THE EFFECT OF MUSIC AND FOCUSED MEDITATION ON THE HUMAN

ENGERY FIELD AS MEASURED BY THE GAS DISCHARGE VISUALISATION

(GDV) TECHNIQUE AND PROFILE OF MOOD STATES
SUZANNE SITES GIBSON, M.S.W., L.C.S.W.
Dissertation
Submitted to the Faculty of
Holos University Graduate Seminary
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of
DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY
In
Energy Medicine
Copyright by Suzanne Sites Gibson 2002
All Rights Reserved
The work reported in this dissertation is original and carried out by me solely, except for
the acknowledged direction and assistance gratefully received from colleagues and
mentors.
SUZANNE SITES GIBSON
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract vii
Acknowledgements viii
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
List of Abbreviations xii
Definition of Terms xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Review of the Literature 6
The Energy Field 6
Human Energy Field 11
Evolution of the GDV Technique 26
Brief Description of Kirlian Photography 32
Micro-Acupuncture and GDV 33
Research Utilizing the GDV 35
Music and Guided Imagery 41
Emotions in Illness 41
Music and Healing in History 47
Music and Emotions 51
Primacy of Sound in Human Senses 53
Principles of Sound Healing 53
v
Music and Physiology 59
Music and Healing 66
Guided Imagery and Physiology 68
Elements of Healing Music 71
Chapter 3 Research Methods 74
Participants 74
Design 75
Materials 76
Measurements 86
Hypotheses 87
Chapter 4 Results 90
Chapter 5 Discussion 109
Limitations 112
Future Research 114
Conclusions 116
Endnotes 119
Appendix A: Internal Review Board Application 139
Appendix B: Pre and Post Data, 44 Variables, Three Conditions 150
Condition 1, Music 150
Condition 2, Focused Meditation 158
Condition 3, Checklist of Health Issues and Illness 164
Pilot Study 170
Appendix C: T-Test Data, Condition 1. Music 174
vi
Appendix D: T-Test Data, Condition 2, Focused Meditation 179
Appendix E, T-Test Data, Condition 3, Checklist of Health Issues and Illness
184
References 189
vii
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of music and focused
meditation on the human energy field as measured by the recently invented Gas
Discharge Visualisation Technique (GDV) the Profile of Mood State (POMS). Once a
week for three weeks 45 participants had GDV and POMS measurements taken before
and after three experimental conditions: 1) music; 2) music with focused meditation after
viewing a printout of the participants own personal energy field; 3) no music, no focused
meditation. The results indicate that both music and focused meditation had significant
palliative effects on GDV physiological and POMS psychological measures. The POMS
total score, and subscales of tension and depression scores all demonstrated a
significantly improved mood state. The results of this study lend credence to the salutary
effect of music and focused meditation as holistic medicine self-care tools both for
maintaining wellness and for cultivating a healing environment. Perhaps both listening to
music and focused meditation on strengthening ones personal energy field on a daily
basis will join the accepted health care regimens of adequate diet and regular exercise.
Both interventions of listening to music and energy field imaging increase the repertoire
of response in self-care -- empowering individuals with readily available methods.
Future experiments should focus on improved methodology and designing additional
methods for participants to improve their own wellness.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this dissertation required the support of many others. I would
like to express my gratitude and acknowledge the people who contributed their time and
energetic support.
My thanks to my subjects who volunteered their time to make this study possible.
They were explorers freely committing a random act of kindness.
My thanks to Norman Shealy, M.D., Ph.D., who encouraged me to follow my
passion in the selection of a research topic; to my department chair, Berney Williams,
PhD., for endless consultation and encouragement; to Robert Nunley, PhD., for
mentoring me in the earliest stages of this project; to Robert Matusiak, Ph.D.
My thanks to Konstantin Korotkov, Ph.D., for mentoring me, for processing of
my data and for introducing me to the beautiful city of St. Petersburg, Russia, and the
intellectual feast of his international symposium.
My thanks to Dr. Rose Bruce, Edward Krizhanovsky. and Dr. Stuart Tousman for
assistance with statistical analysis.
My thanks to my fellow students Janet Dunlap and Michele Bertini for
encouragement and support throughout this process.
My thanks to Pamela Parsons for her mentoring and for giving so generously of
her time as I struggled to master the GDV technique and to Kathy Coffman for reviewing
the final document.
My thanks to Jonathan Gibson, my son, who generously shared his computer
expertise, time, and patient spirit.
I would like to extend my gratitude to my family for their continued support and
encouragement throughout this project: my husband, Mark, sons Jonathan and Robert,
daughter Kristi, and my parents Robert and Ardene Sites.
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 10
Figure 2 POMS Results for Condition 1 96
Figure 3 POMS Results for Condition 2 97
Figure 4 POMS Results for Condition 3 97
Figure 5 GDV ANX Aggregate Means for Conditions 1,2,3 vs Pilot 107
Figure 6 POMS Aggregate Means for Conditions 1,2,3 vs Pilot 107
Figure 7 Hypothetical Results for Three Group Design 114
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Four Types of Treatment Outcomes 3
Table 2. Characteristics of the Human Energy Field in Health and Illness 19
Table 3 Qualities of Yin and Yang 21
Table 4 Chakras and Corresponding Lessons 22
Table 5 Anatomy of the Aura 25
Table 6 Sources of Stress That Impair the Body 45
Table 7 Music Mood Wheel and Emotions 51
Table 8 Sound Frequency and Wavelength 54
Table 9 Subjects and Diagnosis 75
Table 10 Demographics 75
Table 11 Design 76
Table 12 Specific Hypothesis for Condition 1, 2: Music and FM 91
Table 13 Paired Differences of Means Condition 1: Music 93
Table 14 GDV Anxiety Scores Condition 1, 2, 3 93
Table 15 POMS Total Score Condition 1, 2, 3 94
Table 16 POMS-Tension Condition 1, 2, 3 95
Table 17 POMS-Depression Condition 1, 2, 3 95
Table 18 SUDS Condition 1, 2, 3 95
Table 19 Paired Differences of Means Condition 2: FM 98
Table 20 GDV Area Condition 2: FM 99
Table 21 Specific Hypothesis for Condition 3: CHII 101
xi
Table 22 Paired Differences of Means Condition 3: CHII 102
Table 23 GDV Br Condition 3: CHII 103
Table 24 GDV Area Condition 1 and 3: Music and FM 103
Table 25 GDV Brightness Condition 1 and 2: Music and FM 104
Table 26 GDV Anx Conditions 1, 2, 3 104
Table 27 Pilot Study: GDV Anx Aggregate Mean C 1, 2, 3 vs. Pilot 105
Table 28 GDV Anxiety Aggregate of Pretest Means and Pilot Mean 106
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BEO-gram Biological Emission and Optical Radiation Stimulated by Electromagnetic
Field Amplified by Gaseous Discharge with Visualisation by Computer
Processing refers to the images of the fingertips after computer processing
and display on the computer screen; the gas discharge of the corona
around the fingertips is now ready for quantitative analysis by the
extensive computer program of the GDV Technique.
CHII Checklist of Health Issues and Illness
FM Focused Meditation
GDV Gas Discharge Visualisation technique.
GDV Area Gas Discharge Visualisation parameter referring to the number of pixels
in the GDV image. The number of pixels, or basic unit making up a video
image, tends to enlarge after healing interventions.
GDV Br Gas Discharge Visualisation, Brightness parameter. Refers to
the fingertip corona glow of the GDV image.
GDV Anx The anxiety score obtained from the GDV Stress program which
indicates the subjects level of stress.
HEF Human Energy Field
SDL State Dependent Learning
SUDS Subjective Units of Distress
POMS Profile of Mood State
POMS-D Profile of Mood State, Depression subscale
POMS-Tot Profile of Mood State, Total score
POMS-T Profile of Mood State, Tension subscale
Temp Temperature
xiii
DEFINITION OF TERMS
AURA: The energy envelope that surrounds and interpenetrates the physical body. The
aura is made up of all the different energy shells that compose the physical, etheric,
astral, mental, causal and higher spiritual aspects of the multidimensional human form.
1
CHAKRA: An energy center in the body which is a step-down transformer for higher
frequency subtle energies. The chakras process subtle energy and convert it into
chemical, hormonal, and cellular changes in the body. Chakra comes from the Sanskrit
word meaning wheel and refers to seven spinning vortices located along the spine.
2
CHI: The ancient Chinese term for a nutritive subtle energy which circulates through the
acupuncture meridians.
3
ENDORPHINS: A variety of morphine-like proteins that are found in the brain and
nervous system and in the organs of the body. One particular type of endorphin may
mediate pain relief in certain settings.
4
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRULM: Electromagnetic energy is made up of tiny
packets of energy called photons that move in waves similar to the movements of waves
in the ocean. There are many different types of electromagnetic waves from short x-rays
to long radio waves. Together they form the electromagnetic spectrum.
5
EMOTION: The affective aspect of consciousness: feeling; a state of feeling; psychic
and physical reaction subjectively experienced as a strong feeling and physiologically
involving changes that prepare the body for immediate vigorous action.
6
xiv
HOLISTIC: A synergistic approach which deals with the combined physical, mental,
emotional and spiritual aspects of human health and illness.
7
KIRLIAN PHOTOGRAPHY: An electrographic process, pioneered in Russia by
electrical engineer Semyon Kirlian, which uses the corona discharge phenomenon to
capture the bioenergetic processes of living systems on film.
8
MERIDIAN: A microtubular channel which carries a subtle nutritive energy (Chi) to
the various organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the body.
9
MOOD: A conscious state of mine of predominant emotion; a distinctive atmosphere or
context; aura.
10
NEUROTRANSMITTER: A chemical or protein substance which is released at the
synaptic membrane in order to continue the transmission of impulses from one nerve to
the adjacent nerve.
11
PIXEL: The basic unit or picture element that makes up the images displayed on a video
screen.
12
QUANTUM PHYSICS: The branch of physics which studies the energetic
characteristics of matter at the subatomic level.
13
RESONANCE: The phenomenon of sympathetic vibration between two similarly tuned
oscillators, e.g., the resonant vibration of the E strings of two Stradivarious violins.
Resonance occurs at higher and lower harmonics as well between similar notes in higher
and lower octaves, i.e. middle C resonates with both high C as well as low C).
14
THOUGHTFORM: A manifestation of a strong thought or emotion as an actual
energetic structure within an individuals auric field.
15
xv
VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE: That healing philosophy which aims to treat the whole
person, i.e. the mind/body/spirit complex, by delivering measured quanta of frequency-
specific energy to the human multidimensional system. Vibrational medicine seeks to
heal the physical body by integrating and balancing the higher energetic systems which
create the physical/cellular patterns of manifestation.
16
WELLNESS: A term referring to health, happiness, vitality, and wholeness of the entire
mind/body/ spirit complex. A state of balanced health which is reflected in continued
learning, growth, and ongoing creative expression.
17
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The definition of health and healing took on new dimensions with the advent of
the holistic health movement in the 1970s. Some key concepts of the holistic health
movement include the idea that body, mind and spirit each play a vital role in preserving
and creating good health. According to Dr. C. Norman Shealy, one of the pioneers in
energy medicine, holistic medicine is based on the fundamental principles that emotional,
psychological and spiritual stress affect the body
18
This study is an exploration of how
music affects both emotions and the energy field of the body.
A second key concept is that active participation and personal responsibility for
ones health is essential. Dr. Shealy states health is the result of a commitment to live a
more conscious life -- to become more and more responsible for ones emotional health
and well-being.
19
The combination of a well cared for body with adequate sleep, careful
diet, regular exercise and proper breathing joined with a curious, clear, sharp, positively-
focused mind coupled with a joyful contented spirit and a strong sense of purpose
optimize the natural healing abilities of the body. Healing is not a passive event,
according to medical intuitive Caroline Myss, but rather requires action.
20
Listening to
music and focused meditation explored in this study are actions a person can easily add to
ones repertoire of responses.
2
A third concept of holistic medicine is that our thoughts and intentions affect our
physiology and that they deserve at least as much attention as the physical symptoms.
Thoughts (very high frequency energy) translate into matter in the form of
neurochemicals (lower frequency, denser energy). The late Edgar Cayce, who is perhaps
the best known psychic in America, and one who laid the groundwork for the holistic
health movement, expressed the thought that what we think is what our body becomes.
Dr. Caroline Myss describes this process as our biography becomes our biology.
21
In
other words, what we think and feel on a daily basis, affects our physical body. If the
thoughts and attitudes with which we bathe our body are negative over a period of time,
they will likely evolve into physical symptoms of disease. In this study, we see signs that
even briefly bathing our energy field with music and focused attention can demonstrate
shifts to a more positive state as measured by the POMS and GDV.
Dr. Carol Schneider and Dr. Wayne Jonas noted there are four kinds of treatment
outcomes in their presidential address to the International Society for the Study of Subtle
Energies and Energy Medicine (ISSSEEM).
22
The first kind of healing outcome is a cure
-- the elimination of disease. The second kind of healing outcome is care -- reflected in
better symptom management. Empowerment is the third kind of outcome; this is
characterized by better understanding of the disease. The fourth kind of healing is
enlightenment, which consists of a realization of the value and purpose of ones life.
This study addresses the second and third levels of healing outcome, care and
empowerment.
3
Table 1
Four Types of Treatment Outcomes
Type of Outcome Definition
Cure: Elimination of the disease
Care: Better management of the
magnitude or consequences
of the symptoms
Empowerment: Better understanding of the
disease and increased skill in
self care
Enlightenment: Realization of the value and
purpose of ones life.
Music has soothed the souls of humanity for thousands of years. More recently
guided imagery and focused attention have emerged as a treatment tool. Fueled by
research on the efficacy of intention, the credibility of imagery combined with music
portends to be a potent therapeutic tool. Dr. William Tiller, Stanford University
professor emeritus, has demonstrated that focused human intention on a physical device
can robustly influence a specifically targeted experiment; for instance, the level of pH in
water. Tiller postulates this information requires a shift from the currently prevailing
paradigm that such a meaningful interaction of human intention on inanimate or animate
objects simply does not exist; he raises the question that perhaps this data indicates a
cosmological change in human consciousness.
23
Researchers at Princeton University independently demonstrated that thoughts
affect instruments that generate random numbers. The effect of focused attention was
4
strongest when the groups attention was focused, and when the group was sharing an
emotional experience.
24
Dr. Konstantin Korotkov invented the GDV
25
in 1996; it allows quantification of
the human energy field. For thousands of years the energy field has been intuited and
described qualitatively, and now with this technological advance, the energy field can be
quantitatively described for the first time. Because this technology is so new, there is a
dearth of research data available. This study is an attempt to contribute to the literature
of how the energy field is affected by music, imagery and focused attention.
The GDV device provides an accurate, exact and reproducible method of the
analysis of energy-informational state of the human being and allows us to study the
influence of various factors on this state,
26
i.e. allows us to study the effects of
subtle energies such as music and focused meditation on the energy field of the subject.
The invention of the GDV extends our senses in the same way that the microscope and
telescope allowed scientists to see things that were not previously possible, and perhaps
not imagined. It is probable that both music and guided imagery affect the HEF because
studies have shown that music and imagery have the ability to influence a persons
emotions and physiology.
27 28 29
Music and imagery are two powerful tools that influence the emotions and
thereby the energy field. Music has long been known to soothe emotions, and more
recently the efficacy of imagery in eliciting physiological responses has been
demonstrated. The ability to improve ones mood is a powerful way to enhance ones
health. The larger ones repertoire of healing tools, the better care an individual can take
of one- self. According to the literature, negative emotions contribute to the evolution of
5
disease whereas positive emotions are prophylactic and even curative. Demonstrating the
salutary effect of music and music combined with the imagining of ones own energy
field with the intention of increasing its area, density, and brightness may encourage
people to incorporate these tools into their own daily self-care routine. The prophylactic
use of music may become a tool to soothe and dissipate daily emotional burdens, thus
preventing the accumulation of stress in body tissue; or, become a tool to strengthen the
energy field so that negativity in the environment may not penetrate to the physical body.
The objective of this study is to explore how music and music with guided
imagery affect the Human Energy Field (HEF) or aura as measured by the Gas
Discharge Visualisation (GDV) technique and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The
imagery script was carefully and intentionally scripted to smooth, enhance, enrich,
brighten and enlarge the HEF. These qualities of the HEF have been associated with a
healthy aura as intuited by clairvoyants such as Dora van Gelder Kunz.
30
A lower score
on the POMS total score and a decreased score on the subscales of tension and depression
would indicate the subjects experiential shift mood of personal energy in a healthy
direction -- reduced experience of negative emotions and increased experience of positive
emotions. Positive emotions are known to facilitate healing.
This study purports that listening to music alone and listening to music with
focused meditation are both positive actions in self-care and contribute to creating
conditions which foster healing. The ability of music to reduce depression and tension as
measured by the POMS and GDV gives further evidence of the salutary effect of
listening to music and imaging a stronger energy field.
6
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
THE UNIVERSAL ENERGY FIELD
The dialog begun by Plato and Aristotle continues today: What is reality?
Aristotle asserted that reality consists of only what comes into the mind via the five
senses of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touching. Plato maintained that the physical
world was only a shadow of the spiritual world. Aristotelian thinking -- if something is
real, one of the five senses must perceive it--has dominated western scientific thinking.
Platonian intuitive thinking -- there are intelligent forces beyond our five senses -- has
been much more rare and less credible in western thinking, but common in eastern
thinking. As measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, eighty-eight per cent of the
population falls in this category of Aristotelian thinking style, whereas only twelve
percent fall into the Platonian intuitive-feeling type.
31
From our current vantage point, as
one looks back on the evolution of medicine, one could say that Greek Medicine evolved
along the thinking of Aristotle and Chinese medicine evolved along the thinking of Plato.
The two approaches are in interaction and beginning to merge into a new field of energy
medicine. Dr. Richard Gerber suggests the term vibrational medicine.
32
This
convergence accelerated with President Nixons visit to China in the 1970s and hence our
exposure to the ancient Chinese practice of acupuncture. As western physicians gathered
data regarding the efficacy of acupuncture, acceptance gradually evolved into recognition
7
by the National Institutes of Health of acupuncture as a legitimate intervention, although
for limited application to such ailments as chronic pain.
The paradigm of Newtonian physics has prevailed in western scientific thinking.
In this framework, the body is viewed as a complex machine. The prevailing idea is that
a diseased organ can be surgically removed or targeted by a particular drug. The
chemical basis of the body is the focus of attention in Newtonian medicine with
astounding discoveries in the field of neurochenistry, and in discoveries of miracle drugs
both to fight infections and stabilize moods. But as important as these discoveries have
been, they are only a part of the equation for healing. The animating life-force (Chi),
which is the basis of acupuncture, has not been considered in the Newtonian paradigm.
Newtons laws dealt primarily with the force of gravity, but they could not explain the
forces of electricity and magnetism, which were discovered later. Gerbers view of the
new Einsteinian paradigm does consider this life force (Chi) and views matter as energy;
this contributed to new ideas of what constitutes health and healing. The basic idea of the
Einsteinian paradigm is that a subtle energy system (Spirit, Chi, Life Force) is affected by
emotions, the level of spiritual balance, nutrition and environment. All of these factors
contribute to the health or illness of a person. Repatterning the energy fields then
becomes the focus of treatment.
33
In Newtonian physics, matter was perceived as solid. In quantum physics, matter
is now known to consist of particles and waves. David Bohm, innovative physicist and
physical theorist, hypothesizes that the world is a vast ocean or sea of energy which he
calls the implicate order because it cannot be seen or measured; it is potential energy
with the possibility of taking form. The world we can see and measure is the explicate
8
order. Space and time are part of the explicate order because they require that someone
be there to measure them. The superimplicate order interpenetrates and directs the
implicate order. Bohm posits matter ranges in density from the most solid to the most
subtle. The most solid states of matter are all visible forms including our body. The
most subtle include thoughts and consciousness itself.
34
Bohms theories are a
springboard for holistic health practitioners linking the influence of thoughts on health.
Many holistic health practitioners believe that what we think about gathers energy, and if
the thought collects enough energy it can manifest, that is, become visible in the physical
form as in a negative thought influencing neurochemicals. This is in contrast to what
Gerber calls the Newtonian model of medicine which views disease as originating in an
organ or system within the body. Understanding the interaction of what Gerber calls
Einsteinian (energetic) and Newtonian (chemical) models of medicine is a challenge for
todays scientists and health care providers.
Belleruth Naperstek, a social worker and pioneer in the field of guided imagery,
interprets some of Bohms very complex concepts as follows:
We are nothing but vibration in a sea of living, intelligent energy, -- that
although we are disguised as separate, solid matter, this appearance of
solidity is only how we appear in the overt, concrete order of manifest
reality; at a deeper, truer level, we are all nothing but interconnecting,
interpenetrating energy fields, transcending time and space, each vibration
containing everything in the universe, each subatomic bit of us a hologram
of all that is. This is why we can experience instantaneous, direct
knowing.
35
The human energy field exists within the universal energy field -- sometimes
described as a sea of energy that surrounds and permeates everything. The Chinese
tradition calls this life force Chi, the Japanese, Qi or Ki, and in India ancient Hindu
9
texts refer to subtle energy called Prana. Chi is thought to enter the body via the
charkas and Prana. Examples of this field in action citied by Donna Eden, a holistic
health practitioner and author of Energy Medicine, include the gardeners green thumb,
a force that helps plants grow; prayer, a force known to speed healing and the force
which flows from a healers hands and relieves suffering.
36
In summary, some basic assumptions about the universal energy field are that it
permeates all space including animate and inanimate objects. This field connects all
objects to each other. Currently, technology like the GDV is emerging which for the first
time in history allows scientific measurement of the etheric body, the layer of the energy
field closest to the body. Dr. Barbara Ann Brennan, formerly a research scientist for
NASA who holds a Masters degree in Atmospheric Physics, and currently founder of the
Barbara Brennan School of Healing, notes the organizing effect the human energy field
has on the body. She posits that any change in the physical body is preceded by a change
in the energy field.
37
This paradigm-shattering concept is beginning to edge its way into
healing practices and offers new options for maintaining health by having an individual
consider their own energy field.
Brian Snellgrove, a British healer and researcher and author of The Unseen Self:
Kirlian Photography Explained, has worked extensively with Kirlian photography for
over twenty-five years. Figure 1, the illustration of the electromagnetic spectrum on the
following page, brings together an enormous amount of data.
38 39
Figure 1 allows us to
see that our human senses take in only a fragment of the total known spectrum.
10
Figure 1. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
According to Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, Electromagnetic energy is made up
of tiny packets of energy called photons that move in waves similar to the movement of
waves in the ocean. There are many different types of waves from short x-rays to longer
11
radio waves. Together they make up the electromagnetic spectrum
40
The
electromagnetic spectrum is the radiant energy generated by the sun.
41
The orderly
arrangement of radiation according to wavelength or frequency is called the
electromagnetic spectrum.
42
Visible light is only a small part of the spectrum. As
scientists develop more precise tools for measuring the electromagnetic field, more of its
unknown qualities will be exposed and tamed. An example of technology devised in the
past century that has become an accepted tool of western medicine is the
electrocardiograph (EKG) which measures the minute electrical potentials occurring
during a heart beat. Wilhelm Einthoven, a Dutch physiologist, invented the EKG. He
first published his ideas in 1907 and received the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his
investigations of the electrical currents of the heart. It was many years before this
innovative idea that the heart had electrical properties became accepted and integrated
into standard medical practice. The electroencephalograph (EEG) measure electrical
voltages produced by neurons in the brain.
THE HUMAN ENERGY FIELD
The human energy field is described as a cloud of multicolored light, a colorful
mist, which surrounds and emanates from the body and is usually not discerned by most
people. Webster defines an aura as an invisible emanation or vapor or a particular
atmosphere or quality that seems to arise from or emanate and surround a person or
thing.
43
It is a vibrational field unique to each person and is thought to contain
information concerning the health of the physical body, and reflects a persons
well-being.
44 45
12
Until recently the evidence supporting the existence of the human aura has been
from qualitative information only provided by gifted sensitives and clairvoyants who
could intuit the aura. Written description of what may be the aura occurs in biblical
accounts in both the Old and New Testament. Moses, as he carried the Ten
Commandments down from Mount Sinai, was described as glowing: the skin of his
face shone because he had been talking with God.
46
At his conversion, St. Paul was
described as emanating a brilliant light
47
and Jesus at his transfiguration was described
with glistening intensely white garments.
48
At Pentecost, tongues of fire rested on the
heads of each of the disciples and they were filled with the Holy Spirit.
49
These
tongues of fire may reflect activity at the crown chakra, a download of cosmic energy,
transmitting energy extraordinary gifts to these previously everyday people.
The human energy field has been portrayed world wide in art. Russian icons
dating from the 6
th
century depict the energy field with light emanating from the heads of
holy people. European artists, as well, portray Jesus and saints with light emanating from
their heads in halos. In Hebrew this light was known as Shekinah, or luminous Presence
of God.
50
Four types of auras were portrayed in medieval paintings: the Nimbus and
Halo emanate from the head, and the Aureola and the Glory emanate from the total body
and are less commonly illustrated.
51
In ancient eastern traditions, the crown chakra (one
of seven energy centers in the body to be discussed later) is considered the portal through
which cosmic energy enters the body. Holy people were considered to transmit more
than a normal amount of cosmic energy and thus the glow of the halo.
Pythagoras perceived the human energy field and was the first to record it in
western literature about 500 BC.
52
But, this idea had been known worldwide for
13
thousands of years, most notably by the eastern traditions where the energy was called
Prana in the Vedic texts and Chi in the Taoist texts. In the 16
th
century Paracelsus
described the aura:
The vital force is not enclosed in man, but radiates round him like
a luminous sphere, and it may be made to act at a distance. In these semi-
natural rays the imagination of man may produce healthy or morbid
effects. It may poison the essence of life and cause diseases, or it may
purify it after it has been made impure, and restore the health.
53
In more modern times, in the 1800s and spilling over into the early 1900s,
investigators in Austria, Germany and England independently were exploring the various
phenomena of this vital force. Austrian born physician and natural scientist Franz
Mesmer postulated a theory called animal magnetism to describe the healing energy he
noted coming from his own hands. Mesmer worked with magnets as a healing modality,
but gave up magnets after he discovered that energy emitted by his own hands could have
similar therapeutic effects. It would be more than a century before this energy radiating
from his hands could be measured. The world was not ready for his idea and he was
ridiculed by the medical establishment of his day.
54
In Germany, the chemist Baron von Reichenbach discerned the energy field and
called it the odic force after the Norse god Odin. Von Reichenbach engaged over 200
sensitives, clairvoyants, and scientists including physicians, mathematician to make
observations about this odic force emanating from magnets and humans. From his
observations, he concluded that the left side of the body was a negative pole and the right
side, positive, suggesting the ancient Chinese concept of yin and yang. The clairvoyants
described the energy field surrounding the body and noted particularly that the energy
flowed from the fingertips.
55
This observation is consistent with the ancient Chinese
14
medical text, The Yellow Emperors Treatise in Internal Medicine that describes meridians
terminating in the fingertips
In England, Walter Kilner, a physician and member of the London Royal College
of Surgeons, developed a system of diagnosis based on the volume, texture, color and
appearance of the aura he observed emanating from the body. His book, The Human
Atmosphere, was published in 1911. In this book he enclosed glass screens consisting of
two hermetically sealed pieces of glass containing an alcohol solution of dicyanine, a
coal-tar dye.
56
Dicyanine affected the retinal rods allowing a person to see shorter
wavelengths than normal and thereby apparently perceive radiation in the ultra-violet
range. After peering through the dicyanine screen one then shifted his gaze to the human
body and could then perceive the energy field. Kilners experiments were interrupted by
the outbreak of World War I; the supplier of dicyanine was German. Of particular
importance to this study, Kilner noted that subjects could change their own aura through
mental concentration. Kilners work was difficult to duplicate and some suspect that he
himself developed clairvoyant abilities. Kilner concluded, There cannot be the least
doubt of the reality of the existence of an aura enveloping a human being, and this in a
short time will be a universally accepted fact.
57
This transition is taking longer than
Kilner expected.
C.W. Leadbeater, a clairvoyant, teamed with artist Rev. Edward Warner to
illustrate the chakras in his seminal 1927 work The Chakras. He states in his preface that
he believes this book is the first attempt to represent the chakras as they actually appear
to sensitives and clairvoyants.
58
According to Leadbeater, there are seven primary
chakras located along the spine. They are portals where cosmic energy enters the body.
15
Knowledge of these force centers is evidenced in ancient Egyptian monuments, in
writings of 17
th
century mystics and among the secret rituals of Freemasons.
59
Harold S. Burr, neuroanatomist at Yale University, studied living organisms --
from simple bacteria to complex humans- -- for over thirty years and concluded that there
was unequivocal evidence that wherever there is life, there are electrical properties.
