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1. NUMBERS
IMPORTANT FACTS AND FORMULAE
I..Numeral : In Hindu Arabic system, we use ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
called digits to re!resent any number"
A #rou! o$ di#its, denotin# a number is called a numeral.
%e re!resent a number, say 68745132 as s&own below :
'en
(rores
)10
8
*

(rore
s)10
7
*
'en +acs
),illions
* )10
6
*
+acs)
10
5
*
'en
'&ous
ands
)10
4
*
'&ous
ands
)10
3
*
Hundr
eds
)10
2
*
'en
s)1
0
1
*
-ni
ts)1
0
0
*
! " # $ % 1 & '
%e read it as : ./i0ty1ei#&t crores, ninety1se2en lacs, $orty1$i2e t&ousand, one &undred
and t&irty1two."
II Place (alue or Local (alue o) a D*+*t *, a Numeral :
In t&e abo2e numeral :
3lace 2alue o$ 2 is )2 0 1* 4 25 3lace 2alue o$ 3 is )3 0 10* 4 305
3lace 2alue o$ 1 is )1 0 100* 4 100 and so on"
3lace 2alue o$ 6 is 6 0 10
8
4 600000000
III.Face (alue : '&e face value o$ a di#it in a numeral is t&e 2alue o$ t&e di#it itsel$
at w&ate2er !lace it may be" In t&e abo2e numeral, t&e $ace 2alue o$ 2 is 25 t&e $ace 2alue
o$ 3 is 3 and so on"
I(.T-PES OF NUMBERS
1.Natural Num.ers : (ountin# numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,""""" are called natural
numbers.
'./0ole Num.ers : All countin# numbers to#et&er wit& 6ero $orm t&e set o$ whole
numbers. '&us,
(i) 0 is t&e only w&ole number w&ic& is not a natural number"
(ii) 72ery natural number is a w&ole number"
&"I,te+ers : All natural numbers, 0 and ne#ati2es o$ countin# numbers i.e.,
89, 1 3 , 1 2 , 1 1 , 0, 1, 2, 3,9"" : to#et&er $orm t&e set o$ inte#ers"
(i) Pos*t*1e I,te+ers : 81, 2, 3, 4, 9"": is t&e set o$ all !ositi2e inte#ers"
(ii) Ne+at*1e I,te+ers : {- 1, 1 2, 1 3,9"": is t&e set o$ all ne#ati2e inte#ers"
(iii) No,2Pos*t*1e a,3 No,2Ne+at*1e I,te+ers : 0 is neit&er !ositi2e nor
ne#ati2e" /o, 80, 1, 2, 3,9": re!resents t&e set o$ non1ne#ati2e inte#ers, w&ile
80, 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 9"": re!resents t&e set o$ non1!ositi2e inte#ers"
$. E1e, Num.ers 4 A number di2isible by 2 is called an e2en number, e"#", 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
etc"
%. O33 Num.ers 4 A number not di2isible by 2 is called an odd number" e"#", 1, 3, 5, 7,
, 11, etc"
. Pr*me Num.ers 4 A number #reater t&an 1 is called a !rime number, i$ it &as e0actly
two $actors, namely 1 and t&e number itsel$"
3rime numbers u!to 100 are : 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 1, 23, 2, 31, 37, 41, 43,
47, 53, 5, 61, 67, 71, 73, 7, 83, 8, 7"
3rime numbers ;reater t&an 100 : +et! be a #i2en number #reater t&an 100" 'o $ind out
w&et&er it is !rime or not, we use t&e $ollowin# met&od :
<ind a w&ole number nearly #reater t&an t&e s=uare root o$ !" +et > ? @A!" 'est w&et&er !
