Term paper

Of
International
Business

Topic: - Role of freight Forwarder in the execution of

Export

Submitted to: - Submitted by: -

Mr.Vishwash sir Mohd fahad
Section: - 1803
Roll no. –a14
Reg. no. –
10809577

Lovely professional university

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Freight Forwarder

A freight forwarder (often just forwarder) is a third party

logistics provider. As a third party provider a forwarder
dispatches shipments via asset-based carriers and books or
otherwise arranges space for those shipments. Carrier types
include waterborne vessels, airplanes, trucks or railroads.

Freight forwarders typically arrange cargo movement to an

international destination. Also referred to as international
freight forwarders, they have the expertise that allows them to
prepare and process the documentation and perform related
activities pertaining to international shipments. Some of the
typical information reviewed by a freight forwarder is the
commercial invoice, shipper's export declaration, bill of lading
and other documents required by the carrier or country of
export, import, or transhipment. Much of this information is
now processed in a paperless environment.

The FIATA short-hand description of the freight forwarder as the

'Architect of Transport' illustrates clearly the commercial
position of the forwarder relative to his client. In Europe there
are forwarders that specialize in 'niche' areas such as Rail
freight and collection and deliveries around a large port. The
latter are called Hafen (port) Spediteure (Port Forwarders). A
forwarder in some countries may sometimes deal only with
domestic traffic and never handle international traffic.

The original function of the forwarder, or spediteur, was to

arrange for the carriage of his customers' good by contracting
with various carriers. His responsibilities included advice on all
documentation and customs requirements in the country of
destination. His correspondent agent in far-away lands looked
after his customers' interests and kept him informed about
matters that would affect movement of goods. In modern times
the forwarder still carries out those same responsibilities for his
client. He still operates either with a corresponding agent
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overseas or with his own company branch-office. In many
instances, the freight forwarder also acts as a carrier for part of
a movement it can happen that in a single transaction the
forwarder may be acting either as a carrier (principal) or as an
agent for his customer.

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 Contents
Role of freight forwarder in the execution of export

1. Freight forwarder
2. Abstract
3. Key words: -
(a) History of freight forwarder
(b) Typical job role of freight forwarder
(c) Responsibility of freight Forwarders
(d) Freight Forwarder fundamental roles
(e) Freight forwarder – Dual roles
(f) Freight Forwarder roles in different countries
(g) Freight forwarder plays integral part of
transportation process.
(h) International Freight Forwarder
(i)Functions performed by freight Forwarder
specifically
(j)How freight forwarder helps you to export?
(k) International Freight Forwarders India

4. Conclusion
5. References

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Abstract: This paper is about the role of freight forwarders in
the execution of export, where they are often seen as their
'architects'. But they are in danger of being bypassed or
disinter mediated, due to organisational and/or technological
reasons. First, a need for an integrated approach to logistic
chain has been already recognised in theory and practice.
Multinational firms in the industry or retail sector i.e. show an
increasing demand for complex transport and logistics service
like world-wide door-to-door delivery or one-stop shopping.
Second, the employment of new technologies in connection
with the Internet causes a deep change in the relationships
along the logistic chain due to a change in intermediation. This
will be reflected by developing a theoretical framework based
on Caisson’s theory of entrepreneurial networks in international
business to provide some insight in the complex relationships
between shippers, freight forwarders and other intermediaries
or service providers along the international logistic chain.

Key Words: freight forwarder; history of freight forwarder;

international freight forwarder; functions of freight forwarder
etc.

History of Freight Forwarders

The original function of the forwarder, or spediteur, was to
arrange for the carriage of his customers' good by contracting
with various carriers. His responsibilities included advice on all
documentation and customs requirements in the country of
destination. His correspondent agent in far-away lands looked
after his customers' interests and kept him informed about
matters that would affect movement of goods.

In modern times the forwarder still carries out those same

responsibilities for his client. He still operates either with a
corresponding agent overseas or with his own company
branch-office. In many instances, the freight forwarder also
acts as a carrier for part of a movement it can happen that in a
single transaction the forwarder may be acting either as a
carrier (principal) or as an agent for his customer.
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Typical Job role Freight Forwarder
Freight forwarders process orders for the import and export of
freight, compile documentation for clearance by customers,
produce invoices, process stock transfers, check the contents,
compile and check documents of freight goods. They also tally
and record consignments and destination details of articles,
containers and passengers, and make freight and transport
bookings and related arrangements.

