6-1

Chapter 6

6.1-1

0 1 2 3
1
sinc 1/ 2, 2 2/ , 2 0, 2 2 / 3
2 2
1 2
( ) 1 cos2 20 cos2 30 cos2 70
n
n
c c c c c
y t t t t

+ + +



6.1-2

0 1 2 3
1
sinc 1/ 2, 2 2/ , 2 0, 2 2 / 3
2 2
1 2
( ) 1 cos2 30 cos2 40 cos2 70
n
n
c c c c c
y t t t t

+ + +



6.1-3

2 2
Take . Amplifier then passes ( ) since and .
Second chopper with synchronization yields ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) since ( ) 1.
s l s l s l s
s
f f W x t f f W f B f
Kx t s t Kx t s t Kx t s t
+ + > + >>



6-2
6.1-3 continued

6.1-4

( ) ( ) ( ) ()[1 ( )]
1 1 n 1 2 2
sinc = sin ( ) cos cos3 ...
2 2 n 2 2 3
1 2 2 1 2 2
( ) ( ) cos cos3 ... ( ) cos cos3 ...
2 3 2 3
Since LPF rejects 99 k
s L R
n s s
s L s s R s s
x t x t s t x t s t
n
c s t t t
x t x t t t x t t t
f
+

+ +

1 1
+ + + + + +
1 1

] ]

[ ] [ ]
1 2
1 2
Hz and 3 3 x 38 - 15 = 99 kHz,
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos
2 2
so we want 2 and / 2
s
s
b L R L R
f W
K K
x t x t x t x t x t A t
K K

+ + +

6.1-5

[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
1
2
1 1 n 1 2 2
sinc = sin ( ) cos cos3 ...
2 2 n 2 2 3
1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x ( ) ( ) high-frequency terms
2 2
1 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) x ( ) ( ) high-frequency terms
2 2
n s s
L R L R
L R L R
n
c s t t t
x t x t x t x t x t
x t x t x t x t x t

+ +

+ + +

_
+ + +

,








6-3
6.1-5 continued

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) v ( ) ( ) ( ) ...
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
v ( ) ( ) ( ) ..
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
we want
2 2
L L R
R L R
t K x t K x t
t K x t K x t
K
1 1 _ _ _ _
+ + + +
1 1

, , , ,
] ]
1 1 _ _ _ _
+ + + +
1 1

, , , ,
] ]
_
+


,
' '
2
0 0.222
2
so lowpass filtering yields ( ) 0.778 ( ), ( ) 0.778 ( )
L L R R
K
v t x t v t x t
_


+
,



' '
(b) If 0, then lowpass filtering yields
( ) 0.818 ( ) 0.182 ( ) , ( ) 0.182 ( ) 0.818 ( )

So there's incomplete separation of left and right channels at output.
L L R R L R
K
v t x t x t v t x t x t

+ +


6.1-6

/ 2 / 2
0
/ 2 / 2
Let ( ) ( ) ( ) with period 1/ so
1
( ) ( ) ( )
Thus ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s s
s s
s s s
k
T T
s s
s T T
s s s s
n n
v t s t t kT T f
c nf s t dt f t dt f
T
S f V f f f nf f f nf

6.1-7

60 kHz Recover using LPF 25 35 kHz
45 kHz Can't recover by filtering
25 kHz Recover using BPF over 25 kHz with 10 < < 15 kHz
s
s
s l l
f B
f
f f f f

6-4
6.1-8

1
(a) 2( / )
s
u
f
f W
W M


1
(b) 2, x 2 x 2.5 2.5 and 4
2
s s
m f W W f W

6.1-9

2 2
2
2
( ) sinc 5(0.1 ) sinc 0.5
since sinc 0.5 1 for 2,
( ) 0.405 sinc10( 0.1) sinc10 + 0.405sinc10( -0.1) sinc 5
s
x kT k k
k k
y t t t t t

