Al Khamr Fil Islam (Intoxicants in Islam)
Al Khamr Fil Islam (Intoxicants in Islam)
Al Khamr Fil Islam (Intoxicants in Islam)
٧٨۶
My Dear Brother,
You have asked regarding the nature of the term “”الخمر Al‐khamr in the Qur’an and how it is
understood more largely as being prohibited in Islam. This is a very complex term especially in terms of
contextualizing it in Islamic history and more importantly jurisprudence. Below I briefly will try to
provide a context for Islamic law and how the term is understood within the Islamic tradition.
To begin, all legal systems have developed methodologies by which justice and the rule of law is
established in civilization. There are basic principles upon which these are built and then methodologies
in theory allow an impartial application of justice. Each methodology or madhab (juristic school), as they
became known in Islam, has its own emphasis in approaching the ideal. The Hanafi Madhab which
became common in south Asia and Asia Minor placed particular emphasis on logic and the use of
analogy in the derivation of legal rulings. When interpreting the Qur’an there are very specific processes
that have been developed. For example, when interpreting a verse the first best way to interpret it is to
look at another part of the Qur’an that deals with the same. Lesser to that is the Sunnah, hadith, etc…
Another juristic tool that was developed is ijmaa’ (consensus of the scholars). This of course was rarely
used as it’s near impossible to achieve but in the case of khamr it becomes important. Let us now begin
in earnest.
The term khamr is an Arabic term of course. In the Arabic language all words derive from a two or three
letter root. In the case of khamr it is خ م رwhich according to the classical lexicographers derives from
the root khamara meaning “he concealed” or “obscured”. At the time of the Prophet khamr and another
term sakr, as we understand it, was an alcoholic drink which was made from fermented dates and
palms. Verses in the Qur’an are of many types but with regards to jurisprudence they can be
categorized as clear (muhkamat) or ambiguous (mutashabihat) as explained in 3:7. The Qur’an at its
core is an eternal text but also bound in the time of revelation which focuses more on the ethical
framework of the religion and as such to have clear verses on jurisprudence is rare but they exist such as
the ones on the laws of inheritance (4:11‐12). Khamr is understood as being one of these direct and
clear verses making the consumption of alcohol a sin in Islam.
The Qur’an of course was revealed over time to the Prophet over changing conditions in seventh‐
century Arabia. In the formative period of Islamic thought there was a great debate as to whether the
Qur’an is created or co‐eternal with God. The ‘Ashari school which won out in Sunni thought which went
with the co‐eternal uncreated idea of the Qur’an whereas Shi’a thought following the Mutazilites went
with the Qur’an as created.
The textual prohibition is understood by the scholars in two ways. One would be the idea of naskh
(abrogation). One of the first verses revealed about alcohol dealt with drunkenness 4:43 in which people
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are told not to pray while drunk. For those that espouse the idea of naskh, the forbidding of alcohol was
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an evolution that was needed for the people as a complete prohibition would have been disastrous. So
the implied idea for some scholars behind this verse was that alcohol was allowed but drunkenness
forbidden while praying. Now because the Islamic prayers are five times a day there it is very difficult to
get drunk and pray the five prayers on time and be sober by the next prayer so thereby implying a ban
until finally later verses outlaw alcohol altogether. The later verses for these scholars, like 5:90, then
abrogate the previous verses.
The second school of thought is that the idea of naskh is impossible. The Qur’an is the eternal word of
God that transcends time. The idea of a verse being revealed and then overridden or repealed is akin to
a human action based on error. The problem is the limitations of the human mind in not seeing the
consistency of the verses in the overall theme of the Qur’an. The implied allowing of alcohol in the
earlier revealed verse is a misunderstanding of the prohibition which always existed but was gradually
enforced as the culture adapted to Islamic norms. In both views alcohol is forbidden and the consensus
of the scholars later enforces and gives legitimacy to the sin of consuming alcohol.
What is Khamr?
We spoke earlier of khamr being a pre‐Islamic Arabian alcohol derived from fermented dates. How did
this come to mean all intoxicants? Khamr from its entomology is something that obscures the mind from
understanding the ultimate reality which in Islam is God and the unity of all creation through him.