A freight forwarder may perform the following tasks:

 check the number of articles or containers in

consignments of goods received or despatched
 make sure articles are in good condition and correspond
to invoices, manifests or other records
 arrange internal distribution of goods received
 prepare and attach documentation to articles to be
despatched
 make sure clearance procedures (eg. payment of any
customs entry fees or duties) are carried out, despatch
goods and arrange delivery promptly on arrival
 spend time in warehouses packing and unpacking goods
 Drive between wharves, container terminals, airports and
government departments
 weigh items
 contact senders to fix shortages and arrange replacement
of damaged goods
 maintain records of receipts and despatches
 Undertake clerical work such as filing, accounting,
updating customs records, preparing correspondence, and
inputting and retrieving information from computers.

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RESPONSIBILITY OF FREIGHT FORWARDERS

Although freight forwarders have acted as respected

professionals since the last century, the legal nature of their
activities has only recently attracted real attention. This is
because freight forwarders have become prominent links in
modern transportation systems, due to the importance of
containers, and multimodal transport.
In times of excess vessel capacity, too, freight forwarders have
increased authority because it is they who are able to provide
cargoes, thereby becoming influential participants in a buyer's
market. It is for this reason that on occasion freight forwarders
have voyage chartered and even time chartered ships.
The legal responsibility of freight forwarders often seems
mysterious because freight forwarders have assumed two
different legal roles - agents and principal contractors. Nor are
the activities of freight forwarders directly regulated by any
international convention, although their acts naturally bridge
national borders. The result is that various national laws control
their actions, giving rise to conflicts of law.
In the light of the foregoing - the emerging importance of
freight forwarders, the often puzzling national laws, and the
lack of international uniformity - it is apparent that
an international convention is necessary. The Multimodal
Transport Convention 19801 is just such a convention. Its
adoption would give certainty to the law and protection to both
the public and to freight forwarders themselves.
The Multimodal Transport Convention 1980 has the advantage
of clarity and simplicity and is not encumbered with other
maritime, albeit important, matters such as freight, liens and
electronic commerce, which make the Convention less likely to
be enacted.

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Freight Forwarder fundamental roles
1. The freight forwarder ensures that your goods receive the
priority it requires; your documentation is appropriately
filled and your goods reach its destination in the specified
time.

2. The increasing specialization on transportation of goods

and decimations operations means that the exporter of
products would prefer to leave these formalities to "freight
forwarder" in order to concentrate on his own business.

3. An efficient "freight forwarder" can offer advice, on the

special requirements of different countries as well as to
offer a number (sea, air, rail etc.) of quotations for a
particular consignment being sent from point A to B.

4. The "freight forwarder" role is often underestimated as

one of the most important elements in shipping.

5. The "freight forwarder" is there to ensure that your goods

receive the priority it requires; that your documentation is
appropriately filled and most importantly, your goods
reach its destination in order and in the specified time.

6. The next most important and effective function of the

"forwarder" is to be an adviser and agent for the shipper,
and that, is the "forwarder's" prime consideration.

7. The transportation of goods from one place to another

over short or long distances, is a fundamental activity in
materials handling with many complexities in international
cross border transportation i.e. large number of
documents are required to document the movement
goods.

8. The basic activities of a "freight forwarder" include

booking cargo space on ship, airplane, train, or any other
form of goods/cargo transportation, route planning,

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 various documentation, export packing, insurance,
warehouse, collection and delivery consignment.

9. And to provide service which involves establishing various

inland depots and clearing offices so that customs
clearance at the port of entry is done by the "forwarder"
as well as delivery to consignee's doorstep, without
actually involving the consignee.

Freight Forwarder - Dual Role

The freight forwarder traditionally acts as an agent who

arranges for the shipment of goods belonging to his client/the
shipper. The freight forwarder as agent typically arranges for
transportation, pays freight charges, insurance, packing,
customs duties, etc., and then charges a fee, usually a
percentage of the total expenses. All the costs are (or should
be) disclosed to the client. The specific scope of the forwarding
agent’s duties, however, is determined primarily by its contract
with the customer (ordinarily the shipper) who retains its
services. At times, the freight forwarder has acted as principal
contractor arranging the carriage in his own name. His fee,
payable by the shipper, is a straight freight charge. He then
arranges to pay lower freight rates to the carrier and obtains
his profit from the difference between the two. Very often, the
freight forwarder consolidates the cargoes of a number of
clients into a single container, resulting in savings which
benefit the freight forwarder and the clients. The forwarding
carrier may also provide other services, such as packing,
warehousing, cartage, lighter age and/or insurance. On these
occasions the freight forwarders responsibility to the shipper is
often that of a carrier.
Whether acting as agent or principal, the freight forwarder (as
is normal in commerce) usually attempts to contract out of as
much responsibility as possible. This has often resulted in very
confusing standard trading conditions, where the two
contradictory roles and kinds of responsibility - of the agent
and of the principal - are set out.

