 3~1j\~O.l< l)ylllle;lhC, Jp"BIOP:)
21 l:;Crll-JaplIO [)t)l.lIOTI'O, dlc)jlhfli puuo«
1\ )lpeJ.L\CHe,), l(;IP'I'HH;-l VICTeul h). ~(pC3ilel'l K1PI'~lH[-[;1!1 l'aJICpOI 22 ci[t'Jr,ll l.uuuuo PC3;,PO Ii UCHC]~III-1, pl'ICyliOl~ l\i,~LJ LUJ]H [:>lapd.
21 cnpall;[ L1nopcLl KHI-KK1>! II Belle, pHC~.'H{)I{ rl-I~~-II·~lJUiU["l.'lp;l, 1_1]l:ulaL~k_(o KHNI~ll()C\C][hCIU,:lbKl-l B PI'L\'le IIY,Ll1lojX'
14 lmepxy JIIOKceM- 6ypn_'KlIH rlHopel( 1.\ IlapHJKt, I'p;1~3iOVl. l-bplc1)I(, ,\Iy~ldl l<:IPH;111A)]e
24 1n-li'!3y' Ol'eJilJ ib BPM'Il,tp li n'lp1-l"":, l·palIJOp;J
24-25 OrC_ilh CI{}.ij;~I'1
B flapl1)Kt, pl'lCy1-TOK Tuil~l ra}IJ1H.\'I~tpa,
25 nn~l[ ~ O'IY,II~
ILl Bp"r.rlhep (cOrJl;lCHO A l)_[J~;IJ'I'y)·
:?6 IvLwcr BH)!"lbl 11H:;;;J!-In H CTP;l. Bel'IEtu'l}[
Koppep
rClCn~lP B~lll BI,rrcn;1 (B~!Hmne}l.lllcl), i,BHII.Il;1 C:lKI(CTrr1 /leJlb TII1Hl)OTOE>, K,IPI'HH~L PI'I1>,j coop.umc CaKl(C1TII 2i [-1Yr3f1HK-X:~yC. BOCTOQI'lbT(1 (~);[CI~1
28 )-!<~ll\ PHl"O, -Te.rrp KOpOJlCBbl, m ll~1
J1,J PU-I'OI-I/lhl I~ GmYB'GlYC") lGljYrHH~I. ll;KTlIOt C06P;ll-lHt
29 Jl-cp I),eml ~'L1pT(" I. ,. R1-I!11t;1 3;tMOK Map.'ll,I»): [(;lPTHII,l, r\lFwl1
:~:lMICl
AI-IOIIHjI.l, ~i11'i:ll-n KOPO,IIt':B!.:d ~ILI[lHI!1 }]C1JJIIHC1Wli B Bo'" KarnilH~I, [Vlei ICH, 3([1\,IOK HO-J]e- BHJ~OHT
.)2 EiCpH r'TI-IH, ~nepHl)I'0 npocrr JlyrqxlE>, pl1C~'nor; ll:1JlHA(. nylJP
-l_1 lmepx\' AHT~[;llllle \tllll!1, (,K{}JiOlll-f~u~a
) lyBp~P, lupTHHa n~lpHj]{,'\-ly'J(j] KIPII;-llQ.1e.
_1:1 I1HI'IJ~'l\;1p.I]() PCfIHiUH,ilH, "TIPOCh..T _,'[YlqXIJ),
fl:1pl-l>K
)..t AI-IOllltr.-L (,BCI_iG_l.llbCKr rei J;IJ\lOI-( Ol(().nO 16751'OH;l'>. K;lIYrHH;J. J\!y~cl;1
]:JiI'!IU
'1'0, ,,3~J("'IOI\ 1-[H!l1C!K:H- 6ypl' II j\IIUllxelle". IClIJI'HI-Ll. RlU,JI'IHrTOH, H~·lL~T10H~l.iTIlT-I;l}; ['~l.'lepe_51 lKKyCCTI5, C06P;IllHeC3j\'IIOJJlil X KpcCCI
PHC),HI.<H,I'iep.;[HII, J.(vHcrOHG.11110TCI;, l·Oey/rla pel'HCY"n·TI)] ~:~ licp,IIUHCl(I'T(I.\IY:'le:I;I. .18 Pe)lbc{I)Hhl([ Il.'fJi-I [-le(jJ~ 5P'IC.I:UIL n:11)]-1)I(, i-l;Il.lHOH;IJ[IJllbl1~l (I)OT-I}.l HCI'OPI'I1.ICCKI'lX n~I;"I.\[T~ 1111J~on!1 j~oC'ronpH;\-leiJ.:tTCJThIIOCTCVl
_18- 39 i\.llef((;IT-l},lP )]CLlnOI L. (,r 1 pe.utouo;Kllre.ilbi·ihlfIIIJUH
ell [1(1'-1 It:Tep6:'l)LI'', PHC)"HOK. C~tJ'IKr- lle'If_:p6ypr. DI,]6n! I(YJ'CI(;[ AJ~;If1e!\IHII H~,lyK
59 Ilpe,il.Il0JlmK~ ITC.~[h- 1·1'1,11'1 11iU!-1 l(;IPJTCp~'3. '[10111101)",1
40 Al.la\.'l (_[_)p;H·[I~ BaH .iep i'Vlel:iJlCI-T, dl!OllUI::lI'iK XlV noc(:lll:ttT! IOiJ\-le[l1", ,," jlTl-LlLI rpc- 1-100.'1 bCKHfj 1>l~':~-dl,
"'f 1 GiCU;1 [l~[Olll~l,% [;IH-l<:lp,IIO 1'. TYrJHm~, rp;]IIlOp;~
4 'I cnp~lB;-1 B;III,~l()J\KIGHI !!rrOL[~~lHh l~ [I~lpl'I)f(e, rp.u.iopa.
_I· .: [-'epp!]'I' ~lepFXl:I\:lt', ~,P;rr'n~I-,1 roporta AMn'Cp)~~l",I]-", IGliJTIIILl [)erl~l, !\1(;:l,;J,CMJUI 11JoGpJ:3HTCJ[bJ 11l1.\ HCi<yc:cnt
154 TIPI-InO)KEHJ1J!
42-43 Al1TOIH:!O Kananerro, <-KoponellcKHtr rocrnrrane B f'PJ-1HBHlie, 8HA c ccscpuoro 6eper~ TeM:'],!;, KapTI1- H(I, }]OII~IOH! HaLl,HOllallhH.blll MOPCKOH ~'ly3e11.
mARA Il
44 MOHJC'l'hrpC](;lJl qepKOBb B Um ... txarnsrclie (Caaa).
45 (iJpaHcyaw j{lOIlH.'Ihe, (,I1PWIY/1-TJl-iBhle nerann-, rpamopa.
46 "Bepx)' UepKoBb Bam'-l1c-Ip"c
Ii DapJ1)Ke.
46 BI-I113y Ce6acThcH Jlel{JIEpR:, ~(1)paI-I1~:r:-3CK}'[J1 0pliep', rpainopa
47 L\epKOBb CBHThIX JlyKl'I1-'1 i\-'1;:tPTI-1I-I1ll
B PI-1Me_
48 MOH"CTbl PCl"," UCpl(Om, I) QI11Pl1eH:'GIl-innreue.
49 [bBl1.!lhOH Um!Hrep H ,~pe3!1eHe.
50 L(epJ(ollh CaJ-n'AI'Ii\pea liB Km'rp,,-u-J;,vle IIPHW
S 1 l)CPIWilb Cilwroro .5Im HCIIOM\O\KOrO llMIoHxCHe:
52 l\cpKoBb CHHToro I-lI1KO.O'. Ha MIDI" Crpana B Ilparc
53 L(epKOIJb Can-Kapno anne Kyarpo $OJ'I'J'~lHe 13 PHMC
54 O,1paH, "ITpOtKT)'Kp;llllel'Il-1I1~, PYlCYI-IQl( CTOl\IWlbi\l, H:liVTOH;vlblrbIH i\'ry36i.. 55lli()Bo) «rIPOtKT YKIX1weIlHi::i wm no'l'OmGl B TeC(eHCKO~1 ;_~Bopu,e"J PHCYliOK. CTOKfonbM, H(lUJ10- H::U1bHI,ni i\IV3eti.
56 AHOHHM: "'¢HJu·mn! .epuor Op}letHC!ulf'l, pereHT (1)paH1-l"liJ1)
B cnOt:\I pa6o~iej\[ l{a6HHt-rt IlMccre
C lepllorOM IllaprpCKH:"I·I'), K~ipTl1li'l. My-3tH Bepca.n.cxoro 3iljl.ilGI..