Generally we can say that other things in this world are also khamr such as the desire for wealth and
power which are intoxicants of the mind and the soul that separate a person from the Divine. The goal
of the human being, from the perspective of the mystic, is Divine union and anything that impedes this
is discouraged or forbidden. For him the highest form of faith is to do an act for the love of God, not
bound or attached to the reward and punishment for a thing. In Islamic jurisprudence there are five
categories of classification for all human acts:
1.) Obligatory (Wajib)‐ The Five Pillars are a good example
2.) Recommended (Mustahab)‐ Extra things that help to bolster one’s faith such as extra prayers
3.) Permitted (Mubah)‐ This is also a neutral category like walking that can change with intention
4.) Disapproved (Makruh)‐ Smoking tobacco is an example of this
5.) Forbidden (Haram)‐ Alcohol is in this category
To be specific the issue of khamr as understood in juridical consensus is an intoxicant. You brought out a
good point about how to define this. Muslims don’t go as far as the Mormons, for instance in banning all
things that appear on the spectrum of intoxication. Culture, of course, has a lot to do with what is
defined as legal and illegal such as the debate in America with regards to marijuana. In the Islamic
context anything that heightens the veil of this world and separates the mind and body from God is an
intoxicant. We can understand the intoxicant by its effect on the human body and mind. Coffee and tea
is not legally an intoxicant as its effects are nominal to the body compared to the more extreme drugs
that impair judgment which can harm others and lead to physical deterioration of the body itself that is
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a trust from the Almighty.
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According to al‐Ghazali, arguably the greatest Islamic scholar of history, the public benefit purpose of
the law is vital and as such there are five essentials that should always be pursued, in order of
importance: religion, life, intellect, offspring and property. You spoke about your grandfather and his
illness. Since the faith is already established in this world and society, the necessity of life is incumbent.
In the pursuit of life and attending to it in extreme circumstances, such as illness, things normally
forbidden are allowed in the same manner that if you’re on a deserted island and the only food is a wild
boar then it becomes halaal only to the extent that it nourishes the body and not more. There is of
course an element of personal subjectivity and the individual’s accountability to God should guide one in
the spirit of the Law.
Why is Khamr forbidden?
The Qur’anic verses regarding the prohibition of intoxicants are generally four (2:129, 5:90, 5:91, and
16:67). After speaking of the Qur’anic injunctions I would ordinarily then proceed to the Hadith but since
you see it as problematic I will focus my time on producing to the best of my ability the Qur’anic
arguments as understood by the scholars of the faith.
1.) 2:129‐ THEY WILL ASK thee about intoxicants and games of chance. Say: "In both there is great
evil as well as some benefit for man; but the evil which they cause is greater than the benefit
which they bring." And they will ask thee as to what they should spend [in God's cause]. Say:
"Whatever you can spare." In this way God makes clear unto you His messages, so that you
might reflect
a. Khamr, evolutionarily understood as intoxicants, begins in 2:129 as a response by God
to those questioning the Prophet. There are many levels of discourse in every verse of
the Qur’an and multiple ways of understanding its depth. I will try to highlight those
most applicable to your question. The first argument here is that of acknowledging that
there is good in intoxicants and games of chance. In our day, for example, there is some
scientific acknowledgement that a cup of red wine a day is good for the heart. But the
effect and social cost of alcoholism is greater than its net benefit that can be otherwise
achieved with a lower negative effect. Some of the more extreme Sufi sects and even
some of the philosophers of Ghazali’s time would agree with the argument but say this
is for the illiterate masses that have no control over themselves, “I as a scholar am in
control and thus am allowed alcohol”. Ghazali and the majority of mainstream scholars
consensually rejected their arguments as specious.
b. Gambling as a form of recreation and social bonding may have some benefit. In Islamic
law things acquire legal status both with regards to its relationship with God and
relationship to humanity. But taking it on balance to the individual and society its harms
outweigh its benefits. We see this for instance with gambling on Indian reservations
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where this free income was supposed to help these nations and rather it brought out in
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the leadership and the people the worst of actions and effects, alcoholism for the
indigenous are also a good example of the ill effect it has on the soul of a people.
c. The verse then goes on to talk about charity and while not directly related speaks more
generally to the idea of public benefit in Islamic law (maslaha mursalah). For al‐Ghazali,
“in addition to developing clear guidance of how to gain redemption in the afterlife,
religious law (sharî’a) also aims at creating an environment that allows each individual
wellbeing and the pursuit of a virtuous and pious lifestyle. Al‐Ghazali argues that when
God revealed divine law (sharî’a) He did so with the purpose (maqsad) of advancing
human benefits in this world and the next.” 1
2.) 5:90 O YOU who have attained to faith! Intoxicants, and games of chance, and idolatrous
practices, and the divining of the future are but a loathsome evil of Satan's doing:’ shun it, then,
so that you might attain to a happy state!
a. Here the Qur’an links the intoxicants to other pre‐Islamic behaviors that are sins and are
evil in the society. God admonishes us and only in rejecting these distractions based on
evil is able to achieve true happiness which is to live in harmony with our truest nature
of good and to come closer in spiritual union with the Divine. Evil is separation from
God, goodness is proximity to Him so that as we separate from him our actions reflect
this and the negative externalities that inevitably follow. This is not a verdict on non‐
Islamic societies, this is within the Islamic worldview for those who have heard His
message and accept it.
b. From a sociological view, alcohol is a marker and so is its rejection and the lifestyle that
goes with the consumption of it. Food is the most basic human act its sharing creates
community such that food taboos help to distinguish and create separate communities.