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The responsibility of the freight forwarder, as agent and as
principal contractor, will be described in the light of the civil
law, the common law and certain national laws.

Freight Forwarder roles in different

countries

USA- In the U.S., a freight forwarder involved with international

ocean shipping is licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission
as an Ocean Transportation Intermediary. Similarly, freight
forwarders that handle air freight will frequently be accredited
with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) as a
cargo agent.

UK- In the U.K., freight forwarders are not licensed, but many
are members of the British International Freight Association
(BIFA). Freight forwarders in the UK consolidate various goods
from different consignors into one full load for road transport to
Europe, this is often known as group age. Some freight
forwarders offer additional related services like export packing
and case making. The regulations regarding exporting
untreated timber pallets and cases has got increasingly more
strict and many for countries an exporter will be expected to
provide a photo sanitary certificate or risk the expense of
having their cargo fumigated.

AUSRALIA- in Australia most licensed Customs Clearance

Agents (now more commonly referred to as Customs Brokers),
operate under a freight forwarder.

IRELAND- Even in smaller markets, such as Ireland, the role of

freight forwarders is strategically important. International
merchandise trade is worth €148 billion to the Irish economy [2].
82% of manufactured products are exported, further

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highlighting the importance of the freight forwarders to a
nations' economy. Associations like the Irish International
Freight Association and FIATA help maintain the
professionalism of this industry through educational and
representative roles. The FIATA Diploma in Freight Forwarding
is an example of how this can be achieved.

NIGERIA- Nigeria is a very large market dealing with import

and export. Freight-forwarding in Nigeria has been in place
since the exporting of groundnut as a cash crop since 1914,
though not initially as freight forwarding but as the means of
transportation of both goods and services from one country to
another. Following the methodology of their British forebears,
agents were used to facilitate the transport of goods and
services.

Freight forwarder plays integral part of

transportation process.
The freight forwarder plays an integral part in the
transportation process. Freight forwarders act on behalf of the
exporter in arranging ocean or air transport services. They are
familiar with the import rules and regulations of foreign
countries, methods of shipping, and documents connected with
foreign trade.

Freight forwarders can provide a number of services. During

the initial planning phases, they can help choose the carrier
and the most economical shipment size. At the beginning of the
sale, the freight forwarder can provide an exporter with
quotations on a number of costs. This information can be used
in preparing an accurate price quotation to foreign customers.
At the shipper's request, the freight forwarder can make the
actual arrangements and provide the necessary services for
expediting the shipment to its overseas destination. This can
include:

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1. Providing advice on foreign import regulations,
2. Arranging for inland transportation,
3. Booking space with the ocean or air carrier,
4. Completing export documentation,
5. Arranging for cargo insurance,
6. Providing guidance on packaging, marking and labelling,
7. Arranging for products to be packed and containerized,
8. Freight consolidation, but this is not a standard service.
Freight forwarders operate on a fee basis paid by the exporter.
The fees consist of an agreed-upon amount, plus
documentation charges. The cost for the services should be
figured into the price charged to the customer. Freight
forwarders also collect a percentage of the freight costs from
the carrier.
There are several criteria to consider when selecting a freight
forwarder:
1) Is the freight forwarder licensed or approved by the
appropriate entities?
Ocean freight forwarders must be licensed by the Federal
Maritime Commission to handle ocean cargo. Although not
legally required, the International Air Transport Association
(IATA) registers freight forwarders to deal with international air
cargo shipments.
2) Is the freight forwarders company big enough to handle your
business when the forwarder is away from the office?
Just because the forwarder is on a vacation, your export efforts
shouldn't come to a halt because there is no one to answer
questions or handle shipping instructions for your product.
3) Is the freight forwarding firm stable?