+ +
=














6-5
6.1-9 continued

6.1-10

1, 1
( )
2 0, 1
1 1 1
Take and 0 so ( ) sinc ( ) where 1
s
s
s
s
M
d s s
k M
s s s
kT
kT
x kT
kT
K t y t f t kT M
f T T

_

'

> ,

<

6.1-11

(a) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( )[ ( ) ( )]
s
s s s s
k
h t u t u t T
y t h t x t x kT u t kT u t kT T

6-6
6.1-11 continued



(b)

( ) sinc
since , ( ) ( ) for
so () can be recovered using a simple LPF to remove
s s
s s
s
H f T fT
W f Y f T X f f W
x t f f W

=


6.1-12

(a) Let ( ) impulse response of a ZOH = ( ) ( )
1
Then ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( )
1
where ( ) * ( )
( ) is a linear piecewise approximation obtained by
z s
z z z z s
s
s
z z
s s
h t u t u t T
h t h t h t h t h t T
T
t T
h t h t
T T
y t

+
_


,
extrapolating forward from the
two previoius values.







6-7
6.1-12 continued
[ ]
( )
/ 2
2
/ 2 2
2
(b) Let ( ) ( ) sinc
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= sinc sinc
1
= 1 2sin sinc
sinc
s
s
s s s s
j T
Z z s s
j T
z z z
s
j T j T j T j T
s s s s
j
s s s
s
H f h t T f T e
H f H f H f H f e
T
T f Te T fT e e e
T j fT f T e
fT

+
+
_
+

,
( )
( )
2
2
2
= 1 2 sinc
( ) = 1 ( 2 sinc
Note that high frequency components of ( ) are accentuated.
s
s
T
j T
s s s
s s s
T j fT fT e
H f T j fT fT
X f

+
+









6-8
6.1-13

/ 2
* / 2 * / 2
(
1
( ) sinc 2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1
=
2 2 2 2
j k W
k k
W
j k W j m W
k m
W
j m
k m
k k k f
X f x Wt t x e
W W W W W
k m
E X f X f df x e x e df
W W W W
k m
x x e
W W W W

+
+

+
1 _ _ _

1
, , , ]
1 1
_ _

1 1
, ,
] ]
_ _

, ,

) /
2
1
= sinc( )
2 2 2
1 1
= since sinc( - ) =
0 2 2
W
k f W
W
k m
k
df
k m
x x m k
W W W
m k k
x m k
m k W W

_ _

, ,

_
'

6.1-14

0
0
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
/ 2
0 0 0
0 0 0 / 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
where
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
But ( ) ( ) ( / 2 ) ( ) ( )*(2 sinc 2
jn t
v v
n n
T T
jn t jn t jn t
v
T T
v t c nf e V f c nf f nf
c nf v t e dt x t e dt x t e dt f X nf
T T T
x t v t t T X f V f T

0 0 0
0 0 0
0
) so
( ) ( ) ( ) *(2 sinc 2 )
= 2 ( ) sinc 2 ( )
Hence, ( ) is completely determined by the sample values of ( ).
n
n
Tf
X f f X nf f nf T Tf
Tf X nf T f n f
X f X nf

1

1
]

6.1-15

max
/ 2 2 12 MHz
1/ 12.5 MHz, 1 / =0.96 0.04
2 1 1/ = 25 11
Presampling bandwidth 11 x 12.5 = 137.5 MHz
s s
x x s x
B f f B
f T f f
m m


+ <

6-9
6.1-16

max
/ 2 2
1 / 2 2/ 3 =1/3
2 1 1/ 3 0
so only the dc component could be displayed
s s
s x x
B f f B
f f BT
m m

<
+ < <



6.1-17

2 2
15 kHz, 150 kHz
with
( ) sinc( ) and ( ) 1 (2 ) sinc ( )
s
ZOH s s FOH s s s
W f
H f T fT H f T fT fT

