A4

PREVIOUS CAT QUESTION PAPER

CAT 2007

Before the Test:

1. DO NOT REMOVE THE SEAL OF THIS BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL TO START IS GIVEN.
2. Keep only a pencil, eraser and sharpener with you. DO NOT KEEP with you books, rulers, slide rules, drawing
instruments, calculators (including watch calculators), pagers, cellular phones, stop watches or any other device
or loose paper. These should be left at a place indicated by the invigilator.
3. Use only HB pencil to fill in the Answer Sheet.
4. Enter in your Answer Sheet: (a) in Box 3, the Test Form Number that appears at the bottom of this page, (b) in
Box 4, the Test Booklet Serial Number that appears at the top of this page.
5. Ensure that your personal data have been entered correctly on Side - II of the Answer Sheet.
6. Ensure that you have entered your 8-digit Test Registration Number in Box 2 of the Answer Sheet correctly.
Start entering the number from the leftmost cell, leaving the last three cells blank.
At the start of the Test:
1. As soon as the signal to start is given, open the Test Booklet.
2. This Test Booklet contains 21 pages, including the blank ones. Immediately after opening the Test Booklet,
verify that all the pages are printed properly and are in order. If there is a problem with your Test Booklet,
immediately inform the invigilator. You will be provided with a replacement.
How to answer:
1. This test contains 75 questions in three sections. There are 25 questions in Section I, 25 questions in
Section II and 25 questions in Section III. You have two and half hours to complete the test. In distributing the
time over the three sections, please bear in mind that you need to demonstrate your competence in all three
sections.
2. Directions for answering the questions are given before each group of questions. Read these directions carefully
and answer the questions by darkening the appropriate circles on the Answer Sheet. Each question has only one
correct answer.
3. All questions carry 4 marks each. For a wrong answer you will lose one-fourth of the marks allotted to
the question.
4. Do your rough work only on the Test Booklet and NOT on the Answer Sheet.
5. Follow the instructions of the invigilator. Students found violating the instructions will be disqualified.
After the Test:
1. At the end of the test, remain seated. The invigilator will collect the Answer Sheet from your seat. Do not leave
the hall until the invigilator announces You may leave now. The invigilator will make this announcement only
after collecting the Answer Sheets from all the students in the room.
2. You may retain this Test Booklet with you.

Test Form Number: 111

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CAT 2007

Section I
1. The price of Darjeeling tea (in rupees per
kilogram) is 100 + 0.10n, on the nth day of 2007
(n = 1, 2, ..., 100), and then remains constant. On
the other hand, the price of Ooty tea (in rupees
per kilogram) is 89 + 0.15n, on the nth day of 2007
(n = 1, 2, ..., 365). On which date in 2007 will the
prices of these two varieties of tea be equal?
(1) May 21
(4) April 10

(2) April 11
(5) June 30

5. For general n, consider any two members of S

that are friends. How many other members of S
will be common friends of both these members?

(3) May 20

2. A quadratic function f(x) attains a maximum of 3

at x = 1. The value of the function at x = 0 is 1.
What is the value of f(x) at x = 10?
(1) 119
(4) 180

(2) 159
(5) 105

(3) 110

3. Two circles with centres P and Q cut each other at

two distinct points A and B. The circles have the
same radii and neither P nor Q falls within the
intersection of the circles. What is the smallest
range that includes all possible values of the
angle AQP in degrees?

Answer questions 6 and 7 based on the

information given below.
Shabnam is considering three alternatives to invest
her surplus cash for a week. She wishes to guarantee
maximum returns on her investment. She has three
options, each of which can be utilized fully or partially
in conjunction with others.

(1) Between 0 and 90

(2) Between 0 and 30
(3) Between 0 and 60
(4) Between 0 and 75
(5) Between 0 and 45

Option A: Invest in a public sector bank. It promises a

return of +0.10%

Answer questions 4 and 5 based on the

information given below.