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Has the company "been around" very long? Does it have
financial stability? Commercial banks and trade references can
help with checking these criteria.
4) Can the freight forwarder handle whatever product you want
to ship, whichever way you want to ship it (air or sea)?
The freight forwarder should be an import broker to handle the
customs angle for you in case you need to import something or
have goods returned from overseas.
5) Does the freight forwarder have a good network of agents
overseas, particularly in your target market? What do these
agents handle?
A good network of overseas agents ensures a smooth path for
your product with a minimum of delay. This is important for
perishable products or ones that need special handling. A
container of wine on a dock in warm weather can pose a real
hazard to your product's reputation.
6) Can the freight forwarder communicate with you as a
novice?
Is the freight forwarder willing to take the time to explain the
terms and procedures in a way you can understand?
7) What is the freight forwarders document turnaround time?
Is the freight forwarder located near the airport, steamship
offices and banks? A strategic location cuts document
turnaround time and ensures you get paid quickly via the
banks.
8) Does the freight forwarder have some knowledge of your
product?
If possible, choose a freight forwarder who has some
knowledge of the special needs of your product. If the freight
forwarder usually handles only furniture, will the company be
attuned to the needs for shipping wine or fresh produce?
9) Have you checked the freight forwarder's references?
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It is crucial to check references for any company that will be
handling your business. Also check customer satisfaction.
10) Does the freight forwarder have errors and omissions
insurance?
Even the most conscientious freight forwarder can make a
mistake. A minor error on documents can delay your product,
hurt sales and stall your receiving payment for the goods. Make
sure your freight forwarder has "errors and omissions
insurance" to provide for just this eventuality.

What is an International Freight Forwarder?

"Once upon a time, people thought of customs brokers and
freight forwarders as simply agents somehow linked to the
shipping industry. Now, at last, these go-betweens are being
given their due as crucial middlemen in making life easier for
importers and exporters. .... Simply put, the freight forwarder
is the cargo expediter. As intermodal transportation becomes
more complex, the job of freight forwarder becomes more
essential and difficult. He must coordinate the complexity of
financial, transport and other service activities. For example,
he will:

- Arrange to receive export shipment for a client at any

point of origin in the United States.
- Arrange consolidations of less-than-container load lots.
- Arrange forwarding to seaboard of the cargo loaded
aboard ship.
- Arrange for insurance coverage.
- If necessary, arrange free domicile delivery abroad.

Here are five ways international freight forwarders can really

bring out the best in your company:

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1. Clearance through customs: Customs paperwork is a tricky
and sordid maze, especially if all you know about are the
business-to-business commerce aspects of trade. Customs
authorization is a complex area that will only further tax your
understanding and clog your ability to take care of customers,
vendors, and marketing. International freight forwarders, in
addition to knowing all the ins and outs of proper shipping
procedures, offer customs clearance services to aid you in
simplifying your business.

2. Any and all issues arising with documentation: In order to

receive your payment from a bank, there are many documents
that may be required to satisfy the involved bank or financial
institution. One such document is the bill of lading. A proper bill
of lading will facilitate fast payment, so you can keep your
business moving along with your freight.

3. Insurance: Not only do many freight forwarders provide

insurance options for your shipments, they know what is best
for the needs of your business, and can quickly determine the
most protective and cost efficient way that you can complete
each transaction.

4. Inventory management: Who better to help you with

inventory management than the service that handles your
freight? Freight forwarders and international freight forwarders
can help ensure your product, which means you will always
have a clear handle on your company's assets.

5. Logistics and supply-chain management: Logistics is, of

course, the management of the flow of goods and resources
between the point of origin and the point of consumption.
Careful planning is a necessity of successful freight flow, and
freight forwarders are professionals at accomplishing this task.

What specific functions does a freight forwarder

normally perform?

1. Preliminary advice to the exporter:

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 Explaining exporter's responsibilities / obligations under
Terms of Sale (Inco terms) requested.

 Assist in negotiating inland and ocean rates; provide ideas

on optimal and most cost effective shipping alternatives.

 Assist in determining the best way to ship i.e. - container

vs. break bulk, consolidation vs. exclusive use, conference
vs. non-conference, air vs. ocean.

 Packing / Marking recommendations.

 Explain port functions in connection with export.

 Advice as to what the exporter should accomplish and

what the forwarder will accomplish for him.

 Review import licenses, where applicable.

 Recommendations regarding receiving payments for

exports -- explanation of methods of payment.