60
Burr devised a simple method for measuring electrical gradients in humans. Burr took
two cups with salt solution and placed a silver-silver chloride electrode into each cup.
The subject dipped his left hand index finger in one cup and the index finger of the right
hand into the second cup thus completing the external circuit in the measuring device
called a voltmeter. A voltage gradientelectrical discharge-- between the left finger and
the right finger could be detected. Male subjects from Burrs lab were measured and it
was found that the subjects could be divided into four groups: those with low voltage
gradients of two millivolts, a group with two to four millivolts, a group with five to six
millivolts, and a fourth with around ten millivolts.
61
The measurements were repeated
daily with consistent reliable results. He then added female subjects and found that their
voltage gradient increased over the month, and made a sharp rise for a period of twenty-
four hours. The rise in the voltage gradient corresponded to the middle of the menstrual
cycle and suspected ovulation time. Burr was thus the first to note a change in the voltage
gradient associated with a specific biological activity.
62
The implications for dealing
with infertility were immense, but his peers did not readily accept the results. The
concept of this kind of physiological information-ovulation-being deciphered from a
voltmeter measuring electrical output of index fingers in a salt solution did not fit with
the scientific ideas of the day and seemed ridiculous.
16
One of Burrs colleagues, Dr. Ravitz was one of the first to document that the
emotion of grief caused the voltage gradient to rise to 14 millivolts for two and a half
minutes for a subject under hypnosis. As previously noted, generally voltage gradients
range between two and ten millivolts. With this innovative experiment, Ravitz was the
first to document that the mind is reflected in the energetic field.
63
Valerie Hunt, a kinesiologist at UCLA, was the first to attempt to document
charkas electronically in 1978.
64
Hunt and her associates collected data as subjects
underwent a protocol of Structural Integration (also known as rolfing, a special type of
massage, designed by Ida Rolf), while simultaneously Rosalyn Bruyere, a clairvoyant,
described change she perceived in the colors of the aura. Hunt found that the waveforms
on the oscilloscope correlated with colors reported by Bruyere. EMG (electromyography)
electrodes which measures electrical outputs of muscles were place over body regions
Hunt believed appropriate for each chakra. Hunt found that each chakra emitted a specific
color frequency. Rolfing produced emotional reactions in the subjects, which affected
the color of the aura. Thus, a hint of a connection was established that there is a
relationship between emotional states and the colors of the charkas. Ancient Chinese
medicine and western science joined hands. Knowledge known for five thousand years
by the Chinese began to gain credibility with western scientists. Hunt and Bruyere
discuss their seminal work in detail in their books Infinite Mind
65
and Wheels of Light,
respectively.
66
This investigation needs further elaboration.
Hunt believes that there are two primary electrical systems in the physical body.
One is the alternating electrical current -- the biological system -- of the nervous system
and the other is the newly discovered electromagnetic system, or aura. According to
17
Hunt, the electromagnetic system vibrates at a frequency eight to ten times faster than the
biological system. The electromagnetic system is both smaller in amplitude and higher in
frequency than the biological.
67
These extremely high frequency (EHF) biological
frequencies were first studied in Hunts labs at UCLA
Leadbeater tells us that the physical body needs food, air and vitality (Chi/ Prana/
Ki/ Qi) for life to be sustained. He posits that in an underdeveloped person, the chakras
are sluggish and in a more highly evolved person they pulse and radiate light indicating
greater amounts of energy passing through them
68
reminiscent of the halo of Jesus and
the saints, which indicates excessive spiritual energy around the crown chakra.
Leadbeater notes that crowns or special headpieces are worn by deities or saintly, holy
people to symbolize their more highly evolved state.
For forty years before his death in 1945, Edgar Cayce, the remarkable American
psychic who recognized the role negative emotions play in illness, wrote that seeing
colors around people was an ability he always possessed. He believed that our eyes are
gradually gaining in power and that one day we may perceive even more colors.
69
Cayce
held white to be the perfect color and that when our souls are in perfect balance, we will
emanate an aura of pure white.
70
The most well known example of this is the typical
rendition of angels in garments of white.
71
The clairvoyant, Dora van Gelder Kunz, contributed to the literature of aura in
health and illness in her beautifully illustrated book The Personal Aura.
72
Van Gelder
Kunz collaborated with physician, Otelia Bengtsson, and artist, Juanita Donahoo, to
convey her rich perceptions of the energy fields of variously ill persons, which she
perceived clairvoyantly. The observations were done in the 1930s, but were not
18
published for 55 years. Van Gelder Kunz is another early proponent of the primary role
of thought and attitude in maintaining our health and well being. In the illustrations of
her descriptions, she documented the negative effects of negative attitudes on health.
In the 1960s Dora van Gelder Kunz along with Dr. Shafica Karagulla, a
neuropsychiatrist, teamed as researcher and observer in examining the role of the chakras
in health and disease in 200 subjects. In the first step, they observed the etheric body of
healthy subjects for two years. The etheric body is the auras layer closest to the body
and from Kunz observation, extends out about five centimeters. In the second step of
the study, Kunz focused on the etheric level of ill subjects and described the charkas and
the functioning of the endocrine glands. Kunz observed each subject for up to three
hours from a distance of twenty feet. She did not speak with the subjects and often could
not see their faces. Karagula reviewed the medical charts for details of the subjects
illness.
73
When Karagulas data from the medical charts was compared with Kunz
observations, a link could be made between the charkas and the endocrine system. For
instance in all nine cases which involved the surgical excision of the pituitary, Kunz
observed abnormalities in the brow chakra and observed an absence of etheric energy in
the core of the pituitary gland.
74
Kunz and Karagulla developed an outline for assessing
characteristics of the etheric body that indicate health and illness.
75
Their findings,
briefly summarized:
19
Table 2
Characteristics of Human Energy Field
in Health and Illness
Measure Health Illness
Color Pale violet or bluegray Murky
Brightness Luminous Dull
Motion Rhythmic, but speed may vary Dysrhythmic
Form Size, shape and symmetry Small, asymmetrical
Angle At right angles to the physical body Droopy
Elasticity Ability to expand and stretch Poor elasticity
Texture Firm and fine Coarse, porous, broken, thin
Kunz and Karagula conceived of the chakras transducing or converting the
cosmic or universal energy into energy at a frequency that nourishes each endocrine
system.
76
Dr. Hiroshi Motoyama, who holds doctorates in both psychology and
philosophy and is the inventor of the AMI (Apparatus for measuring the Meridians and
the corresponding Internal organs), calls the chakras intermediaries for energy transfer.
He also posits that as the chakras are activated, man not only becomes aware of higher
realms of existence, but gains ability to enter the higher realms.
77
Once the cosmic
energy enters the body through the chakra energy center, it is transported throughout the
body by the energy meridians or nadis. Motoyama is one of few to identify nadis of the
physical body and acupuncture meridians as essentially the same.
78
The meridians are
channels through which vital energy (Chi, Ki, Qi, prana) flows to each body system. The
meridians were intuited by both ancient acupuncturists, as they treated patients, and
yogis, who discerned the meridians through meditation.
79
There are twelve major
meridians with the terminal points located on the fingers and toes. These points are
known as sei or well points and this is where Chi/Ki/Qi enters and leaves the
20
meridians. According to Motoyama, the energy level at the sei points reflects the
condition of the meridian, and each meridian reflects a particular body organ.
80
Motoyama notes that the original source of the previous information is The Yellow
Emperors Treatise on Internal Medicine, the oldest text of Chinese medicine.
The twelve meridians are divided into Yin and Yang energy. The energy of the
Yang meridians flows from the upper part of the body to the lower (positive potential).
The Yin meridians flow from the lower to the upper (negative potential).
81
The twelve
regular meridians are the lung, large intestine, stomach, spleen, heart, small intestine,
bladder, kidney, heart constrictor, triple heater, gall bladder and liver. These meridians
do not exactly reflect the organ whose name they carry. Each meridian starts or ends at
the tips of the fingers or the tips of the toes. Motoyama includes two recently discovered
meridians of the diaphragm and stomach.
82
When Chi flows freely, the body is healthy; when energy is not flowing freely,
illness develops. Yin and Yang are two concepts of Chinese medicine that describe the
two polar forces of Chi. Yin refers to the qualities of dark, cold, female, negative while
Yang refers to the opposite qualities of light, warm, male and positive.
83
Motoyama
notes that Yin is associated with qualities of the latent, dark and unexplained aspect of
things whereas Yang has the opposite qualities of patent, bright and exposed nature of
things.
84
When Yin and Yang are balanced, the body is healthy. Excessive Yang energy
generates excessive organ activity and excessive Yin results in under functioning of the
organ. Yin, at its extreme, moves to Yang and Yang, at its extreme moves to
Yinalways flowing and changing.
21
Table 3
Qualities of Chi: Yin and Yang
Chi: Yin Yang
Quality: Dark Light
Cold Warm
Female Male
Negative Positive
Latent Patent
Unexplained Exposed
Motoyamas AMI device, consisting of 28 electrodes which attach to the terminus
of acupuncture points, measures the electrical differences between the left and right
meridians. If the meridian pairs are out of balance, i.e. have different outputs, this
indicates a disease in the organ that corresponds to that meridian.
85
Motoyama in Japan
and Dr. Ion Dumitrescu, a Russian physician, independently established a link between
energetic meridian imbalance and organ pathology.
86
.
Caroline Myss, explores the chakras and the symbolic powers of the seven energy
systems in her seminal book Anatomy of the Spirit. She proposes that each center
contains a universal spiritual life-lesson that we must master if our consciousness is to
evolve.
87
According to Myss, the lessons of each chakra are:
22
Table 4
Chakras and Corresponding Lesson
Chakra Lessons
First/Root: related to the material world
Second/Genital: related to sexuality/work/physical desire
Third/Solar Plexus: related to ego, personality, self esteem
Fourth/Heart: related to love, forgiveness, compassion
Fifth/Throat: related to will and self-expression
Sixth/Brow: related to mind, intuition, insight, and wisdom
Seventh/Crown: related to spirituality
Myss elucidates the role of mental and emotional influences with each of the
chakra lessons and notes a correspondence to illnesses associated with these negative
emotions. For instance, she notes that the major emotion behind breast lumps is hurt,
sorrow, and issues with nurturance.
88
Dr. Mona Lisa Schulz, psychiatrist and medical intuitive, describes the seven
emotional centers of the body and their contrasting set of emotional challenges in her
book Awakening Intuition.
89
Schulz states that the more these emotions are balanced, the
healthier the individual. The issues to be balanced in the first chakra are sense of self
versus sense of belonging; independence versus dependence; self-sufficiency versus
helplessness; fearlessness versus fearfulness; trust versus mistrust. Schulz believes that
unresolved issues emerge in disorders of the blood and bones as well as the immune
system, spine and hips. In Schulzs opinion these body systems carry the emotions and
memories of early family experiences. Caroline Myss, identifies physical dysfunctions of
chronic lower back pain, sciatica, varicose veins, rectal tumors, depression and immune-
related disorders with this first chakra.
90
23
The second emotional center according to Schultz contains memories related to
our drives: how we pursue what we want in life and how we establish relationships
separate from our family of origin. Emotions related to these issues are stored in the
reproductive organs, the kidneys, bladder, urinary tract, lower gastrointestinal track and
the muscles of the lower back. Schulz believes unresolved issues cause disorders in these
organs.
91
The third emotional center is concerned with issues of responsibility and self-
esteem. Schulz states that memories related to these concerns are stored in the organs of
the gastrointestinal track that includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, upper
colon, liver and gallbladder. Emotional issues of this center relate to adequacy versus
inadequacy, responsibility versus irresponsibility, aggressiveness versus defensiveness
and competiveness versus noncompetitiveness.
92
Myss notes that arthritis, gastric ulcers,
diabetes, liver dysfunction, and adrenal dysfunction are disorders associated with this
third chakra.
93
The fourth emotional center involves the heart, lungs and breasts and relates to the
emotional issues of intimacy and nurturance. The emotional expressions are passion,
anger, rage, hate, hostility, joy, exuberance, stoicism, grief, courage, and loss. If we are
unable to fully feel and appropriately respond to emotions linked to the emotional life of
our relationships, we become vulnerable to illness in the heart, lungs, breasts, and
esophagus.
94
Myss notes physical dysfunctions of congestive heart failure, heart attack,
breast cancer, lung cancer and bronchial pneumonia are all related to the fourth chakra.
95
The fifth emotional center is related to balance between the issues of self
expression or listening to others; between actively advocating for what we want or
24
passively waiting for things to come; and between imposing our will or being imposed
upon by anothers will. The body organs, which are vulnerable to these unresolved
issues, are the throat, the thyroid and the neck.
96
Myss notes that the physical
dysfunctions associated with this chakra are raspy throat, chronic sore throat,
temporomandibular joint problems, scoliosis, laryngitis, swollen glands, and thyroid
problems.
97
The sixth emotional center relates to how we see the world, interpret the world
and act upon the world. The task is to seek balance between wisdom and ignorance,
rationality and irrationality, rigidity and flexibility. The body organs that are vulnerable
to imbalance with these issues are the sensory organs of the eyes, ears, nose and brain.
98
Myss notes the physical dysfunctions of this chakra energy result in brain tumor,
blindness, deafness, seizures, and learning disabilities.
99
The seventh emotional center is related to the issue of purpose in life. The
balance to be achieved here is between a sense of purpose and an ability to accept
uncertainty, between a belief that one can influence life and at the same time accept that
things happen as they should. The illnesses which affect this emotional center involve
the muscles, connective tissues and genes.
100
Myss notes physical dysfunctions
associated with seventh chakra issues as energetic disorders, chronic exhaustion, and
extreme sensitivity to light, sound or environment.
101
Clairvoyants discern a multilayered auric field commencing with the etheric layer,
closest to the body. Most recently, Barbara Brennan, one of the worlds most gifted
healers and founder of the Barbara Brennan School of Healing, describes the seven layers
of the human energy field. She perceives each of these layers as interpenetrating each
25
other, but each with its unique frequency; she describes each successive level being of a
higher frequency or higher octave. The physical layer is adjacent to the body, with
each successive field extending further from the body in an egg shape.
102
Table 5
Anatomy of the Aura
Level Life Experience
1. Physical pain and pleasure, safety
2. Emotions concerning feelings about oneself, confident
3. Mental/rational world strong clear mind; interested in learning
4. Relationships strong good relationships
5. Divine Will within level of divine love
6. Divine love spiritual ecstasy
7. Divine mind, serenity feeling connected to the universe
Dr. William Tiller, material scientist and Stanford University professor emeritus,
proposes a theory of a coherent group energy field (i.e. a group with a clear intention has
the energetic power of the square of the number of coherent people involved). If the
energy of one person were one volt, the energy of two people would be four volts and the
energy of five thousand people would be five thousand times five thousand or twenty-
five million volts.
103
Each individuals energy field bears informationmoral, mental,
emotional, religious; when like minded individual fields merge, there is tremendous
power.
104
The journey of the past thousands of years of intuited information about the
human energy field is beginning to get precision. The GDV is a tool with the potential to
contribute significantly to the advancement of knowledge concerning the human energy
field.
26
EVOLUTION OF KIRLIAN PHOTOGRAPHY AND THE GAS DISCHARGE
VISUALISATION TECHNIQUE
The Gas Discharge Visualisation technique is based on Kirlian photography also
known as bio-electrography. George Christoph Lichtenberg, a German professor of
physics at Gottingen University, experimented with the effect of electrical discharges and
found that they created patterns on film. In 1777 he observed patterns produced in resin
dust by electrical discharges and was the first to observe a corona discharge from a
human hand.
105
Prior to 1900 Yakub Narkevitch Yodko was the first to observe that
pictures of healthy people and unhealthy people varied. Yodko also studied people under
varying conditions including fatigue, excitement, as well as both asleep and awake.
106
Unfortunately, Yodkos records were destroyed in the Russian revolution
After arriving in the United States from Serbia in 1884, Nicola Tesla conducted
many experiments with high voltage photography and demonstrated the luminous
discharges around the body.
107
In 1891, during a public lecture, Tesla demonstrated a
vivid and startling corona luminescence effect:
All around me the electrostatic force makes itself felt, so great is
the agitation of the particles, that you may see streams of lightdue to a
potential of about 200,000 volts, alternating in rather irregular intervals,
sometimes like a million times a second. A vibration of the same
amplitude, but four times as fast, to maintain which over 3,000,000 volts
would be required, would be more than sufficient to envelop my body in a
complete sheet of flame. But this flame would not burn me up; quite
contrarily, the probability is that I would not be injured in the least. Yet a
hundredth part of that energy, otherwise directed, would be amply
sufficient to kill a person.
108
27
Tesla was immortalized in the 1980s when his name was designated as the unit of
magnetic field strength utilized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners; one
Tesla is equal to 10,000 Gauss (unit of measurement of magnetic flux density). Tesla
obtained over one hundred patents for electromagnetic devices including the high voltage
Tesla coil that bears his name.
109
Professor Alexander Gurwitsch, a Russian researcher in the 1920s first described
emanations given off by onion shoots that had the capacity to cause mitosis in other
onion shoots. This observation stimulated the Russian researcher Wlail Kasnatschejew in
the 1960s and 1970s to further pursue these findings and he concluded that cells
communicate information via ultraviolet light. With a clever research design he clearly
demonstrated that sick cells could make healthy cells ill depending on whether the
flasks containing the cells were quartz (which allows transmission of ultraviolet light) or
regular glass (which does not transmit ultraviolet light).
110
Dr. Fritz Popp expanded on the research of Gurwitsch and Kasnatschejew over a
twenty-five year period in Germany. He developed very sensitive equipment to measure
the light or biophotons given off by living systems. His equipment was so sensitive it
could measure an emanation of a firefly at about 10 kilometers (one kilometer equals 5/8
of a mile).
111
In 1939, Semyon Davidovich Kirlian, known as the best electrician in the
Russian village of Krasnodar, was called to repair some technical equipment at a research
institute. While there, he chanced to observe a demonstration of a high-frequency
instrument for electrotherapy. When he saw the spark between the electrodes and the
patients skin, he wondered what would happen if he put a photographic plate between
28
the patients skin and the electrode. In the process of constructing the apparatus and
taking the first picture of his own hand, he burned himself severely. In spite of the pain,
Kirlian continued his experiment and developed a photo with a luminescence in the shape
of the contours of his fingers (also referred to as corona of the fingers). Kirlian followed
an intuitive hunch and persevered in developing a new process for recording the
luminous energy emanating from the human body on film. Over the next quarter century,
Kirlian and his wife Valentina, went on to develop and refine this new method of
photography. The process came to be known as Kirlian photography and the luminous
images as the Kirlian effect.
112
In 1949, the Kirlians obtained their first patent
113
for the invention of Kirlian
Photography, but it wasnt until the early 1960s, twenty-five years after Kirlians initial
discovery, that the Soviet government set up institutes and labs to begin research on
Kirlian photography.
114
Kirlians most famous experiment was referred to as the The
Phantom Leaf Effect. In this experiment a leaf was photographed before and after
mutilation (cutting off a segment of the leaf). The cut leaf photograph shows the leaf
structure intact, with the cut-away part visible, though somewhat faded.
Gerber states,
The Phantom Leaf Effect, seen via Kirlian photography, repeatedly
demonstrates a holographic energy-field component of living systems.
The missing leaf that appears in Kirlian electrographs appears identical in
structure to the physical leaf. This phantom is a part of the etheric body of
the leaf (a growth template or wave guide) that assists in the expression of
the life force through the genetic potential of the plant. We must, for a
moment, ask ourselves how Kirlian photography is able to reveal the
etheric phantom. It is a feat which literally makes the invisible visible.
115
The Phantom Leaf effect has been difficult to duplicate, and in less than 5% of
experiments does the phenomena appear.
116
This experiment continues to fascinate
29
scientists and lay people alike. Korotkov investigated this subject with the GDV and
concluded that the phantom leaf phenomenon could be explained by real physical
processes.
117
News of the Soviet research in the field of Kirlian photography, including the
Phantom Leaf Effect, reached the United States in 1970 when authors Lynn Schroeder
and Sheila Ostrander published the results of their 1968 tour of Russia, Bulgaria, and
Czechoslovakia where they explored psychic research in laboratories from Prague to
Moscow.
118
In 1970, after reading Schroeder and Ostranders account of Soviet research in
Kirlian photography, Dr. Thelma Moss, a psychologist at UCLAs Neuropsychiatric
Institute visited Russia. She was fascinated with the idea of recording on film the energy
fields emanating from all living things and wanted to meet these pioneering researchers
first hand. She did not meet with Semyon and Valentina Kirlian, as their location in
southeastern Russia was too remote. Dr. Moss did meet with Viktor Adamenko in
Moscow for several days. As a child, Adamenko lived next door to the Kirlians and
participated in their experiments. Adamenko presented Dr. Moss with papers he wrote
with another Russian scientist, Viktor Inyushin, in which he described dramatic changes
in the Kirlian photographs. These changes resulted from different states of consciousness
including hypnosis in a variety of states and of emotional and physical arousal.
119
Adamenko was preoccupied with the subject of acupuncture and its relation to Kirlian
photography. In conversations with Moss, Adamenko spoke of a possible correlation
between the invisible energy field described in Chinese medicine and the invisible
30
energy body made visible through Kirlian photography. He demonstrated a device he
had invented on Thelma Mossa tobiscope-- which detected acupuncture points.
120
Moss next visited with physicist Victor Inyushin in Alma-Ata. She was not
allowed to visit his laboratory, as the official permission for her visit had not arrived from
Moscow.
121
It was Inyushin who termed the emanations noted in the Kirlian photographs
bioplasma. He believed bioplasma to be an additional state of matter, with properties
different from solids, gases and liquids. Moss found Inyushin also involved in research
on acupuncture. Alma-Ata is located near the Chinese border and was on the caravan
route traveled by Marco Polo on his journeys between Italy and China. The Kazakhstan,
natives of this area, have an oriental heritage, which may partly explain their interest in
acupuncture. Inyushin described a Chinese medical doctor to Moss. The doctor , who
trained at the University of Peking and defected to Russia, was able to identify 700
acupuncture points on a person. Later, Inyushin and his young colleague Nicholas
Shuisky used Adamenkos tobiscope to detect the acupuncture points. The points they
located corresponded remarkably with those of the Chinese doctors description and thus
a step was taken in empirically confirming the acupuncture points.
122
Dr. Moss became the first American to work in this new field of
bioelectrography. In 1971, her student, Kendall Johnson, a curious insurance salesman
turned graduate student, developed the first Kirlian camera in the United States in a lab in
his fathers garage.
123
In June, 1973 scientists from twenty countries and many
disciplines -- physics, chemistry, electronics, biology, psychology, psychiatry -- gathered
in Prague to establish a new field of scientific inquiry: psychotronics, the study of all
31
interactions between man and objects.
124
Although psychotronics is not a term that
gained popularity, the field of bioelectrography was launched.
Electrophotography developed independently in at least two other countries. The
Scottish scientists, Dennis Miller and Ted Smart, discovered electric photography. Miller
and Smart focused their research on air, not leaves, seeds, fluids or fingertips, as had been
the focus of the Kirlians. The Brazilian scientist Henry Andrade independently made his
own electrical photographs in the early 1960s.
125
Researchers without access to each
other were simultaneously exploring the energy field and refining scientific instruments
to quantify what they were finding.
In 1973, William Tiller and David Boyers researched the subject of corona
discharge patterns and Kirlian photography. n the process the pair duplicated some of the
Soviet research. Tiller and Boyers focused on investigating metallic electrodes rather
than living systems. The United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research sponsored
their work. Tiller and Boyers concluded that
Although it now seems possible to account for the majority of the
strange color effects observed in Kirlian photography, one cannot be
certain that this is the only or the proper explanationKirlian
photography experiments must be done more carefully than those in the
past, if we are to use this as a tool to learn truly new information about
changes in energy states of living systems... it is probably more
appropriate to use the name corona-discharge photography.
126
In the 1980s, Peter Mandel, a German naturopathic doctor, developed an intuitive,
but now well documented method of interpreting the bio-electrographic images for
medical diagnosis. Mandel based his interpretations on the analysis of the corona of
fingertips and toes in relation to their function as endpoints of the meridians of traditional
Chinese medicine and German neo-acupuncture developed by Voll.
127
Korotkov utilized
32
the framework devised by Mandel as a basis for interpretation of the GDV computer
constructed aura.
The scientific community has been slow to accept Kirlian photography as a
legitimate tool. Because of the widely disparate types of equipment used to create the
images, results have been inconsistent. Lack of rigorous scientific standards has hindered
the acceptance of Kirlian photography. The United States National Institutes of Health
now has a division of Complementary and Alternative Medicine to gather data on subtle
energy interventions. In November 2000, the International Union of Medical and
Applied Bio-Electrography held its 5th official congress in Curitiba, Brazil and agreed to
promote the scientific status of bioelectrography by way of thorough scientific research.
Dr. Konstantin Korotkov was unanimously elected President of the IUMAB for the term
2001-2004.
128
The formation of the IUMAB is another step in formalizing the study of
the energy field and demanding more standardization so information can be more readily
compared and built upon. This standardization will give researchers a common language
and accelerate progress in further understanding Kirlian photography and what it is
actually measuring.
Brief Description of the Kirlian Photography Process
Technical description of the Kirlian process is beyond the scope of this paper.
Harry Dakin describes the process in detail in his book High Voltage Photography.
129
Gerber gives a description, which provides basic information that is not overly technical:
The basic principle behind Kirlian photographys ability to
produce images on film is the corona discharge phenomenon. Most
scientists who have studied Kirlian systems have agreed upon this fact. In
the simple electrographic apparatus there is a high-frequency power
source connected to an electrode beneath a sheet of film. A high-
33
frequency current, sent to the hidden electrode, creates an electrical field,
which bathes the photographic film. The film surface becomes charged at
a high electrical potential. When a finger or other grounded object is
placed upon the film, it provides a pathway for electrons of high potential
(on the film surface) to travel to low potential (ground, or earththe
ultimate electron sink)Energy always flows from high to low potential.
The electron trails, created by torrents of electrons jumping from the film
to the grounded object, create the beautiful corona discharge, which is
captured (in total darkness) on the photographic film. The image
produced by this technique is called a Kirlian photograph. The pattern of
electron streamers around the object, as well as the colors captured on
film, appear to contain varying amounts of diagnostic information about
the photographic subject.
130
MICRO-ACUPUNCTURE AND THE GDV
Acupuncture has been practiced for more than 5,000 years. Micro-acupuncture
was rediscovered in the 1950s when Dr. Paul Nogier, observed that the acupoints of the
ear were reiterative of the anatomy of the whole body, that is, the acupoints of the ear
correspond to specific body organs.
131
Other body parts such as the foot, hand, nose and
orbit of the eye have been observed to correspond to body parts also.
132
For instance,
stimulating a spot on hand, foot or nose could balance energy in a particular organ.
Dr. Ralph Alan Dale, Director of the Acupuncture Education Center in Surfside,
Florida, defines micro-acupuncture:
Micro-acupuncture refers to the energetics (Qi) of an anatomic
region such as the face, philtrum, ear, hand and abdomen. Each part of the
body functions as an energetic microcosm with a diagnostic and
therapeutic potential relating to the physiology and Qi of the body as a
whole. These micro-acupuncture systems are manifested through micro-
acupoints and micro-channels (meridians) whose topologies reflex as
holographic reiterations of the bodys anatomy and of the vital energy (Qi)
configurations of traditional Chinese acupuncture. A hologram is a three
dimensional image of a given object which contains the information of the
object in itself and in every part of itself.
133
In 1973, Dale began to explore what other body parts in addition to the ear might
have holographic qualities. He found evidence of more than 30 body parts with this
34
characteristic. He notes the implication of this finding is that each part of the body might
contain the energetic information of the whole organism.
134
Micro-acupuncture had been intuitive until 1951 when Paul Nogier began his
scientific explorations in auriculotherapy, later referred to as auriculomedicine. The first
hologram he discovered was the inverted fetus: when looking at the ear, the earlobe
represents the head of the fetus, with the body curled around the earlobe. Nogier first
showed the distribution of the auricular reflexes as reiterations of the anatomy in the form
of a fetus in the womb with the head acupoints in the inferior position that is in the
lobule. The viscera (Zng-Fu) were localized in the two conchae, and the extremities in
the superior portion of the ear.
135
Dale evaluates Tae-Woo Yoos Koryo Sooji Chim (hand acupuncture), as the
most remarkable, detailed and clinically useful of all the micro-meridian systems.
136
Yoo developed his system in 1971. Yoo identified the micro-meridian correspondences
of all 14 principal meridians and equivalents for most of the 361 traditional acupoints on
these conduits.
In the hologram of Yoos hand system, the middle finger corresponds to the
head.