Option B: Invest in mutual funds of ABC Ltd. A rise in

the stock market will result in a return of +5%, while
a fall will entail a return of 3%

Let S be the set of all pairs (i, j) where 1 i < j n and

n 4. Any two distinct members of S are called
friends if they have one constituent of the pairs in
common and enemies otherwise. For example, if
n = 4, then S = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}.
Here, (1, 2) and (1, 3) are friends, (1, 2) and (2, 3) are
also friends, but (1, 4) and (2, 3) are enemies.

Option C: Invest in mutual funds of CBA Ltd. A rise in

the stock market will result in a return of 2.5%,
while a fall will entail a return of +2%
6. The maximum guaranteed return to Shabnam is:
(1) 0.25%
(4) 0.15%

4. For general n, how many enemies will each

member of S have?

(2) 0.10%
(5) 0.30%

(3) 0.20%

7. What strategy will maximize the guaranteed

return to Shabnam?
(1) 100% in option A
(2) 36% in option B and 64% in option C
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CAT 2007
(3) 64% in option B and 36% in option C
(4) 1/3 in each of the three options
(5) 30% in option A, 32% in option B and 38% in
option C

(1) n(k 1)
(4) k(k 2)

Answer questions 12 and 13 based on the

information given below.

Answer questions 8 and 9 based on the

information given below

Mr. David manufactures and sells a single product at a

fixed price in a niche market. The selling price of each
unit is Rs. 30. On the other hand, the cost, in rupees, of
producing x units is 240 + bx + cx2, where b and c are
some constants. Mr. David noticed that doubling the
daily production from 20 to 40 units increases the
daily production cost by 66.66%. However, an
increase in daily production from 40 to 60 units
results in an increase of only 50% in the daily
production cost. Assume that demand is unlimited
and that Mr. David can sell as much as he can
produce. His objective is to maximize the profit.

Cities A and B are in different time zones. A is located

3000 km east of B. The table below describes the
schedule of an airline operating non-stop flights
between A and B. All the times indicated are local and
on the same day.
Assume that planes cruise at the same speed in both
directions. However, the effective speed is influenced
by a steady wind blowing from east to west at 50 km
per hour.
Departure
City
B
A

Time
8:00 a.m.
4:00 p.m.

Arrival
City
A
B

12. How many units should Mr. David produce daily?

Time
3:00 p.m.
8:00 p.m.

(1) 130
(4) 150

8. What is the time difference between A and B?

(1) 620
(4) 760

Let a1 = p and b1 = q, where p and q are positive

quantities.

(2) 550
(3) 600
(5) Cannot be determined

Define:
an = pbn 1 bn = qbn 1, for even n > 1
and an = pan 1 bn = qan 1, for odd n > 1.

10. Consider all four digit numbers for which the first
two digits are equal and the last two digits are
also equal. How many such numbers are perfect
squares?
(2) 2

(3) 4

(4) 0

(2) 920
(3) 840
(5) Cannot be determined

Answer questions 14 and 15 based on the

information given below.

9. What is the planes cruising speed in km per

hour?

(1) 3

(2) 100
(3) 70
(5) Cannot be determined

13. What is the maximum daily profit, in rupees, that

Mr. David can realize from his business?

(1) 1 hour and 30 minutes

(2) 2 hours
(3) 2 hours and 30 minutes
(4) 1 hour
(5) Cannot be determined

(1) 700
(4) 500

(2) k(n 1)
(3) n(k 2)
(5) (n 1)(k 1)

14. Which of the following best describes an + bn for

even n?

(5) 1

11. In a tournament, there are n teams T1 , T2 ....., Tn

with n > 5. Each team consists of k players, k > 3.
The following pairs of teams have one player in
common:
T1 & T2 , T2 & T3 ,......, Tn 1 & Tn , and Tn & T1.
No other pair of teams has any player in common.
How many players are participating in the
tournament, considering all the n teams together?
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CAT 2007
15. If p = 1/3 and q = 2/3, then what is the smallest
odd n such that an + bn < 0.01?
(1) 7

(2) 13

(3) 11

(4) 9

for the purpose. The outer diameter of the tank is

10 meters. Is the tank capacity adequate to meet
ABCs requirements?