 Interpret and control Letters of Credit.

 Advice as to possible problems may encounter: Improper

packing, cheapest method of shipping not always the
best, document discrepancies that can cause slow or
nonpayment and/or confiscation of freight in foreign port,
consequences resulting from late delivery of freight and/or
late documents.

 Estimate complete Export transportation and related costs

for quotes (on Performa invoice) and L/C.

 Advise of drawback opportunities for previously imported

cargo being exported.
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  Can put exporter in touch with experts in the fields of
trade financing, international marketing, government
export requirements, international banking, and marine
insurance.

 Most forwarders have a "library" of information on

U.S/overseas ports, which exporters can use as guidance.

2. Booking the freight / Shipping Operations:

 Provide custody and control of material in transit.

 Expedite production and delivery.

 Coordination of positioning empty container to be

delivered / returned (inland carrier), where stuffing
takes place.

 Choosing the steamship line as required.

 Mechanics of booking and shipping: special handling

considerations, ETA destination required port of
export, port of destination, direct vs. transshipment,
number/kind of packages, commodity precise
description, size and type of container.

 Handling freight or other moneys advanced by

shippers, or remitting or advancing freight or other
moneys or credit in connection with the dispatching
of shipments.

 Provide NVOCC consolidation services to exporters

for LCL and FCL modes.

3. Documentation for shipping:

 Certify and notarize invoices.

 Normally prepare dock receipt, bill of lading;

warehouse receipt, insurance certificate, AID

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 documents, certificate of origin, special customs
invoices, inspection certificate.

 May prepare or assist in preparing with exporter:

commercial invoice, packing list, draft, transmittal
letters, consular invoices, export license, drawback
forms, and shipper’s export declaration.

4. Notifications made in connection with the shipment:

 Notification normally made to exporter/shipper,

consignee, and consignee’s broker.

 Notification made for insurance, L/C, contract,

payment, and advice purposes.

 While shipment is underway, forwarder may trace as

necessary, assist in filing claim when necessary and
correct errors learned after the fact.

5. Distribution of negotiable documents for collections:

 Forward documents to Bank, exporter's foreign sales

representative, consignee or consignee's broker.

How freight forwarder helps you to export?

They can provide advice on the permits, licenses, inspections,
and other documents and proceedings that are required
according to the import laws in the country of destination. And

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they help with customs clearance in the country of destination,
working with a customs broker.

Product Preparation

Freight forwarders understand the different types of packaging

and containers best suited for your shipment. They know the
markings and labels the products need in order to get through
customs and be able to enter the country of destination, and to
meet the requirements of the different free trade agreements,
in order to take advantage of duty-free treatment as
applicable.

When the shipment is relatively large, it will most likely be

transported in a container by ship, where it is possible to share
space with other exporters. The freight forwarder knows how to
secure the cargo against changes in temperature, vibrations,
and impacts that result when the cargo is loaded and unloaded.
In the majority of cases, insurance does not cover damages
that are due to inadequate packing, and it is therefore
important to count on the experience of packing professionals.

Freight

Freight forwarders have a thorough knowledge of ocean freight

companies and their relative strengths and weaknesses. There
are hundreds of ocean freight companies and it could be that
there are only a few that are in the best conditions to carry
your specific product from your origin to its destination, within
the timeframe required and at an advantageous cost. The
advice of a freight forwarder will be very valuable in making
that determination. Many freight forwarders have ample
knowledge and experience with air, ocean, and land freight
companies, such as airlines, trucking companies, and railroads,
so they can offer a complete service, from your place of
production or sale to the customer abroad.

In many cases, an exporter has to choose between air, ocean,

and land freight, or a combination. The mode of transportation
you choose will depend on the type of product you are
shipping, the timeframe you have for delivery, and the cost.
Ocean freight would normally be less costly than air freight, but
you have to consider the amount of time it will take for your
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product to reach the customer. When payment conditions
depend on the date of delivery, the time factor can affect the
exporter's cash flow. A freight forwarder can help the exporter
evaluate the pros and cons of the different modes of
transportation, providing an estimate of delivery times and
costs.
Documentation

When goods are transported internationally, packaging and

documentation are critical to the export process. One of the
main differences between selling inside the country and
exporting is the documentation required.

Export documentation requirements are very specific. A

missing document or one that is not correctly filled out can
delay the shipment in customs or in some other point along the
way. Freight forwarders are familiar with the documentation
requirements and can advise the exporter, and even prepare
the documents that are required, in order to ensure an
expeditious shipment.

