This document discusses thermodynamic systems and variables. It defines a thermodynamic system as a region of space undergoing study that can be imagined with a surface. Systems are classified as open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter or energy with the environment. Thermodynamic state is characterized by state variables like pressure, temperature and volume. Changes in these variables due to interactions between a system and its environment define changes in the system's state. The document also discusses different types of energy like potential, kinetic, internal and others that can be stored in or transferred to and from a system.
This document discusses thermodynamic systems and variables. It defines a thermodynamic system as a region of space undergoing study that can be imagined with a surface. Systems are classified as open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter or energy with the environment. Thermodynamic state is characterized by state variables like pressure, temperature and volume. Changes in these variables due to interactions between a system and its environment define changes in the system's state. The document also discusses different types of energy like potential, kinetic, internal and others that can be stored in or transferred to and from a system.
This document discusses thermodynamic systems and variables. It defines a thermodynamic system as a region of space undergoing study that can be imagined with a surface. Systems are classified as open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter or energy with the environment. Thermodynamic state is characterized by state variables like pressure, temperature and volume. Changes in these variables due to interactions between a system and its environment define changes in the system's state. The document also discusses different types of energy like potential, kinetic, internal and others that can be stored in or transferred to and from a system.
This document discusses thermodynamic systems and variables. It defines a thermodynamic system as a region of space undergoing study that can be imagined with a surface. Systems are classified as open, closed, or isolated depending on whether they exchange matter or energy with the environment. Thermodynamic state is characterized by state variables like pressure, temperature and volume. Changes in these variables due to interactions between a system and its environment define changes in the system's state. The document also discusses different types of energy like potential, kinetic, internal and others that can be stored in or transferred to and from a system.
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CAPTULO 3: TERMODINMICA
3.1 SISTEMAS Y VARIABLES TERMODINMICAS:
La termodinmica estudia as t!a"s#$!%a&i$"es e"e!'(ti&as. U" sistema termodinmico es u"a !e'i)" de es*a&i$ +ue est, s$%etida a estudi$ +ue se est( adea"ta"d$ - +ue a i%ita u"a su*e!#i&ie +ue *uede se! !ea $ i%a'i"a!ia. La !e'i)" e.te!"a a siste%a +ue i"te!a&t/a &$" ( se de"$%i"a entorno de siste%a. E siste%a te!%$di",%i&$ i"te!a&t/a &$" su e"t$!"$ a t!a0(s de i"te!&a%1i$ de %ate!ia - 2 $ e"e!'3a. U"a %a"e!a de &asi#i&a! $s siste%as te!%$di",%i&$s es &$"side!a"d$ e %$d$ de !ea&i)" +ue te"'a &$" su e"t$!"$: Sistemas abiertos: A+ue$s +ue i"te!&a%1ia" %ate!ia - e"e!'3a &$" su e"t$!"$. Sistemas cerrados: A+ue$s +ue i"te!&a%1ia" e"e!'3a *e!$ "$ %ate!ia &$" su e"t$!"$. Sistemas aislados: A+ue$s +ue "$ i"te!&a%1ia" "i %ate!ia "i e"e!'3a &$" su e"t$!"$. U"a $a a *!esi)" ta*ada - &$" a'ua4 te"ie"d$ &$%$ 3%ite su su*e!#i&ie e.te!"a4 es u" siste%a aisad$. Si a $a a *!esi)" se s$%ete a &ae"ta%ie"t$ e" u"a estu#a4 se &$%*$!ta i"i&ia%e"te &$%$ u" siste%a &e!!ad$. Cua"d$ a $a 5*ita6 de1id$ a #u7$ de 0a*$!4 es u" siste%a a1ie!t$. N$ se *uede" &$"side!a! siste%as +ue i"te!