+


(a) For a ZOH, the maximum aperature error in the signal passband occurs at
15 kHz f and thus:

15 kHz 0 kHz
( ) 0.9836 and ( ) 1
1 0.9836
% = x 100%=1.640%
1
ZOH ZOH
f f
H f H f
aperatureerror

(b) For a FOH, the maximum aperature error in the signal passband occurs at
15 kHz f and thus:

15kHz 0kHz
( ) 1.1427 and ( ) 1
1 1.1427
% = x 100%= 14.27%
1
FOH FOH
f f
H f H f
aperatureerror

6.1-18

2
2
1/0.707
15 kHz, 150 kHz , % x 100% and
1 ( / )
1/0.707
150-15=135 kHz, % x 100% = 15.61%
1 (135/15)
s
a
a
W f Error B W
f B
f Error

+

+






6-10
6.1-19

0 0
0 0
If ( ) is a sinusoid with period 2 with its zero crossings occuring at and
the sampling function has period 2 . It is possible for the sampler to sample ( ) at .
Therefore, the output
s
x t T t T
T T x t t T

of the sampler is always = 0.


6.1-20

2 2
3 5 5 5
1
(a) sinc(100 ) = sinc(2 x 50 ) ( ) to sample, 100
100 100
1
(b) sinc (100 ) = sinc (2 x 50 ) ( ) to sample, 200
100 100
10
(c) 10cos 2 x10 (3cos2 x10 cos2 x3x10 )
4
Its bandwidth =
s
s
f
t t f
f
t t f
t t t


+
5 5 5
(3 -1) x 10 = 2 x 10 Hz 4 x 10 Hz.
s
f >


6.1-21

-5
-5
2
2
At =159 kHz the signal level is down -3 dB and we want aliased components down -40 dB.
at =159 kHz, aliased components should be down -43 dB = 5 x 10 .
1 1
( ) 5 x 10 3172 MHz
1 ( / )
1 ( /159)
f
f
H f f
f B
f

+
+
.


6.2-1

( ) sinc sinc
2 2
( ) for
sinc ( / 2 ) sinc ( / 5 )
(0) , ( ) 1.07 , so equalization is not essential
s
s
eq
s
eq eq
T f
P f f
f
K K
H f f W
f f f fW
H K H W K








6-11

6.2-2

/ 2
0
1
( ) 2 cos cos2
1 1
= sinc sinc sinc sinc
2 2 2 4 2 2
2.5 2.5
( ) sinc sinc for
5 5
(0) 0.785 ,
s s s
s s
eq
eq
t
P f ft dt
T f f f f
f f
f f
f W f W
H f K f W
W W
H K

1
_ _ + 1 _ _
+ + +
1 1
, ,
] , , ]
1 + _ _
+
1
, , ]

( ) 0.816 so equalization is not essential.

/ 2
) ( ) sinc Ideal sampler ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
where ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
j
p
s s s s s
n n
f H f f e P f
X f P f X f
X f f X f nf f H f nf X f nf

( /2) 2
(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) for , where ( ) sin
Thus, ( ) /sinc ,
d
p s
j t
eq
X f P f f H f X f f W P f c f
H f Ke f f W






6-12

6.2-4

[ ] [ ]
[ ]
0 0
0
(a) Let ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
p s s
k
p s s s
n
v t A x t V f A f X f
x t v kT p t kT p t v t
X f P f V f A f P f f nf X f nf

+ +


+
' ;

[ ]
1
(b) ( ) sinc sinc
2 2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
s s
m m
f
P f f
f f
X f f f f f

+ +



6.2-5

( ) ( )
/ 2 / 2 2
2
(a) ( ) sinc sinc 2 sin sinc
4 8
j j
s s
j f f
P f f e e f j f
f f




2
0
2
(b) ( ) sinc ( ) for
8 4
( )
sinc ( / 4 )
If 0 then (0) and equalization is not possible.
d
p
s s
j t
eq l
s
l eq
j f f
X f A X f f W
f f
Ke
H f f f W
jf f f
f H