57 BllepA'y~}]e.u~llj, rpainopn KJlo!)a i(Ioqmo- MnaijUlcro cornacno (DpaHcV~1 Byrne. . 57 HHH3Y Ba(,,:e,
,n pOCK!, YKpallleJ-JI-lf'l 1-l)lfl raJiepeH '·I'YJIY3CKOro OTtml IJ r1;lpn)l<e?1 pHCytIOK. Crouro.n.u. HaUYfOH'J.llbHbI1111·I),'3CI:l. 58 Bllepxy LIepxom, W'ra~h-IX(\y3ell, J~eTanb. 58 HHI43y YKP:.lTIICHI1JI 6oJnlUloro GUlOJ-T;:t
B nal3H31bOHe AJ\·!J.Ill1til- 6ypr (HHM'j)eH6ypr-)
11 .ivlJOI-LxeHt
59 Xormenxavnr, -Ilpoeicr rponuoro 3:1JI;1>') rpamopa
60 cneua L~CPI~OI\b CHaceHl'HI B Benei ~VlH. pHC}l·'{QK n'l,fJ.a r aJlJlH,11"pa.
60 CIlpaB<I Ilnan I.\epKBV CJ I "c:eHUH
(j 1 RRepX)' [LO'1I1 tJaCOBI'U-11l mlpH~KCK()ti Copooune.
61 BI'1l1:~y nn(U-llI,epKBH CaH-J(;lpiIO bOPP0;1tO R Bene.
62 finep"'y i']}]'llJ U:CpKIII1 RH311J'LIlU1H BflapHJKC.
62 mHIl::ly ~'BapHHH, ,. Ilpoexr UepKBH
NUl Typuua- rpamopa. 63 TIOTOJlOlC \laCOllHH IJO.'IXI~OR IJ PJ-1i1.-ICKOi\l KOil!lelKe PacnpocrpaHtllH5I Bcpu.
64 MOIIIlCTbJpCK:I" ncpiconr, H PCHe (U.JTHp",")'
65 necpxy Ivl0H'olC'l'IJIPCJ{~I5I uepxom,
Il Hepcc.xctiMe (5<1l(ell- Bro p'rt0l6epr)
65 BrlI(3)' MmracThlpC1,;151 uepxous B E~lI [ne 66 MO"'''CThIPCl''''1 ll.CPKOBh B tDHpu,eHx~n1~ Jl11J'eHe.
67 Bllepx)' Paspca 111U1::lH :"I·l0H~lCThIIXKOfi l.(epKBH B <!)I1PI.\CHX:lfl}IHfeHC.
67 RBI'[3Y P:e131X3 H nnan JI.'IOH3C"l"hlPCK011.l1,epKBH B J-1cpecxcI1MC.
68 EOJII,1TI0ti CIJIOH .uBOpl~~1 CTynHIIH/pKH H TypHi-IC.
69 BlltPXy )!(epMcH l)o(i)(ppaI I, ,.nPOCWI' Wlnt'Vl;lJlblpaH;f(~·).
69 fJHJ13V Jl,1l0pCU CryllHIIHI1)KH B TypHlie 70-71 tll10pCU
u [i.llt'IIxefb.·lc) rpauopa. 71 nJI:II-I,11J0pua
B DJIer-rxcflMe
72 3"MOI( MC:lOH
IJ MEJOH-naci"j)HT.
7 3 CBCPXY 111m:) rJ.lI~tHbl 3:1MKOB 1\-1('3011, 130, lIJaH 11 n~mHJlbOlla AMJ]lYIeu6ypr
11 JVIJOt-IxeHt
mAnA III
74 MOl lacrr'pcKa" JJ,ep£wBh B Popej ,Ilt:Tam, ,. ~i(ne!-H'IJI Boropomruu-,
75 q)epm'lli:lIl!10
fa)l;IH lFl }3H6m:~HiI. -Ilpoexr IlilOPI\OI)OJ1 necrnnusr-, pl-1C)'HOK .JldOl·'pe;wb) Kal-la/J,ClcH~i apXHTCK'rypHlllfi uenrp
76 tl:JCO'BHJ:! KOpH:'IPO UtpKRH Carrra-Mapnx jltJW;1 BH'rTopl.-J~1
B PH\IC
77 u'CpJ<OHb CiHlTOrO 5111:1 Heno:"l'IYl_IJ(()J'"O
II Ilpare.
78 Llepxom. B 3il'lJlC (50reMHH).
78- 79 Ilepxoru. IlDMccc
80 tIacOOl-I}l BI13"'Tall,HH II IT"pH~j(e.
81 G1CB~ P:J:.J1JC3 xvnona KOPOJlCBCI(oti lL1COi3IIH IJ rrapH)KCKOM co6ope llo1l-Ja H.f~llaJlHliOB, rpamopa,
81 cnp" I)" P:npe:1 Kylloml U,CPKLlIl C:lH-J10PClluo "TYPHI'IC, .pamopa 82 UeplWllh Cau-Bepuapnnao II KbCPH, P51,1l,OM CTYPHIIOi'-1.
83 usepxv uepxom. Cau-Hno IIpeMYi1poro .E~ PIU'ie
83 BHI'I)\, l~ep"Olih C:1II-nOpCHUO
Il TypHHC:
84 AI-rry::J.I"I KOI~in('.'lb, (oO.rJHl'.·(n,), :iCKH3
il.lUI ranepen :.-JHe}1
H ru PH)KCKOM n~l.~e-PO"JIC, "~lpnlH:1. M ~i3efj Af-mcc
85 ITOTOIlOK uepicmr Cnn -Hr ... " 11110 JJ PInIc. 86 IIllrp'-'Y Jl,)KdiMC TOpl-IXHJIlI, -Ilpoexr necrunuu», pIK~:f-fOK. IT~ pM~" 1>:1 )'3eti ,u,eKOjXITJ1BI!bIX HC,,\'CCTU.
86 SHH3Y C".OOH npHJ-ILI,eCCIJI zre Cy6",:~ Il n"p~DKe.
87 Pe3I-lJleHI.1H5I
Il Bto Pl16ypre, KoponCBCKHl:j aan.
88 UeIlTlXI%Hbl>1 xnnn u KeClJI-XOBapn
89 5"!IT~JCap HeI,wH,
I' P;13pe:l Pe3H,UeHl.J.HH
B ]jlopl.~6yprt> ~ PHCY'·1OK Eep.lmH~ KYIICT- 6H6JIHOTeJ(, rOCY}1IlPCT- 13CHHbl(1 EepJlHliCKHI:"J .\·IY3di.
90 )lecn !HLP 3:1 iI.fK::l A)T)'cryc6ypr B Bpio.rc (CCRCPI'lbIl1 Per'rHBecnimll'IH)
9'1 (IGU1;·1 Pe,u)l.Gl u BJTl1K::jHe.
CTIYlCOK YlJlJIJOCTPAqm:t 155
92 L(CpKOBh Cm-HoPCI1I10 H '1 ypnue 92-93 JlcCTlIHl.(a xoponcecxoro nsopua Kasepra
93 LI:o;"IeHHKo Ornuu.cpo) '" KopOJleIK'KVII~i rearp B TypmJe
B nc-iep ero TOp)KeCTseuuoro orxpsrrnsK"PTMH_ TYPHII ny6.IlHy'j-Jbll~i l\.'ly:~eI1.
rJIABA IV
94 fll:II~'"'IT PJ1['O, ,)lUO!jb Apily:OH-tVJ~Hcap". KapnlHa J'lapl-l)K,n\'lIp.
95 L\epKollb S 3l(:Jf)e (IJOl'eMHR)
96 CHtI'" q)OHT"I" AK8;1-[1aOJIa B PI111-H':.
96 cnpaua r;'"IKeT>1J 11'xayc nnopua Y:":TTxwm B II OHI~~OHC.
97 f\J·rrOII repm-If, t.l-1e3YHTCI\;IR U,e-PKOBb
B Arnuepneue-, IGlp'HH;1. BCli", M)'3e(j ncropua HCKyccrn, KapTHl-IHaf' I'IlFrCpeH.
9{5 BepI-IHlIH, ·dlJrr:lp" cooopa Crorroro ncrpa R PJ'I~'le,): rpall-I0p;1.
98 -99 rjJ"C<II.\ "PhJJ1'1 racroua Opneancxoro 13 :mMKe l:iJJYJ: PHCYHOI(. n a j)11>K) Or II-'It)) Hau,HOI-I<lJlbHOrO ,lOCTOJIJ-lH}I.
99 rp".OHnrJ fJ,C lliaMntllb._ (,}tCIK JleMCpCbe nepeu '1;ICOIlHeI1 COp60l-iI"lbJ", IGlpn'[HJ M y3efi Bcpcam.cicoro 3a~'IIGI.