When the order is ready to be shipped, the freight forwarder

can review the letter of credit, the commercial invoice, and the
packing list to ensure that everything is in order, and can
prepare the bill of lading and any other special documentation
that may be required, depending on the product being shipped.
And after the shipment, the freight forwarder can send all the
documentation directly to the customer, or the customer's bank
that is going to pay for the import on the customer's account.

Cost Estimates

A freight forwarder can provide the exporter with an estimate

of the costs involved in the exporting process. This estimate is
very important when the exporter quotes a price to a customer
abroad, because the price must be sufficient to cover all the
costs related to the delivery of the product to its destination.
Therefore, it may be advantageous to consult a freight
forwarder before negotiating the price, in order to get a quote
for the freight costs, port costs, insurance costs, customs fees,
charges for special documentation, and the freight forwarder's
fees.

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Freight forwarders work on the basis of a fee they charge the
exporter, which normally consists of an agreed-upon amount
plus charges for documentation. Freight forwarders also collect
a percentage of the freight they contract with transportation
companies.

Once you have an estimate of all the costs involved in

delivering your product to the customer abroad, you are in a
position to quote a final price to the customer, and if your
quote is accepted and the customer sends you an order, you
can prepare the pro forma invoice, with a complete breakdown
of all the components of the amount billed.

How to find a freight forwarder?

There are numerous freight forwarders in the principal export

and transportation services markets. A good way to look for a
forwarder would be to ask other exporters, especially
companies similar to yours in terms of size of the company,
point of origin, target market, and your line of business or the
product you are exporting. By consulting directly with another
exporting company, you can obtain their personal perspective
regarding the freight forwarder, and their overall experience,
such as the services provided, the results achieved, and any
particular advantage or problem they encountered.

Considerations in Selecting a Freight Forwarder

Exporters each have their own needs to consider when

selecting a freight forwarder, and the following are presented
as suggestions regarding factors to be taken into account.

General

It's important to look for a freight forwarder that is accredited.

They must have a license from the Federal Maritime

21
Commission in order to handle ocean freight. Freight
forwarders that handle air freight must be registered with the
International Air Transport Association (IATA).
You should determine whether the freight forwarder is
financially stable. You can request credit references and
confirm them. You could also consult freight companies to see
whether the freight forwarder has a good payment record. If
the freight forwarder is a large company, you could see
whether it is listed on the New York Stock Exchange or the
NASDAQ and request a copy of their annual report.

You could ask the freight forwarder for references from its
customers, and then call those customers to ask about their
satisfaction with the service provided. You could ask the freight
forwarder directly, or its customers, if the forwarder has
knowledge and experience with your company's product, your
preferred mode of transportation, and the destination country.

You should find out whether the forwarder is large enough to

meet your company's exporting needs. Do they have an office
in your destination market? Do they have a network of agents
abroad? Do their offices and agents have the ability to
communicate on line? Do they have warehouse facilities, in
case you need that service? Do they have sufficient staff to
manage the volume and needs of your exporting company? Do
they have insurance against errors and omissions? Are they
willing to take the necessary time to explain the terms and
procedures in a way that you can clearly understand?

You should inquire about the cost of using the freight

forwarder's services. How do they charge for their services? Do
they charge the exporter a fixed fee plus reimbursable
expenses? Do they charge the freight company a percentage of
the cost of freight? How much do they charge for packing and
documentation?

Packaging

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Depending on the type of product you are shipping, you may
need a freight forwarder who can advise you and help with
packaging. The freight forwarder should be able to explain the
different types of packaging that can be used to export your
product, any special packaging and labeling requirements for
your product according to your destination market, and the
type of packing that will best protect your products while in
transit.

Modes of Transportation
The freight forwarder should be able to evaluate the relative
advantages of transportation by air, ocean freight, truck, or rail,
and make recommendations regarding the best mode of
transportation based on your product and the timeframe for
delivery. You should find out how the freight forwarder
determines how long a shipment will take to reach its
destination, what stops the shipment makes along the way, and
what changes have to be made from one mode of
transportation to another. Freight forwarders should explain the
factors they take into account in order to avoid problems with
the shipment.