&a%1ia" %ate!ia *e!$ "$ e"e!'3a &$" sus a!eded$!es4 -a +ue a %ate!ia tie"e i%*3&it$ u" &$"te"id$ e"e!'(ti&$. U" siste%a te!%$di",%i&$ se &a!a&te!i8a *$! u" &ie!t$ "/%e!$ de 0a!ia1es a%adas variables termodinmicas $ propiedades termodinmicas de siste%a. L$s 0a$!es de estas 0a!ia1es &$"stitu-e" e estado termodinmico del sistema4 - *$! est$ a di&9as 0a!ia1es se es &$"$&e ta%1i(" &$" e "$%1!e de 0a!ia1es de estad$. U" &a%1i$ e" e estad$ de u" siste%a de1id$ a u"a i"te!a&&i)" &$" su e"t$!"$ se t!adu&e e" e &a%1i$ de *$! $ %e"$s u"a de sus *!$*iedades. U"a %a"e!a de &asi#i&a! as 0a!ia1es de estad$ es &$%$ variables externas - variables internas. U"a *!$*iedad e.te!"a es a+uea &u-$ 0a$! "$ de*e"de de a susta"&ia +ue est, de"t!$ de $s 3%ites de siste%a si"$ de a *$si&i)" e" e es*a&i$ de &ue!*$s e.te!i$!es a siste%a4 *$! e7e%*$4 e 0$u%e" de u" 'as e" u" &ii"d!$ &$" u" *ist)" $ u" &a%*$ e(&t!i&$. U"a *!$*iedad i"te!"a es a+uea &u-$ 0a$! de*e"de de a "atu!ae8a de %edi$ +ue &$"stitu-e e siste%a4 *$! e7e%*$4 a *!esi)"4 a te%*e!atu!a $ a de"sidad. S$" *!$*iedades i"de*e"die"tes u"a de $t!a &ua"d$ e siste%a *uede !eai8a! u" &a%1i$ de estad$ de ta %a"e!a +ue u"a de eas 0a!3e %ie"t!as a $t!a *e!%a"e&e &$"sta"te. E a&$*a%ie"t$ de u" siste%a &$" su e"t$!"$ se 9a&e a t!a0(s de as 0a!ia1es e.te!"as4 +ue &$"di&i$"a" e 0a$! de as $t!as 0a!ia1es4 sie"d$ *$! e$ as 0a!ia1es e.te!"as as i"de*e"die"tes *$! e.&ee"&ia. Du!a"te e &a%1i$ de #ase de u"a susta"&ia *u!a4 a *!esi)" - a te%*e!atu!a *e!%a"e&e" &$"sta"tes4 sie"d$ de*e"die"tes4 %ie"t!as +ue e 0$u%e" s3 &a%1ia - *uede #$!%a! &$" a *!esi)" $ &$" a te%*e!atu!a u"a *a!e7a de *!$*iedades &$" a +ue se *uede de#i"i! e siste%a. Ot!a &asi#i&a&i)" de as 0a!ia1es de estad$ de*e"de de su de*e"de"&ia &$" a %asa: variables extensivas - variables intensivas. Las e.te"si0as de*e"de" de a %asa - s$" *!$*$!&i$"aes a ea4 *$! e7e%*$4 e 0$u%e" $ a %asa. Las i"te"si0as "$ de*e"de" de a %asa4 *$! e7e%*$4 a *!esi)" $ a de"sidad. De"t!$ de as %a'"itudes i"te"si0as se &$"side!a" ta%1i(" as magnitudes especficas y molares4 es de&i!4 %a'"itudes e.te"si0as !e#e!idas a a u"idad de %asa $ a %$4 !es*e&ti0a%e"te. 3.: ENER;A4 CALOR Y TRABA<O: La e"e!'3a se de#i"e &$%$ a &a*a&idad +ue tie"e u" siste%a *a!a *!$du&i! t!a1a7$. Se &$"side!a" d$s ti*$s de e"e!'3a: =a> La e"e!'3a a%a&e"ada e" u" siste%a: E"e!'3a &i"(ti&a4 e"e!'3a *$te"&ia4 e"e!'3a i"te!"a4 e"e!'3a +u3%i&a4 e"e!'3a de *!esi)"? =1> La e"e!'3a e" t!,"sit$ e"t!e e siste%a - su e"t$!"$: &a$! - t!a1a7$. S$" $s %edi$s %edia"te $s &uaes u" siste%a *uede i"te!&a%1ia! e"e!'3a &$" su e"t$!"$ $ &$" $t!$s siste%as. Energa potencial: Es de1ida a a *$si&i)" +ue 'ua!da u" &ue!*$ s$1!e e "i0e de !e#e!e"&ia. Pa!a ee0a! u" &ue!*$ $ u"a %asa de #uid$ e" u" &a%*$ '!a0itat$!i$ es *!e&is$ !eai8a! u" t!a1a7$ &$"t!a as #ue!8as de &a%*$4 t!a1a7$ +ue +ueda a%a&e"ad$ e" e &ue!*$ e" #$!%a de e"e!'3a *$te"&ia. EP @ %A'A8 BC'A%2s : A%D @ B7ui$D. Energa cintica: Es a e"e!'3a +ue tie"e u" &ue!*$ e" %$0i%ie"t$. EC @ %A0 : 2: BC'A% : 2s : D @ B<ui$D. Energa mecnica: Es a e"e!'3a +ue se i"t!$du&e a u" siste%a *$! %edi$ de u"a 1$%1a $ +ue se e.t!ae de u" siste%a *$! %edi$ de u"a tu!1i"a. Energa de friccin: Re*!ese"ta a e"e!'3a *e!dida de1id$ a a #!i&&i)" &ua"d$ u" #uid$ *asa a t!a0(s de as di#e!e"tes *a!tes de u" siste%a4 &$%$ *$! e7e%*$4 a t!a0(s de a tu1e!3a4 de &$d$s4 de 0,0uas4 et&. Energa interna: Es u"a funcin de estado *$!+ue /"i&a%e"te de*e"de de estad$ e" +ue se e"&ue"t!e e siste%a si" de*e"de! de *!$&es$ %edia"te e &ua e siste%a 9a e'ad$ a ese estad$. Est, !ea&i$"ada &$" $s &$"stitu-e"tes de siste%a - es a su%a de a e"e!'3a &i"(ti&a de1id$ a %$0i%ie"t$ de t!asa&i)" de as %$(&uas4 a e"e!'3a &i"(ti&a de1ida a a !$ta&i)" de as %$(&uas4 a e"e!'3a &i"(ti&a de1ida a a 0i1!a&i)" de $s ,t$%$s *e!te"e&ie"tes a a %$(&ua - a e"e!'3a *$te"&ia de1ida a as #ue!8as i"te!%$e&ua!es.