137
This is a point of difference from Jaw Woo Parks Su Jok acupuncture, which
bases its system on the thumb corresponding to the head.
138
Both practices appear to be
effective, although the work of Park is much less known in the United States. Park, a
Korean acupuncturist, is highly regarded in Russia where he has lectured widely and has
a large following of practitioners. It is necessary to continue to collect empirical data on
the micro-acupuncture of the hand and particularly the fingertips to define exactly what is
35
being reflected and what precisely the Kirlian photographs of the fingertips are
measuring.
Micro-acupuncture establishes the concept that vast amounts of information are
contained in the fingertips; Motoyama with the AMI and Korotkov with the GDV
pioneered in measuring and analyzing this data with scientific instruments.
RESEARCH UTILIZING THE GDV
The GDV provides an accurate, exact and reproducible method for the analysis
of energy-informational state of the human being and allows us to study the influence of
various factors on this state.
139
Images of the fingertips are taken with a table top camera
which feeds the data into a computer which process the image into a BEO-
gramprintout of the total energy field.
Korotkov
140
studied the effect of a healer -- V. Soultanov -- on a patient over a
two-day period. A baseline image was taken of the patients thumb after a hard-working
day. The corona was broken (small gaps) and jagged (deep crevasses). After a short
healing session, another photo was taken which showed some change. A second healing
session brought more changes and after a 45-minute period the aura stabilized with
smoothed edges and very few gaps. The patient reported moving from a state of stress to
one of ease and well-being. Another image taken twenty hours later revealed that the
pattern remained in the healthier state. The computational capability of the GDV then
processed the data from the three images -- baseline, after first healing session, after
second healing session -- and quantitatively displayed the results in a graph, which
36
demonstrated the reduction in the fractal coefficient, i.e. the reduction of the jaggedness
and gaps in the corona of the thumb fingertip.
In the 1970s Professor V.M. Inyushin in Alma-Ata was the first to make Kirlian
photographs of grain. He observed grain over a six-day cycle and photographed both
single grains and groups of four grains. He observed that the corona was far larger for a
grain of wheat during germination than as a dry grain. Korotkov emulated this
experiment using GDV technology
141
measuring wheat grains while dry and then on day
1, 2, 4, and 6 after sprouting in a wet media. He concluded that the grain energy
increases dramatically after the grain has been awakened and then decreases, as the grain
expends its energy on the growth of roots and sprouts.
Korotkov, Gurvits and Krylov
142
took blood plasma samples from patients with
primary and metastatic cancer and compared the blood plasma samples with samples of
healthy donors. Samples were also taken from a patient with a benign tumor. They found
that the characteristics of the blood plasma samples of the cancerous patients were
significantly different from the samples from healthy donors in the GDV parameters of
brightness, shape, size and color of the images. The most profound differences were in
the two parameters of area and fractal coefficient. The samples were subjected to a
potentisation procedure similar to that used in homeopathy. Even diluted to 1/1024 of the
original plasma, the difference between cancer and normal plasma was evident in the
GDV measurements indicating the GDV is sensitive to differences of disease states.
In the late 1990s Korotkov
143
did a series of studies with Allan Chumak, a noted
Russian healer, measuring his ability to influence the material world, i.e. water and
people. First, Korotkov did a very simple study of Chumak. He took GDV images of
37
Chumaks fingers in a passive condition as a baseline and then he repeated the GDV
images after Chumak intentionally focused on activating the energy stream through his
hands. The baseline revealed a normal healthy strong positive energy condition. In
comparing the before and after pictures, the average increase in area of the GDV images
was 200%.
Korotkov
144
conducted a study of GDV images of two water samples: a controlled
sample and an experimental sample irradiated by Chumak (that is, Chumak focused
intention on the water for five minutes). Two 200 ml bottles of tap water were utilized,
one the control and one the experimental. Immediately after the five minutes of
Chumaks influence, 10 GDV images of 20 ml of water from each bottle were taken. The
difference of the average area of corona discharge between the irradiated and control
water was over 300%. Chumaks focused attention dramatically increased the GDV
area parameter. This increase in GDV area typically appears after healing interventions.
In a third study with Chumak, Korotkov
145
took a series of GDV images of
Chumaks right forefinger in a passive (baseline) condition and then in the condition
intentionally shifting his consciousness. This was done over a course of 34 minutes. The
graphed results show the GDV current changed from 1 to 7 during these 34 minutes. The
baseline measured in a range around 4. Chumak was then asked to increase the signal
and maintain it. After two minutes, the signal increased to 6 and remained at that level
for three minutes. Chumak then offered to simulate the state of death. The signal then
gradually dropped to zero for minutes 22 to 29. During this time Chumak physically
turned absolutely pale. He was then asked to return to a normal level of consciousness.
His signal then increased to 2, which was about half of the original level. At minute 33,
38
his level climbed to 3 almost back to a baseline of 4. The GDV was able to measure a
previously unmeasured phenomenon.
In yet another experiment Korotkov
146
took GDV measurements on Chumak
positioned in one room, and a young woman subject, whom he did not know, in a second
room. The task for Chumak was to change the condition of the young woman as
measured by the GDV, to correlate with the condition of Chumak. The measurements
were taken over a period of ten minutes. Graphs were prepared of the signals for both
people and compared. The results demonstrated that the changes in Chumaks condition
influenced the state of the young woman. The correlation of Korotkovs results was
further demonstrated by the EEG signals of the young woman and Chumak as measured
by Koekina.
147
To obtain instantaneous quantitative measures of how the human mind influences
healing processes, Koroktkov and T. Chalko
148
conducted an experiment in which the
subject (Chalko) performed two types of mental exercise: meditation and concentration.
This experiment was repeated numerous times over two years with similar findings.
Following is a description of one of the experiments. Images of the forefinger of the
right hand of the subject were taken at one-minute intervals for nine minutes while the
subject meditated. The bio-energy field level intensity -- increased with time until there
was a 60% increase at 9 minutes. The gaps in the finger corona gradually filled in,
indicating greater balance and harmony. It was noted that the benefits of meditation
began to be reflected by the GDV after 8 minutes indicating that it takes time for the aura
to become harmonious and gap free. The second type of mental exercise investigated
was concentration. In this exercise the subject focused on an image at eye level two
39
meters distant. Images were recorded of the subjects middle finger of the right hand at
one-minute intervals for eight minutes. The aura energy doubled during this time and
initial gaps in the bio-energy field (as reflected in the finger corona) gradually closed.
Both exercises induced dramatic positive changes in the aura and its distribution, but the
concentration exercise was more effective.
E. Anufrieva, V. Anufriev , and M. Starchenko, researchers at the Institute of
Physics of the Ural Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences, The Ural Center for
Energy Saving and Environment have produced Beo-grams demonstrating that thought
and the heart are interrelated; they explored the possibility of thought effecting the
cardiac rhythm. In the United States the field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) explores
this mind body connection of thoughts affecting physiology. For two years this group of
researchers conducted research on 50 practically healthy subjects. The subjects focused
on sending a loved one the thought, Let the world be well. GDV images were taken of
the sender of the thought and the recipient of the good will. The researchers found that
the energy of the sent thought appeared instantly on the emanations from the left little
finger, and received by the loved one at the heart sector of the right little finger. This
emanation was registered in a period of 1-2 seconds from distances of 1-2 meters to 1500
kilometers. The researchers found that both thinking good thoughts (wishing others
well), and touching a loved ones hand generated a transformation of the aura --
enriching it with energy, making the aura smoother, brighter and also filling the holes in
the auric field. The authors conclude that they were able to measure the effect of thought
on the aura, which changed its energetics and hence influenced the physical state. They
40
further conclude that being an altruist is beneficial for health. The researchers urge each
person realize the power of ones own thoughts.
149
Carolyn Howell, practitioner at the Center for Counseling and Psychotherapy
Education in London studied 11 people with HIV
150
attending weekly Tai Chi classes
lasting sixty to ninety minutes over a period of eight months. A short comparative study
was undertaken to measure changes in the energy field by taking GDV images of the ten
fingers before and after Tai Chi class. The author found that the pre- and post- images
showed a significant difference in the participants energy field -- from weak,
fragmented images toward a brighter and more unified shape.
Trampuz, Kononenko and Rus,
151
researchers at the University of Ljublyana,
Slovenia, investigated the effect of The Art of Living Programme (AOL) on the
biopsychological status of its participants as measured by the GDV. The AOL
Programme consists of a six-day seminar, which provides participants with basic
knowledge, techniques and skills for improving health, cognitive effectiveness and ability
in coping with stress. The researchers found that there was a statistically significant
difference in before and after measurements in an experimental group in the GDV
parameters of area, shape, fractal dimension and brightness. None of those parameters
differed significantly in the control group. They concluded that an AOL basic course
significantly improves the psychophysical state of a person.
In a second study by Trampuz, Kononenko and Rus,
152
the researchers took
measurements before and after a two-hour AOL course, and found that the GDV
parameter of area of the corona differed significantly between the two groups. In the
third study, the participants in the AOL program were compared to a control group (those
41
who did not participate in AOL program). The GDV parameters of area, fractal
dimension and brightness differed significantly between the two groups. The area grew
larger and the fractal dimension (fewer fragments) and brightness grew smaller for the
AOL group leading the authors to conclude that the AOL Programme does improve the
bioelectric field as registered by the GDV technique. The GDV-brightness parameter has
yielded contradicting results that raise the question of its reliability as a measure of
change. This will be addressed later in the discussion section.
Shaduri, Papitashivili & Ashugashvili at the Tbilisi Medical Institute
153
conducted
a pilot study of 50 pregnant women in Georgia, former Soviet Union, utilizing the GDV.
In Georgia, 75-80% of women suffer from hypothyrosis. The GDV reading
demonstrated that 48 out of 50 expectant mothers in this study had a considerably
increased fluorescence area and fractality in the zone that corresponds with the thyroid
gland. The researchers plan further research as the GDV promises to be a safe and easy
method to assist in a timely diagnosis to correct the hormone imbalance and thus preserve
the health of the mother and baby.
MUSIC AND GUIDED IMAGERY
EMOTIONS IN ILLNESS
A great synchronicity occurred in the 1970s and 1980s when a plethora of
research findings concerning the interaction of the mind and body converged to form the
field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) Among the seminal contributors were Herbert
Benson, M.D.
154
at Harvard with the publication of Relaxation Response, Candace Pert,
42
Ph.D., with her identification of the opiate receptors later described in The Molecules of
Emotion (Pert 1997),
155
and Kenneth Pelletier, M.D. at Stanford University with Mind As
Healer, Mind As Slayer .
156
These seminal thinkers helped to elucidate the role of
negative emotions, negative thoughts and stress on health.
Emotion, as defined by Webster is an affective aspect of consciousness and a
state of feeling. Emotion is a psychological and physical reaction subjectively
experienced as a strong feeling and physiologically involving changes that prepare the
body for immediate vigorous action.
157
Early in the 1900s Walter Cannon, Harvard physiologist, observed the fight and
flight response of the body to stress. He identified physiological changes in the body
during stress that include the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system characterized by
increased heart rate, blood pressure, body metabolism, breathing rate, blood flow, and
release of hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline or epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
158
Herbert Benson, M.D., identified the relaxation response, the state of the body
at rest. The relaxation response is characterized by decreases in heart rate, blood
pressure, body metabolism, breathing rates, blood flow to muscles. Interestingly, Benson
made his discovery in the same research rooms at Harvard where Cannon had made his
observations about the survival instinct of the fight or flight phenomena decades
earlier. Benson states that the relaxation response is even more important to the survival
of our bodies than the fight or flight response because the relaxation response can
prevent and compensate for damage done to our bodies by the too frequently elicited
stress response.
159
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In 1975, when Benson first published his ideas about quieting the body, the
concept that stress had a role in illness was not well accepted. As people began to equip
themselves with knowledge about this new theory of the relaxation response, the
consciousness of the nation began to rise; the idea of being an active partner in ones
wellness began to grow. This tool -- relaxation response -- could be self-administered.
This tool could take many forms including Transcendental Meditation, prayer, yoga,
Qigong, guided imagery, visualization and listening to music. The room to this healing
place has many doors.
Initially, Bensons work was discredited as merely the placebo response. This
is a western medical term for a response when either nothing or sugar pill was given to a
patient and yet a therapeutic physiological response occurred evidently by the patients
belief in the efficacy of what he was receiving or doing, later called the faith factor and
remembered wellness. Benson eventually demonstrated the relaxation response
produced physiological changes that could be measured and repeated whether one was
skeptical or not; he also noted that belief in the process could enhance the outcome. This
observation allowed and gave permission to the patient to engage the power of his own
spiritual beliefs to enhance ones healingone could enter the relaxation response either
through a secular door or a religious door.
According to Benson, there are a number of conditions that are exacerbated by
stress, and to that extent the elicitation of the relaxation response would be helpful in
reducing or eliminating the condition:
Angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias, allergic skin reactions, anxiety,
mild and moderate depression, bronchial asthma, herpes simplex, cough,
constipation, diabetes mellitus, duodenal ulcers, dizziness, fatigue,
hypertension, infertility, insomnia, nausea and vomiting during pregnancy,
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nervousness, all forms of pain, postoperative swelling, premenstrual
syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, side effects of cancer, side effects of
Aids.
160
The field of psychoneuroimmunology focuses on the interaction of the brain with
the bodys immune cells. The seminal work of neuroscientist Candace Pert in the 1970s
elucidated how neuropeptides, such as endorphins, in the brain produce changes in
mood.
161
John Diamond, M.D., describes the primacy of the thymus gland as the link
between mind and body and the first organ to be effected by stress and mental attitudes.
Vibrant and positive health is linked to a healthy active thymus gland.
162
It was Dora van
Gelder Kunz who discovered the connection between the thymus and the immune system
in 1959; (the data was not reported in the medical literature until the 1960s).
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Diamond
identifies two primary emotions: love and hate. He associates positive emotional states
of faith, trust, gratitude, and courage with love and negative emotional states with fear,
hate and envy. Diamond notes affirmations that he believes activate the thymus gland
and recommends that these be repeated several times a day:
I am full of love.
I have faith, trust, gratitude and courage.
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Dr. Diamond believes these affirmations can contribute to calming the emotions
and that this has a direct impact on the functioning of the thymus gland so essential to
immune functioning.
The role of stress in illness has received increasing recognition since the 1970s.
Dr. C. Norman Shealy identifies six sources of stress, which impair the body.
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Table 6
Sources of Stress That Impair the Body
Physicalfractures, cuts
Chemicalalcohol, nicotine, caffeine
Electromagneticradio, TV, computers
Mentalworry, frustration
Emotionalfear, guilt, anger, anxiety, depression
Spiritualmoral issues, existential questions.
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William James, a Harvard professor of psychology for over thirty years, and
author of the 1916 classic The Varieties of Religious Experience proposed the harmful
effects of doubt, fear and worry and the healing effects of courage, hope and trust.
166
The role of emotions in healing stepped into the spotlight of scientific inquiry
with the publication of Norman Cousins Anatomy of an Illness in 1975 in which he
posed the question: Is it possible that love, hope, faith, laughter, confidence and the will
to live have therapeutic value?
167
He stimulated the medical profession to examine if
these positive emotions could have a salutary physiologic effect. In 1964 Cousins fell
gravely ill with a serious collagen vascular disease i.e., a disease of the connective tissue.
When his doctor told him he had a one in five hundred chance of recovery, and the
likelihood of returning to his job at the Saturday Review literary magazine was remote, he
avidly began to embark on his own treatment strategy with the support of his physician.
He devised a plan for systematic pursuit of the salutary emotions.
168
From his vast
readings in the field of health, Cousins was well aware that negative emotions produce
46
negative chemical changes in the body.
Cousins was inspired by the 1956 publication of Hans Selyes The Stress of Life
in which Selye identified the negative effects on the body of negative emotions.
169
Cousins successful treatment of his rare disease focused the attention of the medical
community on the influence of positive emotions in generating a healing environment for
the body. He believed that the placebo effect indicated a physiological basis for the will
to live and as such was then an area to be researched and utilized with intentionality.
While Cousins was immersed in his very personal research on the concept of the mind
having control over the autonomic nervous system, the theory was simultaneously being
investigated by Elmer and Alyce Green at the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas. The
pioneering work of the Greens in biofeedback, later published in Beyond Biofeedback,
contributed to the growing body of knowledge concerning the ability of the mind to
influence physiological processes.
170
Caroline Myss states that passion is the strongest form of energy we can generate
within our body and that it connects us to life.
171
Dr. C. Norman Shealy teamed with
Caroline Myss to write The Creation of Health, a provocative book that posits that we
create our health by our attitudes, emotions, belief patterns and spirituality. In their
exploration of the psychological, physical and spiritual patterns they concluded that all
negative patterns break down into four challenges to people: issues of power,
responsibility, wisdom and love. Myss and Shealy state that illness presents us with the
challenge to become increasingly empowered.
172
Dr. Shealy concludes after reviewing the literature concerning the connection
between human emotions and disease that you cannot afford the luxury of fear, anxiety,
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anger, guilt or depression, no matter what the cause!
173
Dr Shealy states the key to
good health is attitude, that is, ones belief in the ultimate goodness of the universe.
174
The negative emotions of fear, anger, and guilt drain our health; the antidotal emotions
which support good health are joy, laughter, happiness, serenity, peacefulness,
optimism, forgiveness, patience, tolerance, compassion and love -- a desire to do good
and to help others.
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MUSIC AND HEALING IN HISTORY
Music and healing have been closely connected from ancient times. The ability of
music to affect both emotions and matter has been described since mythic times as
exemplified by Apollo and Orpheus. In mythical times, Apollo, a major god in Greek
and Roman mythology became a patron of musicians and poets; he also had healing
powers, as did his son Asclepius. The marble sculpture Apollo Belvedere
176
is a replica
of a much older bronze sculpture, which depicts Apollo with a lyre and a serpent, both
symbols of music and healing powers.
The power of music to influence the mind was known in ancient times. An
ancient Spartan custom involved using flute music to remove the spirit of anger from
their fighting men when they returned from battle.
177
An early reference to the ability of
music to relieve pain is from Plutarch, on the authority of Aristotle, who referred to the
custom of playing flutes while Etrusrian slaves were flogged in order to alleviate the
pain.
178
Cleinias, a Pythagorean, and famous for his exemplary conduct and character,
played his lyre whenever upset or angry in order to calm himself.
179
Homer
recommended music to alleviate negative emotions such as anger, worry and fear and as
a means to elevate soul and body.
180
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In Biblical times, David comforted King Saul with his lyre: and whenever the
evil spirit from God was upon Saul, David took the lyre and played it with his hand; so
Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.
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Sonic vibrations of instruments have been used in religious ceremonies
throughout the world to influence consciousness. In China, meditation gongs have
facilitated entering an altered state of consciousness for thousands of years; in Tibetan
monasteries, metal singing bowls, bells and chanting; in Africa, drums; in India,
tamboura (a lute-like instrument usually with four strings).
The oldest healing music manuscript survives only as a fragment, the First
Pythian Ode of Pindar, dating from 474 B.C. The manuscript was discovered in the
monastic library of St. Salvator near Mescina, Sicily. This ancient Greek document was
written in the Dorian mode, which the Greeks considered not only to be therapeutic, but
also to have a civilizing effect, by cultivating courage, obedience to laws and basic
ethical ideas. Pindars odes, sung to the accompaniment of lyre and flute, sought to
inculcate healthy happiness as a national asset to Greek citizens.
182
Music played a pivotal role in the ritual feasts and festivals prescribed during the
time of plagues. Songs accompanied by flutes and lyre were considered essential in
elevating the spirits of the citizens and thereby strengthening their resistance to disease.
The festivals were preventive medicine in that they were an attempt to dispel fear and
panic. The Greeks were aware that fear and panic create vulnerability to disease and that
the positive emotions, particularly joy, were protective.
183
The Greeks had an awareness
of the social psychology of group support on disease that has given rise in the recent
49
decades to the formation of support groups for many different problems, both physical
and mental.
Pythagoras believed that if one listened to music on a daily basis it would improve
and enrich ones health.
184
Pythagoras, used music to dispel psychic traumata among
his disciples i.e., worries. He believed that the effect of daily diatonic chromatic and
harmonic melodies would eliminate negative emotions and restore his disciples to a calm
condition just as if the music was medicine
185
Plato and Aristotle believed that music had an important role in a well-ordered
state and that music in fact helped to civilize. Polybius compares the Arcadians with
their high reputation for virtue with the Cynaetheans who were known for their depravity
and cruelty, even though they were of Arcadian stock. He attributes this disparity to the
fact that the Cynaetheans had rejected the musical heritage of their forefathers -- a
resource to soften the harsh living conditions. Polybius concluded that the only hope to
change the national character was to reintroduce compulsory music education until the
age of thirty.
186
Examples of the power of music continue throughout in the middle ages. In the
1730s the Italian castralto Farinelli was summoned to sing for King Philip V of Spain.
Philip experienced one of the most famous spontaneous healings when his symptoms of
depression and chronic pain disappeared after hearing Farinlli sing.
187
The power of music to affect matter appears in the myth of Orpheus, known for
his extraordinary musical talent: his song deflected fallings rocks sparing his ship. His
powers were so great that wild animals were said to listen to him play and trees would
follow him.
188
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A second example of music affecting matter is the Biblical account of Joshua and
the falling of the walls at Jericho. The walls crumbled after Joshua led the Israeli army
around the walled city shouting and blowing trumpets.
189
Thousands of years later this
phenomenon of sound and matter was examined scientifically.
Ernst Chladni, a German jurist, physicist and musician, now known as the father
of acoustics performed the first known experiments demonstrating that sound/vibrations
could move matter. He demonstrated this phenomena to Napoleon in 1809 by placing
sand in a plate fixed to a pedestal. Chladni drew a violin bow around the plate, the sand
vibrated and shifted from an amorphous pile to intricate designs.
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He made sound
waves visible. Chladni published his observations in Discoveries Concerning the Theory
of Music in 1787. Cymataics is the study of how sound affects matter and is an
expansion of Chladnis work principally by Hans Jenny, a Swiss physician and artist; this
word comes from the Greek word kyma which means waves. Jenny theorizes, each
human cell has its own frequency and the frequency of every human organ may be a
harmonic of its component cells.
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Jenny posits that understanding these signature
frequencies is key to understanding how sound can be used to heal on a cellular level.
These idea about how sound affects us at a cellular level needs further exploration and
empirical data. The idea is intriguing. If vibrations can sculpt intricate designs in the
sand, the question becomes can sound influence the vibrations in a human cell? Is it
possible to influence a cell with the precision to block or eliminate toxic influences and
enhance nurturing cellular environments?
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MUSIC AND EMOTIONS
Researchers have noticed that certain kinds of music elicit specific emotions and
concluded that this power of music could be used intentionally to elicit emotions
conducive to healing. These emotions would be characteristic of the relaxation response
and include peacefulness and calmness, as we know from the work of Herbert Benson.
In 1935, psychologist Kate Hevener arranged sixty-six adjectives according to
eight principal mood qualities. She then arranged these qualities in a circle which she
called a Mood Wheel in which each mood was related but different from the adjacent
mood group. Music expressing each quality was selected and tested over a ten-year
period. Heveners goal was to facilitate the smooth transition from one mood to another.
Helen Bonny used this foundation in her development of guided imagery with music.
The cycle of the mood wheel modulates from solemn to tragic, tender, tranquil,
humorous, joyous, dramatic and majestic.
Table 7
Music Mood Wheel and Emotion
1. Solemn, spiritual, lofty, awe, sacred
2. Tragic, pathetic, doleful, sad, mournful, gloomy
3. Tender, yielding, dreamy, plaintive
4. Tranquil, lyrical, leisurely, serene, quiet
5. Humorous, playful, whimsical, fanciful
6. Joyous, merry, gay, happy, cheerful
7. Dramatic, soaring, triumphant, passionate, excited
8. Majestic, vigorous, robust, martial, exalting.
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The mood chart can be used to assist a person to experience a particular emotion
fully and completely, or it may be used to gradually transform the emotional state by
52
choosing music sequentially from each adjacent mood quality. In this way music
becomes a self-healing tool. This researcher recently used the Mood Wheel with a
depressed patient with the following sequence of instrumental music: Chopins Funeral
March, The Moonlight Sonata, first movement, Mozarts Eine Kleine Nachtmusic,
Handels Hallelujah Chorus, and finally Sousas Stars and Stripes. A second sequence,
with words, began with Roy Orbisons, Only the Lonely, followed by Im So Lonesome I
Could Cry, Good Vibrations, Girls Just Wanna Have Fun and ending with Joy to the
World (joy to the fishes in the deep blue seajoy to you and me). The patient expressed
feeling empowered and relieved; she had a tool to aid her in extricating from the
emotional paralysis in which she frequently felt stuck.
Randall McClellan, who holds a Doctor of Philosophy in composition from the
Eastman School of Music, notes three therapeutic applications for music: to help
maintain a normal waking state of restful alertness; to terminate negative consciousness
states such as lethargy or hysteria; and thirdly to provide a safe environment in which an
individual may experience levels of consciousness perceived as conducive to mental
health and a creative and enriching life.
193
Helen Bonny and Louis Savary state in the introduction to their 1973 book Music
and Your Mind that theirs is the first book to demonstrate the profound relationship
between mind and music. In this book the authors describe exercises and musical
selections to achieve an altered state of consciousness where healing can be facilitated.
194
Bonny likens our normal everyday consciousness to the first floor of a skyscraper
-- there are many higher and lower levels of consciousness which include the realms of
creativity, insight, deep memory, and dreams. Bonny and Savory summarize the process
53
for experiencing an altered state of consciousness as a four step procedure beginning with
an induction, description of a visual setting such as a meadow, the playing of a selection
of music that supports the visualization, a countdown when the music ends to bring the
person back to normal consciousness; a period of reflection on the meaning of the
imagery concludes the protocol.
195
PRIMACY OF SOUND IN HUMAN SENSES
Embryologists generally agree that the ear is the first organ in the embryo to
develop and that it begins functioning at eighteen weeks and listens actively by twenty-
four weeks.
196
It is sound that is the first means of perceiving the world. Amniotic fluid
fills the nose and mouth and engulfs the floating body of the fetus. According to Verny,
the fetus has no sense of sight smell, or touch. He believes the fetus lives for nine months
in an environment of heightened sound, with vibration as the primary sense.
Dr. Jeffrey Thompson, musician and composer, founder and director of the Center
for Neuroacoustic Research, Encinitas, CA, states that the swishing water sound of the
amniotic fluid, pulse sound of arteries, gurgles of the large and small intestine, respiration
sounds, heartbeat sounds resonating through the body become deeply familiar to us. He
believes accessing these familiar sounds contributes to healing and he utilizes these
sounds in his compositions.
197
PRINCIPALS OF SOUND HEALING: RESONANCE, WAVE LENGTH, AND
RHYTHM
One of the fundamental principles of sound healing is resonance. Music is
organized sound, so all the principles that apply to sound, apply to music. Every cell in
the body, every molecule of the cell, and every atom of the molecule is in a constant state
54
of motion or vibration. Our body -- organs, bones, muscles, and cells -- will vibrate along
with external sounds and music. If the sounds are harmonious or pleasing, the sounds
support health. If the sounds are discordant or inharmonious like a jackhammer or
vacuum cleaner, the sounds cause stress and thereby disrupt health.
Sound waves have varying wavelengths, or frequencies. There is only a limited
range of sound that we as humans can hear. Infrasound is below what our auditory
organs can perceive, and ultra-sound frequencies are above what we can perceive. The
chart illustrates: the higher the note is, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wave and,
conversely, the lower the note is, the lower the frequency and the longer the wave.
McClellan summarizes:
198
Table 8
Sound Frequency and Wavelength
Frequency Wavelength
Lowest audible tone 20 cycles per second 55 feet
Lowest C on piano 32.7 cps 33.6 feet
Middle C 261.6 cps 4.2 feet
Concert A 440 cps 2.5 feet
Highest C on piano 4,186 cps 2.6 inches
Highest audible tone 20,000 cps .55 inches
Christian Huygens, inventor of the pendulum clock, spent a day sick in bed in
February 1665. This gave him the opportunity to observe two of his recently built clocks.
He noticed that their pendulums were swinging in perfect synchrony/ unison. For hours
55
they maintained the rhythm. He interrupted the rhythm, and after half an hour they were
back in unison. When he moved them apart, they began to fall ever so slowly out of
synchrony at the rate of five seconds per day. Huygens observations established the
theory of coupled oscillators, a sub branch of mathematics. Coupled oscillators exist in
the natural world as seen in the pacemaker cells in the heart, insulin-secreting cells in the
pancreas, and neural networks in the brain and spinal cord that control such rhythmic
behavior as breathing, running and chewing.
199
The concept of entrainment is where the
worlds of physics and biology connect.