is di2isible by any !rime number less t&an >" I$ yes, t&en ! is not !rime" Bt&erwise, ! is
!rime"
e"#,,%e &a2e to $ind w&et&er 11 is a !rime number or not" Cow, 14 ? D11"
3rime numbers less t&an 14 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13"
11 is not di2isible by any o$ t&em" /o, 11 is a !rime number"
#.Com5os*te Num.ers 4 Cumbers #reater t&an 1 w&ic& are not !rime, are >nown as
com!osite numbers, e"#", 4, 6, 8, , 10, 12"
Note 4 )i* 1 is neit&er !rime nor com!osite"
)ii* 2 is t&e only e2en number w&ic& is !rime"
)iii* '&ere are 25 !rime numbers between 1 and 100"
!. Co25r*mes 4 'wo numbers a and b are said to be co1!rimes, i$ t&eir H"("<" is 1" e"#",
)2, 3*, )4, 5*, )7, *, )8, 11*, etc" are co1!rimes,
(.TESTS OF DI(ISIBILIT-
1. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 ' 4 A number is di2isible by 2, i$ its unit.s di#it is any o$ 0, 2, 4, 6, 8"
70" 8432 is di2isible by 2, w&ile 6535 is not"
'. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 & 4 A number is di2isible by 3, i$ t&e sum o$ its di#its is di2isible by 3"
Ex.52482 is di2isible by 3, since sum o$ its di#its 4 )5 E E 2 E 4 E 8 E 2* 4 30, w&ic&
is di2isible by 3"
Fut, 86432 is not di2isible by 3, since sum o$ its di#its 4)8 E 6 E 4 E 3 E 2 E * 4 32,
w&ic& is not di2isible by 3"
&. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 $ 4 A number is di2isible by 4, i$ t&e number $ormed by t&e last two
di#its is di2isible by 4"
70" 82648 is di2isible by 4, since t&e number $ormed by t&e last two di#its is
48, w&ic& is di2isible by 4"
Fut, 74282 is not di2isible by 4, since t&e number $ormed by t&e last t2Go di#its is 82,
w&ic& is not di2isible by 4"
$. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 % 4 A number is di2isible by 5, i$ its unit.s di#it is eit&er 0 or 5" '&us,
20820 and 50345 are di2isible by 5, w&ile 3034 and 4046 are not"
%. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 4 A number is di2isible by 6, i$ it is di2isible by bot& 2 and 3" 70"
'&e number 35256 is clearly di2isible by 2"
/um o$ its di#its 4 )3 E 5 E 2 E 5 E 6* 4 21, w&ic& is di2isible by 3" '&us, 35256 is
di2isible by 2 as well as 3" Hence, 35256 is di2isible by 6"
. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 ! 4 A number is di2isible by 8, i$ t&e number $ormed by t&e last
t&ree di#its o$ t&e #i2en number is di2isible by 8"
70" 53360 is di2isible by 8, since t&e number $ormed by last t&ree di#its is 360, w&ic& is
di2isible by 8"
Fut, 52418 is not di2isible by 8, since t&e number $ormed by last t&ree di#its is 418,
w&ic& is not di2isible by 8"
#. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 " : A number is di2isible by , i$ t&e sum o$ its di#its is di2isible
by "
70" 60732 is di2isible by , since sum o$ di#its @ )6 E 0 E 7 E 3 E 2* 4 18, w&ic& is
di2isible by "
Fut, 6856 is not di2isible by , since sum o$ di#its 4 )6 E 8 E E 5 E 6* 4 34, w&ic& is
not di2isible by "
!. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 17 4 A number is di2isible by 10, i$ it ends wit& 0"
70" 6410, 10480 are di2isible by 10, w&ile 6375 is not"
". D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 11 4 A number is di2isible by 11, i$ t&e di$$erence o$ t&e sum o$ its
di#its at odd !laces and t&e sum o$ its di#its at e2en !laces, is eit&er 0 or a number
di2isible by 11"
Ex. '&e number 4832718 is di2isible by 11, since :
)sum o$ di#its at odd !laces* 1 )sum o$ di#its at e2en !laces*