100-101 WK("'''H1'il'l [(.IOllO flaHlil1lilll, ~n.rr()Il~a'~b H3BOH:1
II P~·H,.!e·») rClp''I'HI La
Hal [T, lvl)'3Cii H306pa3Hrezn.uux HCKyccTn
101 5epHHHH, -Airrortoprper-,
r<apTHI·ta_ PHM, ranepcs nopr·e3c. 102.nbep-/leHH Mapren, dlHil, Ha 50.tlblllOl~1 TPH"JHOH
B 1723 ronv-, K~p'rl11Ia r,il)··3efi BCPC:lJJbCIWl·O 3;bvllGI.
102-103 AI'lpH 'rccrenen, (·-KOJIh6ep npe,~cnBn~eT nIOi~OIll-J- 1(1' XlV 'InCHOB Kopo;lCl:3CJml~i AIGl,a,eMHI1 H"1'1{ 6 1667 1'0/11''', KapTlfJ-Tit MY3eH Bepcanscxoro 3:1:\1K:1. 1.045116,'IHoTeK;t XO~J6yp[' II Belle. 104-105 Bcpaapno EeJUI(rlTo1 <, BHA
ua Beuv c Bern.nencpa-, K:'pTi-lHa. Bell", M)'3cCi HCTopm-l HCl<yccm,
105 Cotiop
B Banet ICHH.
106 LlBOpcU-MoHacrupx B Macppc (nOpT)"-:JlJI-Jfl) 106-107 )KOIlI1, ~CK~lW B IilOaeIlHJLlJe(>, Kapn1H(I, HilHCH, ]lOT:lPHI"lTCKHJ7J \lpefi 108-109 il,lKO""HHH
I taono naJ-IIlI1HH,
(. f;uJepc5I BHAOg COBpe;\·'eHHor'o PI1MJ'), IClpTHJ-Ia. napH"',
)I).~'p.
110-111 Mar(eT CMo,llhHOrO MOII;ICl"I,IPH B CaJ-lj('r-rJeTtp6yprc C:II·IKT-.nCTcp6ypr, ivlY3CI1 Al<a}.lel\'IHH }..~,'.umKecTII.
I 12 unepxy vancrcnx:JYc B JioHfJ,Olle, rpaBlopa ]:.-13 I{l-J I'll 'Y! (,6[1HT~1IiCI\HI~1 I31,rrpYBHfto) Ko .. llHll:a Kei\'ln6C.iJ})il. l12 U11I1]yOW'_iTh ey6],!:,! H [ 1;·IIJI1)l{C, rpaBlOjxl
1 1) L(Cpl<Ol.lI, C:UIjbKoPi\)[(O R P'I'\'3C
(CHUH!IHH).
I 1'1 C060p 11 1I'I),pCH1-1. 115 BECpX~' Ba311J1HKa Cynepru B'IYPHI-Je.
1 J 5 LHIJ.-I:lY nJlOUJ,::lt~b .l1I01\0"HK:I A'V R PCHHe, rpaeropa H3 KJ 111 rH ~,na!l-UITHHI\.H (:[)P:UI- 111-11'1 .. c IIt.epa !laTa.
mARA v
116 .nap"l\Hb\i{ XO!I;I B X()}IKXCi\,I-XO.rVI (HOp'POJlKj.
117 M"KeT arrrapx YcneI-IHn norOpOJlHu,bI Q)P:JHK(iJypT-Ha-MaI1IIe. rocynapcTRCHH3i1 1·<1JIepeH flH6Hfxayc. Ll8 3ail'loK Cancycu
B flOTCP;:li\,IC.
119 C""TI'L"HlI1C J.1Htyca MI1JloccPfJ.J·JOro n Bpare (rJopT)TaJ"IiI). I 2U Kap-re:.II,raHCKHl1 A\olOH3CTbiPh B l'p~lHane. 121 Fancpea s CTPO- 6CPPH-XI-I!J)j Cfm-IKcl·lxe,,).
122 AHOHHM. ~TLTJOTW1/],b Bore~)OI1
B napl1)I(C", IGlP·HIHJ. napH)[(, My3ei1 K:'l)"'''mUle
12~) Ji)KOItH'II'iI'I TI'IOlIO nm-IHHHH, .;IlpH61)lTHt repnora I1C WV;13eillj
11<1 mIOI(~;·I,a,b eBHTOI'O Ilerpa B rH~\O!C~) IGJ.PTl1H;·1. [iCP}1ltl H, K"pml'IH3fl "'-"CPCiI. 124 Dam·1iI1,0H AM(lJHIeuovpr (I-lI-IWiJeH6ypr) H 1'v11OJ·lxelle.
125 3eplGI.'lbllbJli XO]Vl Ai\~~L1HCH6ypr'~1
126 c-"eoa llCpK08b OU-ITa-KpO'Ie l\ Jieqc. 126 CllP:lB~l U.epl(Ollb CU5TToro Fcoprun
Jl Hcr-:.r·rl(e ()]()JjI(OII) 127 Co6op Cn-IThf1I"OJ:lt- K()_\-lnocl"e}I~1.
128 nCCI'j-JHlja ,,"OPI\" 13e.'lbllt'/WP II BeI-1e.
CBH,UETr:lJbCTnA 11 !~OJ(YMFHTb[
119 DJ.-I6}IHOTClGt Xocp6ypl" II Belle 130 TO"3 5iI~lHllJe. (. Ilpoexr nO'fQ.!lICI
IJ)lJI 3~Ulbl Ileurpaasnoi; 60.JlbIII1I.(hl B IlHolle·); KapnIH;1. }]HOH,
M pdf Yrlo6p~J 3H"['eJlIJHllIX J.1CK).'CCTit
132 Cet'1acTbcH }lCKJ[epl~, "P',:npa6oT.I\a xapsepa rtepcn Bnnbne-rpac-, rp:lBlop:1. [lJpH)K) j\'ly:,n-:~1 KllpHamLnc
133 <l:>poImrcmrc ,Tp"KTnT:1 0 OiJ'f'H opnepax rLUl.lla;'(Ho€>, 1645
134 I.i\,i4;li\'1 IIepem,
(·'8H;1 Ha 1{00LTJCf( 4CTblpcx HJUI'lfi~; rpalliopa napH/K. !VlY3n:t l.(apui1ua.tle
l:\7106ep Po6ep. Cxana PC!1)f(a B lla1HK:1- He) _PHCYl!OI\_ EeJ~I[[COI·I, lvly3C'J1 H306pa3J11TCJlhIIblX HCKYCCTB
I 38 C[lpOHTw:mrc {'.lleorTu 1(1'IHr 06 :Jl>XHTeKlype 1l,l'J'[)VBJH[{}, 11CpCIJOi1 KrIO,1..1,:! Ileppo, 1673.
140 )K-M.OIII-Iop, Pa3pc3 nCCTI-lHlUll UI"t:JI.H ra 1·'.!lItIOH. pI-lCYHOI{ rbpH)K. MV3C'" ,iJ,CKO!XlTHIU-HJIX HCKYCCTH.
142- rJ"'P'"Je3H, ,:f'IOPh!'>-flll'>, q_1;(BIOpa- 1754. J45 311·IJLllh 3;u\cc, I·AI~rycT lin TIe-nnCJJb~lal.l". G~TI1PHLj,CCIGIl1 rpamopa
150- I 51 K:lpn EflpoIIblB 17:10 10/1Y f1l,~-"O ,.f:alI.I"JID1ap'"
PI
156 DPHJJO)KEHH5!
YI<A3ATEJlb
Anrvcr Ill, KOpOJ[b f10,ilhU.IH 21 ,-'\3:u.[,6raTI1Jl 51 :75,77, 103,113
A,7IH311;lbilEl-1: ;J66~ITCTBO 19.
A_'IC[{CIIIIIP VlI KIT/(,KH, naru '100. 1 I) 1. 102. ;\_'Ihl'iepm Jl.E. 14, I') Am,r'l pile 100, 10 I AMCTCPiI'I "1 c12, 4')' AI-liIP":lILiO Cepco, )KaK 96.
Ane. :).;:);"-10)( 62.
AHH::J .'\J)c-rpl1I~tCl<\;·I}1 .lOO. Auua, pyCCK~Hl I-'1i\1rIeparpl-III;1111.
AHPllJ.[lMOH )8 AIITllepnCI-I 18, 97 Ap~lHxy3c:wlopet( ) l3. Ap.uY::J[[-Mal-icap, >K10}Jh 29,80,81,9), 10:1
115.
APPWIHlIIICPKOBi> 101. AI"'3: 3;]'IOK 107.