Research on entrainment and brain waves did not appear as a focus in the
literature until the 1970s. The idea that something external could be intentionally utilized
to modify brain waves evolved step-by-step from Huygens observations of his pendulum
clocks to EEG development and eventually erupted in research of music effecting brain
waves. Of course, mothers had known of the efficacy of humming and singing lullabies
to their babies for centuries, but the work of Johannes Kneutgen On the Effects of
Lullabies quantitatively demonstrated the infants response to soothing music as
indicated by the breathing rhythms becoming synchronized with the rhythm of the
music.
200
Robert Monroe pioneered the use of specific frequencies, not specific rhythms to
entrain brain waves in his private research at the Monroe Institute. He found that the
brain resonated when bombarded with pulsing sound waves, and patented this effect in
1975 naming it the frequency following response (FFR).
201
The frequencies he used were
inaudible to the human ear, but were frequencies of from .5 Hz to 20 Hz. Monroe
worked with a psychoacoustic phenomenon called beat frequencies. This phenomenon is
56
beyond the scope of this paper, but it is important in that Monroe discovered a way to
synchronize the left and right hemispheres of the brain with sound. He called this
process Hemi-sync.
202
Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder wrote Superlearning in 1980 and thereby
introduced the Bulgarian Lozanov method of education that used music to elicit the alpha
brain wave pattern using adagio sections of baroque music to enhance the learning
process. This adagio baroque music, with a base beat of about 60 beats per minute, was
particularly effective in influencing brain waves to enter the alpha range where Lozanov
purported learning could take place at an accelerated rate.
203
An alpha wave is an
electrical rhythm of the brain ranging between 8-13 cycles per second and represents a
state of relaxation and heightened receptivity to healing as demonstrated in the
biofeedback literature. Beta brain waves are associated with normal wakefulness and
have a frequency range from 13 to 30 cycles per second. Theta brain waves are slower
with a range of 4-9 cycles per second, and delta brain waves are slower, ranging around 6
cycles per second or less and are typical of the state of deep sleep.
Jeffrey Thompson, D.C., Director of the Center for Neuroacoustic Research,
referred to previously, is recognized worldwide as an expert in the field of brainwave
entrainment frequencies which he incorporates into musical sound tracks. His
compositions facilitate mind-body healing by modulating sound-pulses and influencing
brainwave entrainment -- physiologically changing brain waves from beta into alpha and
theta frequency ranges. Dr. Thompson has worked with NASA and the sound recordings
sent back to earth from the Voyager Space Craft. He has researched the effects of the
plasma-wave radio recordings on the subconscious mind for healing and emotional
57
release. Dr. Thompson has explored the niche of what he calls Primordial Sound
which he defines as sound which is recognizable to the subconscious mind, such as
nature sounds and physical organism sounds.
204
Jonathan Goldman, a musician, researcher, and author of Awakening the Lotus
Chord: The Sacred Science of Sound Healing, states that one of the most popular
entrainment frequencies utilized is that of 7.8 cycles per second which interestingly is
identical to the alpha brain wave rhythm and also the frequency of a standing wave in the
earths electromagnetic field, produced by continuous lightening discharges being
harmonically reinforced at this wave length in the space between the ionosphere and the
earths surface -- the Schumann Effect. Some interesting ideas have been posited about
the importance of resonating with this frequency. Itzhak Bentov, author of Stalking the
Wild Pendulum, theorizes that meditators who vibrate at this frequency would benefit by
resonating with the geomagnetic energies of the earth and Dr. Robert Beck calls this
frequency a cosmic carrier of information which could be the frequency which
facilitates the work of healers and dowsers.
205
Two musical instruments -- drums and bells -- have been used since ancient times
to influence/entrain the human brain, long before the concept of entrainment was so
clearly identified. Jeanne Achterberg notes the ability of shamanic drumming to elicit
theta waves. Tibetan bells, rung two at a time with slightly different frequencies create
extra low frequencies (ELFs) between 4 and 8 cycles per secondin the brain wave
range created during meditation. The bells and drums assist the brain in shifting
frequencies.
206
The Institute of HeartMath in Boulder Creek, California, has developed a form of
58
meditation where heart rate entrains brain waves, the heart having the more powerful
rhythm, and establishes a standing wave of coherence between heart, brain and body.
Rollin McCraty, research director at HeartMath, states this synchronization of heart and
breath cause brain wave patterns to dip to a very low frequency of .1 Hz and it is here
that great power resides for healing.
207
A second principle of sound healing is rhythm which has measurable effects on
both the heartbeat and breath -- two basic elements of life.
208
When the music is fast with
a constant driving beat, the heartbeat will speed up and also modify muscle tension;
slower music will subdue the same responses.
A third healing principle of music is music as a carrier wave for consciousness
as posited by Steven Halpern.
209
Halpern hypothsizes that the state of being of the
composer affects the experience of the listeners and notes that the intent behind the
creation or performance of the music is very important. His innovative composition of
Spectrum Suite was part of Dr. Valerie Hunts research. Hunt believes that this particular
composition produced a unique response in the human energy field and that unlike any
other music she had tested, this music helped the energy field self-organize and shift to a
higher order of functioning.
210
Exactly how the higher order of functioning is
determined needs further exploration. Halpern also innovatively used crystal bowls and
guided imagery to achieve a state highly conducive to healing by influencing brain waves
to shift toward a state of relaxation -- from beta waves to increased alpha and theta
waves.
211
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MUSIC AND PHYSIOLOGY
Dr. Mitchell Gaynor, medical oncologist and author of Sound Healing, reports the
work of Satok, Nagao and Ishihaki, Japanese researchers who played music for surgical
patients before and after administering anesthesia compared to a control group who did
not receive music. The listeners produced significantly higher alpha brain waves
indicating a state of relaxation, marked decreases in plasma levels of the stress hormones
cortisol and ACTH; in contrast, to the control group/ the non -listeners showed increased
levels of stress hormones. Gaynor offers this study as a contribution to the evidence that
there is a biochemical explanation for stress hampering recovery from surgery and that
music can foster and hasten recovery.
212
Dr. Ralph Spintge, a German anesthesiologist and one of the organizers of the
International Society for Music and Medicine, explored the effect of music on 90,000
patients at a pain clinic in Germany. Sprintge found that patients who chose their own
music and listened to it for 15 minutes, obtained a state of well-being necessitating 50%
less of the recommended dose of sedatives needed to perform painful operations.
213
Nevill Drury, editor of Nature & Health and author of Music for Inner Space,
Drury cites the work of immunologists Nick Hall, Barry Gruber and Stephen Hersh who
demonstrated that relaxation and positive mental imagery stimulated the production of
lymphocytes to fight cancer tumors more effectively.
214
This research provided
quantitative data supporting the innovative work of Dr. Carl Simonton cited previously.
Jayne Standley, PHD, Director of the Center for Music Research at Florida State
University in Tallahassee,
215
did a controlled study of forty infants matched for
gestational age, sex, and birth weight. Twenty infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
60
had lullabies sung to them and were massaged. This group this group had improved
oxygen saturation levels, increased weight gain and shortened hospital stay. This was a
controlled study with twenty infants receiving the intervention and twenty controls. The
hospital stay was shortened by eleven days for female infants in the control group, but
only 1.1 days for the male babies when compared to the control group. This striking sex
difference in response to the effect of music and massage on the babies needs further
exploration.
Standley noted that non-nutritive sucking is one of the first rhythmic behaviors
that babies engage in. This ability does not develop before 34 weeks gestation so
premature babies (those born before the full 40 weeks gestation) have to be fed by tubes.
It requires neurological coordination for the infant to suck, swallow and breathe. Dr.
Standley has devised a pacifier-activated lullaby system that assists premature infants in
developing this essential neurological skill. When the infant sucks on the pacifier, a
lullaby plays, and when the infant stops sucking, the music stops. The infant can learn to
keep the music on within three to four minutes. Infants as young as 30 weeks gestational
age can learn to suck with this new device.
216
The infant appears to seek the soothing
music and behaves in a way to continue to elicit the pleasant stimulus.
B.B. Bittman
217
et al. at Meadville Medical Center Mind-Body Wellness Center,
Meadville, PA, examined the effect of drumming in a single trial experimental
intervention with control groups at the outpatient medical facility with a total of 111 age-
and sex-matched volunteer subjects. The researchers found that group drumming
resulted in increased dehydroepiandrosterone-to-cortisol ratios, increased natural killer
cell activity, and increased lymphocyte-activated killer cell activity. The researchers
61
concluded that drumming has a potential to influence the body in the direction opposite
the classic stress response.
Dr. Stuart Rosenbush reports the experience of his patient who attended a one-
hour Fleetwood Mac concert fifteen days after coronary artery bypass surgery. The
patient felt the vibrations of the intensely loud music and his sternum began to ache,
causing him to leave the concert and visit to doctor the next day. The pain resolved after
several days.
218
Deforia Lang, a music therapist and author of Mind and Music, describes her own
research exploring the effect of music on the release of salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA),
an antibody in saliva which protects the body from infection; lower levels of IgA mean
increased susceptibility to infection. Twenty patients listened to thirty minutes of music
and twenty patients followed normal hospital routines. Pre and post- samples of saliva
were drawn which demonstrated the subjects who received music therapy had a
significant increase in salivary IgA.
219
In the 1980s, Norwegian educator Olav Skille devised a method of vibroacoustic
therapy that consists of the patient being immersed in a musical bath. He worked with
severely disabled children and found that after treatment, the children noted increased
range of movement in legs, arms, hips and spine. He found that music in the lower
ranges of 40-66 hertz resonates in the lower body and higher frequencies resonate in the
upper body.
220
Avram Goldstein at the Addiction Research Center in Stanford, CA, noted that
music could increase endorphin levels. He observed that half of his subjects experienced
euphoria while listening to music, which allowed the body to create its own anesthetic.
62
He concluded that musical thrills were the result of endorphins released by the pituitary
gland.
221
This is a very powerful effect for such a simple nonintrusive intervention. This
information is not yet widely known in the general population.
Bartlett, Kaufman and Smeltekop at Michigan State University found that
listening to music they selected from several categories for fifteen minutes could increase
levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the blood from 12.5 to 14 percent as compared to the
control group that read magazines for fifteen minutes. Levels of cortisol (a hormone that
suppresses the immune system) in the experimental group decreased up to 25%. The
researchers concluded that listening to fifteen minutes of music may elicit a profound
positive emotional experience that can trigger the release of hormones which can
contribute to a lessening of those factors which enhance the disease process.
222
Norman Cousins recorded his visit with Pablo Casals, the world-renowned cellist,
shortly before Casals 90
th
birthday. Casals suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, which left
his hands swollen. As he sat down at the piano, his fingers unlocked like the buds of a
plant toward the sunlight and became agile and powerful as they flew across the
keyboard.
223
The work of Dr. Oliver Sacks, neurologist, is portrayed in the film Awakening.
Sacks made the stunning discovery that chronic, mostly Parkinsoninan, patients with
limbs frozen for forty years could move and feed themselves to the beat of music. When
the music stopped, so did the movement. Each patient resonated to music of personal
preference. Those who became ill and frozen in the 1920s preferred music of that era.
Sacks described music as the most profound non-chemical medication for his patients.
224
Terry Woodford, a music producer, has enriched the world with his creative
63
contribution of music for infants that combines lullabies with the sound of the human
heart. His tapes and audio-mattress system are currently utilized by 400 of the 460
neonatal intensive care units in the United States. The testimonies to the efficacy of this
tool include inducing sleep, relief of pain to infants suffering from burns, inducing calm
to babies addicted to crack cocaine, and increased relaxation to babies struggling on a
respirator allowing easier breathing.
225
Fabien Maman, a musician and researcher who has examined sound, color, Chi
movement and acupuncture for twenty years, states, we are, ourselves, musical vibration
and we live in a universe of vibration which is nothing less than pure music.
226
Maman continues:
We are musical beings because the very substance of our universe is
music, -- ready to serve and inspire through its vibration. All vibration in
our aura, in the energy fields around us, is full of musical notes in
suspension. Sound and music are such a vital part of our lives because
we ourselves are composed of musical vibration. We are music deeply,
to the smallest particle of our being. We are music in the nucleus of our
DNA, in our molecular structure. In our melodic consciousness rests the
essence of our origin. This resonance reflects the divine pattern, the
archetype, which enables us to become more than our personality and
our biology.
227
Maman, the musician, collaborated with Joel Sternheimer, a physicist, who had
discovered that each molecule in the body corresponds to a specific melody. Exactly
how Sternheimer established this is unclear; further clarification and empirical data are
needed to elucidate this data. Sternheimer posits that each molecule in our body can be
reactivated through resonance if it hears the corresponding molecular melody.
228
Sternheimer further posits, to each atomic particle (electron, lamda, sigma) there
corresponds a frequency which is inversely proportional to its mass. This music of the
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elementary particles means that we, who are composed of these elementary particles, are
also composed of musical frequencies.
229
Maman believes that the melodies in music
resonate with specific molecules and that this explains why people are drawn to specific
music -- people prefer music that resonates with their own body. He believes that people
intuitively know what molecules they need and thus select music that is healing.
230
Empirical data is sparse for these ideas and rigorous investigation is necessary before
western medicine can seriously utilize these concepts.
Maman, in an innovative project, took Kirlian photographs of the electromagnetic
fields of cells as the cells reacted to music and found that vibration of sound disrupts
diseased cells.
231
At the biology laboratory at the University of Jussieu in Paris, Maman
teamed with biologist Helene Grimal at the National Center for Scientific Research in
Paris and photographed human cells under a microscope responding to music with
instruments and voice.
232
Most of his experiments lasted 21 minutes. Sound was
produced at a distance of thirty centimeters at an amplitude of thirty to forty decibels a
relatively weak frequency.
233
This sound created noticeable changes in the cells,
including the explosion of cancer cells as the sound progressed up the musical scale.
234
He concluded that sound plays a determinant role in the transformation of cellular
structure, acting directly at the most subtle level of the human organism.
235
Mamans
ideas need further confirmation and exploration.
Maman took a series of photographs using healthy blood cells and played the
chromatic scale for one octave from C to B through the blood cells with a xylophone in
order to observe the changes in the fields around each of the healthy blood cells. He
found that for each note played, there appeared a very specific shape and color directly
65
related to the note played. Maman found that the color pink surrounded the blood cell
when A 440 was played. He notes that pink is often associated with the emotion of
love.
236
Symphony orchestras tune to the note A before playing. In 1711, John Sore
started this protocol. Maman questions: Did Sore intuit that the note A would clear and
harmonize the space in preparation for the concert?
237
Maman describes his dream of
tuning a whole city to A 440: for twenty minutes every radio and TV station playing
music in the key of A, mothers humming the note A -- an entire city harmonized
238
Dr .C. Norman Shealy traveled to the Ukraine in 1992 to study with scientists
who were exploring further the concepts of Georges Lakhovsky (1869-1942), concerning
Giga-energy. Giga-energy posits that
Each individual resonates most significantly at a unique eigen or
individual frequency. Thus, there could be 27 billion specific frequencies,
from 52 billion cycles per second up to 78,999 billion cycles per
second.
239
Further clarification about exactly how these numbers were calculated is needed.
If it is true that we each have a unique eigen, then we need an easily accessible method
for determining individual eigens so that individuals can benefit from this unexplored
potential resource. Further research is needed to determine if indeed each individual has
a signature frequency, as unique as a fingerprint, and how this frequency can be used in
maintaining wellness or creating a healing environment.
66
MUSIC AND HEALING
Don Campbell, musician and author of the Mozart Effect, states that music is the
archetypal ordering of sound and its rhythm has measurable effects on the heartbeat and
breathtwo basic elements of life.
240
Edgar Cayce notes the ability of music to act as a
bridge between states of consciousness.
241
The ability of music to shift moods is
probably the best known and accepted effect of music. Many of the Cayce readings
described the healing qualities of music and light and stressed that the way to mental,
physical and spiritual harmony is found in the vibration of music.
The healing effect of music is thought by some people to be due at least in part to
vibrational changes on a cellular level.
242
Singing, chanting, vocal prayer all share this
power of vibration and have the ability to alter the bodys physiology. Dr. David Simon,
Medical Director of the Chopra Center for Well-Being, says,chants are chemically
metabolized into endogenous opiates that are both internal pain killers as well as healing
agents in the body.
243
Dr. Mitchell Gaynor, Director of Medical Oncology and Integrative Medicine at
the Strange-Cornell Cancer Prevention Center, suggests the healing qualities of sound
may:
Alter cellular functions
Entrain biological systems to function more homeostatically;
Becalm the mind and therefore the body;
Effect emotions, which influence neurotransmitters and neuropeptides which in
turn regulate the immune system.
244
67
Campbell notes the charging or releasing effect of sound as noted in martial arts
with the loud shout -- Hai -- - that accompanies certain movement and thought to
release and direct energy.
245
Ronald Price, Ph.D., professor at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, is a
modern day embodiment of a musical medical miracle. In his mid-twenties he was
diagnosed with a degenerative Parkinsonian condition and faced a grim prognosis. His
gross motor functioning began to deteriorate. He was drawn to the harp and began to
play several hours a day and noticed that he symptoms began to disappear. He became a
professional harpist; and when he played three hours a day, he remained symptom free.
If he missed playing for several days, the symptoms would reappear (Brunner 1992, 74-
88). Price went on to form the Healing Harps a group -- of harpists who focus on playing
music and collaborate with medical clinicians to gain understanding of how such
remarkable healing results continue to occur.
In an address to the 1995 Healing Harps Symposium in Allentown, Pa., Dr. Price
summarized some of the characteristics that make the harp conducive to healing:
The instruments archetypal significance as an ancient, spiritual healing
instrument, which opens doors to the collective unconscious and, therefore,
may facilitate the healing process.
Its wide pitch range (low C 32.703 Hz to high G-3136.0 Hz), which can
vibrate the entire human body.
Its varied and soothing palette of tone colors
The ethereal effect created through the harps unique glissando technique
(utilizing enharmonic tones).
The tension release associated with the emotional expression of plucking its
strings, as Pythagoras suggested when he saw the strings as symbols of the
nervous system.
The instruments vibratory effect on the harpists body, especially the thymus
gland, a major gland of the immune system located in the chest.
246
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GUIDED IMAGERY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Research has demonstrated that the images formed in the brain can affect the
body physiology. The brain does not distinguish between what is real and what is
imagined as demonstrated by the body perspiring when one imagines a frightening event
or the heart racing when one imagines a hug from a oved one. acobsen (1942) described
a physiological response in the muscle involved in visualization; for example, there is
measurable tension in the leg muscles when one visualizes running.
247
Jeanne
Achterberg, while she was Director of Research and Rehabilitation Science at the
University of Texas Health Science Center in Dallas, Texas, found that the physiological
effects of imagery are both powerful and specific. She conducted an experiment in which
she taught one group of college students to imagine a very specific kind of white blood
cells known as a neutrophil and a second group to imagine another group of specialized
white blood cells known as T-Cells. Each group had a significant increase only in the
type of cell imagined, but not the other, providing evidence of the highly specific ability
of imagery.
248
This specificity of the power of imagery to affect our physical body
raises questions about the power of imagery to affect our energy field.
In sports, the ability of imagery to affect physiology is demonstrable. According
to Dr. Charles A. Garfield, a former National Aeronautics and Space Administration
researcher, the Soviets have explored imagery and sports performance.In preparing their
Olympic athletes for the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placed, NY, the Soviets divided
their team into four training groups each group receiving a decreased amount of physical
training and increased amount of imagery. The first group spent 100% of its time in
physical training; the second group, 75% in physical training with 25% imagery; the third
69
group, 50% physical and 50% imagery; and the last group 25% physical and 75%
imagery. The fourth group (75% imagery) achieved the greatest improvement in
performance. The first group (100% of time in physical training) showed the least
improvement in performance.
249
Energy follows thought, is a Chinese medicine concept. It has been
demonstrated by Elmer and Alyce Green in their work with Biofeedback at the
Menninger Clinc and by the imagery work of Dr. O. Carl and Simonton, Radiation
Oncologist and Medical Director of the Cancer Counseling and Research Center in
Dallas, Texas. In the 1960s Elmer and Alyce Green discovered that imagining a desired
outcome was sufficient to manifest the outcome.
250
The Greens demonstrated that energy
follows thought. By carefully monitoring the body with a device that detects and
amplifies very subtle electrophysiological signals, they found that one could influence
bodily activities such as brainwaves and blood pressure and conditions such as migraine
headaches and gastrointestinal disorders. They named the process they discovered
Biofeedback. The Greens were influenced by the German psychiatrist and neurologist,
Johannes Schultz who had developed Autogenic Training, a structured set of self
suggestion exercises to control body functions, for instance, warming of the hands. In the
1960s when the Greens discovered Schultz work, he had accumulated fifty years of
careful observations. This gentle process of autogenic training encourages self-
responsibility and active participation in ones treatment.
Physicians Carl and Stephanie Simonton noticed in their work with cancer
patients that emotions such as loss can predispose the body to illness. They attributed
this to the sense of helplessness and hopelessness that the loss engendered. The
70
Simontons pioneered the use of visualization in the treatment of cancer in the 1970s.
They championed the idea of imagining oneself well and of having an attitude of personal
power. The couple powerfully demonstrated that visualization can change physiological
processes and that energy also follows imagery. Dr. Simonton taught imagery techniques
to 159 cancer patients considered medically incurable. The expected survival rate was
twelve months. Four years later, 63 of the patients in the study were still alive.
251 252
McKinney and Antonni
253
found that depression as measured by the Profile of
Mood State (POMS) was significantly reduced after a six-week intervention of Guided
Imagery and Music (GIM) sessions. The beta-endorphin levels were significantly
increased from the control group which had received no imagery intervention.
Belleruth Naperstek, social worker, author of Staying Well With Guided
Imagery
254
and Your Sixth Sense,
255
describes a study by Henry Bennett, an
anesthesiologist who took 335 surgical patients and assigned them to one of five groups:
Bennetts own instructions on imaging; simple relaxation and soothing music; hemi-
synch relaxation tape that delivered different tones into each ear at different frequencies;
Belleruth Napersteks elaborate verbally guided imagery with music; and a control group
which listened to whooshing sounds. Napersteks group was the only one that had
significant value in the post- surgical healing process as measured by fewer days in the
hospital (one full day less than the control) and loss of only 200 cc of blood as compared
to 350 in the control group.
256
This study provides some of the most solid quantitative
data to date on the efficacy of guided imagery on physiological processes.
The French researcher Gerard Renoux, of the University of Tours, notes that
imagery is an effective tool in balancing the brain hemispheres and maximizing the
71
bodys potential for regaining a state of health and well-being.
257
Efficacy of imagery in
healing is being explored around the world.
Caroline Myss describes the profound power of sacred imagery -- a way of
feeling a connection with the Divine. She states that having a favorite sacred image
(saint, spiritual teacher, or physical object like a crucifix) to visualize provides a level of
comfort that is both healing and centering prevents slipping into despair when facing
daily worries.
258
It appears that imaging sacred objects influences ones emotions and
possibly strengthens ones resolve in pursuing ones daily tasks and personal mission (or
continuing to define the mission!).
ELEMENTS AND QUALITIES OF HEALING MUSIC
Music has five principal elements: rhythm, tone, melody, harmony and timbre.
Rhythm is the fundamental element of music and the music of primitive people is
composed totally of rhythm. According to Dr. Robert Assagioli, an Italian psychiatrist:
Organic life is based on various rhythms: the rhythm of respiration; the
rhythm of the heart-beat; the rhythm of the various muscular movements;
the rhythm of activity and rest; the rhythm of the various bodily functions,
not to speak of the more subtle vibratory rhythms of every cell, every
molecule and every atom. It is therefore not surprising that the rhythms of
music exercise a powerful influence on those organic rhythms.
259
Every note has a specific rate of vibration called a tone. Sound has power over
inorganic matter, as previously described in its ability to create shapes in sand.
260
Melody is the combination of rhythms, tones and accents. The sounding of several tones
that blend with each other produces harmony.
Some of the healing characteristics of music identified by McClellan include:
Pulse: At or below heart rate (72 beats per minute) for calming
72
Rhythm: Smooth and flowing
Melodies: Slow and sustained
Dynamics: Very soft to moderately loud
Duration: Minimum of fifteen minutes of steady music.
261
Andrew Watson, therapist and author, and Nevill Drury, editor, author and lecturer
on music and guided imagery, define healing music as music designed to enhance ones
feeling of inner well-being.
262
Drury posits that music has a formidable role to play in maintaining health and
that for music to be healing it has to have certain qualities:
Ability to generate the relaxation response
Ability to harmonize left and right brain hemisphere activity
Ability to stimulate integrative levels of awareness relating to body, mind and
spirit
Ability to engage creatively
Ability to generate good feelings about oneself
Resonate with ones entire being.
263
Don Campbell, musician, educator and founder of The Institute of Music,
Health and Education talks of a sonic sanctuary providing a haven
264
where
music can elicit a sense of safety and well-being, whether listening to comforting
hymns, or familiar tunes associated with a happy memory, or soothing classical
music. He has written on the effects sound and music can have on health in the
previously cited The Mozart Effect. He, more than any other person has brought
American awareness to the work of the French researcher, Alfred Tomatis, M.D.,
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who noticed that Mozarts music calmed listeners and allowed clearer expression;
he concluded that the music of Mozart indisputably achieved the best and
longest lasting results.
265
Jeanne Achterberg, Barbara Dossey and Leslie Kolkmeier in their classic
book Rituals of Healing state that in order to heal, one must send loving, positive
images to the body.
266
Music is a valuable tool that one can use in promoting personal
involvement in maintaining ones health. Music is non intrusive and non-
invasive. Music increases self-reliance and engages the patients own ability to
heal by mobilizing forces of mind and body. Perhaps most importantly, music
creates a healing environment.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHOD
PARTICIPANTS
Subjects over age 25 were recruited for the study by advertising in local
newspapers and community newsletters, referrals from colleagues, my own private
practice and word of mouth. Subjects who defined themselves as healthy, (no diagnosis
and no medication) and subjects with a diagnosis of a physical or mental condition were
recruited to participate in this study to assess the effect of music and guided imagery on
the human energy field. At the initial phone call, subjects with alcohol or drug issues
were excluded. Forty- nine subjects completed the first condition, forty five completed
the second, and forty-four, the third. The actual number of subjects varies per variable
per session depending on subject error; for example, if any one item was left blank on the
POMS, it was not possible to include the subjects score for that variable. Nineteen
subjects had no diagnosis and no medication and thirty subjects had a diagnosis. See
Table 13 for description of subjects and diagnoses. Table 14 illustrates subject
demographics of mean age 50.47; 7 men and 42 women participants.
75
Table 9
Subject and Diagnosis
Number of Subjects Diagnosis
1 ADD
2 Arthritis
2 Breast Cancer
8 Depression
2 Diabetes
5 Fibromyalgia
1 Gerd
1 Glaucoma
2 Heart Condition
1 High Cholesterol
1 Lymphodema
1 Multiple Sclerosis
1 Depression, but no medication
1 Osteoporosis
1 Parkinson
19 No Diagnosis
Table 10
Demographics
Total Mean Age No Diagnosis Diagnosis Men Women
Subjects
49 50.47 19 30 7 42
DESIGN
The design is repeated measures so that the same subject is tested in three
conditions:
First Condition--Session 1: In the first session the subjects reviewed the Internal
Review Board proposal with the research protocol and were asked to sign the
Informed Consent Form. Subjects listened to fifteen minutes of music,
76
Pachelbels Canon in D. The pre measurements are described in detail in the
measurements section and are identical for all three conditions. The mean score
was calculated from all the individual scores and it was the mean score of each
measure that was compared pre and post intervention.
Second Condition--Session 2: Each subject viewed his own GDV BEO gram from
session one (post intervention) for two minutes. Then with eyes closed, the
subject listened to the guided imagery script focused meditation--with Pachelbel
Canon in D in the background.
Third Condition--Session 3. Each subject completed the Checklist of Health
Issues and Illness. (CHII)
267
with no music. Pre and post measures were taken.
The CHII is explained in the next section under materials.
Table 11
Research Design
Session 1 Session 2 Session 3
Condition Music Music/FM CHII/No Music
MATERIALS
The Gas Discharge Visualisation Technique
The Gas Discharge Visualization Technique (GDV) was developed by
Konstantin Korotkov
268
in 1996 to capture, map and analyze the electromagnetic field
emanating from the human body. The GDV allows us to see and measure phenomena
that up until this time had not been measurable. A high intensity electric field is created
77
by the GDV (10kV, 1024 Hz, .05 second duration) around any object set on the plate,
which in this study is the fingertips.