1 )8 E 7 E 3 E 4* 1 )1 E 2 E 8* 4 11, w&ic& is di2isible by 11"
17. Hi2isibility Fy 12 5 A number is di2isible by 12, i$ it is di2isible by bot& 4 and
3"
Ex. (onsider t&e number 34632"
)i* '&e number $ormed by last two di#its is 32, w&ic& is di2isible by 4,
)ii* /um o$ di#its 4 )3 E 4 E 6 E 3 E 2* 4 18, w&ic& is di2isible by 3" '&us, 34632 is
di2isible by 4 as well as 3" Hence, 34632 is di2isible by 12"
11" Hi2isibility Fy 14 : A number is di2isible by 14, i$ it is di2isible by 2 as well as 7"
1'. Hi2isibility Fy 15 : A number is di2isible by 15, i$ it is di2isible by bot& 3 and 5"
1&. Hi2isibility Fy 16 : A number is di2isible by 16, i$ t&e number $ormed by t&e last4
di#its is di2isible by 16"
Ex.757536 is di2isible by 16, since t&e number $ormed by t&e last $our di#its is 7536,
w&ic& is di2isible by 16"
1$. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 '$ 4 A #i2en number is di2isible by 24, i$ it is di2isible by bot&3 and
8"
1%. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 $7 4 A #i2en number is di2isible by 40, i$ it is di2isible by bot&
5 and 8"
1. D*1*s*.*l*t6 B6 !7 4 A #i2en number is di2isible by 80, i$ it is di2isible by bot& 5 and
16"
Note 4 I$ a number is di2isible by ! as well as =, w&ere ! and = are co1!rimes, t&en t&e
#i2en number is di2isible by !="
I$ ! arid = are not co1!rimes, t&en t&e #i2en number need not be di2isible by !=,
e2en w&en it is di2isible by bot& ! and ="
Ex. 36 is di2isible by bot& 4 and 6, but it is not di2isible by )406* 4 24, since
4 and 6 are not co1!rimes"
(I MULTIPLICATION B- S8ORT CUT MET8ODS
1. Mult*5l*cat*o, B6 D*str*.ut*1e Law 4
)i* a 0 )b E c* 4 a 0 b E a 0 c )ii* a0)b1c* 4 a 0 b1a 0 c"
Ex. )i* 56758 0 4 56758 0 )100000 1 1*
4 56758 0 100000 1 56758 0 1 4 )5675800000 1 56758* 4 5675232042" )ii* 78 0
184 E 78 0 816 4 78 0 )184 E 816* 4 78 0 1000 4 78000"
'. Mult*5l*cat*o, o) a Num.er B6 %
,
4 3ut n 6eros to t&e ri#&t o$ t&e multi!licand and
di2ide t&e number so $ormed by 2
n
70" 75436 0 625 4 75436 0 5
4
4 754360000 4 60647600
16
(II. BASIC FORMULAE
1" )a E b*
2
4 a
2
E b
2
E 2ab 2" )a 1 b*
2
4 a
2
E b
2
1 2ab
3" )a E b*
2
1 )a 1 b*
2
4 4ab 4" )a E b*
2
E )a 1 b*
2
4 2 )a
2
E b
2
*
5" )a
2
1 b
2
* 4 )a E b* )a 1 b*
6" )a E b E c*
2
4 a
2
E b
2
E c
2
E 2 )ab E bc E ca*
7" )a
3
E b
3
* 4 )a Eb* )a
2
1 ab E b
2
* 8" )a
3
1 b
3
* 4 )a 1 b* )a
2
E ab E b
2
*
" )a
3
E b
3
E c
3
13abc* 4 )a E b E c* )a
2
E b
2
E c
2
1 ab 1 bc 1 ca*
10" I$ a E b E c 4 0, t&en a
3
E b
3
E c
3
4 3abc"
(III. DI(ISION AL9ORIT8M OR EUCLIDEAN AL9ORIT8M
I$ we di2ide a #i2en number by anot&er number, t&en :
D*1*3e,3 : ;D*1*sor x <uot*e,t= > Rema*,3er
I?" 8i* )0
n
1 a
n
* is di2isible by )0 1 a* $or all 2alues o$ n"
)ii* )0
n
1 a
n
* is di2isible by )0 E a* $or all e2en 2alues o$ n"
)iii* )0
n
E a
n
* is di2isible by )0 E a* $or all odd 2alues o$ n"
?. PRO9RESSION
A succession o$ numbers $ormed and arran#ed in a de$inite order accordin# to certain
de$inite rule, is called a !ro#ression"
1. Ar*t0met*c Pro+ress*o, ;A.P.= 4 I$ eac& term o$ a !ro#ression di$$ers $rom its
!recedin# term by a constant, t&en suc& a !ro#ression is called an arit&metical
!ro#ression" '&is constant di$$erence is called t&e common difference o$ t&e A"3"
An A"3" wit& $irst term a and common di$$erence d is #i2en by a, )a E d*, )a E 2d*,)a E
3d*,"""""
'&e ,t0 term o) t0*s A.P. *s +*1e, .6 T
,
:a ;, 2 1= 3.