Ii
li'Vlbpya: ~l~lOK 21,98. l");lT-ILl: a6fi;rrCllIO 65. f)eiLhBIO: 3;"L1>H)K 21 lieJUJ(rcl'O, licpl·lalW.l 104. 5epell. )!CIH 54_ 56. nepJII'I):-wrol t, }TOP/( I l2 Ecpi J 1'1: ::~;:'l ~IOJ( 98. ])CpHI'1I 11'1, ,LI,JKOO:.tlll [I-[ 23,32,34,40,51.76,77_ 78.8:\ 84_ 91, ()8, 100, Ill) I O~, 112, 110, 1:'3 127.
li1 ,6BC'lla, c:J)Cp.u.Hll~lIl;J:O f;UIJIH ,~'I 75_ 86, 92 lillp. (IJjXII-IL( 105_ f,JICHXCI'IM: El_BOpCU 70 71.
r;."ep~I-I"yp, 'J,L\IOJ( 20. 98. £.11)'::1: :~a 1>'101\ 99 ))op;<041,115 Eoppovco. CIII- I(;lP"0 14,15.
FjOppOMHHH~ Ir)p;III"lIC(:1<:0 1.". 17.13. 5." 62,
65,78,80,85,92.98, 99,100_101,109,118, 120, ln, 124_ 125, 127.
Goci)ciJp;lH, >Kcp"cl-1 :,2, 37,69,86,106, !O7. 5p;,jI'~I~ T~Cpt\OBb HUC'v-Cl j\,IHJloccP,D,J-10- ro 119
[ipmaHTc 25, 28
I;poc, Canoxrou ,Ie 98, 99
Gpyx:la_llh: 3:1/1101\ 91. liplol're Ill.
EpJO}!h: 3;'I.\'IOI( 22. 91. liploccem,97. GylUG'il-1 105_ 6y~~)H-PCTHP{): ;1BOpCU 52,107
];Mll-lKO, 6;~PTO;IO,l.·!eo 18,97.
Dlo.tlne nc LLl<1:\16Hel-1 l h.cp 106.
l3anHr.:lp'I'ell: a66;n'crtlo 19,105
B:H\!GlpHHH IO::J, Banencna (060p 105:
ijllopel~l1oc-AJ'lIac IU
::~,I_TJ.inlHO'fO: 1.lq)lml3b OJ.
BaI-! I3HTemJ. racnap (1l,III1lI1TC!IIIH) 93,115. B'll-1 C'IIITCH, 5JH (B"'''IH- 111,(0) 96.
Bacce, AI-rrY<l11 56 Beua ?r 7: 0HOli HOTt'I\;,1
104, uepicom. C:lHK'I]l!Io boppoxieo 61. 104; XOtl)()l'pf' 32, ,ll,BOPLl,bl AJ'lbTX~IH 69; - j:(:lVH-KII1-\CKI-I 22,
- IlIttIl16PYI-II-1 55;
- 6L_ilhBC~ep 12.7; -
I UR11YI L(tlloepr 104_ lJellarH~l [)c~lJle 38 Berreuna: I.ICPKBI-I IIt- 3VHTOH 112.:
__:_ Ocr](?~'JQ.t;eTJ'O I.01~ - Cnacel-ll-Ift 60,61,
78. 98:
Cll-l-H.II!l\!(Oi!()/le ToneHTHHO l12: - CIH-iVlol'I:.e 101;
- OtHTlllX CHMe( )l·re
H rUHilO I I 2; n:U"I'-IL(O Ilesapo 22, 101;
- PCLII_IOIIHKO 22, [01 Bel-lecH 33\'101\ 100 Bepcanr, ~2., 54, )). :J8. -)9.87,l{oPO,lCBCJ(;I"
q~'COlll:/Jl 1 OS~ J·aI'oIQt< IDj, 1 15: DOilhIJJ01:1 'rpaauon 10:1: [J~IBH!ThOll iVkl-I:DKPU (JllepIIHCU) 105; (]JP;UILIY:JCKHi:II1:\H11!lbOJ-J TPH:IHOH 69. '1'15, 125: Mp:nlopHhlfl TPI'I:lII()ll 10:,
(T.l<l P~)OI)[)BJ,111 Tpi.aHOB to\
Becco6p~:'J·n-{: :166:l'I'CTIlO 59
I:lHec nCp](OBb 79, I 15 BHI-I'lec-rep' anopeu 32. BHl-lhOna, iJ,;ICf;. H, 61. BHTOL~IIH, ACL(JI!JII(J 41. Bm'ro.re, [;cPWIPiIO 80, 83,85.112.
1:l06:11-138_ Bo-.rre·BHKOI-fT 3:111'101( 20, 3 I, 69, ri, 7} 100 13311l'iPO')yl(OJ-1 69, 70. 88.106.
B1opilGypl' Ul,m 3'5, )7, 9L
Pe::m,~ICl-l- 89,
Feupux [V, i,OPC)Jlb C]JP:1HUHM 3.1, ~O, 41, 9(,I'euvn: KQ}I..T1e)l( m:3~11.- 1'(l13 1.8: U:UIann.O 5aJlh- 61'I·Cel-l~lpcr(t 97: !U)IJT(LlO ilYl),JL(L(O- []:I"IT,1l1J1- 1..(HHH 97; llH~ ]5;lJli:.6I'1 97_ -
nr66c)J.;KefiMc 20,103, lJ2.
r"'lcc iJ,C Mop", XY;lH 16,18,97,
rpel-l:lil,I, e060p 107:
KapTC3J:UI-KKHI:! i\'1OHJcrups 107, 1 20. [pi-lropl1i'1 XTll, nsrta 17 I'PHMCTOP" 106.
,Il.~~ )"TH~lH, KOCh1>1 ~l 77. ,[le Kor, Poticp 32, 37, 89,107,115.
/!C.'l;IM3P, Pel-I(-A.}H~KCHC 106.
j:(CILO" nOPTa,!J,;K" KOMO 15,17,96
,[leilojlM, Q)HIIH6ep 1 J_ 62,98
i1C]XlIL QJP'II-Icya is
lle Cal-rKTT'fC: q_JP;U-I'-ICCKO ll~
,[l,u({OI141 nm-ITI_(CHxocllep, KPHCI'O(P, Feopr, HOr;JJ-lI-1 H Kapn-Hrnau 57,53.64, 1M, I 05,11:5, 1 24 jJ1/lCCell: a66aTcTBo 19. )J.mm-IC HI-IHro 40, 97. ,Qpe3,~CH (l)P'I),CI-IKHpXe 20,21; l_(BIII-II'Cp49 ~~'6}1 HI--r 42.
E.1IH3;!l)e'ra, PYCCIG1H HII:{neparpnua I 1 1. E!GlTepHH;1 U, p)'CCIGl}1 HMnc:p:n-pHII'1115
)!{-:l-H
)!(OCOIllhJ.1: :3,tjl.~OI( 21. )Ky~lI'[ v [IOp'I'Yl',UlhCl\I1J~ 107.
r
fa6e..'lh: Ue-PKOBb 64. ['a6pH:iJlh, )K;ll(-i\lliK 115_
r~lJlll;JP/IH~ Fosapno 112, 113.
r;'l_iII'I;IC:J~. A.rrecc:tH)~PO II)
fayJ1JIH, ltK. E~nTHCTJ 84.
Iuapuuu. Iuapnuo lSI 62, 6,), 64. 79. 81. 83 85,92, I1l2, 112,118, 120_ 12)_ 124.
3J.%l(6vpr- 97
3[,ap: l,epKollb 78, 95- I1wioKeliTI1H X nJMQ)H111-I, n'W'1 100. J 0 1.
K
KaJepT~t KOPO.rJtIlCKH 1;1 ADOpCU ~)_
Kannel]i.: uepK(}Bh 104 KapaR;],U)Ko 126, In. f(apJI \1, HMl1qXII'0[l 18. Kap.ll1Jl }Jcn:JHClU'll1115 KapJlc])":> :,)8.
Kappa-ie 126, In. Kapro, >K:lll-CHJlI)Bel-l 105_
KacTe,rHa:o.lOI-ITe, KapJ(() 11 A/I.'1:1AtO D,H 4 1 }{:1cTc.i1!J-l';t1-1l10J1b(l)o 101.
K;n(lHh5J 107 Km·q::H"lllj3nw 77. [{cmoc; ~~Ropen 32. Keur, VI-Ulbll" jj 2, 117. K_lJocTcpHel~ie6ypr~ a6- Ga'l'cllwlS KH06cnllq1.0r)(I\BeI-IL~eCiI;!11 119.