269
The electric field produces a visible gas discharge glow around
the object (a Kirlian picture). The image is transferred to a PC-
computer using built in video techniques and modern electronicsGas
discharge can be produced around any object, and will show variations in
size, color, distribution, etc. depending on the very slight changes in the
objectThe GDV glow around fingers can be divided in sectors which
corresponds to acupuncture meridians in fingersVerification of the
equipment settings and environmental conditions is done by comparing
the numerical parameters of the test object image to the optimal
parameters.
270
The computer software calculates descriptive values from the images. Evaluation
of these images can be done by comparing the numerical data. Data was collected on the
corona of each of the ten fingers. The data was analyzed using the parameters of area and
brightness as defined by Korotkov.
271
Dr. Korotkov notes that:
The GDV parameters themselves need to be understood and studied in
more detail. They do not duplicate each other. Rather they are
complementary. They represent different ways of looking at the same
information.
272
In this study we will utilize three GDV measures, two of which quantify the
finger corona discharge, area and brightness, and one which utilizes data from the BEO-
gram to compute the subjects stress level, GDV anxiety score. Korotkov identifies a set
of quantifiable parameters with which to assess the fingertip corona-- parameters of area
(GDV Area) and brightness (GDV Br) The first parameter is area.
273
On the finger
GDV image there is always an inner area where the finger makes contact with the
electrode. This forms a natural point of reference, as it depends on the size of the finger
and the way it is positioned on the electrode.
274
This inner area is represented by an oval
and a set of three corresponding ovals with increasing radii is formed around the original
78
point of contact by the finger. How much of the corona lies within each of the rings (ring
distribution) is calculated. These are ratio coefficients. From the ratio coefficients the
area of the GDV image can be calculated.
In Korotkovs experience, in the healing process area increases.
275
Dr. Paul
Dobson, psychologist and Director of Studies for the MBA programme in Human
Resource Management at City University Business School in London teamed and Elena
Tchernychko, researcher in Stress Management at the same institution, found the GDV
image area and brightness to have reliability coefficients of .91 and .895, respectively.
276
Dobson and Tschernychko state that the change in area represents movement toward
more complete and stronger rings.
277
The second quantifiable GDV parameter utilized in this study to assess the
fingertip corona is Brightness (GDV-Br), the intensity of the corona luminescence.
According to Dr. Korotkov, the brightness parameter is controversial and has varying
results.
278
For example, in the previously cited studies by Trampuz, Kononenko and
Rus,
279
the reseachers found that as area increased, brightness decreased and Howell who
found that as area increased so did brightness.
280
A third GDV parameter utilized in this study is the GDV Anxiety score that is
derived from the GDV Stress program. It is a measure of stress experienced by the
subject. Recently, Korotkov developed a technique he believes distinguishes the
psychological data from the physical data. He uses an optical filter during the process of
capturing the BEO-grams with the GDV camera. According to Korotkov, BEO-grams
taken without the filter reveal the psychological field. A maximum amount of
frequencies pass through the optical system without a filter revealing tiny fluctuations in
79
the energy field that Korotkov believes are caused by emotion. When a filter is placed on
the optical window of the GDV camera, the BEO-grams have fewer fluctuations.
Korotkov believes that this makes physical problems easier to detect. The GDV Anxiety
score is based on a comparison of the data from filtered and non filtered BEO-grams.
281
Korotkov hypothesizes that without the filter, the BEO-gram data reflects the sympathetic
nervous system and with the filter reflects the parasympathetic nervous system. The
GDV-Anx score ranges from 3 to +3. A score of -.5 to +.5 would be considered normal
level of anxiety, .5 on either side of 0. A score from -.5 to 3 would be low anxiety, and
a score of +.5 to +3 would be high anxiety. The data base for assessing a normal level
of anxiety is based on a large quantity of patients in Korotkovs database from multiple
countries.
282
The Profile of Mood States (POMS)
The POMS consists of 65 adjectives describing mood rated on occurrence within
the past week for the pre- test and at this moment for the post-test. The total mood
disturbance score is calculated by summing the scores on the negative scales (Tension-
Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue, Confusion) and subtracting the
score from the Vigor subscale score. The Vigor score is negatively related to the other
POMS factors of Tension and Depression. Adjectives such as lively, active, energetic,
cheerful, alert, full of pep, carefree, vigorous compose the Vigor subscale.
283
The higher
the total score, the greater the mood disturbance, and conversely, the lower the score, the
healthier the mood. The POMS has been used to measure mood change in other research
with music and guided imagery.
284 285
80
Subjective Units of Distress: SUDS
The SUDS is perhaps the simplest of scales in that the subject rates himself on a
scale of calm (1) to distress (10) before and after the intervention.
Stress Computer
A hand held stress computer marketed by E.J. McGowan and Associates, Inc, 656
Stratford Avenue, Elmhurst IL 60126-4654, was used to measure the fingertip
temperature. Specifications: Display, LCD, _ high. Range: -58 degrees to 158 degrees
Fahrenheit. Accuracy: + or 1.8 degrees. Battery: 1.5 V. The Stress Computer was taped
to the middle finger of the non-dominant hand for measuring. The Stress Computer is
based on the idea that under stress hands and feel are cool and that warm hands indicate
relaxation. A temperature of 95 degrees is considered deep relaxation.
Music.
Pachelbels Canon in D, was selected because it seemed to this researcher to
included Randall McClellands qualities of healing music previously described, but
reiterated here:
Pulse at or below heart rate for calming (below 72 beats per minute);
Rhythm: Smooth and flowing
Melodies: Slow and sustained
Dynamics: Very soft to moderately loud
Duration: Minimum fifteen minutes of steady music.
286
81
The Guided Imagery Script.
The researcher composed a script for imaging the strengthening the energy field
for Session 2.
GUIDED IMAGERY FOR AURA STRENGTHENING
Take a moment to focus
Your attention on your aura picture.
Notice everything about it.
Notice where it is thin,
Notice where it is thick
Notice any jagged edges
Any breaks, or holes in the auric field
Create a vivid image of your aura in your minds eye.
Allow your eyes to close
And shift your full attention
To your breath.
Breathing in oxygen to nurture your body,
Exhaling tension and stress.
Imagine yourself surrounded with loving kindness and peace
Breathe in this loving kindness and peace.
And again, Exhale any tension and stress
Thats right.
Imagine a shower of relaxation
Beginning at the top of your head
Flowing down around your scalp
With gentle warmth
Soothing and smoothing the scalp
And flowing down through the facial muscles
Relaxing bringing warmth and relaxation
Continuing to flow down through your neck
Soothing and smoothing this muscle group.
And down through your shoulders and arms
Allowing any remaining tension to just drain out
Through your fingertips
And noticing the shower of relaxation
Flowing down through your chest
Soothing and smoothing each muscle group and organ
Down through your abdomen
Down through your pelvis
Soothing and smoothing each muscle group and organ
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As the shower of relaxation
And noticing the gentle warmth in your thighs and calves
As the shower of relaxation continues
Smoothing and soothing.
Allowing any remaining tension to drain out
Through the tips of the toes
And feeling the warmth of relaxation permeating very
Muscle group, every organ, every cell of your body.
For a moment, just savor this relaxation
Thats right.
Breathing in air and vital energy
Nourishment for your aura
And exhaling stress and tension.
The breath brings in oxygen to nourish the body and aura.
It flows up the spine to the top of the head
And then down the face, tongue, throat, chest, navel
And then up the spine again to the top of the head
Circulating. Energizing.
Thats right.
Circulating energy.
The breath brings in oxygen to nourish the body.
It flows up the spine to the top of the head
And then down the face, tongue, throat, chest, navel.
Again and again.
Like waves on the ocean shore.
And as you relax more and more,
Go to a place of comfort, security and safety.
A place special to you
Either from your own experience
Or a place you can imagine
A place of comfort, security and safety.
Perhaps curled up on a sofa, snuggled with a blanket...
Perhaps walking in a redwood forest...
Perhaps strolling along a beach at sunset
Wherever that comfortable, secure and safe
Place is for you,
Just be there now.
In your minds eye, look around.
Notice all the features of your special place.
Here the sounds of your place of comfort.
Is there music? Are there voices? Is there silence?
Breathe in the fragrances of your special place
Allow the comfort of this place
83
To permeate through your entire body.
Like a sponge, allow your body to absorb this comfort
Into every muscle group, every organ, every cell.
Thats right.
Waves of comfort pulsing through your body
And once more allow yourself to bring to mind
The image of your aura.
Allow your full attention to be with you own well-being
Notice a brilliant white light surrounding your aura
A while light of healing energy surrounding your aura completely.
And feel the warmth of this healing light
Absorb into your aura.
The aura grows stronger and more vibrant
As it is nourished by the warmth of the healing light.
Jagged edges smooth
Any tears or breaks in the auric field fill in
Nourished by the healing light
The aura expands
As it is nourished by the warmth of the healing light.
The aura grows in its capability of protecting the physical body
A shield of protection.
You become aware of the healing energy
Beaming down on you
Easily absorbed by the top of your head.
Circulating around your body
And through your body
Knowing exactly where to go.
Deferring to the natural wisdom
Of the body.
You dont have to tell your body
When to breathe
Or the heart when to beat.
Your body just knows
The healing light pulses through the body with each
Beat of the heart
Flowing intelligently
To the precise area where healing is needed most.
Nourishing, strengthening as it flows.
Strengthening the aura
As the healing light pulses through
Any jagged edges smoothing.
The aura expanding, getting denser
84
Thin areas transforming into thick dense energy
Pulsing a radiating healthy energy.
Filtering out negativity and toxins
Protecting your body
Be aware of the energy field growing stronger
The holes gradually filling and closing.
Imagine a glowing sphere of golden light
Surrounding the top of your head.
Breathe in this golden lightand breath out
Now, imagine a golden light emanating from your throat
And breathe in this light, and breathe out.
And now noticing a radiance coming from the center of the chest
As you breathe it in, and breathe out
And now, you notice light radiating from
The solar plexus, the area just above the belly button.
Breathe it in and breathe out.
See the glow around your pelvic area
And once again, breathe it in, and breathe out.
Thats right.
And becoming aware of a rainbow of color
Completely surrounding you.
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
You breathe in the rainbow of color
And feel the colors flow through your body
And allowing your body with its infinite wisdom
Of what is just right for you to
Absorb whatever color is nourishing to you.
Thats right.
Breathe in the colors
And allowing the colors to flow up the spine
Nourishing your body and organs
Each energy center selecting exactly
What is needed for strengthening and energizing
The rainbow of colors flowing up the spine
And down the face, tongue, throat, chest, abdomen pelvis
The rainbow of color nourishing and enriching.
Allow the image to come to your mind of a full,
Vibrant, dense and strong aura.
And now taking your thumb and three fingers
Begin tapping on the temporal bone
First with the left hand
As you repeat:
85
I no longer have jagged edges in my auric field
I no longer have holes in my auric field
I no longer have a thin auric field.
And as you tap on your right temporal bone
Repeat to yourself:
My aura is smooth and round
My aura is completely intact
My aura is dense and thick and continuous.
My aura is supporting my health and wellness.
And taking a moment to savor the image
Of this stronger, denser, smoother aura
Enriched and expanded
Knowing a transformation has occurred and
Filled with gratitude and appreciation
And taking a few more energizing breaths,
As you continue to savor the vitality of your aura
You may return to this room with full awareness,
Feeling relaxed, refreshed and strengthened.
Checklist of Health Issues and Illness (CHII)
The CHII, developed by L. Rose Bruce, Ph.D, Caroline M. Myss, Ph.D., and C.
Norman Shealy, includes 74 statements related to emotional issues of each chakra.
The statements are posed in opposites. For instance, statement one is The world is an
unsafe place as compared to I feel safe in the world. The subject is asked to rate on
a scale of one to seven to what extent he agrees with the statement on the
left1,strongly; 2, moderately; 3, slightly. If the subject is neutral about the two
statements, he would rate it 4. If the subject agrees with the statement on the right
slight, he would rate it 5, slightly agree; 6, moderately agree, and 7 strongly agree.
Completing this checklist was not intended to be a therapeutic experience in this
study. It was intended to be a neutral task that would not significantly affect any of
the measures.
86
MEASUREMENTS
The measurements taken pre and post for each of the three conditions include:
Images of the corona discharge at the fingertips with the GDV. The researcher
gave directions on finger placement, and then took the first GDV image.
Korotkov describes the first step in the process as the capture and registration of
the finger image. This is done by the subject placing his fingers, one by one on
the glass plate at a 10-degree angle to the vertical. Proper positioning is essential
so that the area of contact and the area of the corona can have the proper ratio.
The researcher demonstrated proper positioning of the finger on the discharge
plate and gave instruction about the necessity of proper pressure of the finger on
the plate.
The Profile of Mood State, (POMS) which gives a total score and seven
subscales; only two subscales were utilized in this project, tension and depression.
Subjective Units of Distress (rating self from 1-10 on continuum of comfort (1)
distress (10)
Fingertip temperature taken by the Stress Computer. The probe was affixed to
subjects middle finger on the non-dominant hand with tape.
Each session lasted approximately one hour with up to six subjects per session.
The subjects reported for data collection for three consecutive weeks between 4 PM and
9 PM; the data was collected in this same time period for all subjects for consistency.
87
Data was collected from April 2 to April 20, 2001 and again from April 23 to
May 18, 2001.
Hypothesis for condition 1, MUSIC:
The GDV parameters of fingertip image Area and Brightness are expected to
increase as a result of listening to the music thereby indicating a strengthening of
the energy field. Dr. Paul Dobson, psychologist and Director of Studies for the
MBA programme in Human Resource Management at City University Business
School in London teamed and Elena Tchernychko, researcher in Stress
Management at the same institution, found the GDV image area and brightness to
have reliability coefficients of .91 and .895, respectively.
287
Dobson and
Tschernychko state that the change in area represents movement toward more
complete and stronger rings.
288
As previously noted in Chapter 2, Music and
Physiology, Satok, Nagao and Ishihaki demonstrated that music can influence our
bodies on a physiological level by increasing alpha brain waves associated with a
state of relaxation, decreases in plasma levels of the stress hormones cortisol.
289
The GDV offers an opportunity to observe the influence of music on the energy
field which this researcher expects to be ameliorativeincreasing the area,
smoothing, jagged edges, increasing brightness, all suspected to be signs of a
stronger energy field as suggested by Kunz and Karagulla
290
as illustrated in
Table 4.
88
The GDV Anxiety score is expected to decrease as a result of listening to music.
The GDV-Anx is a new measure recently developed by Dr. Korotkov and
empirical research is needed to validate the usefulness of this score.
The POMS is expected to show a decrease in the subscale of tension (T) and
depression (D) thereby giving evidence of the ability of music to influence the
emotions and thus the energy field. Although the effect of music on improving
mood is well known and reviewed in Chapter 2, this is one of the early studies to
explore musics influence in the transformation of an individuals energy field as
measured by the GDV. If a subject rates himself in a more positive mood after
listening to music, and GDV measurements likewise shift to reveal an energy
field that has a increased in the GDV parameters of area or brightness, then we
will have quantification on a physiological level of a change in the subjects
energy field.
The SUDS is expected to move in the direction of distress to comfort, from a
higher score to a lower score. The soothing effect of music is well known and
reviewed earlier in Chapter 2 in the section Music and Emotions.
The skin temperature is expected to increase thus indicating increased relaxation.
Hypotheses for condition 2, FOCUSED MEDITATION:
In Session 2 the subjects listened to 15 minutes of imagery with music, focusing
on the BEO-gram for about two minutes before closing the eyes and imagining
the breaks in the aura filling in, the aura expanding, imaging colors flowing
through energy centers. The research of Jeanne Achterberg
291
cited in Chapter 2
demonstrating the high specificity of guided imagery in increasing white blood
89
cells, neutrophil, as opposed to another white blood cell, T-cell, raises the
question of whether guided imagery can also affect the more subtle human energy
field.
The GDV parameters of area and brightness are expected to increase as a result of
the guided imagery focusing on the personal BEO-gram made from the first
session after listening to the music. From the experience of Dr. Korotkov, the
GDV Area parameter increases with healing interventions.
292
The GDV-Anxiety score is expected to decrease.
The POMS is expected to show a decrease in the subscale of tension.
The SUDS is expected to move in the direction of comfort.
The skin temperature is expected to increase.
Hypotheses for condition 3, CHII:
No significant change is expected in the GDV parameter of area and brightness
after completing the Checklist of Health Issues and Illness (CHII) with no music
and no meditation.
No change is expected in the GDV-Anxiety score.
The POMS is expected to show no significant change in the POMS Total score or
subscales of depression and tension.
The SUDS is expected to show no significant change.
The skin temperature is expected show no significant difference.
90
Chapter 4
Results
The three hypothesis will be examined focusing on the psychological variables of
POMS-Total Score, POMS-Tension, POMS-Depression, SUDS and the physiological
variables of Temperature, and the parameters of GDV Area, GDV Brightness (GDV BR)
and GDV Anxiety (GDV Anx) in each of the three experimental conditions.
HYPOTHESIS 1
The prediction for hypothesis l is that listening to music (Pachelbel Canon in D)
for 15 minutes is expected to cause statistically significant psychological change as
measured by the POMS and SUDS and statistically significant changes in physiological
dimensions as measured by temperature and the GDV. Table 12 illustrates the 8 specific
hypotheses for Conditions 1 and 2. One subject had an adverse reaction to the music. It
reminded her of a traumatic incident. This subjects scores on the POMS-Total increased
from 37 to 56; the POMS-Tension subscale increased from 12-13 and the POMS-
Depression subscale increased from 12-15. This subjects GDV Area increased from
17,102 to 18, 293. The GDV-Anx increased from .789 to 2.501 and her GDV-Br
decreased from 167.003 to 166.002. On all the measures except GDV-Area, this subject
showed an adverse reaction both psychologically and physiologically.
91
Table 12
Specific hypothesis for Condition 1 and Condition 2
Psychological Variables
A decrease in the POMS Total Score (POMS-Tot)
A decrease in the POMS -Tension (POMS-T)
A decrease in POMS -Depression (POMS-D)
A decrease in the SUDS
Physiological Variables
An increase in Temperature
An increase in the GDV Area
An increase in the GDV Brightness (GDV Br)
A decrease in the GDV Anxiety Score (GDV Anx).
Using SPSS software paired sample t-tests were computed for the Profile of Mood
States (POMS) scores both before and after the music intervention. The paired t-test was
used because the same subject was measured pre and post intervention, repeated
measures design, and the mean pretest score of all subjects was compared with the mean
posttest score of all subjects. The number of subjects in each paired test is given in
parentheses, i.e t(47). The t-test answers the question: Is the difference between the
pretest mean and the posttest mean greater than one would expect by chance. The t value
obtained is compared to a critical scale and if the obtained value is larger than the critical
value, then the difference is significant.
293
Significant variables are presented in bold
print. Temperature was the only non-significant variable for all conditions. The degree of
freedom (df) in Table 13, 19 and 22 refers to the quantity of n-1 for a set of scores from
which one has calculated a mean. Since a sample is a subset of the population a
correction is made (n-1) for the degrees of freedom. Statisticians believe that a more
accurate estimate of the total population standard deviation is calculated from the sample
92
(in this case our 49 subjects, n=49) standard deviation when the n-1 (49-1=48) formula
is used rather than n (49).
294
For the physiological GDV measures either related sample t-test or Wilcoxon
statistics were run, depending on the normality of the results of the variable. The results
for GDV-Anxiety indicated a violation of the normality assumption and thus the non-
parametric Wilcoxon statistic was used for analysis. The Wilcoxon statistic takes the
difference scores for each participant and rank orders the results. A significant Wilcoxon
result in the present data would still indicate that the intervention had an effect but the
result is not as powerful as a t-test. The z score tells us how far from the mean of a
distribution the score is. If a z score is 0, then the raw score was at the mean.
295
In this
case a z-score of 2.19 indicates a raw score approximately two standard deviations from
the mean.
As predicted for hypothesis 1, there were statistically significant improvements on
the POMS-Total score, POMS-Tension and POMS-Depression score respectively,
t(47)=6.573, p< 001, t (47)=7.549, p<. 001, t (47)=5.096, p<. 001. There was also a
statistically significant 1.68 drop in the SUDS scale after the music intervention
t(48)=5.08, p<. 001.
Table 13 illustrates that the mean POMS-Total decreased by 23.29 points from
pre to post music intervention, while the POMS-Tension and POMS-Depression scores
decreased by 7.00 and 6.25 points respectively. These results show total support for our
hypotheses.
The GDV variables of Area and Brightness had normal distributions thus
satisfying the assumptions for doing the parametric t-test. For the GDV Area and GDV
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Br, illustrated in Table 13, t-test results indicated a statistically significant increase in
both parameters t(47)=2.725, p<. 01, t(47)=4.391, p<. 001 respectively. The Wilcoxon
statistic indicated a similar significant result for GDV Anx, z=2.19 p<.05, illustrated in
Table 14.
Table 13
Paired Differences of Means
Condition 1 (Music)
Paired
Differences Standard
Of Standard Error of
Means Deviation Mean Tvalue df sig
POMS-Tot 23.29 25.549 3.543 6.573 47 001
POMS-T 7.00 6.425 .927 7.549 47 .001
POMS-D 6.25 8.497 1.226 5.096 47 .001
SUDS 1.68 2.320 .331 5.080 48 .001
Temp. -1.057 5.4398 .7771 1.360 48 .180
GDV Area 594.680 1527.6013 218.2288 2.725 48 .009
GDV Br 1.78759 2.849904 .407129 4.391 48 .001
Table 14
GDV Anxiety Score
Conditions 1,2,3
Wilcoxon Matched pairs
Condition N Z-Score p
Condition 1 (Music) 48 2.195798 <. 05
Condition 2 (FM) 44 .035011 No
Condition 3 (CHII) 44 .256744 No
The mean change in the mean POMS-Total Score, POMS-T, POMS-D and SUDS
between pretest and posttest were dramatic and merit separate charts so that these large
changes can be more easily shown. Table 15 displays the means of the pretest and
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posttest for Conditions 1, 2 and 3 for the POMS-Total Score. In Condition 1, the mean
POMS-Total Score dropped from 27.59 to 4 after listening to music for 15 minutes. The
POMS-Total Score is like a score in the sport of golf, the lower the better. The higher the
POMS score, the more negative the mood, the lower the score, the more positive the
mood.
In Table 16, Condition 1, the POMS-Tension mean group score change from
10.84 to 3.83 is displayed, demonstrating a marked decrease in tension after listening to
music for 15 minutes.
Table 17 demonstrates a similar reduction in the POMS-Depression mean score in
Condition 1 from 10.18 to 3.83, after listening to music for 15 minutes.
Table 18 demonstrates the SUDS mean perceived reduction in stress between
pretest and posttest measured on the SUDS scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being distressed and
1, comfortable. Subjects rated themselves more comfortable after 15 minutes of listening
to music at a significance of p<.001 or 1 in 1,000 as previously noted with the mean score
decreasing from 4.47 to 2.70.
Table 15
POMS-Total Score
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score (Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 Music* 49 27.59(33.10) 4.00(22.16)
Condition 2 FM** 45 20.33(26.18) -1.07(15.44)
Condition 3 CHII*** 44 14.53(27.25) .68(22.72)
*t=6.573, p<.001; ** t=7.682, p<.001; ***t=5.601,p<.001. See Tables 13, 17, 22.
95
Table 16
POMS-Tension
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score(Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 Music* 49 10.84(7.65) 3.83(4.23)
Condition 2 FM** 45 8.53(5.05) 2.47(3.14)
Condition 3 CHII** 44 7.53(6.11) 4.20(4.67)
*t=7.549, p<.001; **t=8.915, p<.001; ***t=5.048, p<.001. See Tables 13, 17, 22.
Table 17
POMS-Depression
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score(Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 Music* 49 10.18(10.13) 3.83(5.06)
Condition 2 FM** 45 6.62(6.57) 2.27(3.47)
Condition 3 CHII*** 44 4.80(5.82) 2.66(4.08)
*t=5.096,p<.001; **t=6.038,p<.001; ***t=4.144,p=<.001 See Tables 13, 17, 22.
Table 18
Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS)
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score(Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 Music* 49 4.47(2.04) 2.70(2.37)
Condition 2 FM** 45 4.92(2.09) 2.99(1.74)
Condition 3 CHII*** 44 4.52(1.94) 4.24(2.22)
*t=5.080,p<.001; **t=8.248, p<.001; ***t=1.185, non significant. See Tables 13, 17, 22.
96
Figures 2, 3, and 4 illustrate visually the shifts in mood from before and after each
of the three interventions. In Figure 2, the Music intervention, the mean POMS-Tot
shifted from 27.59 to 4; the mean POMS-T from 10.8 to 3.93; the mean POMS-D from
10.18 to 3.83. In Figure 3, the Focused Meditation on ones own energy field, the
POMS-Tot shifted from a mean of 20.33 to 1.07; the mean POMS-T shifted from 8.53
to 2.47 and the mean POMS- D from 6.62 to 2.27. Figure 3 we see the results of
completing the CHII: the mean POMS-Tot declined from 14.53 to .68; the mean POMS-
T declined from 7.53 to 4.20; the POMS-D declined from 4.80 to 2.66. All of these
POMS measures were significant: p<.001. The results of condition 3 do not support our
hypothesis. Possible explanations for the outcome are explored in the next chapter.
FIGURE 2
POMS Results for Condition One
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POMS Scale
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FIGURE 3
POMS Results for Condition Two
-5
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POMS-Tot POMS-T POMS-D
POMS Scale
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FIGURE 4
POMS Results for Condition Three
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POMS-Tot POMS-T POMS-D
POMS Scale
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98
HYPOTHESIS 2
The prediction for hypothesis 2 is that focused meditation with music (FM) after
viewing a computer printout of the subjects personal energy field will lead to significant
changes in POMS dimensions, GDV dimensions, SUDS and Temp. The predictions are
identical to the predictions for hypothesis 1.
Paired sample t-tests using SPSS software indicated statistically significant
changes for the POMS-Total score, POMS-Tension score, and POMS-Depression score
respectively t(44)=7.682, p<.001, t(44)=8.915, t (44)=6.038, p<.001 as illustrated in
Table 19. The number in parentheses reflects the number of subjects. There was also a
statistically significant 1.93 drop in the SUDS after the focused meditation intervention
t(44)=8.248, p<.001 (see Table 18). Table 19 illustrates that the POMS-Total score
decreased by 21.4 points, while the POMS-Tension and POMS depression decreased by
6.07 points and 4.36 points, respectively. Temperature change was not significant.
Table 19
Paired Differences of Means
Condition 2 (FM)
Paired
Differences Standard
Of Standard Error of
Means Deviation Mean Tvalue df sig
POMS-Tot 21.4 18.687 2.786 7.682 44 .001
POMS-T 6.07 4.565 .680 8.915 44 .001
POMS-D 4.36 4.839 .721 6.038 44 .001
SUDS 1.93 1.572 .234 8.248 44 .001
Temp. -.85 4.805 .716 -1.185 44 .242
GDV Br -.81 2.405 .362 2.232 43 .031
99
Similar to Condition 1, a paired sample t-test was computed for variable GDV Br
while the Wilcoxon statistic was used for variables GDV Area and GDV Anx. As
predicted, the t-test for GDV Br indicated a statistically significant increase in brightness
at the posttest t(43)=2.23, p<.05. The Wilcoxon test for GDV Anx (see Table 14) was
non-significant (p>.05) while the Wilcoxon test for GDV Area indicated a statistically
significant increase after the FM intervention (p<.001).
Table 20
GDV-Area
Wilcoxon Pairs Test
Condition 2 (FM)
Measure N Z p
GDV Area 44 3.827 <.05
Tables 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18 illustrate shift of mean pretest and
posttest scores for Condition 2 on the salient psychological and physiological variables.
Table 15 illustrates a shift in the POMS-Total score pretest to posttest mean from 20.33
to 1.07, or 21.40 points; Table 16 illustrates a decrease in the POMS-Tension score
pretest to posttest mean from 8.53 to 2.47, or 5.06 points; Table 17 illustrates a decrease
in the POMS-Depression score pretest to posttest mean from 6.62 to 2.27, or 4.35 points;
Table 18 illustrates a decrease in SUDS pretest to posttest mean score from 4.92 to 2.99,
or 1.93 points on a scale of 1-10.
Figure 3 illustrates visually the decrease in mean POMS-Tot, POMS-T and
POMS-D pre and post intervention, for condition 2, focused meditation. Note the paired
difference of means score for the POMS-Tot is 13.39, which is less than the 23.29 for
100
condition one (see Table 13), yet condition 2 has a negative post mean. This is due to the
fact that the pre POMS-Tot of session 2, Focused Meditation was 20.33 and the mean pre
POMS-Tot for session one was 27.29the scores of the five subscales reflecting
negative emotional states (Tension, Depression, Anxiety, Fatigue and Confusion) is
subtracted from the Vigor subscale (considered to be positive emotional state). When the
negative subscales dip dramatically, it is possible to get a negative POMS-Tot. The
score of the POMS-Tot (total mood disturbance scale) reflects a global estimate of the
subjects affective state. The interventions of Music and Focused Meditation are
efficacious in eliciting a more positive mood.