T0e sum o) , terms o) t0*s A.P.
/n 4 nG2 I2a E )n 1 1* dJ 4 nG2 )$irst term E last term*"
SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS 4
)i* )1 E 2 E 3 E9" E n* 4n)nE1*G2
)ii* )l
2
E 2
2
E 3
2
E """ E n
2
* 4 n )nE1*)2nE1*G6
)iii* )1
3
E 2
3
E 3
3
E """ E n
3
* 4n
2
)nE1*
2
'. 9eometr*cal Pro+ress*o, ;9.P.= 4 A !ro#ression o$ numbers in w&ic& e2ery term
bears a constant ratio wit& its !recedin# term, is called a #eometrical !ro#ression"
'&e constant ratio is called t&e common ratio o$ t&e ;"3" A ;"3" wit& $irst term a and
common ratio r is :
a, ar, ar
2
,
In t&is ;"3" 'n 4 ar
n11
sum o$ t&e n terms, /n4 a)11r
n
*
)11r*
SOL(ED E?AMPLES
Ex. 1. S*m5l*)6 4 ;*= !!!! > !!! > !! > !
;**= 11""' 2 #!'& 2 $%
Sol. i * 8888 ii* 112 1 7823 1 456 4 112 1 )7823 E 456*
888 4 112 1 827 4 37131
88 7823 112
E 8 E 456 1 827
872 827 3713
Ex. '@ /0at 1alue w*ll re5lace t0e Auest*o, marB *, eac0 o) t0e )ollow*,+ eAuat*o,s C
;*= C 2 1"&'$! : 1&%##& ;**= !%"# 2 C : #$'" 2 $&%!
Sol. )i* +et 0 1 13624841635773"'&en, 0 4 1635773 E 13624843572021"
)ii* +et 857 1 0 4 742 1 4358"
'&en, 0 4 )857 E 4358* 1 742 4 1255 1 742 4 5526"
Ex. &. /0at coul3 .e t0e max*mum 1alue o) < *, t0e )ollow*,+ eAuat*o,C %P"
> &R# > '<! : 111$
Sol. %e may analyse t&e #i2en e=uation as s&own : 1 2
(learly, 2 E 3 E K E L 4 ll" 5 3
/o, t&e ma0imum 2alue o$ L can be 3 K 7
)11 1 2* i"e", )w&en 3 4 0, K 4 0*5 2 L 8
11 1 4
Ex. $. S*m5l*)6 4 ;*= %#"&$7% x """" ;**= !&"$#! x '%
Sol.
i*57340504573405)1000011*4573405000015734054572825655"b
ii* 83478 0 625 4 83478 0 5
4
4 834780000 4 524673750"
16
Ex. %. E1aluate 4 ;*= "! x '&# > "! x !& ;**= "!& x '7# 2 "!& x 17#
Sol.
)i* 86 0 137 E 86 0 863 4 86 0 )137 E 863* 4 86 0 1000 4 86000"
)ii* 83 0 207 1 83 0 107 4 83 0 )207 1 107* 4 83 0 100 4 8300"
Ex. . S*m5l*)6 4 ;*= 17% x 17% **= 1&"! x 1&"!
Sol.
i* 1605 0 1605 4 )1605*
2
4 )1600 E 5*
2
4 )1600*
2
E )5*
2
E 2 0 1600 0 5
4 2560000 E 25 E 16000 4 2576025"
)ii* 138 0 138 1 )138*
2
4 )1400 1 2*
2
4 )1400*
2
E )2*
2
1 2 0 1400 0 2
4160000 E 4 1 5600 4 154404"
Ex. #. E1aluate 4 ;&1& x &1& > '!# x '!#=.
Sol.