Freight Cost Quotation

The cost of freight can be a significant component of the

overall cost of exporting, so the freight forwarder should be
able to explain how they get freight quotes from shipping
companies; whether freight rates are quoted based on volume,
weight, type of product, or some other criteria; the formulas
used to calculate the cost of freight, the factors that affect the
cost of freight; how long a freight quote is valid; and the trends
the freight forwarder sees in the cost of freight, and its
projection for changes in freight costs in the future.

Insurance

The freight forwarder should be able to explain the different

types of insurance available, what events are covered by

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insurance, the cost of insurance, the process for presenting a
claim for lost or damaged cargo, who is responsible for
preparing the loss report and presenting the claim, how the
claim is processed, and the timeframe in which a
reimbursement can be expected.

Customs

You should be able to understand from the freight forwarder

how your products will clear customs in the destination country,
whether the freight forwarder works with a customs broker,
how much the customs broker charges and who pays that cost,
who pays the duties and customs fees, and who processes duty
drawbacks when applicable.

Documentation

You should determine whether the freight forwarder is familiar

with the export documentation required, which documents are
prepared by the freight forwarder and which you must prepare
as the exporter, how much the forwarder charges for preparing
the documentation, the process for reviewing export
documentation, and whether documents can be transmitted
electronically. If you are exporting using a letter of credit, you
should determine how the freight forwarder ensures that all
documents are in accordance with the terms of the letter of
credit, and the responsibilities and the relationship between the
exporter, the freight forwarder, and the bank regarding the
presentation of the documentation required according to the
letter of credit.

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International Freight Forwarders India
S T Cargo Services, commitment to service to our role as an
international freight forwarders India.

Air Freight

 Consolidation Service
 Import and Export
 Door-to-Door
 Express Service

Ocean Freight

 Full Container Load (FCL)

 Less than Container Load (LCL)
 Cargo Consolidation Service
 Oversized and Project Cargo
 Import & Export
 Cross Trades

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Trans-border Truck Freight

 Import export business

 Full Truck Load (FTL)
 Less Than Truck Load (LTL)

Customized Global transportation solutions

 Dangerous goods handling

 Inter modal Truck/Rail/Ocean

Through our partnerships with established international and

Indian freight forwarders & forwarding agents, we are able to
negotiate competitive import and export pricing for ocean (FCL
and LCL), truck (FTL and LTL) and air shipments while
consistently providing reliable and efficient service.

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 Conclusion
According to me freight forwarder plays an important role in
the execution of export as they are those who act on behalf of
the exporter in arranging ocean or air transport services. They
are familiar with the import rules and regulations of foreign
countries, methods of shipping, and documents connected with
foreign trade.

When you have decided to export the products of your small

business, or you are considering the possibility of exporting, in
addition to marketing and financial aspects, another
consideration is logistics: how you are going to deliver your
products to your customers abroad. Logistics includes various
aspects, such as the packaging of your products, the mode of
transportation, and the export documentation that has to be
prepared.

freight forwarder acts as the exporter's agent and performs

various functions involved in foreign trade.

A freight forwarder can give advice on how the goods should be

packaged and the marks and labels that are required, and can
make arrangements to have the goods packaged and placed in
containers for export. They contract space with ocean, air, and
land freight companies on the exporter's behalf, to transport
the goods to their destination abroad. They can arrange for
storage in a warehouse if necessary, while the goods are in
transit, and contract insurance to protect the cargo while in
transit.

Freight forwarders can obtain credit from the different service

providers involved in the export process, and then collect
money from the exporter to pay these service providers on
behalf of the exporter.

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Freight forwarders can advise exporters regarding letters of
credit or other banking documents for collecting on the export
sale.

References
1. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/561611/h
ow_a_freight_forwarder_can_help_you_pg3_pg3.html
?cat=3

2. http://freightforwardermalta.com/

3. http://www.allbusiness.com/operations/shipping/53
0812-1.html

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVOCC

5. https://www.thebenche.com/forum/documents-
shipping/3776-10-important-questions-when-
choosing-freight-forwarder.html

6. http://www.exportersindia.com/indian-
services/freight-forwarding-agents.htm

7. http://www.malaysiaexports.com/inex13.6.freigh.fo
rwarders.htm

8. http://www.articlesbase.com/ask-an-expert-
articles/five-advantages-of-international-freight-
forwarders-for-export-and-import-1232365.html

9. http://www.redbookintl.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=107&Itemid
=99〈=en

10. http://www.hcbennett.com/freight%20forwarder's
%20functions.htm

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