HYPOTHESIS 3
Condition3: In this session the same participants that completed the first two
conditions also participated in the third condition. The intervention was to complete the
Checklist of Health Issues and Illness (CHII) with no music. The same before and after
psychological and physiological measurements took place. It was predicted that the
participants would show no psychological or physiological changes after performing the
control task. The task was chosen thinking it to be a neutral activity that would not elicit
a positive change in mood or physiology. Most of the data does not support this
hypothesis.
Table 21 summarizes the specific hypotheses for Condition 3.
101
Table 21
Specific Hypothesis for Condition 3
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES
No significant change in POMS Total Score
No significant change in POMS-T
No significant change in POMS-D
No significant change in the SUDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES
No change in Temperature
No significant change in the GDV Area
No significant change in the GDV BR
No significant change in the GDV Anx
Contradicting our hypotheses, paired sample t-tests using SPSS software indicated
statistically significant changes for the POMS Total score, POMS-Tension score and
POMS-Depression score respectively t(43)=5.601, p<. 001, t (43)=5.048, p<. 001, t
(43)=4.144, p<. 001. The number in parentheses indicates the number of subjects for this
condition. Table 15 illustrates that the POMS Total score decreased by 13.39 while the
POMS-Tension and POMS-Depression scores decreased by 3.32 and 2.19 points
respectively. Supporting our prediction is the fact that the SUDS results after the
intervention was not statistically significant t (43)=1.185, p>.05. Temperature was not
significant. Table 22 illustrates this data.
102
Table 22
Paired Differences of Means
Condition 3 (Control)
Paired
Differences Standard
Of Standard Error of
Means Deviation Mean Tvalue df sig
POMS-Tot 13.39 15.854 2.390 5.601 43 .001
POMS-T 3.32 4.360 .657 5.048 43 .001
POMS-D 2.18 3.493 .527 4.144 43 .001
SUDS 25 1.400 .211 1.185 43 .243
Temp. .80 4.204 2.141 .375 43 .710
GDV Area -769 1436.741 214.177 -3.594 44 .001
Similar to the first two conditions, a paired sample t-test was computed for the
physiological variable GDV Area while the Wilcoxon statistic was used for the variables
of GDV Brightness and GDV Anxiety. The t-test for area contradicted our hypothesis
since there was a statistically significant increase in GDV Area after the intervention
t(44)=3.41, p<. 01. Supporting our hypotheses, the Wilcoxon statistic indicated no
statistically significant changes in GDV Brightness or GDV Anxiety (p>.05).
Table 22 gives the differences of pretest and posttest means for Condition 3 on the
salient variables. Table 15 illustrates a shift in the POMS-Total score for Condition 3
from a mean 14.53 to a mean of .68. Table 16 illustrates a decrease in the POMS-
Tension pretest to posttest means from 7.53 to 4.20, p<. 001. Table 17 illustrates a
decrease in the POMS-Depression pretest to posttest mean from 4.80 to 2.66, p. < .001.
Table 18 illustrates a decrease in SUDS pretest to posttest mean score from 4.52 to 4.24
which was not significant. These results will be elaborated upon in the limitation section
of the next chapter.
103
The GDV parameter of Area was significant at the p<. 001 level (see Table 22);
the GDV Brightness (See Table 23) and GDV Anxiety (see Table 14) scores were not
significant. These findings will be addressed in the limitations section of the next
chapter.
Table 23
GDV-Brightness
Wilcoxon Pairs Test
Condition 3 (Control)
Measure N Z p
GDV Br 44 1.207 NO
The following tables present the GDV data for Conditions 1,2, and 3. Table 20 GDV-
Area Condition 2 and Table 23 GDV-Br Condition 3 are repeated here for the readers
convenience. The tables appear in order of GDV Area , GDV Br and GDV-Anx: Table
24 (GDV Area, Conditions 1 and 3), Table 20 (GDV Area, Condition 2,Wilcoxon), Table
25 GDV-Brightness, Conditions 1 and 2, Table 23, GDV-Brightness Condition 3, Table
26, GDV-Anx, Conditions 1, 2 and 3. Significant data is in bold.
Table 24
GDV Area
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score (Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 (Music)* 49 15779.13(1839.84) 16373.81(1853.49)
Condition 3 (CHII)** 45 15263.02(2046.25) 16032.79(1950.21)
*t=2.725, p<.009;; **t=3.594, p<.001
104
Table 20
GDV-Area
Wilcoxon Pairs Test
CONDITION 2 (FM)
Measure N Z p
GDV Area 44 3.827 <.05
Table 25
GDV Brightness
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score (Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 (Music)* 49 164.79(2.76) 166.58(2.83)
Condition 2 (FM)** 44 166.33(2.82) 167.13(3.36)
*t=4.391, p<.001; **t=2.232,p<.031;
Table 23
GDV Brightness
WILCOXON PAIRS TEST
Condition 3 (Control)
Measure N Z p
GDV Br 44 1.207 NO
Table 26
GDV Anxiety
Pretest and Posttest Mean Score (Standard Deviation)
Condition N Mean(SD)Pre Mean(SD)Post
Condition 1 (Music)* 49 1.80(1.60) 1.37(.82)
Condition 2 (FM)** 44 1.52(.67) 1.57(1.17)
Condition 3 (CHII)*** 45 1.41(.86) 1.64(1.66)
*t=2.048, p<.046;**t=-.247,p>.05; ***t=-.84, p>.05
105
Pilot Study
A group of sixteen subjects were eager to continue the experiment and agreed to
listen to the FM compact disc three times per week for three weeks and then report back
for post testing with the POMS and the GDV. The GDV-Anx data is illustrated Table 27.
The pretest score is the aggregate mean of the pretest for conditions 1, 2 and 3 compared
with the posttest (Pilot) three weeks after condition 3. Twelve of the sixteen subjects
(75%) demonstrated a reduction in the GDV Anx score. Figure 5 illustrates the GDV Anx
data
Table 27
GDV Anxiety Data Aggregate Means VS PILOT
Pilot Study: Three Weeks Post
Pretest Means and Mean at Posttest
N=16
N Pretest aggregate mean of Conditions 1,2, 3 Pilot Mean
1 1.925833 1.7
2 3.872333 3.288
3 2.164333 2.112
4 2.392167 2.296
5 2.6685 1.959
6 2.786667 2.72
7 2.278 1.906
8 2.445 1.98
9 2.478833 2.311
10 2.691333 2.056
11 2.54 2.724
12 2.594333 2.762
13 3.14425 3.521
14 2.628 2.16
15 2.098833 1.976
16 3.129167 2.71
106
The GDV Anx pretest mean (the average of the three pretest of the three
conditions) is 2.6148, standard deviation .47081 whereas the pilot mean, three weeks
later was 2.3863 with a standard deviation of .51891. The difference between the mean
of the pretest scores and the posttest (three weeks after Condition 3) was significant at the
.011 level, t (15)=2.913, p=. 011.
Table 28
GDV Anx Aggregate of Pretest Means and Pilot Mean
N=16
GDV Anx Means (SD)
Mean of
Pretest
3 conditions 2.6148(.47081)
Pilot
Mean 2.3863(.51891)
p<.011
107
Figure 5
GDV Anx Aggregate Means
Conditions1,2,3 vs Pilot
Pilot Group
N=16
Pretest (Mean of three initial conditions) and Posttest (after 3 weeks) GDV Anx Scores
GDV Anxiety Means for Session 1 - 3 &
Pilot
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Figure 6
POMS-Tot Pretest Aggregate Mean of Conditions 1, 2, 3
vs Pilot Mean
POMS Total Mean Pre Test Conditions 1, 2, and
3 Vs. Pilot
8.22
2.53
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Subjects demonstrated a marked shift toward a positive emotional state as
measured by the POMS in the aggregate pretest means compared with the pilot mean
three weeks later.
109
Chapter 5
Discussion
In general, hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2 provide support for the predictions of
The palliative effect of music and focused guided imagery on the human energy field.
The dependent variables of Profile of Mood State Total Score (POMS-Tot), POMS-
Tension (POMS-T), POMS-Depression (POMS-D), Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS),
GDV Area, GDV-Brightness (GDV-Br), and GDV-Anxiety (GDV Anx) scores all
showed significant change after the intervention of listening to music in condition 1 and
Focused Meditation in condition 2. Both experimental conditions demonstrated
significant reduction in POMS scores; this indicates a shift toward the experience of a
more positive mood. The SUDS decreased thus also indicated an increased subjective
experience of comfort. The Temperature score did not change significantly between
pretest and posttest in any of the three experimental conditions.
The physiological measures of GDV Area and GDV Brightness scores both
increased significantly in condition 1 (Music) and condition 2 (FM) as illustrated in Table
13, (Paired Differences of Means, condition 1), Table 18 (SUDS) and Table 20 (GDV
Area). The GDV Anx Score decreased significantly in condition 1 (Music) but not in
condition (2) as illustrated in Table 14 (GDV Anx). Perhaps there was an element of
performance anxiety influencing the results of the GDV Anx score. Subjects had viewed
their energy field for the first time and there may have been uneasiness about the
condition of the energy field and whether or not they could fulfill the subtle expectation
of changing the energy field with the imagery of the focused meditation.
110
This data suggests that one can have some influence on creating a healing
environment for ones body by both listening to music and listening to guided imagery
with a focus on strengthening ones own energy field. This study suggests that the
energy field responds to the stimuli of music and imagination as measured by the POMS
the GDV and the SUDS.
The significant change in the GDV data between pre and post conditions
indicates an energetic shift, which may be important in facilitating our bodys ability to
protect and produce health. As indicated by the GDV Area, the energy field increased
significantly with the intervention of music and focused guided imagery suggesting
increased protection of the physical body from toxic influences. Korotkov has found that
increases in GDV-Area result from healing.
296
From the innovative research by Kunz
and Karagula we know that a healthy energy field is luminous. The GDV-Br significance
indicates increased intensity or brilliance of the energy field, again suggesting increased
strength.
These findings are consistent with the literature that supports the palliative effect
of both music and imagery in creating a healing environment by reducing pain,
297
facilitating bone healing,
298
regulating hypertension,
299
regulating the immune system
300
and inducing a change of mood from negative to positive
301
.
Dr. Melinda Maxfield, a researcher on psychological and physical effects of
percussion, states that thirteen to fifteen minutes is a sufficient time for drumbeats to
correlate with changes in brain wave frequency.
302
Our data suggests that this time frame
is also sufficient to effect palliative effects on mood and physiology as measured by the
GDV technology and POMS.
111
Norman Cousins, faculty member of the School of Medicine, University of
California, Los Angeles, now deceased, stated, Any serious illness has a tendency to
produce melancholy and despair.
303
In 1987 he began a research project at UCLA with
malignant melanoma patients. The POMS was used to assess mood change. Cousins
considered measurement of depression as significant as the measurement of cancer-
fighting cells in the immune system. The experimental group, who received coaching in
eliciting positive emotions, showed a significant drop in depression as measured by the
POMS and a significant increase in immune cells as measured by blood samples.
Cousins concluded that if you can reduce the depression that almost invariably affects
cancer patients, you can increase the bodys own capacity for combating malignancies.
304
In preparing for this study, Cousins subjected himself to five minutes of
experiencing emotional well being, taking blood tests pre and post the elucidation of
positive emotions in himself by imagining loving thoughts for himself and the world.
The results of his blood test revealed an increase of 30 percent in the precursor natural
killer cells and 200 percent in the antibody-coated T cells.
305
Immunologist Dr. Ronald Glaser and psychologist Dr. Janice Kiecolt-Glaser of
Ohio State University College of Medicine have made major contributions to the
literature linking the relationship of stress and negative emotions to an impaired immune
system. Conversely, they noted the beneficial effects on the immune system of positive
emotions. In a study comparing 38 married women with 38 separated and divorced
women, the Drs. Glaser found that the separated and divorced women were more
depressed and had lower percentages of Natural Killer cells.
306
112
Hypothesis 3 was not supported by this research. It was not expected that
Condition 3 would demonstrate significant reduced scores on the dependent variables of
POMS-Tot, POMS-D, POMS-T, and GDV-Area. The GDV-Brightness, GDV-Anxiety,
SUDS and Temperature did not change significantly as expected. The subjects task was
to complete the CHII health questionnaire for 15 minutes. This task was not expected to
have an effect on the subjects mood or physiology. However, the results indicate that
completing the CHII had a significant effect on the subjects POMS scores and on the
GDV-Area. Several explanations are possible. Rather than being No Task, the
completion of the CHII required concentration, which may account for the increase in
GDV-area.
LIMITATIONS
The results from condition 3 prevent strong conclusions from being made about the
effects of music and Focused Meditation on the human energy field. Unfortunately, the
design of the experiment and specifically condition 3 confounded the study. Since a
within-subject design was used in the experiment, the same participants were involved in
all the sessions. It is quite possible that when the participants came back for condition 3
that they had specific expectations about how they were to rate their mood state during
the post-test of condition 3 (see Table 15). This phenomenon termed demand
characteristics may have caused them to subjectively rate their scores on the posttest
significantly lower than they rated their mood on the pre-test. Since physiological
variables are not based on self-report, one would predict less demand characteristic in the
GDV data. Supporting this idea is the fact that only 1 of the 3 physiological
variablesGDV Area-- showed a significant change during the third condition. GDV-
113
BR and GDV Anx were non significant.
The mean POM Tot at the pretest showed a progressive decline
from Condition 1through 3 with initial scores of 27.59, 20.33, 14.53, respectively, as
shown in Table 15. As the subjects presented for each of the three experimental
conditions, they exhibited increasing states of relaxation at the pretest. One possible
explanation is that the subjects experienced state dependent learning (SDL). Ernest
Rossi, a clinical psychologist who trained with the late Dr. Milton Erickson, defines SDL
as a process where what is learned is dependent on ones physiological state at the time
of the experience.
307
In other words, the relaxation learned in condition 1, listening to
music effected the second condition just by the participants being in the same physical
location as condition 1. Another possibility for the non-support of hypothesis 3 is that the
subjects response in condition 3 was influenced by conditions 1 and 2 where they had
experienced significant relaxation and state dependent learning may have transpired; that
is, learning took place and there was an association to the previously relaxed state
achieved in previous weeks.
G.H. Bower has shown that when participants are placed in similar environments
during tasks that learning performance is enhanced.
308
It is possible that when subjects
returned for the second and third conditions that some learning from the earlier session
occurred. Participants may have experienced relaxation in condition 3 due to a return to
the same testing environment.
Another possible explanation is that the CHII served as a process of disclosure.
One subject spontaneously remarked after completing condition 3: It felt wonderful to
tell the truth about myself. Pennebaker describes the health benefits of expressing
114
oneselfhe concludes from his research: If you can get people to talk or write about
their problems, their health improves.
309
He writes about the beneficial effects of
disclosing secrets. In one experiment he found that confession brought about brain wave
congruence.
310
The POMS-T showed a similar trend as displayed in Table 16 with pretest scores
declining in each of the three conditions from an initial score of 10.84, 8.53 and 7.53.
The POMS-D likewise demonstrated the same trend of decreased scores for the pretest
over the three conditions, as shown in Table 17: 10.18, 6.62 and 4.80, respectively.
FUTURE RESEARCH
This research design was a design of repeated measures on a subject under three
different conditions. This researcher proposes that a mixed design would give more
unambiguous results: one group of subjects experiences one condition only, for instance
thirty subjects experience only listening to music, thirty experience only Focused
Meditation, and thirty subjects do nothing. This would eliminate any influence from one
condition to another. The following chart illustrates the hypothesized results of the three
group mixed design.
115
Figure 7
Hypothetical Results For Three Group Design
0
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30
35
Before After
Time of Testing
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Music
Imagery
Many subjects expressed great interest in continuing with the experience and
sixteen actually completed an additional protocol of listening to the Focused Meditation
compact disc at home for a period of three weeks, three times per week at the same time
of day and then completed the POMS and the GDV testing. The results are illustrated in
Figures 5 and 6 in the previous chapter. A significant change in the physiological
parameters from pretest conditionsthe mean of the three pretest conditions-- to posttest
gives further support for the palliative effect of focused imagery concentrating on the
subjects energy field. We suggest that future research with a larger number of subjects
would yield more conclusive data.
116
Music as a form of energy medicine is in its infancy as far as exploring its
therapeutic value and place in healing. More studies documenting the efficacy of music
and its healing effect on the energy field are necessary to further our understanding of
this tool.
Joshua Leeds, composer and producer in the field of therapeutic sound, notes the
increased use of music in healing and states the field of therapeutic sound and music is
taking its place in the pantheon of subtle energy modalities.
311
CONCLUSION
The literature reports that 85 per cent of illnesses can respond to the bodys own
healing; that is, most illnesses are self-limiting.
312
This study contributes to the body of
knowledge that we can create an environment that fosters well-being. This research
suggests that listening to music and listening to imagery that focuses on strengthening the
energy field can contribute to creating an environment that facilitates optimum
functioning of the immune system.
Emotions affect biology. The more skills we possess to create positive emotions,
the more we can contribute to creating healing conditions for our body. The more we can
maintain positive emotions, the more we create an environment for optimum functioning
of the entire body, including the immune system. Conversely, the more we experience
negative emotional states, the more difficult the working conditions for our body and the
more impaired the immune system. This study suggests that listening to music and
focused guided imagery have palliative effects on both psychological and physiological
functioning.
117
This study suggests that the GDV technology can measure subtle shifts in the
energy field after listening to music and after listening to a focused guided meditation
with music. The GDV Area parameter and GDV BR both increased significantly as a
result of the interventions. The GDV Area consists of the inner area in the shape of a
oval where the finger makes contact with the electrode; the GDV computer program
automatically constructs two additional ovals around the original, making a set of three
concentric ovals. When the GDV Area increases after an intervention, this is an
indication of increased energy emitting from the fingertip.
313
A decrease in anxiety as
measured by the GDV indicates a calming of the energy field, which is an important
quality for immune system enhancement.
The GDV can measure the energy field previously inaccessible to quantification
With this information we can be intentional about the influences we allow ourselves to
experience. We gain power over our quality of life; we can reduce pain and suffering and
increase our sense of well-being. Knowing we can influence our energy field is a vital
self-care tool. We can actively participate in creating and maintaining our health. By
purposely reducing negative emotions we create the conditions conducive to fostering
health.
This research is an attempt to contribute to the knowledge of how music, which is
organized sound, a subtle form of energetic medicine, and focused meditation, can
contribute to ones personal arsenal of weapons to protect and enhance ones wellness.
Music and focused meditation provide tools for maintaining wellness, preventing illness
and repairing damage to the energy field. Music and focused meditation foster
118
conditions which empower ones immune system to function optimally. Music and
focused mediation are easily accessible and relatively inexpensive resources. This study
is a contribution to empirically based evidence of the efficacy of therapeutic music and
focused meditation imagining the expansion of ones own energy field. Konstantin
Korotkovs GDV Technique is a valuable tool in assessing the human energy field.
314
The results of this study are encouraging; more research is needed to further explore and
define the fluctuations of the energy field. There are many competing demands for health
care routines and one needs data about efficacy in order to make decisions about how to
allocate precious personal time.
. According to Dr. Norman Shealy, the quest for perfect health requires the perfect
practice and expressions of particular spiritual qualities, one of which is serenity. Dr.
Shealy states:
Spiritual deficits leading to illness are lack of forgiveness, tolerance,
serenity, love, reason, wisdom, will, faith, hope, charity, courage, joy,
motivation, confidence, and compassion. Theoretically, perfect practice
and expression of these attitudes should result in perfect health.
315
In this study, music and focused meditation demonstrated a capacity to elicit some of
these healthy attitudes as measured by the POMS.
In conclusion, I refer once more to Dr. Shealy who sates that From a holistc
perspective, disease is generally considered the integrated result of all cosmic,
environmental, chemical, electrical, mental, physical, emotional attitudinal and spiritual
stress.
316
This study offers evidence suggestive that listening to music and focused
meditation we can create conditions that foster our emotional well being by reducing the
stress of negative emotions in our life and thereby contribute to increasing our quality of
life.
119
ENDNOTES
CHAPTER 1
1.
Richard Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, (Santa Fe, NM: Bear and Company,
1988), 532, 533.
2.
Ibid. , 534.
3.
Ibid.
4.
Ibid. , 535.
5.
Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy and Judith Vernoy. 1995. Essentials of Psychology
in Action, (New York: John Wiley& Sons, Inc), 81.
6.
Websters New World Dictionary, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 445.
7.
Richard Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, 536.
8.
Ibid. , 537.
9.
Ibid. , 538.
10.
Websters New World Dictionary, 881.
11.
Richard Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, 538-539.
12.
Websters New World Dictionary, 1030.
13.
Richard Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, 540.
14.
Ibid. , 541.
15.
Ibid. , 542.
16.
Ibid. , 543.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Caroline Myss and C. Norman Shealy, Creation of Health, (New York: Three
Rivers Press, 1993), 45.
19.
Ibid. , 148.
120
20.
Caroline Myss, Anatomy of the Spirit, (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1997), 57.
21.
Ibid.
22.
Carol J. Schneider and Wayne B. Jonas, Are alternative treatments effective?
Issues and methods involved in measuring effectiveness of alternative treatments,
Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine, 1994, 5 (1), 77.
23.
William Tiller, Walter Dibble, Jr., and Michael J. Kohane, Toward objectifying
intentions via electronic devices, Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine, 1997,
8(2), 103-124.
24.
Roger D. Nelson, G. Johnston Bradish, York H Dobyns, Brenda J. Dunne and
Robert G. Jahn, FieldREG, Anomalies in group situations, Journal of Scientific
Exploration 1996, 10, 111-41.
25.
Konstantin Korotkov, Aura and Consciousness: New Stage of Scientific
Understanding, (St. Petersburg, Russia: St. Petersburg Division of Russian
Ministry of Culture, State Editing & Publishing Unit Kultura, 1998).
26.
Ibid. , 136.
27.
Don Campbell (Ed.), Music Physician for Times to Come, (Wheaton, IL: Quest
Books, 1991).
28.
Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect, (New York: Avon Books, 1997).
29.
Belleruth Naperstek, Staying Well with Guided Imagery, (New York: Harper,
1994).
CHAPTER 2
121
30.
Dora van Gelder Kunz, The Personal Aura. (Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1991).
31.
Walter Weston, How Prayer Heals, (Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads
Publishing Co., 1998), 104.
32.
Richard Gerber, Vibrational Medicine.
33.
Ibid. , 43-44.
34.
David Bohm, Wholeness and the Implicate Order, (London: Routledge and
Keagan Paul, 1980).
35.
Belleruth Naperstek, Your Sixth Sense, (San Francisco: Harper, 1997), 71.
36.
Donna Eden, Energy Medicine, 27.
37.
Barbara Brennan, Hands of Light, (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), 40.
38.
Brian Snellgrove, The Unseen Self, 21.
39.
Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Computer drawing by M.M. Smith/Techni-
Visions, Electromagnetic Spectrum, In Rosalyn Bruyere, Wheels of Light, (New
York: Fireside, 1994), 242.
40.
Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy, 81.
41.
Ibid. , glossary, G-4.
42.
Enclyclopeidia Britannica, Chicago: Helen Hemingway Benton,1974), 6:645.
43.
Websters New World Dictionary, 90.
44.
Rosalyn Bruyere, Wheels of Light, 19.
45.
Barbara Brennan, Hands of Light, 32.
46.
The Bible, (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952), Exodus 34, 29.
47.
Ibid. , Acts 9:3
122
48.
Ibid. , Mark 9:3.
49.
Ibid. , Acts 2:3,4
50.
Snellgrove, Unseen Self, 11.
51.
Ibid. , 11.
52.
Ibid. , 13.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid. , 15.
55.
Ibid. , 16.
56.
Ibid, , 18.
57.
Ibid. , 17.
58.
C.W. Leadbeater. The Chakras, (Wheaton, IL 1927; 1997),xi).
59.
Ibid. , 21.
60.
Harold Saxton Burr, Blueprint for Immortality, (Essex, England: C.W. Daniel
Limited, 1972), 46.
61.
Ibid. , 48.
62.
Ibid. , 9.
63.
Ibid. , 87.
64.
Valerie Hunt. Electronic evidence for auras and charkas, Brain Mind Bulletin.,
1978, 1,2.
65.
Valerie Hunt, Infinite Mind: Science of the Human Vibrations of Consciousness,
(Malibu, CA: Malibu Publishing Co., 1996).
66.
Rosalyn Bruyere, Wheels of Light.
67.
Ibid. , 21.
123
68.
Ibid. , 5.
69.
Edgar Cayce, Auras: An Essay on the Meaning of Colors, (Virginia Beach, VA:
A.R.E. Press, 1945), 7.
70.
Ibid. , 14.
71.
The Bible, John 20:12.
72.
Dora Van Gelder-Kunz, The Personal Aura.
73.
Shafica Karagulla and Dora van Gelder Kunz, The Chakras and the Human
Energy Fields, (Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1989), 80- 81.
74.
Ibid. , 108.
75.
Ibid. , 91.
76.
Ibid. , 35.
77.
Motoyama, Hiroshi. Theories of the Chakras: Bridge to Higher Consciousness,
(Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1981)., 23.
78.
Ibid. , 27.
79.
Ibid.
80.
Ibid. , 52.
124
81.
Ibid. , 4.
82.
Ibid. , 42.
83.
John C. Pierrakos, Core Energietics, (Mendocino, CA: LifeRhythm Publication,
1990), 31.
84.
Hiroshi Motoyama, Theories of the Chakras, 20.
85.
Hiroshi Motoyama, Comparisons of Diagnostic Methods in Western & Eastern
Medicine. (Tokyo, Japan: Human Science Press, 1999).
86.
Richard Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, 189.
87.
Caroline Myss, Anatomy of the Spirit, 68, 69.
88.
Ibid ,, 94.
89.
Mona Lisa Schulz. Awakening Intuition: Using Your Mind-Body Network for
Insight and Healing, (New York: Harmony Books, 1998).
90.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal and How They Can, (New York: Three
Rivers Press, 1997), 59.
91.
Mona Lisa Schulz. Awakening Intuition, 169.
92.
Ibid. , 199.
93.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal, 59.
94.
Mona Lisa Schulz. Awakening Intuition, 217.
95.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal, 61.
96.
Mona Lisa Schulz. Awakening Intuition, 252.
97.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal, 61.
98.
Mona Lisa Schulz. Awakening Intuition, 273.
99.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal,,63.
125
100.
Mona Lisa Schulz. Awakening Intuition, 292-293.
101.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal, 63.
102.
Barbara Brennan, Light Emerging, (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), 20-26.
103.
Walter Weston, How Prayer Heals, 163-165
104.
Ibid. , 166
105.
Brian Snellgrove, Unseen Self, 14.
106.
Ibid. , 39.
107.
Ibid.
108.
I. Hunt and W. Draper, Lightening in His Hand: The Life of Nikola Tesla,
(Chicago, IL: Sage Books) In H.S. Dakin (High Voltage Photography. San
Francisco, CA: H.S. Dakin ,35.
109.
D.B. Burke, D.B. The basis of bioelectromagnetism, Medical Acupuncture,
1990, 2(1). http://wwwmedicalacupuncture.org/journal/vol2_1/bioelctricmag.html
110.
Karl Maret, Explorations at the frontier of energy medicine,. Bridges: Quarterly
magazine. The Internaltional Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy
Medicine. Winter, 2000, 14
111.
Ibid. , 13.
112.
Laurie Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander, Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron
Curtain, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1970), 198.
113.
Snellgrove, Unseen Self, 4.
114.
Laurie Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander, Psychic Discoveries, 208.
115.
Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, 108.
116.
Korotkov, Aura, 183.
126
117.
Konstantin Korotkov and A. Kouznetsov. The phantom leaf effecta new stage
of understanding, In Korotkov, Aura and Consciousness, 191.
118.
Laurie Schroeder and Sheila Ostrander, Psychic Discoveries.
119.
Thelma Moss, The Probability of the Impossible: Scientific Discoveries and
Explorations in the Psychic World, (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1974), 27.
120.
Ibid. , 27.
121.
Ibid. , 28.
122.
Ibid. , 102.
123.
Kendall Johnson. The Living Aura. Radiation Field Photography and the Kirlian
Effect, (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1975), vii.
124.
Moss, Probability, 11.
125.
Ibid. , 53.
126.
D.G. Boyer and William A. Tiller, Corona discharge photography, Journal of
Applied Physics, 44, 1973: 3102- 3222
127.
M. Croke and R. Dass, Assessing kirlian phinomena via energy emission analysis
(EEA): an interview with originator Peter Mandel, American Journal of
Acupuncture, 1997, 25, 133-151.