)a
2
E b
2
* 4 1G2 I)a E b*
2
E )a1 b*
2
J
)313*
2
E )287*
2
4 1G2 I)313 E 287*
2
E )313 1 287*
2
J 4 MI)600*
2
E )26*
2
J
4 1G2 )360000 E 676* 4 180338"
Ex. !. /0*c0 o) t0e )ollow*,+ are 5r*me ,um.ers C
;*= '$1 ;**= &&# ;8*= &"1 ;*1= %#1
Sol.
)i* (learly, 16 ? N241" 3rime numbers less t&an 16 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13"
241 is not di2isible by any one o$ t&em"
241 is a !rime number"

)ii* (learly, 1?N337" 3rime numbers less t&an 1 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,13,17"
337 is not di2isible by any one o$ t&em"
337 is a !rime number"
)iii* (learly, 20 ? N3lO" 3rime numbers less t&an 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 1"
%e $ind t&at 31 is di2isible by 17"
31 is not !rime"
)i2* (learly, 24 ? N57'" 3rime numbers less t&an 24 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 1, 23"
571 is not di2isible by any one o$ t&em"
571 is a !rime number"
Ex. ". F*,3 t0e u,*tDs 3*+*t *, t0e 5ro3uct ;'$#=1& x ;&$1=#'.
Sol. (learly, unit.s di#it in t&e #i2en !roduct 4 unit.s di#it in 7
153
0 1
72
"
Cow, 74 #i2es unit di#it 1"
7
152
#i2es unit di#it 1,
7
153
#i2es unit di#it )l 0 7* 4 7" Also, 1
72
#i2es unit di#it 1"
Hence, unit.s di#it in t&e !roduct 4 )7 0 1* 4 7"
Ex. 17. F*,3 t0e u,*tDs 3*+*t *, ;'$=
17'
> ;'$=
17&
Sol. Ke=uired unit.s di#it 4 unit.s di#it in )4*
102
E )4*
103"
Cow, 4
2
#i2es unit di#it 6"
)4*
102
#i2es unAt di#it 6"
)4*103 #i2es unit di#it o$ t&e !roduct )6 0 4* i"e", 4"
Hence, unit.s di#it in )264*m E )264*103 4 unit.s di#it in )6 E 4* 4 0"
Ex. 11. F*,3 t0e total ,um.er o) 5r*me )actors *, t0e ex5ress*o, ;$=
11
x ;#=
%
x ;11=
'
.
Sol. )4*
11
0 )7*
5
0 )11*
2
4 )2 0 2*
11
0 )7*
5
0 )11*
2
4 2
11
0 2
11
07
5
0 11
2
4 2
22
0 7
5
011
2
'otal number o$ !rime $actors 4 )22 E 5 E 2* 4 2"
Ex.1'. S*m5l*)6 4 ;*= !" x !" 2 '7$ x '7$
;**= &!# x &!# > 11$ x 11$ > ' x &!# x 11$
;***= !1 ? !1 > ! ? !2' x !1 ? !.
Sol.
)i* ;i2en e0! 4 )86*
2
1 )204*
2
4 )86 E 204* )86 1 204* 4 1100 0 62 4 761200"
)ii* ;i2en e0! 4 )387*
2
E )114*
2
E )2 0 3870 114*
4 a
2
E b
2
E 2ab, w&ere a 4 387,b4114
4 )aEb*
2
4 )387 E 114 *
2
4 )501*
2
4 251001"
)iii* ;i2en e0! 4 )81*
2
E )68*
2
P 20 81 0 68 4 a
2
E b
2
P 2ab,%&ere a 481,b468
4 )a1b*
2
4 )81 P68*
2
4 )13*
2 4 16"
Ex.1&. /0*c0 o) t0e )ollow*,+ ,um.ers *s 3*1*s*.le .6 & C
;*= %$1&' ;**= %"#71&
Sol.
)i* /um o$ di#its in 541326 4 )5 E 4 E 1 E 3 E 2 E 6* 4 21, w&ic& is di2isible by 3"
Hence, 541326 is di2isible by 3"
)ii* /um o$ di#its in 567013 4)5E E 6 E 7 E 0E1 E3* 4 31, w&ic& is not di2isible by 3"
Hence, 567013 is not di2isible by 3"
Ex.1$./0at least 1alue must .e ass*+,e3 to E so t0at t0e ,um.er 1"#E%$' *s r " C
Sol.