(5) 15

A. The inner diameter of the tank is at least 8

meters.
B. The tank weighs 30,000 kg when empty, and is
made of a material with density of 3 gm/cc.

Answer questions 16 to 19 based on the following

instructions:
Mark (1) if the question can be answered using A
alone but not using B alone.
Mark (2) if the question can be answered using B
alone but not using A alone.
Mark (3) if the question can be answered using A and
B together, but not using either A or B alone.
Mark (4) if the question cannot be answered even
using A and B together.

20. Suppose you have a currency, named Miso, in

three denominations: 1 Miso, 10 Misos and 50
Misos. In how many ways can you pay a bill of
107 Misos?
(1) 17

(3) 18

(4) 15

(5) 19

21. How many pairs of positive integers m, n satisfy

1/m + 4/n = 1/12 where n is an odd integer less
than 60?

16. The average weight of a class of 100 students is

45 kg. The class consists of two sections, I and II,
each with 50 students. The average weight, WI, of
Section I is smaller than the average weight, WII,
of Section II. If the heaviest student, say Deepak,
of Section II is moved to Section I, and the lightest
student, say Poonam, of Section I is moved to
Section II, then the average weights of the two
sections are switched, i.e., the average weight of
Section I becomes WII and that of Section II
becomes WI. What is the weight of Poonam?

(1) 6

(2) 4

(3) 7

(4) 5

(5) 3

22. A confused bank teller transposed the rupees and

paise when he cashed a cheque for Shailaja,
giving her rupees instead of paise and paise
instead of rupees. After buying a toffee for
50 paise, Shailaja noticed that she was left with
exactly three times as much as the amount on the
cheque. Which of the following is a valid
statement about the cheque amount?

A. WII WI = 1.0
B. Moving Deepak from Section II to I (without
any move from I to II) makes the average
weights of the two sections equal.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

17. Consider integers x, y and z. What is the minimum

possible value of x2 + y2 + z2 ?
A. x + y + z = 89
B. Among x, y, z two are equal.

Over Rupees 13 but less than Rupees 14

Over Rupees 7 but less than Rupees 8
Over Rupees 22 but less than Rupees 23
Over Rupees 18 but less than Rupees 19
Over Rupees 4 but less than Rupees 5

23. Consider the set S = {2, 3, 4, ..., 2n + 1}, where n is

a positive integer larger than 2007. Define X as
the average of the odd integers in S and Y as the
average of the even integers in S. What is the
value of X Y?

18. Rahim plans to draw a square JKLM with a

point O on the side JK but is not successful. Why
is Rahim unable to draw the square?

(1) 0
(4) n + 1/2n

A. The length of OM is twice that of OL.

B. The length of OM is 4 cm.

(2) 1
(5) 2008

(3) n/2

24. Ten years ago, the ages of the members of a joint

family of eight people added up to 231 years.
Three years later, one member died at the age of
60 years and a child was born during the same
year. After another three years, one more
member died, again at 60, and a child was born

19. ABC Corporation is required to maintain at least

400 Kilolitres of water at all times in its factory,
in order to meet safety and regulatory
requirements. ABC is considering the suitability
of a spherical tank with uniform wall thickness
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CAT 2007
during the same year. The current average age of
this eight member joint family is nearest to:
(1) 23 years
(3) 21 years
(5) 24 years

(2) 22 years
(4) 25 years

25. A function f(x) satisfies f(1) = 3600, and

f(1) + f(2) + ... + f(n) = nf(n), for all
positive integers n > 1. What is the value of f(9)?
(1) 80
(4) 100

M-PP-01

(2) 240
(5) 120

(3) 200

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CAT 2007

Section II
Answer questions 26 to 29 based on the following
instructions:

29. Thirty percent of the employees of a call centre

are males. Ten per cent of the female employees
have an engineering background. What is the
percentage of male employees with engineering
background?

Each question is followed by two statements, I and II.