128.
Personal communication from Konstantin Korotkov, email, November 2000).
129.
H.S. Dakin, High Voltage Photography, (San Francisco, CA: H.S. Dakin, 1974).
130.
Gerber, Vibrational Medicine, 108.
131.
Ralph Alan Dale, The holograms of hand micro-acupuncture: a study in systems
of correspondence, American Journal of Acupuncture, 1990; 18(2): 141-162.
127
132.
Ralph Alan Dale, The systems, holograms and theory of micro-acupuncture,
American Journal of Acupuncture, 1999; 27(3 / 4), 227.
133.
Ibid. , 207.
134.
Ibid. , 209.
135.
Ibid. , 209.
136.
Ibid. , 217.
137.
Ibid. , 209.
138.
Jae Woo Park, Su Jok Acupuncture, (Seoul: O-Heng, 1993).
139.
Korotkov, Aura, 126
140.
Ibid. , 92
141.
Ibid. , 120.
142.
Ibid. ,132-141.
143.
Ibid. , 154.
144.
Ibid. , 154-155
145.
Ibid. , 158-159.
146.
Ibid. , 160.
147.
Ibid. , 45.
148.
Ibid. , 173-181.
149.
E.I. Anugrieva, V.P. Anufriefa, M.G. Starchenco, The investigation of influence
of thoughts over human aura using Gas Discharge Visualization method,
Proceedings of the International Scientific Congress, Science, Information and
Spirit, 1999, St. Petersburg, Russia.
128
150.
Howell, Carolyn J. The therapeutic effect of Tai Chi in the healing process of
HIV, International Journal of Alternative and Complmentary Medicine,
November 1999, 15-19.
151.
Trampuz, Andrej, Igor Kononenko and Velko Rus, Experiential and biophysical
effect of the art of living programme on its participants, International Journal of
Psychology, 2000, 12; Also, http://wwwKirlian.co.uk paper presented at the
Biology and Cognitive Science Conference, International Information Society 99
Multi-Conference 12-14 October, 1999, Ljubliana, Slovenia; paper also presented
at the XXVII International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, 2000.
152.
Ibid. , 12.
153.
Marina Shaduri, Alexander Papitashvili and Mary Ashugahvili, Bioenergetics of
women in various periods of preganancy (pilot study), Proceedings of the
International Scientific Congress, Science, Information and Spirit, July 1999, St.
Petersburg, Russia, 28.
154.
Herbert Benson, The Relaxation Response, (New York: Avon Books, 1975 and
2000).
155.
Candace Pert, Molecules of Emotion, (New York: Scribner, 1997).
156.
Kenneth Pelletier, Mind as Healer, Mind as Slayer, (New York: Bantam
Doubleday Publishing Group, 1977).
157.
Websters New World Dictionary, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 445.
158.
Benson, Relaxation Response, xvii.
159.
Ibid. , xvii
160.
Ibid.
129
161.
Pert, Molecules of Emotion.
162.
John Diamond, Life Energy: Using the Meridians to Unlock the Hidden Power of
Your Emotions, (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 1985), 15.
163.
Karagulla and van Gelder Kunz, Chakras, 112.
164.
Diamond, Life Energy, 38.
165.
C. Norman Shealy, Sacred Healing, (Boston, MA: Element Books, 1999), 156.
166.
Ibid. , 22.
167.
Norman Cousins, Anatomy of an Illness, (New York: Bantam Books, 1979), 35.
168.
Ibid.
169.
Ibid. , 34.
170.
Elmer Green and Alyce Green, Beyond Biofeedback, (San Francisco; Robert
Briggs Associates, 1977).
171.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal, 187.
172.
Caroline Myss and C. Norman Shealy, The Creation of Health, 11.
173.
Shealy, Sacred Healing, 125.
174.
Ibid. , 126.
175.
Ibid. , 125.
176.
H.W. Hanson, History of Art, (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), 116.
177.
Bruno Meinecke, Music and medicine in classical antiquity. Dorothy Schullian
and Max Schoen (Eds.), Music and Medicine, (New York: Henry Schuman, Inc,
1948), 72.
178.
Ibid.
179.
Ibid.
130
180.
Ibid. , 55.
181.
The Bible, (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952), I Samuel 15:23.
182.
Meinecke, Music and Medicine, 86.
183.
Ibid. , 82.
184.
Ibid. , 56.
185.
Ibid. , 71.
186.
Ibid. , 60.
187.
Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect, (New York; Avon Books, 1997), 149.
188.
F. Guirand (Ed.), Greek mythology, The Larouse Encyclopedia of Mythology,
(Hong Kong: Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 1959), 198.
189.
The Bible, (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1952), Joshua 6: 3-7.
190.
Mitchell L. Gaynor, Sounds of Healing; A Physician Reveals the Therapeutic
Power of Sound, Voice, Music, (New York: Broadway Books, 1999), 138.
191.
Ibid.
192.
Kate Havener, Expressions in music; a discussion of experimental studies and
theories, Psychological Review, 1935, 47, 246-268. In Randal McClellan, The
Healing Forces of Music, (New York: toExcel, 2000), 140.
193.
Randall McClellan, The Healing Forces of Music, (New York: toExcel, 2000),
159
194.
Helen Bonney and Louis Savary, Music and Your Mind, (Barrytown, NY: Station
Hill Press, 1981), 8.
195.
Ibid. , 41.
196.
Thomas Verney, Secret Life of the Unborn Baby (New York: Dell, 1981), 38.
131
197.
Jeffrey Thompson, Behavior Psychoacoustics. Workshop June 16, 2000. Tenth
Annual Conference of the International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies
and Energy Medicine, Boulder, CO.
198.
Randall McClellan, The Healing Forces of Music, 20.
199.
Steven Strogatz and Ian Stewart, Coupled oscillators and biological
synchronization, Scientific American, December 1992, 102.
200.
Jonathan Goldman, Sonic entrainment. Don Campbell, (Ed.), Music Physician,
221.
201.
Ibid. , 223.
202.
Ibid. , 224.
203.
Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, Superlearning, (New York: Putnam,
1982), 222.
204.
Jeffrey Thompson, Workshop.
205.
Jonathan Goldman, Sonic entrainment, 226.
206.
Ibid. , 228.
207.
Doc Lew Childre,Cut-thru, (Boulder Creek, CA: Planetary Publications). In
Belleruth Naperstek, Your Sixth Sense, (San Francisco: Harper, 1995), 106.
208.
Don Campbell, Music Physician, 244.
209.
Halpern, Steven, Music for Sound Healing, San Anselmo, CA: Steven Helperns
Inner Peace Music.
210.
Ibid. , 7.
211.
Mitchell Gaynor, Sound Healing, 78.
212.
Ibid. , 162.
132
213.
Paul Robertson, Music and the Mind, (London, Channel 4 Television, 1996), 27.
214.
Neville Drury and Andrew Watson. Healing Music, (Dosset, England: Prism
Press, 1988), 25.
215.
Charles Marwick, Music hath charms for care of preemies, JAMA, the Journal of
the American Medical Association, Jan. 26,2000, 283(i4): 468.
216.
Ibid.
217.
B.B. Bittman, L.S. Berk, D.L. Felton, J. Westengard, O.C. Simonton, M.
Ninehouser, Composite effects of group drumming music therapy on modulation
of neuroendocrine-immune parameters in normal subjects, Alternative Therapy
Health Medicine, January 7 (1): 38-47.
218.
Stuart W. Rosenbush, Bad vibrations after bypass surgery, JAMA, The Journal of
the American Medical Association, Dec. 24, 1998, 280 (i24): 2076.
219.
Deforia Long, Music as Medicine, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing
House, 1994), 146.
220.
Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect, (New York: Avon Books, 1997), 69.
221.
Avram Goldstein, Music and endorphin link, Brain/Mind Bulletin 21 Jan and 11
Feb, 1985, 3.
222.
Dale Bartlett, Donald Kaufman and Roger Smeltekop, The effects of music
listening and perceived sensory experiences on the immune system as measured
by interleukin-1 and cortisol, Journal of Music Therapy, 1993, 30:194-209.
223.
Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect, 63.
133
224.
Oliver Sacks, Awakenings, In Peregrine Horden, Music as Medicine: The History
of Music Therapy Since Antiquity, (Hants, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited,
2000), 10.
225.
Lance W. Brunner, Theme and variations: testimonies old and new, In Don
Campbell (Ed.) Music and Miracles, (Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1992), 82-83.
226.
Fabien Maman, The Role of Music in the Twenty-First Century, (Redondo Beach,
CA: Tama-Do Press, 1999), 14.
227.
Ibid. , 15.
228.
Joel Sternheimer, La Musique des particules Elementairs, (The Music of the
Elementary Particles.) Compte-rendu LAcademie des Science de Janvier, 1983,
In Fabien Maman, The Role of Music in the Twenty-First Century, 16.
229.
Maman, The Role of Music, 15.
230.
Ibid. , 16.
231.
Ibid. , 49-93.
232.
Ibid. , 45.
233.
Ibid. , 47.
234.
Ibid. , 47.
235.
Ibid. , 117.
236.
Ibid. , 73.
237.
Ibid. , 72-73.
238.
Ibid. , 74.
239.
Shealy, Sacred Healing, 143.
240.
Don Campbell, Music Physician, 243.
134
241.
Shirley Rabb Winston, Music as the Bridge: Edgar Cayce Readings, (Virginia
Beach, VA: Association for Research and Enlightenment, A.R.E. 1972), 3.
242.
Shirley Nicholson, The miraculous potency of sound, In Don Campbell (Ed.),
Music and Miracles, 45-50.
243.
Mitchell Gaynor, Sounds of Healing, 18.
244.
Ibid. , 134.
245.
Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect, 34.
246.
Harp Therapy Journal, Spring 1996, http://wwwharptherapy.com/spr96art.html.
247.
E. Jacobsen, Progressive relaxation, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1942), In Jeanne Achtenberg and G. Frank Lawlis, Imagery and Disease,
(Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc., 1978), 7.
248.
Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe, (New York: Harper Collins
Publishers, 1991), 85.
249.
Ibid. , 88.
250.
Elmer Green and Alyce Green, Beyond Biofeedback.
251.
Talbot, The Holographic Universe.
252.
O. Carl Simonton and Stephanie Matthews-Simonton and James L. Creighton,
Getting Well Again, (New York: Bantam Books, 1978).
253.
C.H. McKinney and M.H. Antonni, Effect of guided imagery and music on
depression and beta endorphin levels in healthy adults: a pilot study, Journal of
the Association for Music and Imagery: Journal of the AMI, 4, 67-78.
254.
Belleruth Naperstek, Staying Well with Guided Imagery, (New York: Three
Rivers Press, 1988).
135
255.
Belleruth Naperstek, Your Sixth Sense, (San Francisco: Harper, 1997).
256.
Belleruth Naperstek, Workshop Lecture May 2000, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
257.
Neville Drury and Andrew Watson, Healing Music, (Dosset, England: Prism
Press, 1988), 25.
258.
Caroline Myss, Why People Dont Heal, 185-86.
259.
Robert Assagioli, Music: cause of disease and healing agent, In Don Campbell
(Ed.) Music Physician, 100.
260.
Ibid.
261.
Randall McClellan, The Healing Forces of Music, 183-184.
262.
Ibid. , 9.
263.
Neville Drury and Andrew Watson, Healing Music. 26.
264.
Don Campbell, The Mozart Effect, 77.
265.
Ibid. , 27.
266.
J. Achterberg, B. Dossey and L. Kolkmeier, Rituals of Healing, (New York:
Bantam Books, 1994), 53.
Chapter 3
267.
Rose Bruce, Caroline Myss and C. Norman Shealy, Checklist of Health Issues
and Illness, 1999, personal communication.
268.
Korotkov, Aura.
269.
Ibid. , 203; info@gdvresearch.com).
270.
info@gdvresearch.com.
271.
Korotkov, Aura, 62.
136
272.
Personal communication from Konstantin Korotkov. Unpublished manuscript.
December 2001.
273.
Ibid. , 63.
274.
Ibid. , 62.
275.
Personal communication via email with Konstantin Korotkov, January 21, 2001.
276.
Paul Dobson and Elena Tchernychko, Investigations into stress and its
management using the Gas Discharge Visualisation Technique (www.kirlian.co.uk,
.1999) 6. Unpublished report from the City University Business School, London.
277.
Ibid. , 24.
278.
Personal Communication via email with Konstantin Korotkov, January 21, 2001.
279.
Andrej Trampuz, Igor Kononenko and Velko Rus, Experiential and biophysical
effect of the art of living program on it participants, International Journal of
Psychology, 2000,12/
280.
Carolyn J. Howell, The therapeutic effect of Tai Chi in the healing process of
HIV. International Journal of Alternative and Complmentary Medicine,.
November 1999, 15-19.
281.
Personal communication with Konstantin Korotkov.
282.
Personal communication from Konstantin Korotkov via email, November 2001.
283.
Douglas M. McNair, Maurice Lorr and Leo F. Droppleman, POMS manual,
Profile of Mood States, (San Diego, CA: EdITS, 1971), 5.
137
284.
C.H. McKinney and M.H. Antoni, et al., Effects of guided imagery and music
(GIM) therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy adults, Health Psychology, 1997,
16(4): 390-400.
285.
C.H. McKinney and M.H. Antoni, 1995.
286.
McClelland, 183-184.
287.
Paul Dobson and Elena Tchernychko, Investigations into stress and its
management using the Gas Discharge Visualisation Technique
(www.kirlian.co.uk,.1999), 6.
288.
Ibid. , 24.
289.
Mitchell Gaynor, Sound Healing, 162.
290.
Karagulla and Kunz, The Chakras, 91.
291.
Michael Talbot, The Holographic Universe, 85.
292.
Personal communication by email from Dr. Korotkov, January 21, 2002.
293.
Carol Taylor Fitz-Gibbon and Lynn Lyons Morris, How To Analyze Data,
(Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987), 41.
294.
Ibid. , 16.
295.
Ibid. , 33.
296.
Personal commuuication from Konstantin Korotkov, January 2002.
CHAPTER 5
297.
Jeanne Achterberg, Barbara Dossey, and Leslie Kolkmeier, Rituals of Healing,
96-108.
298.
Ibid. , 129-135.
299.
Ibid. , 185-190.
138
300.
Ibid. , 239-268.
301.
Cathy H. McKinney, Michael H. Antoni, Adarsh Kumar, Mahendra Kumar, The
effects of guided imagery and music on depression and beta-endorphin levels in
healthy adults: a pilot study, Journal of the Association for Music & Imagery 4
(1995): 67-78.
302.
Melinda Maxfield, The journey of the drum, In Music and Miracles, ed. Don
Campbell, (Wheaton, IL: Quest Books, 1992), 143.
303.
Norman Cousins, Head First: The Biology of Hope. (New York: E.P. Dutton,
1989), 259.
304.
Ibid. , 259-260.
305.
Ibid. , 253.
306.
J.K. Kiecolt-Glaser, L.D. Fisher, P. Orgrocki, J.C. Strout, C.E. Speicher, and R.
Glaser, Marital quality, marital disruption, and immune function, Psychosomatic
Medicine 49 (1989), 13-34.
307.
Ernest Lawrence Rossi, The Psychobiology of Mind-Body Healing. (New York:
W.W. Norton & Company, 1993), 47.
308.
G.H. Bower, Mood and Memory. American Psychologist, 36 (1981), 129-148.
309.
James W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions,
(New York: The Guilford Press, 1997), 25.
310.
Ibid. , 55.
311.
Joshua Leeds, An introduction to the use of therapeutic music and sound in
health care: rhythm, resonance and entrainment---the bodys call for unity,
American Journal of Acupuncture, 24 (1996) 297-308.
139
312.
Franz Ingelfinge, Arrogance, New England Journal of Medicine, 303 1980, 1506-
1511.
313.
Konstantin Korotkov, Aura and Consciousness, 62.
314.
Ibid.
315.
Caroline Myss and C. Norman Shealy, The Creation of Health, 54.
316.
Ibid. , 54.
139
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
INTERNAL REVIEW BOARD APPLICATION
THE EFFECT OF MUSIC AND GUIDED IMAGERY ON THE HUMAN
ENERGY FIELD AS MEASURED BY THE GAS DISCHARGE
VISUALISATION TECHNIQUE
PROTOCOL #: DATE: March 8, 2001
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Suzanne Gibson, MSW, LCSW, doctoral graduate student,
Greenwich University and Holos University of Graduate
Studies
LOCATION: 201 West Main Street, Barrington, IL 60010
DATE STUDY TO BEGIN: April 1, 2001
LENGTH OF STUDY: Six months
1. STUDY CONDUCT
1.1 Background
The Gas Discharge Visualisation (GDV) technique was developed by
Konstantin Korotkov, Professor of Physics at the Federal Technical University
SPIFMO, St. Petersburg, Russia. The device works on the basis of the Kirlian
effect. This instrument allows quantification of the energy state of both living and
inanimate objects. The GDV is a non invasive tool. The GDV is the first tool to
project the total body aura from the information contained in the fingertip images.
The total body aura is visualised or depicted on the computer screen. The aura
can also be reproduced and displayed graphically. Previously, before the
invention of the GDV, interpretations of Kirlian photographs were highly intuitive
and impossible to reproduce. The stronger and more vibrant the aura, the healthier
the person. Both music and guided imagery have demonstrated ability to elicit
a healing response. It is well known that music affects mood and emotions and
that emotions can facilitate or impede healing. Guided imagery is a tool utilized in
the treatment of many conditions including cancer and chronic pain. This study
seeks to contribute quantifiable data on the effect of these two mind/body tools
on the human energy system.
1.2 Objective
The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the effect of listening to
music and/or guided imagery on the energy field of each subject. There will be
140
one group of subjects of both healthy persons and persons with a diagnosis of a
physical illness. The subjects will attend 3 sessions with up to 6 subjects in the
group. Session 1, subjects will listen to music; Session 2, each subject will listen
to guided imagery while focusing on strengthening his own energy field as
reflected on the BEOgram (the depiction of the human energy field) of his
own unique energy field ; and session 3 subjects will complete the Checklist for
Health Issues (CHII).
1.3 Study Design
The research design is one group under three influences. Fifty subjects will be
recruited. The subjects will be a mixture of healthy persons and those with a
diagnosis physical or mental condition. In groups of not more than six, the
subjects will participate in three sessions within a one month period. Each subject
will be compared for before and after changes in his energy field as measured by
the GDV.
A. Session l:
1. The researcher will review the purpose of the study and answer
questions.
2. The subjects will sign the Informed Consent Form.
3. The subject will complete the Profile of Mood States (POMS), a
measure of before and after conditions.
4. The subject will complete a brief symptom inventory.
5. A Stress Computer will be affixed with surgical tape to the
subjects middle finger and the temperature will be noted.
6. The subject will give a Subjective Units of Distress (SUDS)
At this moment rating using a scale of 1-10, with 1 being very
distressed and 10 being very comfortable.
7. Subject will be instructed in the proper positioning of fingertips
and the first set of BEOgrams (GDV images of fingertips) will
taken.
8. The subject will listen to 15 minutes of music-Pachelbel Canon.
9. 10 minutes after the listening period concludes, the second set
of BEOgrams will be taken.
10. The subject will rate his SUDS.
11. The temperature will be noted.
12. The subject will take the POMS.
B. Session 2:
1. The subject will complete the POMS.
2. The subject will have temperature recorded.
3. The subject will give his SUDS at this moment:.
4. The subject will have BEOgram taken of ten fingertips.
5. The subject will listen to 15 minutes of music with guided
imagery.
141
6. 10 minutes after the listening period, the second set of
BEOgrams will be taken.
7. The subject will repeat the POMS.
8. The temperature will be noted.
9. The SUDS at this moment will be noted.
C. Session 3:
1. Steps 14 of Sessions 2 remain the same for Session 3.
5. The subject will complete the Checklist of Health Issues
(CHII).
6. Steps 69 of Session 2 remain the same for Session 3.
1.3.2 Concomitant Medications and Therapy
All subjects will continue whatever medications they are taking and will
continue to follow their program of care. This study is for research
purposes only and is not intended for diagnosing or treating any medical
problem.
1.4 Subject Population
1.4.1 Inclusion Criteria
a. Subjects may be male or female
b. Subjects may be either healthy or have a diagnosis of a physical
or mental disorder such as depression, anxiety, fibromyalgia, heart
disease, and diabetes.
c. Subjects will be between 25 years of age and over..
d. Subjects will show willingness to participate by signing a
voluntary informed consent form.
e. Subjects will show ability and stated willingness to follow the
directions of the researcher.
1.4.2 Exclusion Criteria
a. Subjects with addiction to drugs or alcohol will be excluded
from the study.
b. Subjects with a pacemaker will be excluded.
.
1.4.3 Discontinuation Criteria
a. Subject may be dropped from the study at any time at his/her
own request or that of the researcher.
142
b. If the subject terminates his/her participation in the study
prematurely, the reason will be recorded in his/her report form and
reported to the IRB in writing.
c. If an adverse reaction should occur during the study, the
researcher will determine whether the subject should be
discontinued and report same to the IRB in writing.
1.5 Evaluations
1.5.1 Safety
a. Dr. Korotkov states:
It (the GDV) is totally safe for the user. At the same
time it uses a set of voltages, including high-voltage (much less
on intensity compared with normal TV-set or computer screen).
That is, the equipment cannot produce a dangerous voltage. All
the wires, carrying high voltage, are hidden under the mounting
and insulated carefully.
It is prohibited to dismantle the device! It is necessary to
control the quality of grounding. In case of Western standard, a
three-polar plug provides for the automatic grounding. Otherwise,
one should see to the device being grounded or the neutral wire
being grounded. In this case its quality can be checked by the
absence of a potential on the grounding electrode of the device.
(Konstantin Korokov, Aura and Consciousness. St.
Petersburg, Russia; St. Petersburg Division of Russian Ministry of
Culture, State Editing & Publishing Unit Kultura, 1998, p.55.)
For additional details about the GDV, consult the web
site:http://www.kolumbus.fi/pekka.kaariainen/gdv/gdv1.htm;
http://www.kirlian.org/crowntv.htm.
b. The GDV device, like any electrical device, such as a hair dryer,
vacuum cleaner or television, can be dangerous if the insulation is
damaged or if anybody tries to open up the devices body.
Precautions one would take with any electrical device would be
appropriate with the GDV device.
c. Safety will be evaluated by monitoring the occurrence of any
adverse effects. Adverse effects will be monitored as follows:
The subject will be instructed to notify the
researcher as soon as possible should adverse or
unusual symptoms occur. The researcher will
record the event in the Subject Evaluation Form.
In the event of any reaction, the researcher must
notify the IRB Chair as soon as possible. Any
143
adverse reaction will be recorded in the complaint
file and reported to the full IRB Board. If there is a
major adverse reaction (such as death or immediate
threat of death), the FDA and the Chair of the IRB
will be notified within the first 24 hours and then in
writing.
In case of adverse effects, proper therapeutic and
follow-up measures will be taken by the researcher
in accordance with good clinical practice.
1.5.2 Efficacy
The efficacy of music and guided imagery on the human energy
field as measured by the GDV will be assessed by comparing the
GDV data of the four groups. The researcher will also be noting
the changes in the Profile Of Mood State test, the skin
temperature, and the SUDS.
1.5.3 Statistical Analysis
This design is one group under three different conditions. The
before and after scores n the GDV measures, POMS,
Temperature, SUDS will be analyzed with Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to determine if the changes are significant.
1.6 Special Instructions
All subjects will be required to sign the Informed Consent Form. All
subjects will be instructed in the placement of finger tips on the glass
plate to be photographed.
1.6.1 Subjects will refrain from eating or drinking two hours prior to
participation in research project.
1.6.2 Subjects will refrain from exercise 6 hours prior to participation in
research project.
1.6.3 Subjects will refrain from alcohol and sexual activity for 24 hours
prior to participation in research project.
2. Management and Regulation
2.1 Monitoring
Monitoring responsibilities performed by the sponsors monitors include
but are not limited to:
2.1.1 Review of the Research Protocol
144
2.1.2 Consultation as needed during data collection period to assess
protocol adherence and accuracy and completeness of Subject
Report Forms
2.2 Monitoring Personnel
Robert Nunley, Ph.D. and C. Norman Shealy, M.D., Ph. D.
Dr, Nunley is a geography professor at the University of Kansas.
He is Assistant Dean of Energy Medicine at Greenwich University.
In 1998-99 he served as co-president of ISSSEEM (International
Society for the Study of Subtle Energy and Energy Medicine). He
serves on the board of HOLOS University Graduate Studies in
Energy Medicine.
Dr. C. Norman Shealy is the Founder of the American Holistic
Medical Association and also founder of the Shealy Institute in
Springfield, Mo. He is the author of 13 books including 90 days
to Self-Health, The Self Healing Workbook, Miracles Do Happen,
and with Caroline Myss, The Creation of Health. He has taught at
Harvard, Case Western Reserve, and the Medical Schools of the
University of Wisconsin and the University of Minnesota.
2.3 Regulatory Considerations
The GDV is approved by the Russian Ministry of Health for use in Russia..
The GDV is widely used in Russia, Germany, and England.
2.3.1 Protocol Agenda
The researcher shall not implement a change in or otherwise
deviate from the protocol if the change may increase the risk to
study subjects or adversely affect the validity of the investigation
or rights of human subjects. Changes may be made to reduce the
risk to subjects; however, the researcher must notify the Chair of
the IRB prior to such changes and the IRB Board will be notified
by letter also.
2.3.2 Subject Report Form Completion and Submission
Reports of progress or lack of progress will be sent to the IRB
every 3 months for one year from the start date which is April 1,
2001.
Subject Report Forms will be completed at the end of one year.
They shall be maintained by the researcher with a final report to
the IRB.
145
Appendix a
SUBJECT INFORMED CONSENT
STUDYS NAME: THE EFFECT OF MUSIC AND GUIDED IMAGERY ON THE HUMAN
ENERGY FIELD AS MEASURED BY THE GAS
DISCHARGE VISUALISATION (GDV) TECHNIQUE.
APRIL 1, 2001
DATE APPROVED BY IRB:
BEGINNING OF STUDY: April 1, 2001
LENGTH OF STUDY: Six months. Target completion date September 2001.
SUBJECT INFORMED CONSENT
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Suzanne Gibson, MSW, LCSW under the supervision of
C. Norman Shealy, M.D., Ph.D., and Robert Nunley, Ph.D.
NAME OF EQUIPMENT/THERAPY
The equipment used in this study is the Gas Discharge Visualisation Instrument.
It is an electrical device which takes images of the fingertips. The Instrument is attached
to a personal computer which processes and prints the images. The GDV Instrument
creates an electric field (10kV, 1024 HZ, 0.5 sec) around the object that is set on the glass
plate of the instrument, in this case, the fingertips, one at a time. The electric field
produces a visible gas discharge glow around the object (the Kirlian effect). The image
is transferred to a personal computer for processing and printing. As there is no photo
paper processing involved there is no need for a dark room. The GDV was developed by
Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, Professor of Physics at the St. Petersburg State Technical
University SPIFMO, St. Petersburg, Russia. Dr. Korotkov has more than 70 publications
in leading Soviet and Russian research journals on physics and biology, and has 12
patents on inventions in the field of biophysics and is the author of 4 books. Professor
Korotkov is Associate Editor of the Journal Consciousness and Physical Reality. Dr.
Korotkov can be reached at 191040 P.O.Box 752, St. Petersburg, Russia. Email:
korotkov@mail.admiral.ru.
The Profile of Mood State (POMS) test will be used as another measure of before
and after conditions. The POMS was developed by Douglas M. McNair , Boston
University School of Medicine and Maurice Lorr, Catholic University America and Leo
Droppleman, Private Practice. The POMS measures dimensions of affect or mood and
has proved to be useful for assessing psychiatric outpatients and their responses to
various interventions. The POMS consists of 65 adjectives describing feeling and mood
to which the client responds according to a five-point scale ranging from not at all to
Extremely. The six moods assessed are :
TTension-Anxiety
DDepression-Dejection
AAnger-Hostility
VVigor-Activity
146
FFatigue-Inertia
CConfusion-Bewilderment
The POMS is distributed by Edits, P.O. Box 7234, San Diego, CA 92167.
The Stress Computer measures skin surface temperature. The sensor is taped to
the fingertip of the middle finger of the hand.. Under stress hands are cool. Cold
hands are tense and warm hands indicate relaxation. A temperature of 95 or
above is considered deep relaxation. The Stress Computer is distributed by E.J.
McGowan and Associates, Inc., 656 Stratford Avenue, Elmhurst, Il 60126-4654.
The Subjective Units of Distress Scale is the subjects estimation of distress based
on a scale of 1-10.
Guided imagery script is prepared by the principal investigator.