+et t&e missin# di#it be 0"
/um o$ di#its 4 )1 E E 7 E 0 E 5 E 4 E 6 EQ2* 4 )34 E 0*"
<or )34 E 0* to be di2isible by , 0 must be re!laced by 2 "
Hence, t&e di#it in !lace o$ @ must be 2"
Ex. 1%. /0*c0 o) t0e )ollow*,+ ,um.ers *s 3*1*s*.le .6 $ C
;*= #"'7%"$ ;**= 1!#7&%#'
Sol.
)i* '&e number $ormed by t&e last two di#its in t&e #i2en number is 4, w&ic& is not
di2isible by 4"
Hence, 672054 is not di2isible by 4"
)ii* '&e number $ormed by t&e last two di#its in t&e #i2en number is 72, w&ic& is
di2isible by 4"
Hence, 618703572 is di2isible by 4"
Ex. 1. /0*c0 3*+*ts s0oul3 come *, 5lace o) E a,3 F *) t0e ,um.er '!$EF *s
3*1*s*.le .6 .ot0 ! a,3 % C
Sol.
/ince t&e #i2en number is di2isible by 5, so 0 or 5 must come in !lace o$ R" Fut, a
number endin# wit& 5 is ne2er di2isible by 8" /o, 0 will re!lace R"
Cow, t&e number $ormed by t&e last t&ree di#its is 4@0, w&ic& becomes di2isible by 8, i$
@ is re!laced by 4"
Hence, di#its in !lace o$ @ and R are 4 and 0 res!ecti2ely"
Ex. 1#. S0ow t0at $!&'#1! *s 3*1*s*.le .6 11.
Sol. )/um o$ di#its at odd !laces* 1 )/um o$ di#its at e2en !laces*
4 )8 E 7 E 3 E 4* 1 )1 E 2 E 8* 4 11, w&ic& is di2isible by 11"
Hence, 4832718 is di2isible by 11"
Ex. 1!. Is %'%&#$$ 3*1*s*.le .6 '$ C
Sol. 24 4 3 0 8, w&ere 3 and 8 are co1!rimes"
'&e sum o$ t&e di#its in t&e #i2en number is 36, w&ic& is di2isible by 3" /o, t&e
#i2en number is di2isible by 3"
'&e number $ormed by t&e last 3 di#its o$ t&e #i2en number is 744, w&ic& is
di2isible by 8" /o, t&e #i2en number is di2isible by 8"
'&us, t&e #i2en number is di2isible by bot& 3 and 8, w&ere 3 and 8 are co1!rimes"
/o, it is di2isible by 3 0 8, i"e", 24"
Ex. 1". /0at least ,um.er must .e a33e3 to &777 to o.ta*, a ,um.er exactl6
3*1*s*.le .6 1" C
Sol. Bn di2idin# 3000 by 1, we #et 17 as remainder"
Cumber to be added 4 )1 1 17* 4 2"
Ex. '7. /0at least ,um.er must .e su.tracte3 )rom '777 to +et a ,um.er exactl6
3*1*s*.le .6 1# C
Sol. Bn di2idin# 2000 by 17, we #et 11 as remainder"
Ke=uired number to be subtracted 4 11"
Ex. '1. F*,3 t0e ,um.er w0*c0 *s ,earest to &17% a,3 *s exactl6 3*1*s*.le .6 '1.
Sol. Bn di2idin# 3105 by 21, we #et 18 as remainder"
Cumber to be added to 3105 4 )21 1 18* 1 3"
Hence, re=uired number 4 3105 E 3 4 3108"
Ex. ''. F*,3 t0e smallest ,um.er o) 3*+*ts w0*c0 *s exactl6 3*1*s*.le .6 111.
Sol. /mallest number o$ 6 di#its is 100000"
Bn di2idin# 100000 by 111, we #et 100 as remainder"
Cumber to be added 4 )111 1 100* 1 11"
Hence, re=uired number 4 100011"1
Ex. '&. O, 3*1*3*,+ 1%"! .6 a certa*, ,um.er@ t0e Auot*e,t *s !" a,3 t0e rema*,3er
*s &#. F*,3 t0e 3*1*sor.