K06cpxcp, Bel-lIle;lh97. KOi'li\'16p~1 107. KofmCJTh. AI-ITval-l 85. Kone: I. PeMli i 6. KOIlb6cp _1.\ 34, 10',. l{oppel1)KO 84. KOPTOI-I>I, rTbepo IIO! 27, 47; 84,98,99,100, 1{)2, 109,120,12:1 KV.'lOi\'tbe: 3;1/'.lOK 21. 98. K;)cpn: lJ,epl{OHIJ CanBepnapanno 8:, K3Mn6cJUL KO_ijHII 112. I<~c-rJI-XOI'<lp,'169, 70_ SS. 106.
K!OBH)lhe1 (l)P;U-lcY~I/J,e 4~, 58, 59, 77,113,115_
!1
jl;.l l'p;lHxa: ;~BOpt'U. ;)\ 11).
)[c6.'1ol-1 ',2. 39-
Jk bPCH, llJapnh ~3. Jle r'o,JlvH :13,40,72, H 100. '103.
)kK;[epI-(, Ct'.6~lcl'hel-146 ne"t}X'be, }K;u( 18.61_ 98,99,100_
neEOTP, AHi\pe 29, .31 Jle Ilorp. AHilpe 18_ ne no-rp, nbCp 56, 57. )]cp"a 58.
)le"lle 126
nHOIL l_(elnpa.'%H"" 60.rIhHHUJ ':12, 11 s K{)p()Jlel~Ci{aH llJ10LU"tLlb 41
Jh'ICc;I60H 32, 115, uepKOm, Hcuopo-moro 3a'.mHO 63-
flOl-lrBl-I 38
Jloureuu, [ia;Ib,'~"CC"pc n. 78, 92, 9\ 98, 1111. )lul-uJol Craplln·I~i ] 7. .~(lIIl\(JlI :\9,40; co6op
Cnsroro nal~_rra 20) 21, 80,102; K013CI·n'-f'apllCH ~I J; u,epKBr-l CafIHTi-J,;[(Opn;1(-l-IH 3C-YlCT 126; C91:\1-lT-M'IPTHH 1-11-1 3C (j)HJrm 1 13, CI\"TOf! Map1-lH 1\ Crpenr.e III f{op()j[tnCK[-I>1 rOCnHTa}Ib 11 I'pn: jlll'l-re 42, 43, 102: i\lIOPCLj Y;lllrXOHJI 32, 97, lO~.
nIOIlIlHr. Hor:u-IH-'l'PHApHX 32, 107 IlIOtll'lHl'cfiypl' 35. JjlO,UOBI1!( XIII, xopom. (llpaHI (1-11-1 3),41, 100_ lIJ3_
JhO/JOBI'll\ XlV, KOPO}II> (jJP:J'ILIHH 21,33,34,35, 41.57,87.123_ JlloHeBlulh ::~L'\'IOK 1 06, 107
!vl;li\Cpr-f:1, 1(;1 pno 17,96, lJH, 123. 125.
fI_!la,[lpH,U .~2, ].!I, _)8:llROpCL~ ATJhl{ac.lp 32; KoponenCKI'II;' ilBOPCLI 11 3; rIJJaca 'vl:II:[op 4 1,97_ M:lfilll_l :\2_
M:I!J1ijopo, repuor 70. .r..'1;l.~lbrp~n-DK 3;l.\'IOl( 69, 107_
MaHcap. Q)palKya 15, 16. 18.25,3140,46,62,65, 6~_ 70, 71,72, 73. 78, 80, S], 8:\, 98, 99,100,107.
!VI
Mal-rrel-Ihil, AI-li1j1ca 8~1_ Mal.IT)," 16_
i\'lapl'J!'lhI1, A6e_lJb IlvacCOl-I MarK[n ilt I I ) Lvlapm,t 3;·L\·IOI~ 29, ?) 1. 32,57,103,105. M:,lrrreml:ll-DK, :1Tl)eH 18. ivIilCCrlpH, )J,)J:(OP~VKO 112.
Macj'pa, illK)pell 32, 107. MC~!1Y_II, EI<:1TcpHi-la +'\ Mellwlll, MapH)J ')8 i'delloH: :3ai>·IOK 56. Me30I-I: 3'BlOK 20_ 69, 70, 71. 72, 73,100. IV[COCOI-IHhC) )KI0Jlh 58, 113
,\kJlhK: :I66:ncl'Bo 19, 105
MeeCHII:! 18.
!\'ICTC30, f{J1ei\·j:HI 17 Mcrcso. nVH 96. MI'IKt_"'II-li1:KeJIO 13 2:1,
J 2,\_ 125
MI:IPllOPT 26.
MOiltl-l<I 18. lV10l-lf.'IOpaHcH: 3;:lMOK 1] Mou ne.n.e 4 J . Moocoprorrep, Kamap 105.
Mvnrenacr, Vl03e(p If), 1 i J
Mypcwt cooop 1 J 3, 114.
MlOHxeH, KO-'IJJe:K I1C1YH'JOIl 18; L(CP1(Ollb TeaTHllLl,en 1 S; uepKORh Cmnoro }lH:l HeIlOMYUKoro 51, 77; HH,;cjJtJ(oypr 35, Ai\,,:vIHeI-l6ypr 22~ 35, 58.72.124.125; Pe:II'I/~el-IllI1H ~2, 115 TC~TP 115
n
H;"lIop 18.
HarTeH )2~ KOpOJICBCI{;U1 flllOUJ;V1J. 41, uepeoss-pc:3H,ll,ellUl'1}1 np~'IM(lCJ lOt. Hc"rroJlh96. 101; 115_ HeIJJ)\JIi-1 5amacap :17. 65.67,89,124,125
] Iepccxcfti\l~ a66;n-c1'lv) Ci5, 67, I J 5.
HCPH, ClmTOj~1 cI)I<lnHf1110 17
y1(A3ATEJTb 1 57
lle(p-5pH3:IUJ 38 H()1'o 107, In
OOCj)MapS·L.lJlb: a66;\'I'C'l'IIo59,llH
OIlP:l11, j{Jloil55 OKccl)op,u, P3"IC'IHQH:IMepa 113.
Onuop, }Kt--1.'lb 57. OTr()6eAp~l-1: a66;ncTf30 19_
II~BC-" V 13opr'C1c. runa 9(,Ilancpno 107.
I lan-"3i(HO, AH,lIjJe;1 2:), 26,27,71, 97
nJ_j'IHilJ-l H, Jj}KOBaHHH Ilaono 100, 109. Ilapnxc :18. 40; co6op
TIJPYI)J{Cl\Of."( 60rOM3- TtpH 105; lI:ICOBHH Copoomu« (, L 99; 4;lCOBHil BH3H'['~tlJ,HH 62,78,80,8:;,98; ]J,epEB¥! (I)CiH:SIHOr. 16: 98:
- CBITroro nat'.}I:) ['-1.CB}l1'orO J110,!J.OI$HlGll5;
- [l'lJlb-ilc-fpac 46,
100:
~ CCf-l-)[{epm::: OTCJIH AM!lOllC 1')1)[le 2~, 25, 105;
- Kprn;125:
- !\,:-Jlipe (l'.mlcdl-
enl"l /llIopcn) 2~: - 50Re 23. 25:
- 51'1POI-1 24,25,
- EipeTOHm·i.ilbe 23:
- Wil}IOH-J110KCCM·
6ypr L5:
- )1" Bp"ulhep 24_
25, ,)S: -}lcneu 23;
- )1 H~III1(VP 25:
- POalJ 1)'6:
- P()1~)l 0]1 58~
- P\'~ic 58;
- C;·61-13 106;
- CIOJ[]IH 2.1. 25;
- TV;!vJ 56) 58
- 13;".,inap 58;
o
11
I 58 TIPYlJIO>KEI-IH5I
1';IIY3" 105,107. 113. P.lIYL~l~HI-[I'I, <llHJlHll110 113.
- l"O;VIIIJlil.CKHX
noc[on 23;
- j'vi:ITHI-IN)I-1 24, 25~
- Ma3apHllil 24. 58;
-l-111ll:lill-'lj~OIl .. ~2. 80.
81,95,IO.J:
24. 4j:TI0!L1lhPH .1:),40 96: n"Rp .'1. 5)_ 34, :~ 5 40.51,:J(i.IOO.lI)2,
.l 03; }]Kll\ceM6yprcl~llrl .'(IIOpeI124. 97, 98: n,,.ile-f)yp6ol·j 24; Il.uirPOSt'lb :; 7. 85: nnonta~1I,[J,o(lm" ~O.·II, 96: - n00e,Ubl 4l, 105;
- JIWL\OI::Il'IIGI XV
(Commml'11.115: - JlI01{OB1t~:1 i)elIHKo- 1'0 (Bal-lilOMCKM1) 41, JO.3:
- Kopo.;lenCT(;lll
(TIolc)OL<) 4 1,')6, 122: nOH-Heel) (1-1011],";1 MOcr) 40; BOPOT:I CCHt\eljjlll Ccn-Mapreu 103
II.cnneilll?-1:.lH.IV1;rnlllc !lClI-IH:,)}1l,104.