Answer each question using the following
instructions:
Mark (1) if the question can be answered by using
statement A alone but not by using statement B alone.
Mark (2) if the question can be answered by using
statement B alone but not by using statement A alone.
Mark (3) if the question can be answered by using
either of the statements alone.
Mark (4) if the question can be answered by using
both the statements together but not by either of the
statements alone.
Mark (5) if the question cannot be answered on the
basis of the two statements.

A. Twenty five per cent of the employees have

engineering background.
B. Number of male employees having an
engineering background is 20% more than
the number of female employees having an
engineering background.
Answer questions 30 to 33 based on the following
information:
The proportion of male students and the proportion
of vegetarian students in a school are given below.
The school has a total of 800 students, 80% of whom
are in the Secondary Section and rest equally divided
between Class 11 and 12.

26. In a football match, at half-time, Mahindra and

Mahindra Club was trailing by three goals. Did it
win the match?
A. In the second half Mahindra and Mahindra
Club scored four goals.
B. The opponent scored four goals in the match.

Male (M)
0.6

Class 11

0.55

Secondary Section

27. In a particular school, sixty students were

athletes. Ten among them were also among the
top academic performers. How many top
academic performers were in the school?

Total

0.5
0.55

0.475

0.53

30. What is the percentage of vegetarian students in

Class 12?

A. Sixty per cent of the top academic performers

were not athletes.
B. All the top academic performers were not
necessarily athletes.

(1) 40

(2) 45

(3) 50

(4) 55

(5) 60

31. In Class 12, twenty five per cent of the

vegetarians are male. What is the difference
between the number of female vegetarians and
male non-vegetarians?

28. Five students Atul, Bala, Chetan, Dev and Ernesto

were the only ones who participated in a quiz
contest. They were ranked based on their scores
in the contest. Dev got a higher rank as compared
to Ernesto, while Bala got a higher rank as
compared to Chetan. Chetans rank was lower
than the median. Who among the five got the
highest rank?

(1) less than 8

(4) 14

(2) 10
(5) 16

(3) 12

32. What is the percentage of male students in the

secondary section?
(1) 40

A. Atul was the last rank holder.

B. Bala was not among the top two rank
holders.

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Class 12

Vegetarian (V)

(2) 45

(3) 50

(4) 55

(5) 60

33. In the Secondary Section, 50% of the students are

vegetarian males. Which of the following
statements is correct?

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CAT 2007
(1) Except vegetarian males, all other groups
have same number of students.
(2) Except non-vegetarian males, all other
groups have same number of students.
(3) Except vegetarian females, all other groups
have same number of students.

(4) Except non-vegetarian females, all other

groups have same number of students
(5) All of the above groups have the same
number of students.

Answer questions 34 to 37 based on the following information:

The following table shows the break-up of actual costs incurred by a company in last five years (year 2002 to year
2006) to produce a particular product.
The production capacity of the company is 2000 units. The selling price for the year 2006 was Rs. 125 per unit. Some
costs change almost in direct proportion to the change in volume of production, while others do not follow any
obvious pattern of change with respect to the volume of production and hence are considered fixed. Using the
information provided for the year 2006 as the basis for projecting the figures for the year 2007, answer the
following questions.
Year 2002

Year 2003

Year 2004

Year 2005

Year 2006

1000

900

1100

1200

1200

Material

50,000

45,100

55,200

59,900

60,000

Labour

20,000

18,000

22,100

24,150

24,000

Consumables

2,000

2,200

1,800

1,600

1,400

Rent of building

1,000

1,000

1,100

1,100

1,200

Rates and taxes

400

400

400

400

400

Repair and maintenance

expenses

800

820

780

790

800

Operating cost of machines

30,000

27,000

33,500

36,020

36,000

Selling and marketing

expenses

5,750

5,800

5,800

5,750

5,800

Volume of production and

sale (units)
Costs (Rs.)