Hi2idend 1 Kemainder 1568137
Sol. Hi2isor 4 11111111111111111111111111 4 1111111111111 4 17"
"Luotient 8
Ex. '$. A ,um.er w0e, 3*1*3e3 .6 &$' +*1es a rema*,3er $#. /0e, t0e same
,um.er *)t 3*1*3e3 .6 1"@ w0at woul3 .e t0e rema*,3er C
Sol. Bn di2idin# t&e #i2en number by 342, let > be t&e =uotient and 47 as remainder"
'&en, number P 342> E 47 4 )1 0 18> E 1 0 2 E * 4 1 )18> E 2* E "
'&e #i2en number w&en di2ided by 1, #i2es )18> E 2* as =uotient and as
remainder"
Ex. '%. A ,um.er .e*,+ success*1el6 3*1*3e3 .6 &@ % a,3 ! lea1es rema*,3ers 1@ $
a,3 # res5ect*1el6. F*,3 t0e res5ect*1e rema*,3ers *) t0e or3er o) 3*1*sors .e
re1erse3@
Sol.
3 S
5 y 1 1
8 6 1 4
1 1 7
6 4 )8 0 1 E 7* 4 155 y 4 856 E 4* 4 )5 0 15 E 4* 4 75 0 4 )3y E 1* 4 )3 0 7 E 1* 4 238"
Cow,
8 238
5 2 1 6
3 5 1 4
1 1 ,
Kes!ecti2e remainders are 6, 4, 2"
Ex. '. F*,3 t0e rema*,3er w0e, '
&1
*s 3*1*3e3 .6 %.
Sol. 2
10
4 1024" -nit di#it o$ 2
10
0 2
10
0 2
10
is 4 Ias 4 0 4 0 4 #i2es unit di#it 4J"
-nit di#it o$ 231 is 8"
Cow, 8 w&en di2ided by 5, #i2es 3 as remainder"
Hence, 231 w&en di2ided by 5, #i2es 3 as remainder"
Ex. '#. 8ow ma,6 ,um.ers .etwee, 11 a,3 "7 are 3*1*s*.le .6 # C
Sol. '&e re=uired numbers are 14, 21, 28, 35, """" 77, 84"
'&is is an A"3" wit& a 4 14 and d 4 )21 1 14* 4 7"
+et it contain n terms"
'&en, 'n 4 84 4? a E )n 1 1* d 4 84
4? 14 E )n 1 1* 0 7 4 84 or n 4 11"
Ke=uired number o$ terms 4 11"
Ex. '!. F*,3 t0e sum o) all o33 ,um.ers u5to 177.
Sol. '&e #i2en numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, """, "
'&is is an A"3" wit& a 4 1 and d 4 2"
+et it contain n terms" '&en,
1 E )n 1 1* 0 2 4 or n 4 50"
Ke=uired sum 4 n )$irst term E last term*
2
4 50 )1 E * 4 2500"
2
Ex. '". F*,3 t0e sum o) all ' 3*+*t ,um.ers 3*1*s*.le .6 &.
Sol. All 2 di#it numbers di2isible by 3 are :
12, 51, 18, 21, """, "
'&is is an A"3" wit& a 4 12 and d 4 3"
+et it contain n terms" '&en,
12 E )n 1 1* 0 3 4 or n 4 30"
Ke=uired sum 4 30 0 )12E* 4 1665"
2
Ex.&7.8ow ma,6 terms are t0ere *, '@$@!@1GG17'$C
Sol.(learly 2,4,8,1699""1024 $orm a ;3" %it& a42 and r 4 4G2 42"
+et t&e number o$ terms be n " '&en
2 0 2
n11
41024 or 2
n11 4512 4 2
"
n114 or n410"
Ex. &1. ' > '
'
> '
&
> ... > '
!
: C
Sol. ;i2en series is a ;"3" wit& a 4 2, r 4 2 and n 4 8"
sum 4 a)r
n
11* 4 2 0 )2
8
P1* 4 )2 0 255* 4510
)r11* )211*