I lcppo, [('lOil '\3. ~O, 10:\. nep)"rUlH, l),wh,~\aCCape 8,'1
riel eproq» ilWpe[.135. III
Ilerp RC.fJIIKH~L pycCI<."VJfl uxineparop 38 . .'>9. nm[o. HHIWil:i 58, 11.". rTap:l1J e:;H, )bl«)B~:ll-l11H 5:J[THCl-:l '),) 114 IIH'lT, TOMac 121. nm"lcpC(pe;[bjlell: :"1- \'101< 22, :~7, 91
TIOI-III,HOl (1').rI:1MkllJ~'i096 ] IO'T'C,U;"[M 35: n:_lBIIIJtbOr~ CtllCVCII I J().
II0l1UO, Al V\rx:a 8'1, S5. Flp.rr.t: liCpl\OI~h CnsroI'OJ-ll"lICO..'I;IH 1!:.1 M;}JT~ Crp,H-l:1 )),65.
II paH~I"1\'3p, )1 "00 19. 105.
p
P::lJ:l!cl;[]lh,D,kl. Kilp;W 61, 100,IOj
Pacrpe.um, Kap.ilo :~2! III
PC(Ij\lC 41.
I(P['lc'I'o(11CP 20,
I, 102,113'
Pellil 4L 42.98, 115 PH" ~o, 109; c060p]'1 CJI-!-wKOllaHHIIIII-T )]:j·lpal][J62.100,113: - C~JHT:;I-lv!<1PH)J-i'vl;ln)I<ope 96. J I .\:
- Cisxroro 1-lcTIXl 15, 20, 7(), 91. 96. <)8, 101, 1l_1: GCJl.bBc,qep 26; 't!;1COIJ-IHI W~[lK[JH l(enII~l Bnrropua l 00; KQ.iliH.::')K P;lcnpoCTpaHeHHfl BCllbl 62. h.3. 100: LlCpl<llH vlm,il>T(C3\' l4, '15, 16, '15, 84; - CIl'n'AH,~pC:l HH
KI3V1pI1H;l}le 1:\ ') 1, 76.101;
- Cau-Kapno alff[e Ky;!'rpu q)OIIT~llle 17. S J. 7S, SO, 99, 100:
- ell r]''HrH:U11 [0 84, S 5
- C:11-rr'IrIBO.::lC C;lIIlIt'IJ-
qHJ 6~, 7B, 83.100; - CBIlT01:l ArHCCChl
- CtUrJOI~1 j j l'l6l1~H-Ibl
- CmTTo'(r 1\lhl pun
'\'!;'lfjlaJIH11IJI 11 _\
- ClUlTufl C!(XJ;·IHHbI96:
- C;IHT'AHilPC;l ilei[)I~J.
B:UIJlC 17;
- CUl-[VLqlCC)J_lIO
~VIll Kopco 1 OJ:
- Calrr:l-,\-I:IPI'I" WJT)I;] rla'it 100:
- C:Hrr;~-j\'bp~[fl H!1 }CH .... l!THTC..rUII,[Dl, 101; - C:lHn-Mapkl}!
HH tlH:l Jl.rra 100: - CJ)5!ThlX Ji\'I{J1
H J'vr;tpnIH'bl CI)~lPI-Ie~)11 H;·I c.lx)HT~ll-lhT A]{Ij:l-n~l(J}la 96 - 'J'peBl-I 1 13:
- 'Ierupex PCK ) I,
100: ill0Jlt.ilhHil eRiITO- 1"'0 (jJHJlHf[no I-ICPH 17. 62,99; nan;u (no 13,lp6epHI_]J1 2:\ (,9. o~l. 98. 99: - Eopreac <J6:
- ](;lplIelll,ll 2:1;
- l<H/liKH 22, 2,~, lOL
- KO_i10HHa 23;
!lilOpell CeH:JTa 113: - KllHPHH:1JThC!01Ii 96~ mUT;-tLl,lJ,O Q):UIh-
KOH bepH I oo,
- qJ" pHe3c 2.1:
- Jh'IIOEH311 51. 100:
- rla>-l(jlll!IH 100; IUlO-
"j;W[ Hcn:lHH 1'1 l.l.l: -11(:,,,,1'10(10'1041,101:
- 1-1:1 ,,01'1:1 '100,
- C;lln.'Hn-];'T1HO I J .\:
- Cnsroro Ilcrpa 123:
- Cn·rr'3-j"j::tPH~] }1('JL'l;l
rt" Yt' 41: BamK;ll" j 2, ~)'l, 10i;Bf.:lIVlbl,AJlbLI()- 6p~l-liJ,HHII 26;
- Eopre.re 26:
-i('lC're2(i;
- /l,)j"'.ynl'IJ 1():
- JlYi\OIlI,ml 26
- M~li-P)'116
- D"'[cpl'ml [ 2(1, l Ot),
- C;H~err1l26. 27.99.
PHIlJe.rrhC: 3~1\'lOJ\ 20, 21. p ntuc.u-e, K~i p,,'U-II-lil}J )JC :\8.4\ 98, 100.
POr.J:lHO . .lliK"yJIHO 84. Pop: a66aT("rlJO 7). POT-<lM-L"lII; l.I06:l'l"cf"BO I[S
i'vOCllC, Ilurep n:lY:m I 27 Pyl"e~nl 17
1,)):(O.'lb(P KOHI):li\ 105.
r,
C:ur;L\,1:H-lf(J: co6op 107:
K{)POJ[COCKHI~[ KO)J.!le;t' l01t'pecH;1 16, 1 H) 97: [L·[CJlTI;JJlb .. IJ. [07
e,l.' I bLm, llHtTH 1 I ,J. C~I]·!r;].;J.T10, .-\.J-I'I"UI III() /1:1 2~ CIIIKr-f[eTcpGI'pr' .'2 38. _-1'). C:-'I0.11hllblfi I 1 I:
J";tlllll'l IlIlOpCL\ 111. 01 I-ITr I 1·t1f]-,-\_tiKt'jl r" /[)KOUaIlHl-l 78,95, 105, C:'III'I'b}ll'O-~~~t- KOi\lnO("]'ell:l 1 I'\. 127. Cap,al'I.,!J.;""lenne I I" C;lpnyn ~8.
CCI'IHTlhSI: UCPI(oIII) fJoc_rr~'lIII-IIII~OIl I8~ ncpuotu, CUI-Jlme 107: .uropeu C:1I1-'j'Clb;\IO ,107
CtH-itCHI'180. Cell-(j)rropl>UH' :l66:1'J'C'J'BO 19, 105. CCII-I':IJI]':a66;rrcl'Bo II i CCH-)l(epl\[tH-;:I\-l-)le: 3;1."OK 96,
Cepn W\ Cc6J CTh,11 LO 6 I Cl1f'Cl llim,II'[ n:m" .. IU. CHp:rK)'3bI107. C[;;;l!IIJ(IJ:Lporro. :'l:*:oH;n'lliH 112 CO;[:I]1I1, C~lHTII.I J{) \)7. CI"OKI"O.I1l-,"'! 3£1 . .::10.54. Crovu 2K Crp;,\,rX:PPH-""'Wl J 21. Cwl))Jo, )K:1]{-~{tP'\lcj] liS
T
TeCCCI-I, HIIK(mei\[\'c -10. THp:111H, AHilpea '112. 'Tnpl-lxH:ul"D,iKd[)'K 86 Tpr:;,\.1 1'1 r'HOHH. i\..'lecc~ll-lJIIX) 101.
TyJ\16, j\:'!t·m:aJ.Jlh II Kpn("1''':1,,104, II;), IJ5, TypHII :I 2, .'S . .i'), 80.
~8,99.101. 102. 11"1; cotiop Cynepra I H,
I l5: lf~ICOgWJ Ciorroro Cy;1pH~ 79; UCPKUI1 KIPMHHt 11 'I: C:lHJlopU[110 ol, 79, 81. S:), 93-. na.uuuo K~lpHI'Ibm-TO :12: - I\·\:t;~"!I'1 114;-ClvnHHllMil(H ,5.68,69: 11+ 115; r[}TOlr.~~lnb Cill-I<:I1J.flO
... +"1, -f~; KOpO.;ltBUG'II:1 Te:rrp9.1.