6-13

6.2-6

0 1 )
s
The spectrum of a PAM signal is like that of the chopper sampled signal of Fig. 6.1-4
and can be written as ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ] ...
With product detection ( ) x cos2 giving a freque
s s s
s
X f c X f c X f f X f f
x t f t
+ + + +

0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1
ncy domain expression of
( ) ( )
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
Combining terms and using a LPF the output spectra from the product detector gives
( ) ( )
2 2
s s
s s s s s s s s
c c
X f f X f f
c c c c
X f f f X f f f X f f f X f f f
c c
X f X f
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
+
1
( ) c X f

6.3-1

( )
min
1 1
1 0.8
5 25 100
so 1/ 2 50 400 kHz
s
r
s s
T r s
T
t
f f
B t f





6.3-2

min 0 0 0
max 0 0
0
(1 0.8) 3 and 1/ 2 0.2 3/ 2 15 s
1
(1 0.8) /3 = 23.1 s
1.8 x 3
Thus, 15 23.1 s
r r T T
s
s
t t B B
T
f

+




6.3-3

2
(a) 0.4 1 0.8cos
3
2
(b) t 0.5 0.2cos
3
k s
k s
k
T
k
T k
1 _
+
1
, ]
1 _
+ +
1
, ]




6-14

6.3-3 continued


6.3-4

(a) 0.4 1 0.8cos
3
(b) t 0.5 0.2cos
3
k s
k s
k
T
k
T k
1 _
+
1
, ]
1 _
+ +
1
, ]


6.3-5

[ ]
[ ]
0 0
0
0
Take so that ( ) 1. Apply - ( ) to PPM generator to get
( ) ( ) 1 2cos ( )
where ( ) 1 ( ) 0
s
p s s
n
s
t T t x t x t
x t A t n t n t x t
A t Af t x t
<

+ +
' ;

+ >

& =
&







6-15

6.3-5 continued

0
( ) ( ) BPF ( )
PPM > Lim BPF (t)

p
s c
x t x t v t
f mf x

[ ]
[ ]
0
0
0

First BPF yields ( ) 2 ( ) cos ( )
with , 2 if
2
Limiter and second BPF give ( ) cos ( )
s
c
s
c s s
c c c
f mf
v t A t t x t
T
f mf mf t m
t
x t A t x t

+

+
= =


6.3-6

[ ]
[ ] ( )
( )
2 1
2 /
n=- k=-
2
2 /
(a) ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( )
Thus, ( ) where 1/
(b) ( ) ( ) and ( )
Thus, where
s
s
j n f t
s s
n k
j nt L
s s
j fkT
s s
k n
j kf L
n
s t S f f e s t t kT
e L t kL L f T
S f s t e S f f f nf
e L f nL



t

1/
s s
k
L T f

6.3-7

1 1
1
( ) b
1
a ( )
( ) ( ) and (0)
1 1
( )
( ) ( )
( )
Thus, [ ( )]
( )
If ( ) 0, then ( ) 0 ( ) so
v g b
v g a
g t v t g v g
dv
g t dt dv dv
dt g t g g v
v
d g t dt dv
g g v
g g b g a

1
]

1
]
> > >

&
& &
&
&

( )
1 1
( )
( ) 1 1
( )
( ) (0)
g b
g a
v
dv
g
g g v g g

1 1
] ]

&
& &






6-16

6.3-7 continued

( ) ( )
1 1
( ) ( )
If ( ) 0, then ( ) 0 ( ) so
( ) ( ) 1
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
Hence [ ( )] ( )
( ) ( )
so [ ( )] ( ) / ( )
g b g a
g a g b
b b
a a
g g b g a
v v
dv dv
g
g g v g g v
g t dt t dt
g g t
g t t g t

< < <


1 1
] ]

&
& & &
& &
&