Islamic civilization is in part distinguished by its food taboos and in the modern era
especially in the Western Diaspora creates a unique identity by its rejection of alcohol in
social interaction. Inhibitions are good inasmuch as it relates to public and personal
moral choices of good over evil. One of the core injunctions of Islam in the Qur’an is
‘amr bil maaruf wa nahyun al‐munkar (enjoin the good and forbid the evil) and the
rejection of intoxicants help in observing this both personally and socially.
3.) 5:91 By means of intoxicants and games of chance Satan seeks only to sow enmity and hatred
among you, and to turn you away from the remembrance of God and from prayer. Will you not,
then, desist?'
a. This follows the idea of the negative effects of alcohol consumption which is hard to do
moderation especially in certain cultures, like some in Europe with which I’m familiar.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/al‐ghazali/
With that consumption comes quarreling in pubs as the social inhibitions are lowered
and slight provocation releases anger and hatred in man.
b. Two other things which are related to the first verse we discussed. The first is that the
money used for alcohol, which is quite a lot, can be used for other public benefit in
charity which benefit the soul of the person giving and the society at large. It’s an issue
of allocation of finite resources for social good. The second it time. Time is one of the
most precious things in Islam and productivity is valued in its expenditure. Wasting of
time is sinful so that instead of engaging in neutral or negative acts, the pursuit of the
positive through meritorious action is encouraged in the faith. Alcohol consumption
leads to the wasting of time and a tendency towards other actions that are not in
accordance to the Islamic moral ordering of society, better that time and resources be
devoted to the enhancing of good and justice.
4.) 16:67 And [We grant you nourishment] from the fruit of date‐palms and vines: from it you
derive intoxicants as well as wholesome sustenance ‐in this, behold, there is a message indeed
for people who use their reason!
a. It is interesting to note that here instead of the work khamr, sakr (ﻜﺮًﺍ
) َﺳ ﹶ is instead used
which is similar in meaning and more precise to the date wine used in Arabia. The
Footnote by Muhammad Asad explains this in more detail, “The term sakar (lit., "wine"
or, generically, "intoxicants") is contrasted here with rizq hasan ("wholesome
sustenance"), thus circumscribing both the positive and the negative properties and
effects of alcohol. Although this surah was revealed about ten years before the Qur'anic
prohibition of intoxicants in 5:90‐91, there is no doubt that their moral condemnation is
already implied in the above verse (Ibn `Abbas, as quoted by Tabari; also Razi). (Quran
Ref: 16:67)”
b. Reason is core to the appeal of the Qur’an. It is a book of signs for those who reflect as it
says. The application of reason with an open mind and more importantly open heart is
crucial to the message that it is one that appeals to heart and soul of a seeker of the
Truth.
I hope I’ve given you a general philosophical view of alcohol in Islam as understood in the Qur’an and
prominent scholars of the faith. In response to your specific query, alcohol as consumed in drink is
forbidden as are commonly used drugs for recreational use. Drugs that used in medication for the
treatment of illness and alleviation of physical pain is allowed in controlled quantities. Drugs that affect
the mental state for the chemically imbalanced like those with mental illness are allowed. But for those
who are simply dissatisfied with life, prayer and meditation as well as other lawful means should be
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used to create a healthy mind as opposed to smoking weed to escape reality. As for foods, it is for
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example acceptable in bread which is part of the natural leavening process but not intentionally added
such as in a rum cake. Alcohol is both sinful and immoral in its effect on the person and society.
The wine of Heaven is allegorical and the hadith explain this more as the wine of Heaven is not what we
understand it to be. For example, it is a wine that does not intoxicate in any quantity. Many of the
images of Heaven are in the language of the seventh century Arab in Arabia as a function of revelation
and the process of binding of the Book to time and so its images of Heaven are a contrast to the
desolate and harsh reality of their desert life. This is how historically many of the images have been
understood by the scholars as metaphorical as opposed to literal.
In the end our knowledge of the Divine and his law is limited by our finite minds and being. We ask His
help and guidance in the pursuit of the faith in truth and justice. God is most knowledgeable and we
defer to His guidance and inspiration.
I. S. Akhtar
New College School of Divinity
Edinburgh, Scotland
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