Th(>IICI'l() n',K 1):l'ITI'IC'I':I
,17,87.
vonnon.Xopacl Zt. Yp6:Jll VIIII):1p6cpH.lII'[, n:l['J:[ YS. 101.
(I)
'IJ:lln:Il'O,Ko:llIMO 101. Ci)I'"'CPO:r, JlvHC ne 18, 107.
(DWlIlIln V 1<ICII:lIICI(I,'[([ IO!.
x
VlJ1n10CTPAUHH TIPE,UOCTABJIEl-lbI 159
(1)]·rpnCI-IX:liv[],wt:[ I: ncpKom, 48, 65, 67,11 )_ (llHlllep.l1oraJ-D·J-i\-'iHI{<I:'l.'lb II.\. 11 "i
(DHIlICP (IXJI! 3PJ1:lX, Ho- 1':110'" 22,61. GR. lin, '104,111.1.
(]);ropeH[\Hfl 22,9'). I Ill. ([JOHr;u 1:1. K::JI)JIO 1.2,96. 10'1. [1)4, JOS, 112. (j)OHTCT-r6Jlo: :~;L\'[OI{ 96. 115
(J)palllGlp. >ITm6 97 (PpI·I!.rp"X II fiP),CC](ll(1 119
())yr:.1. (I)CP,Q·HI-l<lI·l,.],Q J'I.1, C-l)YKe. H H KOI!;.I 100.
XI,j.ilb!le6p:II-Ij.~T. JIYIGlC (IJoII 22.37,64.10\ 104,10'5,114
I [,"{O!J;lC LIJ,
106, I 126.
XO.iIK-..;:eM· XOJ1'J 1.12, 1 17 Xynnnr 3R.
X)'11Ta)\o, <\)P:IIIl.leC[m 107
X3MnTOIJ-1([)PT 10.i XIOIICCCILC flcrcp J 9, 97.
11J pcxoc C(:.'IO: I\BOI)(;II '») J J J.
Llnerrn. ~l66~~Tcmo 19. LI.BHCIJ:1JI bTeI-I: ~l6C);tTCT- 1)019, oj), US. Ll_IIM6;VIO, j];;KV:3eI1lIe
126 '
UH!'I'1~'lC:PM;ll-li I, 6paTbJl 77.79111.\ 115.
LJI'[3BHK 26) 27, Il2. Ll}1JPYlrcplt~ 61XLTbJl 107
UI
lllal-I~3([MO\\2.1,7l, 106 Lll:!pJteFll'-]Jlh .-18. UIJleC:Ael~'!I\,[: ~3~l!l'lOT<:)"5
HJIJIlOCTPAUHH llPE,UOCf'A BJI EH bl
AKG, II~JPl1)t( 21. :)). 42.·Hl52, 6)11, 77,78-79, ()O, 12:), L24, J45. MY3el"I AJjl"f3epllel-I~1 84 j\'JY3CCI ,QCI{OP~l'IHKi"lhIA HCI(ycem, napH>I< B611, 140, BPK, Bcpr.iu: j()-:,)7, 88-89_ EPH}l)[(,\olcJ-I ApT }1:.I~t6pepn, rbpm'K 2.0, 10"1-] OS. 127. J(PHl'T[,1 JtlM~L'l)I'H~\. jIOIl,iJ,OI-L 28. CNMFIS. n:lpJ.-l)I( .18, 72, 98-99, Apno lJlaprr:III'J'lot 30-:\1. WAF, rIapH'" "Ir)h, c:61), 105, 106, 114, 120. rlH 14. 15g, 161J, 17, 18. .W-21. 22. Zj, 2-Hl. 2'1-25. 2\ 2(,. 26-27,18-19 ;9.41,45, 'lob, 5711. 59, GOg, uOcl. (,1 h, 61 b. 6211, 6211, 6;l, 67, 69h, 7 - 71_,7 ,} 75, HO, 81,82,98,1 08h, 1 OSI),11 2h, I 121), 1151). 15.1. l38, 1.42, (l)epp:J a-rc rjl{:pp<l11- 'nl, n:Il)I'DKI-}r CTUpOII:1~ T.:oPEWOI\ H 4-51 erop0J-l:I nfi}H)~!(I(III, 1- 9, 69b, 7.:t 78., 8~-.8j~ 8.:.I~B5, 9~, J 09. 11 j, 1 "l7.l 19, 12(1g. A.~.[<epcTIIHr JIOI·IW..lil 19. 27, -14, 5Bh. )(lb, 6')]). 66, 87. 88, 9(-)(1. ll6. 12Gtl. l.·pel-lo6.TIbCKHI:j ;\(y~cH "-[0-·'11. tvL1niYi"I/-JPl-lx Jleccaur, llapl'l)[\ -+9. 51. 6...], 7(-), 97. 10.:.1. 11 S, J 25, '128, 129_ MYJel:1 1-lallC-H;I·.M~tIIIKel! -J U6-107. J-I:.1U.110!1~Ulhl-lhlli »iopcxou i'I,tY3efl.. }lOH)lOH
4'2.--+J, 13cpJ-lep Hd"!MC'I~C'],Cp 1"17. (i)()']"()TClGl fJapI1)t(J J 5d~ 2411, +\h. -122. 1.~2, 1 :34.
Ap'-IHI~HU CIClJT;I, r\IITen.rr~1 (r1) U. 47,50, 51 ;1.~h, 91, 9"2, 92-9~\ 93, 96g, ioo-roi. rot.
11511. Rei Lille;. MI'I.'I:II'I '110-111 I{MI\', ri"p'"'' 12, I rill, 29, :;2, 3.)il, :14,56,94, 99.10L. 10\ 108-109. fOCYl1,:JpcTncI-lI'lbl('r xy,{~O}KC-CTBCI'II-lb[H !\'ly:~CI";'1. CnJKI·U.tIJ,.\·[ 54.55. 57h. ECpl-I~IP Tcpnc 3hT<IH-npClH:IH(" J I. }K~IICIlHlI CL'IJ..,:\IOIl 10
IIIJIIOTI'Cp. AH!_lpe:rc '10. 105
IliUBO. Pel It' ).!1. Illranuxavaeu: uepxoss 58
J-IO
2inh n;mlap 107. 3p6p~tx: ~166;l'rcrHO \ 9. ~')ppep;l, Xl'''''' 97
,r~I\Opeli 1!), 19,
)(lxlJHcp, 1:1, IX'I) 105 lOf-;;lj)cl, (r)HJlHnnO .)1) ~1.69, 10.\ 107, 112, J J4, J 15.
EJIAfO)J;\PI-IOCT1'!
Anrop IIblp:l>K:1el" OCOfiylO 6Jl;11'O .. ~pPJ1UCTh /~O\II'1I11f1\,D,t'- (I)QI'I-reo, fl'l I(O;:'Kenamu ~1;1 /l,O[Jepllc, (IJPC:-.rV'::pHf()" Mopnauvs.: TepIKJ-IIIC. 01-1 6}1Jl'o~ap([T T;HOKC JlOP:IH:1 JJtl":OI-lT:I 1"1 f1'"II[OM~1 (l)YIIIC'. k13:tJTellh 6JJi.1I·n/~;:-IJ)HT I'M KO)Ker::'VIH. ,.'X1 .. rpercropu My3eH H306pa3HTCflbHbiX HCKYCCTIl jVloHpeL'I}I, «oop,!~Hllnl'Opa 13LICTal::'KI·] (, TpJ-lY.iHj) f)~lPOI{KO·) ~:;;1 nn,[V~(:-p)1a::y H IICI! II ],Ie contThl. J T-:-tK)Ke (i)epp,II-ITC
(j_}Cpp:_lllTH rJpe~\UCT:llJneI-THLle I 1.\'1 (I)OTOrp;I(~I-JH,
VL1j~aTCJlhCTI~O -Ac-rperu,- 6.'laro"l~t])l-rr 8. A. CCBplurVlH:l :1~1 IIO!\10Illh. Of\:ual-IIIYlo upu nO":ll'OTOI~KC PYCCKOff3btl[I'](H'O H3ll:ll-IIDI.
B nC))J).Ul'OSI<F. Vl3,~\AI-IYl51 DPHI-IVliVLA,)1H YYACIHE
3a.\·[hHx-:..rJ cepuu nbC]) 'vtapnmu. PYI(OBO;'J;CTI30 3.'1 kl:-\;J6el' ;:J,C (1)~IIX:I'1. Koop}:I,HHau,l·m H3,:l;l1·11·IJI AI'II-! IIcMcp
X\']l,(J)I;:ecrneHI-loe ()r:.I)Op-"IJleHI·!e AJ1t'II l·YCC<1H.
rlpoH::mO,lWTBO 1-i,1£IC)I( rpeJHJlb. PCI~Jla!l.n l1 ][IX"CC:J B;L'ICPl-l TOJlC"I'()fl PC,~\;ll\L~I'I~1 i\ILlj~VICI-i r·O!-ICJ.'lbgCc..