PURPOSE
This is a clinical investigational study. The purpose is to determine if simple,
readily available tools such as music and guided imagery can affect the human energy
field and so empower individuals TO facilitating their healing and maintaining health.
INCLUSION REQUIREMENTS
YOU MUST:
1. Be between 25-65 years of age.
2. Continue with any established treatment already in process. Participation
in this study is not instead of any treatment plan already in place.
4. Be willing and able to give a written informed consent.
5. Be willing and able to understand, and willing to follow the study
procedures.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
YOU MUST NOT
1. Be a person addicted to drugs or alcohol.
2. Have a pacemaker.
PROCEDURES
1. The subject will attend three session within one months time.
2. At the time of the initial phone contact, the subject will be advised of the
purpose of the study and assigned a date for the first session.
3. The subjects will be in groups of up to six.
4. At the initial session, questions will be answered, questions answered and the
Informed Consent Signed .
5. Subjects will receive a pre and post intervention BEOgram (GDV images of
fingertips).
6. Subjects will receive pre and post POMS tests, temperature readings and
SUDS ratings.
147
7. The intervention in Session 1 will be 15 minutes of music. In Session 2, the
subject will be given a printout of his energy field from Session 1 and asked to
focus on it during the 15 minutes of guided imagery. In Session 3, the Checklist
for Health Issues will be taken; it is not expected to change the energy field.
POSSIBLE BENEFITS
The therapies of listening to music and/or guided imagery may become valuable personal
tools for strengthening the energy field. Other people may benefit from the information
learned from this study.
POTENTIAL RISKS
The subject may receive little or no benefit from the experience of participating in the
study.
CONFIDENTIALITY
Identifying information such as name, address, and social security number will be kept
confidential. Results of the study may be reported in scientific presentation or
publications, but particular subjects will not be identified. The subjects identity will not
be disclosed to anyone else, unless required by law.
COST
There will be no charge for participation in the study. The subject is a volunteer.
QUESTIONS
This form has stated the purpose of the study. If you, the subject have any questions
about the study, or injuries as a result of the study, please call Suzanne Gibson, LCSW at
847-304-1062. Suzanne Gibson, LCSW is a doctoral student in Energy Medicine at
Greenwich University. This research is undertaken under the supervision of Robert
Nunley, Ph.D. and C. Norman Shealy, M.D.
Dr. Nunley is a geography professor at the University of Kansas. He is an adjunct
faculty member and former Department Chair for Energy Medicine at Greenwich
University. In 1998-99 he served as co-president of ISSSEEM (International Society for
the Study of Subtle Energy and Energy Medicine). He serves on the board of HOLOS
University Graduate Studies in Energy Medicine.
Dr. C. Norman Shealy is the Founder of the American Holistic Medical Association and
also founder of the Shealy Institute in Springfield, Mo. He is the author of 13 books
including 90 days to Self-Health, The Self Healing Workbook, Miracles Do Happen, and
with Caroline Myss, The Creation of Health. He has taught at Harvard, Case Western
148
Reserve, and the Medical Schools of the University of Wisconsin and the University of
Minnesota. If further question, Dr. Nunley can be reached at 785-863-2176 and Dr.
Shealy can be reached at 417-267-2900.
SUBJECT STATEMENT
It has been reported in the journals that music and guided imagery facilitate a healing
response.
I am signing this consent freely and am not being forced. I understand that, by signing
this form, I do not lose any rights to which I am entitled, and agree to participate in the
study.
I hereby state that I have the legal capacity to enter into contract and that no guardian has
been appointed for me.
I agree to follow the instructions for participation: refrain from eating two hours prior to
participation in the research project, refrain from exercise six hours prior to participation
and refrain from consumption of alcohol and engaging in sexual activity for 24 hours
prior to participation in this study.
The consent form has been read by (to) me and study information has been fully
explained to me. Any questions that have occurred to me have been fully answered by
the researcher in charge of this study. I will receive a signed copy of this form.
By signing this consent form, I am authorizing release of my records to the Food and
Drug Administration, the Institutional Review board and any third party required by law.
I understand that this research is not intended for the diagnosing or treating of any
medical problems. This study is intended for research purposes only.
_____________________________________________________________________
Participants Signature Date Principal Investigators Signature Date
Participants Printed Name Investigators Printed Name
149
Appendix b
SUBJECT REPORT FORM
Principal Investigator: Suzanne Gibson, LCSW, P. C.
201 West Main Street
Barrington, Il 60010
847-304-1062
Subject Number: _________
Date: ________________________
Subject Name: ___________________________ Date of Birth__________
Address: _________________________________________________
City: ____________________ State: _____ Zip: ________
Phone: ________________________
Diagnosis: ______________________
Symptoms: ______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
______________________
Session 1 Session 2 Session 3
Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post
Temperature: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
SUDS: _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
POMS T _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ______
_____ D _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
A _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
V _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
F _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____
C _____ _____ _____ ______ _____ _____
GDV Data will be computer generated
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174
APPENDIX C
T-TEST DATA SESSION 1, MUSIC
TOTAL GROUP S1 (MUSIC) PRE & POST
T-TEST
Paired Samples Statistics : Session 1
Mean N
Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
POMS-Total S1Pre 27.29 48 33.384 4.819
Pair 1
POMS-Total S1Post 4.00 48 22.156 3.198
POMS-T S1Pre 10.83 48 7.730 1.116
Pair 2
POMS-T S1Post 3.83 48 4.234 .611
POMS-D S1Pre 10.08 48 10.214 1.474
Pair 3
POMS-D S1Post 3.83 48 5.063 .731
POMS-A S1Pre 7.50 48 6.710 .968
Pair 4
POMS-A S1Post 1.88 48 4.093 .591
POMS-V S1Pre 16.75 48 6.201 .895
Pair 5
POMS-V S1Post 14.46 48 7.235 1.044
POMS-F S1Pre 8.21 48 6.549 .945
Pair 6
POMS-F S1Post 4.29 48 5.496 .793
POMS-C S1Pre 7.42 48 4.010 .579
Pair 7
POMS-C S1Post 4.63 48 3.105 .448
SUDS S1Pre 4.47 49 2.045 .292
Pair 8
SUDS S1Post 2.79 49 2.367 .338
Temperature S1Pre 86.655 49 7.6148 1.0878
Pair 9
Temperature S1Post 87.712 49 6.5449 .9350
GDV Anxiety S1Pre 1.79943 49 1.593533 .227648
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety S1Post 1.37267 49 .818843 .116978
Left Hand GDV Health Index
S1Pre
.71902 49 .329205 .047029
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV Health Index
S1Post
.75553 49 .314849 .044978
Left Hand Deviation S1Pre .4606 49 .14417 .02060
Pair
12
Left Hand Deviation S1Post .4327 49 .05024 .00718
Pair
13
Right Hand GDV Health Index
S1Pre
.6258 49 .27619 .03946
175
Right Hand GDV Health Index
S1Post
.71173 49 .290428 .041490
Right Hand Deviation S1Pre .4243 49 .06168 .00881
Pair
14
Right Hand Deviation S1Post .4443 49 .10702 .01529
Sr/S1 S1Pre .85684 49 .386978 .055283
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S1Post .96604 49 .323355 .046194
Sr-S1 S1Pre -.09327 49 .181313 .025902
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S1Post -.04384 49 .125179 .017883
GDV Area S1Pre 15779.13 49 1839.839 262.834
Pair
17
GDV Area S1Post 16373.810 49 1853.4933 264.7848
Form Coeff S1Pre 4.60467 49 .870380 .124340
Pair
18
Form Coeff S1Post 4.55473 49 .908865 .129838
Fractal Dimension S1Pre 2.04761 49 .188749 .026964
Pair
19
Fractal Dimension S1Post 2.11622 49 .184743 .026392
Brightness S1Pre 164.79363 49 2.756884 .393841
Pair
20
Brightness S1Post 166.5812 49 2.83120 .40446
Spectrum S1Pre 135.335 49 18.9940 2.7134
Pair
21
Spectrum S1Post 131.137 49 21.4795 3.0685
176
SESSION 1 MUSIC
Paired Samples Correlations : Session 1
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 POMS-Total S1Pre & POMS-Total S1Post 48 .678 .000
Pair 2 POMS-T S1Pre & POMS-T S1Post 48 .556 .000
Pair 3 POMS-D S1Pre & POMS-D S1Post 48 .559 .000
Pair 4 POMS-A S1Pre & POMS-A S1Post 48 .517 .000
Pair 5 POMS-V S1Pre & POMS-V S1Post 48 .713 .000
Pair 6 POMS-F S1Pre & POMS-F S1Post 48 .624 .000
Pair 7 POMS-C S1Pre & POMS-C S1Post 48 .351 .014
Pair 8 SUDS S1Pre & SUDS S1Post 49 .455 .001
Pair 9 Temperature S1Pre & Temperature S1Post 49 .715 .000
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety S1Pre & GDV Anxiety S1Post 49 .415 .003
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV Health Index S1Pre & Left Hand GDV Health Index
S1Post
49 .830 .000
Pair
12
Left Hand Deviation S1Pre & Left Hand Deviation S1Post 49 .281 .051
Pair
13
Right Hand GDV Health Index S1Pre & Right Hand GDV Health
Index S1Post
49 .828 .000
Pair
14
Right Hand Deviation S1Pre & Right Hand Deviation S1Post 49 .320 .025
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S1Pre & Sr/S1 S1Post 49 .174 .233
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S1Pre & Sr-S1 S1Post 49 .397 .005
Pair
17
GDV Area S1Pre & GDV Area S1Post 49 .658 .000
Pair
18
Form Coeff S1Pre & Form Coeff S1Post 49 .579 .000
Pair
19
Fractal Dimension S1Pre & Fractal Dimension S1Post 49 .321 .024
Pair
20
Brightness S1Pre & Brightness S1Post 49 .480 .000
Pair
21
Spectrum S1Pre & Spectrum S1Post 49 .784 .000
177
Session 1 MUSIC
Paired Samples Test : Session 1
Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
Mean
Lower
Upper
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Pair
1
POMS-Total
S1Pre - POMS-
Total S1Post
23.29 24.549 3.543 16.16 30.42 6.573 47 .000
Pair
2
POMS-T S1Pre
- POMS-T
S1Post
7.00 6.425 .927 5.13 8.87 7.549 47 .000
Pair
3
POMS-D S1Pre
- POMS-D
S1Post
6.25 8.497 1.226 3.78 8.72 5.096 47 .000
Pair
4
POMS-A S1Pre
- POMS-A
S1Post
5.63 5.778 .834 3.95 7.30 6.744 47 .000
Pair
5
POMS-V S1Pre
- POMS-V
S1Post
2.29 5.178 .747 .79 3.80 3.067 47 .004
Pair
6
POMS-F S1Pre
- POMS-F
S1Post
3.92 5.311 .767 2.37 5.46 5.109 47 .000
Pair
7
POMS-C S1Pre
- POMS-C
S1Post
2.79 4.120 .595 1.60 3.99 4.694 47 .000
Pair
8
SUDS S1Pre -
SUDS S1Post
1.68 2.320 .331 1.02 2.35 5.080 48 .000
Pair
9
Temperature
S1Pre -
Temperature
S1Post
-1.057 5.4398 .7771 -2.620 .505 -1.360 48 .180
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety
S1Pre - GDV
Anxiety S1Post
.42676 1.458532 .208362 .00782 .84569 2.048 48 .046
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV
Health Index
S1Pre - Left
Hand GDV
Health Index
-.03651 .188008 .026858 -.09051 .01749 -1.359 48 .180
178
S1Post
Pair
12
Left Hand
Deviation
S1Pre - Left
Hand Deviation
S1Post
.0280 .13871 .01982 -.0119 .0678 1.411 48 .165
Pair
13
Right Hand
GDV Health
Index S1Pre -
Right Hand
GDV Health
Index S1Post
-.08592 .166907 .023844 -.13386 -.03798 -3.603 48 .001
Pair
14
Right Hand
Deviation
S1Pre - Right
Hand Deviation
S1Post
-.0200 .10504 .01501 -.0502 .0102 -1.333 48 .189
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S1Pre -
Sr/S1 S1Post
-.10920 .459184 .065598 -.24110 .02269 -1.665 48 .102
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S1Pre -
Sr-S1 S1Post
-.04943 .174667 .024952 -.09960 .00074 -1.981 48 .053
Pair
17
GDV Area
S1Pre - GDV
Area S1Post
-594.680 1527.6013 218.2288 -1033.458 -155.901 -2.725 48 .009
Pair
18
Form Coeff
S1Pre - Form
Coeff S1Post
.04994 .817118 .116731 -.18476 .28464 .428 48 .671
Pair
19
Fractal
Dimension
S1Pre - Fractal
Dimension
S1Post
-.06861 .217573 .031082 -.13111 -.00612 -2.207 48 .032
Pair
20
Brightness
S1Pre -
Brightness
S1Post
-1.78759 2.849904 .407129 -2.60618 -.96900 -4.391 48 .000
Pair
21
Spectrum
S1Pre -
Spectrum
S1Post
4.198 13.5060 1.9294 .319 8.077 2.176 48 .035
179
APPENDIX D
T-TEST DATA SESSION 2, FOCUSED MEDITATION
TOTAL GROUP S2FOCUSED MEDITATION--PRE & POST
T-TEST
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
POMS-Total S2Pre 20.33 45 26.185 3.903
Pair 1
POMS-Total S2Post -1.07 45 15.441 2.302
POMS-T S2Pre 8.53 45 5.048 .753
Pair 2
POMS-T S2Post 2.47 45 3.138 .468
POMS-D S2Pre 6.62 45 6.572 .980
Pair 3
POMS-D S2Post 2.27 45 3.467 .517
POMS-A S2Pre 7.04 45 6.792 1.013
Pair 4
POMS-A S2Post .96 45 2.354 .351
POMS-V S2Pre 15.89 45 6.180 .921
Pair 5
POMS-V S2Post 15.00 45 6.474 .965
POMS-F S2Pre 7.76 45 5.617 .837
Pair 6
POMS-F S2Post 3.96 45 4.056 .605
POMS-C S2Pre 6.27 45 4.042 .603
Pair 7
POMS-C S2Post 4.29 45 3.415 .509
SUDS S2Pre 4.92 45 2.089 .311
Pair 8
SUDS S2Post 2.99 45 1.740 .259
Temperature S2Pre 90.28 45 5.623 .838
Pair 9
Temperature S2Post 91.13 45 6.211 .926
GDV Anxiety Index S2Pre 1.52 44 .674 .102
Pair 10
GDV Anxiety Index S2Post 1.57 44 1.166 .176
Left Hand GDV Health Index S2Pre .70 44 .371 .056
Pair 11
Left Hand GDV Health Index S2Post .78 44 .321 .048
Left Hand Deviation S2Pre .46 44 .155 .023
Pair 12
Left Hand Deviation S2Post .45 44 .073 .011
Right Hand GDV Health Index S2Pre .66 44 .304 .046
Pair 13
Right Hand GDV Health Index S2Post .78 44 .293 .044
Right Hand Deviation S2Pre .43 44 .061 .009
Pair 14
Right Hand Deviation S2Post .45 44 .158 .024
Sr/S1 S2Pre 1.07 44 .706 .106
Pair 15
Sr/S1 S2Post 1.11 44 .588 .089
Pair 16 Sr-S1 S2Pre -.04 44 .175 .026
180
Sr-S1 S2Post .00 44 .209 .032
GDV Area S2Pre 15857.19 44 2088.678 314.880
Pair 17
GDV Area S2Post 17134.99 44 2331.321 351.460
Form Coeff S2Pre 4.98 44 1.275 .192
Pair 18
Form Coeff S2Post 4.62 44 1.223 .184
Fractal Dimension S2Pre 2.07 44 .182 .027
Pair 19
Fractal Dimension S2Post 2.23 44 .210 .032
Brightness S2Pre 166.33 44 2.818 .425
Pair 20
Brightness S2Post 167.13 44 3.359 .506
Spectrum S2Pre 133.90 44 19.909 3.001
Pair 21
Spectrum S2Post 130.47 44 20.005 3.016
181
SESSION 2 FOCUSED MEDITATION
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 POMS-Total S2Pre & POMS-Total S2Post 45 .711 .000
Pair 2 POMS-T S2Pre & POMS-T S2Post 45 .457 .002
Pair 3 POMS-D S2Pre & POMS-D S2Post 45 .698 .000
Pair 4 POMS-A S2Pre & POMS-A S2Post 45 .576 .000
Pair 5 POMS-V S2Pre & POMS-V S2Post 45 .666 .000
Pair 6 POMS-F S2Pre & POMS-F S2Post 45 .640 .000
Pair 7 POMS-C S2Pre & POMS-C S2Post 45 .715 .000
Pair 8 SUDS S2Pre & SUDS S2Post 45 .677 .000
Pair 9 Temperature S2Pre & Temperature S2Post 45 .674 .000
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety Index S2Pre & GDV Anxiety Index S2Post 44 -.093 .549
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV Health Index S2Pre & Left Hand GDV Health Index
S2Post
44 .778 .000
Pair
12
Left Hand Deviation S2Pre & Left Hand Deviation S2Post 44 .131 .397
Pair
13
Right Hand GDV Health Index S2Pre & Right Hand GDV Health
Index S2Post
44 .642 .000
Pair
14
Right Hand Deviation S2Pre & Right Hand Deviation S2Post 44 .533 .000
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S2Pre & Sr/S1 S2Post 44 .306 .043
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S2Pre & Sr-S1 S2Post 44 .375 .012
Pair
17
GDV Area S2Pre & GDV Area S2Post 44 .566 .000
Pair
18
Form Coeff S2Pre & Form Coeff S2Post 44 .430 .004
Pair
19
Fractal Dimension S2Pre & Fractal Dimension S2Post 44 .332 .028
Pair
20
Brightness S2Pre & Brightness S2Post 44 .710 .000
Pair
21
Spectrum S2Pre & Spectrum S2Post 44 .769 .000
182
SESSION 2 FOCUSED MEDITATION
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
Mean
Lower
Upper
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Pair
1
POMS-Total
S2Pre - POMS-
Total S2Post
21.40 18.687 2.786 15.79 27.01 7.682 44 .000
Pair
2
POMS-T S2Pre -
POMS-T S2Post
6.07 4.565 .680 4.70 7.44 8.915 44 .000
Pair
3
POMS-D S2Pre -
POMS-D S2Post
4.36 4.839 .721 2.90 5.81 6.038 44 .000
Pair
4
POMS-A S2Pre -
POMS-A S2Post
6.09 5.768 .860 4.36 7.82 7.082 44 .000
Pair
5
POMS-V S2Pre -
POMS-V S2Post
.89 5.180 .772 -.67 2.45 1.151 44 .256
Pair
6
POMS-F S2Pre -
POMS-F S2Post
3.80 4.341 .647 2.50 5.10 5.872 44 .000
Pair
7
POMS-C S2Pre -
POMS-C S2Post
1.98 2.872 .428 1.11 2.84 4.619 44 .000
Pair
8
SUDS S2Pre -
SUDS S2Post
1.93 1.572 .234 1.46 2.41 8.248 44 .000
Pair
9
Temperature
S2Pre -
Temperature
S2Post
-.85 4.805 .716 -2.29 .59 -1.185 44 .242
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety
Index S2Pre -
GDV Anxiety
Index S2Post
-.05 1.400 .211 -.48 .37 -.247 43 .806
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV
Health Index
S2Pre - Left Hand
GDV Health Index
S2Post
-.08 .235 .035 -.15 .00 -2.135 43 .039
Pair
12
Left Hand
Deviation S2Pre -
Left Hand
Deviation S2Post
.01 .163 .025 -.03 .06 .603 43 .550
Pair Right Hand GDV -.12 .253 .038 -.19 -.04 -3.093 43 .003
183
13 Health Index
S2Pre - Right
Hand GDV Health
Index S2Post
Pair
14
Right Hand
Deviation S2Pre -
Right Hand
Deviation S2Post
-.02 .136 .020 -.06 .02 -.979 43 .333
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S2Pre -
Sr/S1 S2Post
-.04 .769 .116 -.28 .19 -.368 43 .715
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S2Pre - Sr-
S1 S2Post
-.04 .217 .033 -.11 .02 -1.291 43 .204
Pair
17
GDV Area S2Pre -
GDV Area S2Post
-1277.80 2071.287 312.258 -1907.53 -648.07 -4.092 43 .000
Pair
18
Form Coeff S2Pre
- Form Coeff
S2Post
.36 1.335 .201 -.05 .76 1.775 43 .083
Pair
19
Fractal
Dimension S2Pre
- Fractal
Dimension
S2Post
-.17 .228 .034 -.24 -.10 -4.894 43 .000
Pair
20
Brightness S2Pre
- Brightness
S2Post
-.81 2.405 .362 -1.54 -.08 -2.232 43 .031
Pair
21
Spectrum S2Pre -
Spectrum S2Post
3.42 13.561 2.044 -.70 7.55 1.674 43 .101
184
APPENDIX E
TOTAL GROUP S3CHII--PRE & POST
T-TEST
Paired Samples Statistics
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean
POMS-Total S3Pre 14.07 44 27.384 4.128
Pair 1
POMS-Total S3Post .68 44 22.721 3.425
POMS-T S3Pre 7.52 44 6.181 .932
Pair 2
POMS-T S3Post 4.20 44 4.673 .705
POMS-D S3Pre 4.84 44 5.878 .886
Pair 3
POMS-D S3Post 2.66 44 4.080 .615
POMS-A S3Pre 6.27 44 9.602 1.448
Pair 4
POMS-A S3Post 1.84 44 3.256 .491
POMS-V S3Pre 16.43 44 5.927 .894
Pair 5
POMS-V S3Post 16.61 44 7.314 1.103
POMS-F S3Pre 6.23 44 5.758 .868
Pair 6
POMS-F S3Post 4.68 44 5.750 .867
POMS-C S3Pre 5.64 44 4.287 .646
Pair 7
POMS-C S3Post 3.91 44 3.476 .524
SUDS S3Pre 4.49 44 1.951 .294
Pair 8
SUDS S3Post 4.24 44 2.219 .335
Temperature S3Pre 88.01 44 7.703 1.161
Pair 9
Temperature S3Post 87.21 44 14.786 2.229
GDV Anxiety Index S3Pre 1.41 45 .864 .129
Pair 10
GDV Anxiety Index S3Post 1.64 45 1.663 .248
Left Hand GDV Health Index S3Pre .65 45 .344 .051
Pair 11
Left Hand GDV Health Index S3Post .74 45 .343 .051
Left Hand Deviation S3Pre .42 45 .067 .010
Pair 12
Left Hand Deviation S3Post .43 45 .091 .014
Right Hand GDV Health Index S3Pre .60 45 .310 .046
Pair 13
Right Hand GDV Health Index S3Post .67 45 .300 .045
Right Hand Deviation S3Pre .41 45 .058 .009
Pair 14
Right Hand Deviation S3Post .41 45 .072 .011
Sr/S1 S3Pre .94 45 .431 .064
Pair 15
Sr/S1 S3Post .99 45 1.199 .179
Sr-S1 S3Pre -.05 45 .160 .024
Pair 16
Sr-S1 S3Post -.06 45 .152 .023
185
GDV Area S3Pre 15263.02 45 2046.261 305.039
Pair 17
GDV Area S3Post 16032.79 45 1950.212 290.720
Form Coeff S3Pre 5.27 45 1.299 .194
Pair 18
Form Coeff S3Post 5.06 45 1.632 .243
Fractal Dimension S3Pre 1.99 45 .169 .025
Pair 19
Fractal Dimension S3Post 2.09 45 .185 .028
Brightness S3Pre 165.55 45 3.574 .533
Pair 20
Brightness S3Post 165.99 45 4.380 .653
Spectrum S3Pre 134.43 45 21.073 3.141
Pair 21
Spectrum S3Post 130.67 45 22.202 3.310
186
SESSION 3- CHII
Paired Samples Correlations
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 POMS-Total S3Pre & POMS-Total S3Post 44 .815 .000
Pair 2 POMS-T S3Pre & POMS-T S3Post 44 .710 .000
Pair 3 POMS-D S3Pre & POMS-D S3Post 44 .813 .000
Pair 4 POMS-A S3Pre & POMS-A S3Post 44 .434 .003
Pair 5 POMS-V S3Pre & POMS-V S3Post 44 .710 .000
Pair 6 POMS-F S3Pre & POMS-F S3Post 44 .869 .000
Pair 7 POMS-C S3Pre & POMS-C S3Post 44 .817 .000
Pair 8 SUDS S3Pre & SUDS S3Post 44 .782 .000
Pair 9 Temperature S3Pre & Temperature S3Post 44 .334 .026
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety Index S3Pre & GDV Anxiety Index S3Post 45 .027 .859
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV Health Index S3Pre & Left Hand GDV Health Index
S3Post
45 .877 .000
Pair
12
Left Hand Deviation S3Pre & Left Hand Deviation S3Post 45 .361 .015
Pair
13
Right Hand GDV Health Index S3Pre & Right Hand GDV Health
Index S3Post
45 .885 .000
Pair
14
Right Hand Deviation S3Pre & Right Hand Deviation S3Post 45 .753 .000
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S3Pre & Sr/S1 S3Post 45 .544 .000
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S3Pre & Sr-S1 S3Post 45 .799 .000
Pair
17
GDV Area S3Pre & GDV Area S3Post 45 .743 .000
Pair
18
Form Coeff S3Pre & Form Coeff S3Post 45 .656 .000
Pair
19
Fractal Dimension S3Pre & Fractal Dimension S3Post 45 .505 .000
Pair
20
Brightness S3Pre & Brightness S3Post 45 .781 .000
Pair
21
Spectrum S3Pre & Spectrum S3Post 45 .746 .000
187
SESSION 3CHII
Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Mean
Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
Mean
Lower
Upper
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Pair
1
POMS-Total S3Pre
- POMS-Total
S3Post
13.39 15.854 2.390 8.57 18.21 5.601 43 .000
Pair
2
POMS-T S3Pre -
POMS-T S3Post
3.32 4.360 .657 1.99 4.64 5.048 43 .000
Pair
3
POMS-D S3Pre -
POMS-D S3Post
2.18 3.493 .527 1.12 3.24 4.144 43 .000
Pair
4
POMS-A S3Pre -
POMS-A S3Post
4.43 8.697 1.311 1.79 7.08 3.380 43 .002
Pair
5
POMS-V S3Pre -
POMS-V S3Post
-.18 5.204 .785 -1.76 1.40 -.232 43 .818
Pair
6
POMS-F S3Pre -
POMS-F S3Post
1.55 2.945 .444 .65 2.44 3.481 43 .001
Pair
7
POMS-C S3Pre -
POMS-C S3Post
1.73 2.472 .373 .98 2.48 4.635 43 .000
Pair
8
SUDS S3Pre -
SUDS S3Post
.25 1.400 .211 -.18 .68 1.185 43 .243
Pair
9
Temperature
S3Pre -
Temperature
S3Post
.80 14.204 2.141 -3.52 5.12 .375 43 .710
Pair
10
GDV Anxiety
Index S3Pre - GDV
Anxiety Index
S3Post
-.23 1.853 .276 -.79 .33 -.838 44 .407
Pair
11
Left Hand GDV
Health Index
S3Pre - Left Hand
GDV Health Index
S3Post
-.08 .170 .025 -.14 -.03 -3.322 44 .002
Pair
12
Left Hand
Deviation S3Pre -
Left Hand
Deviation S3Post
-.01 .092 .014 -.03 .02 -.406 44 .686
188
Pair
13
Right Hand GDV
Health Index
S3Pre - Right
Hand GDV Health
Index S3Post
-.07 .147 .022 -.11 -.02 -3.145 44 .003
Pair
14
Right Hand
Deviation S3Pre -
Right Hand
Deviation S3Post
.00 .048 .007 -.02 .01 -.468 44 .642
Pair
15
Sr/S1 S3Pre -
Sr/S1 S3Post
-.04 1.030 .154 -.35 .27 -.287 44 .775
Pair
16
Sr-S1 S3Pre - Sr-
S1 S3Post
.02 .099 .015 -.01 .05 1.038 44 .305
Pair
17
GDV Area S3Pre -
GDV Area S3Post
-769.78 1436.741 214.177 -1201.42 -338.13 -3.594 44 .001
Pair
18
Form Coeff S3Pre
- Form Coeff
S3Post
.21 1.253 .187 -.17 .58 1.112 44 .272
Pair
19
Fractal Dimension
S3Pre - Fractal
Dimension S3Post
-.11 .176 .026 -.16 -.05 -4.045 44 .000
Pair
20
Brightness S3Pre
- Brightness
S3Post
-.43 2.742 .409 -1.26 .39 -1.062 44 .294
Pair
21
Spectrum S3Pre -
Spectrum S3Post
3.76 15.447 2.303 -.88 8.40 1.634 44 .109
189
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