H:J}l:-tr rHe Q)peLleplll{ IViO]lIUII_ ,\1 a 1>:t'T e-:llle!-ITHfl~t ILenop, L/IJI}TIOC1"pJ-lpon:lllllt: (i)PCllqJI11\ rVl UjJl I: I I I. {l)CT]"{)I'P:!BIOIXI Arc-en-Ciel
HACJIE,IJ;HE H TPA,IJ;HIJ;HH
OrJIaBJIeHHe
14 UepKOHb l1 pl1i\'iCKI-H~ 06p;1311hl
16 l'"cL~ller mpo,'(CKHX pe!lY!rI10:JHbIX
6paTCTB
18 ~l3."Hwe("I"II:·' ,,66aTcKHx nnopnon 20 Apxsrrcicryp« Pe(pOpM~IJCIH
22 Ilpecrn»; roponcr.oro )KYUIH1T.~il 24 n~lpH)KCI<11ti n;LjJTI-Ih.;','Jl}JpH3.\'1 26 B03npaIlWHHc K OPHPOi\t:
28 Cncnorparbua Gli\OIl
:'>0 finec]( :,aMK:1 80
32 Bcmnm.l IIpOeKT, Ilysp
3·,::j. Eepona. CTO]]I111,a Be_PC;]Jlh
36 0611~ccaponei1cKoe crpo-rre.u.cruo 38 :'/p6aHHCTHQCCKJB l'eO!l.re'I'p,H51
40 Tearp MOl IC1PXHH
42 K "1°O"''il'lJ-ICKHM crpoeHHHMn
II H3YQEHHE <DOPMbl
4(') Opricp IJ em ""pHaL\HH
48 ... BllHOTh no paspyuieruor 0PI\C:P:l 50 OmKjJhlnnw ...
52 .. U c-uteuettue
54 ,lJ;eJ(()p~tT'HBl-Jbl[:l Ha60p 56 I'po-iec« 11 apa6eCJ(H 58 (1_)~1I-IT~I~IH5J pOl{a11.1IH
60 Me)K,rI.), '-~CI-rrpHpOB~lI'IHhT!"'1 H OCe:BbHvl
nJlal-JOI"1
62 OT n1J~U-Ja K CBO!~y 64 B3PblB crpyxrypu
66 OllJlal"el-lHe o[locrp;mcTlloM ()8 CJ-cpbtTble TOtIKH r-I~l6),Ho.ueHH}l 70 .H I1X "Clm,I·leI71I1TCC pa3til·rn1e
72 )Kl1}IHlll,e <-H~l (1)!XlHUY3CKHt'1 '\'](lI-lCP'"
III I'JIABEHCTBO BnEqATJIEHHJl i6 BI13vJJlbIIOe spcnuuie
78 CO}1Het.rH;11r apx: .. rreKrypa
80 yl{poll~eHVlc cnera 82 He6ecL-IaH r~lp"''I_Ot-lH)J
84 Hc6cca KJK onTVlt.JCClG:UlI1JIJII03Hll s6 POCKOWb 06p''-'111eHHn
88 Hepapxun n0!J.XO/\OI\
90 IJIJIII-lble ypOBH!1
92 Tearp "PXHTCXTypbl
IV CTHJIHCTl1'IECI{HE YXHlIJ,PEHHJl
96 13 K:II-ryT-l BClIHKOr'O llel<::J
98 I-Ionoe noxonenne ;lpxJ-!TeKTOpOB 1 00 IleCfHhl~i P>lM ...
102 ... 1\ TCJ-JlJ l\oPO;1i1 Cormua 104 HMnCpHll. [;16c6yprOB
106 OT rIopTyra!lHH HoJioTapHllrY!l1
108 Om Tu6J!a. ..
I II) ... oo Heou
1 I 2 EBPOl j(' 11CI\Y!I:;" K;:UlC11,LlOCKOn 114 l( Ylll14)HK:II\HH MO)1e!l6\
V '-ITO:iKE T AIWE BAPOKIW?
118 PaCn.'Ibm1_T~lTOCTb Tepi\.'IHI-I~.1 6apo1G(o 120 I Jenpv"1I1pH~loerb I IanpaRncHn>l
6apoKKo
122 BapOllHMft [(HaeC H Lu'n~,'1 ...
124 ... HnH K'lJCCN'1eCKOe 6;·lpOKl\O? 126 Cnopu npOIl0Jl)!"1I0TCR
CBH,IJ;ETEJIbCTBA H ,ti:OKYMEHTbJ
130 PmKl-\cHHC cppal-ll \Y:;(1<o(1 3Cre'111KH "I 34 Cxpcureuu« B::lnml~OB
I1Tanl'J.}I H cj)par-lrT,HR 138 Cnop 06 Y'I\pamCI-H'tHX 140 1.(pH'l'>ma X_'/lTl RelGl 142 POiK.n.eI-111t' 6apOKKO
150 KapT~l EUpOnhJ p, 17:)0 fO}J,Y I 52 r lpHJlOOKeHI1H
Y):(K72
BBK 85.11 ):(21
,IJ;acca <1>.
):( 21 Bapoxxo: Apxnreicrypa Me;!(AY 1600 l-l 1750 rOAaMH / CD. )lacea; ITer. G (jJp. E. My-
pawKHHlWBOI1. - M.: 000 .H3I\aTeJJbCTBO Acrpern,»: 000 .U3,t(Wl'eJIb(:'CBo ACT", 2002. - 160 c.: CUI.
ISBN 5-17-012360-4 (000 ,.Ii3naTeJIhcTBo ACT.) ISBN 5-271-03565-4 (000 "H3IWTeJIbCTBO Acrpens») ISBN 2-07-053494-4 «lJjJ.)
YLJ;I,72 m)J( 85.11
Peayap • MOHe • PeHeCCaHC. Apxmererypa • ,lI,HHo3aBphI • .H3hIK 3HaKOB H CHMBOJIOB • HCTOPH.lI KpaCOThI • Beaacxec • I'oren • BpHJIJIHaHThI H nparouenasre KaMHH • MaHe • BapOKKO • Jleoaapno na BHHlIH • .HnoHHs aesnraa • THU;HaH • PeM6paH,lJ,T • 'lie I'esapa • rOHS • Beenenaaa • ,lI,peBHHH lIeJIOBeK • Marncc • ,lI,peBHnH KnTaH • BaH I'or • Ilfaran • ,lI,peBHHH PHM • TYJIY3-.JIoTpeK • Ifareaeeo • 30JIOTO BH3aHTHH • HCKYCCTBO H lIeJIOBeK • MarOMeT • Hpeparpaamrrra • Ce3aHH • 3aMKH • Be,lJ;bMbI HeBeCThI nsaaoaa • Hncye Xpucroc • Cansr MHpa • Kpecroasre IIOXO,lJ;hI • KJIeOIIaTpa • AHI'KOP • PO,lJ;eH • )1;paKYJIa H BaMIIHpM
Frederic Dassas
L'iIlusion baroque L'architecture entre 1600 et 1750
cPpeiJepul( ,aacca
6apOKKo
ApxHTeltTypa Me>KllY 1600 II 1750 rop;aMII
Penatcrop Il, Koniiaxcasoea Koppercrop H. Motcuna
iJ;HaallH 06JIOlliKH - cmy8uR «Ilutcotipas»
061l\epOCCI-",CKllfl ictaccncpaxarop
nponyxun» OK-005-9:\. TO~1 2: 9~:)O04 - KUHnI. 6pOWIOphl
C~II-IHTj:tpHO-:3nH~CMHOJ[OrHLJeCKoC' 3:lKJIIOCfCHHCN .. 77.99.11.95:\HOO!H70.1D.0l OT 25.10.20011'.
nO,lnHCJHO B ne-urr, 10.01.02-
000 <·113,]aTe!IbCTHO Acrpe.n» 1 cl .'\900. MOCKOBCK<lH 0611:1CTb. r: ]:ia,rlaIIJHX~'- npOCIICKI' neI-ntH,I, 81
000 ,. 113,1;l'fCnhCTRo ACT. 674460. 41·ITI-IHCKan 06.0., AnmCKlltl p-H.
II. Arnncxoe, YJl. fia3ap:l PUIl'lHHO. 84
HalIIlI :1}1CKrpOIIHbIC ;IAPCCI: wwwast.ru E-mail: as[pub@aharu
Orrteu.rr.u to II HT~lJlJ.Il-I