34. What is the approximate cost per unit in rupees, if the company produces and sells 1400 units in the year 2007?
(1) 104

(2) 107

(3) 110

(4) 115

(5) 116

35. What is the minimum number of units that the company needs to produce and sell to avoid any loss?
(1) 313

(2) 350

(3) 384

(4) 747

(5) 928

36. Given that the company cannot sell more than 1700 units, and it will have to reduce the price by Rs. 5 for all
units, if it wants to sell more than 1400 units, what is the maximum profit, in rupees, that the company can earn?
(1) 25,400

(2) 24,400

(3) 31,400

(4) 32,900

(5) 32,000

37. If the company reduces the price by 5%, it can produce and sell as many units as it desires. How many units the
company should produce to maximize its profit?
(1) 1400
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(2) 1600

(3) 1800
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(4) 1900

(5) 2000
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CAT 2007
Answer questions 38 to 41 based on the following information:
The table below shows the comparative costs, in US Dollars, of major surgeries in USA and a select few Asian
countries.
Procedure
Heart Bypass
Heart Valve
Replacement
Angioplasty
Hip Replacement
Hysterectomy
Knee Replacement
Spinal Fusion

Comparative Costs in USA and some Asian countries (in US Dollars)

USA
130000

India
10000

Thailand
11000

Singapore
18500

Malaysia
9000

160000

9000

10000

12500

9000

57000
43000
20000

11000
9000
3000

13000
12000
4500

13000
12000
6000

11000
10000
3000

40000
62000

8500
5500

10000
7000

13000
9000

8000
6000

The equivalent of one US Dollar in the local currencies is given below.

1 US Dollar equivalent
40.928
Rupees
3.51
Ringits
32.89
Bahts
1.53
S Dollars

India
Malaysia
Thailand
Singapore

A consulting firm found that the quality of the health services were not the same in all the countries above. A poor
quality of a surgery may have significant repercussions in future, resulting in more cost in correcting mistakes. The
cost of poor quality of surgery is given in the table below.
Procedure

Comparative Costs of Poor Quality in USA and some Asian countries

(in US Dollars 000 )
USA
India
Thailand
Singapore
Malaysia

Heart Bypass
Heart Valve
Replacement
Angioplasty

Hip Replacement
Hysterectomy
Knee Replacement
Spinal Fusion

0
0
0
0

7
5
9
5

5
6
6
6

5
5
4
5

8
4
4
6

38. The rupee value increases to Rs. 35 for a US Dollar, and all other things including quality, remain the same. What
is the approximate difference in cost, in US Dollars, between Singapore and India for a Spinal Fusion, taking this
change into account?
(1) 700
(5) No difference

(2) 2500

(3) 4500

(4) 8000

39. Approximately, what difference in amount in Bahts will it make to a Thai citizen if she were to get a
hysterectomy done in India instead of in her native country, taking into account the cost of poor quality? It costs
7500 Bahts for one-way travel between Thailand and India.
(1) 23500

M-PP-01

(2) 40500

(3) 57500

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(4) 67500

(5) 75000

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CAT 2007
40. A US citizen is hurt in an accident and requires an angioplasty, hip replacement and a knee replacement. Cost of
foreign travel and stay is not a consideration since the government will take care of it. Which country will result
in the cheapest package, taking cost of poor quality into account?
(1) India

(2) Thailand

(3) Malaysia

(4) Singapore

(5) USA

41. Taking the cost of poor quality into account, which country/countries will be the most expensive for knee
replacement?
(1) India
(2) Thailand
(5) India and Singapore

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(3) Malaysia

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(4) Singapore

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CAT 2007
Answer questions 42 to 46 based on the following information:
A low-cost airline company connects ten Indian cities, A to J. The table below gives the distance between a pair of
airports and the corresponding price charged by the company. Travel is permitted only from a departure airport to
an arrival airport. The customers do not travel by a route where they have to stop at more than two intermediate
airports.
Sector No. Airport of Departure Airport of Arrival

Distance between the

Airports (km)

Price (Rs.)

560

670

790

1350

850

1250

1245

1600

1345

1700

1350

2450

1950

1850

1650

2000

1750

1900

10

2100

2450

11

2300

2275

12

460

450

13

410

430

14

910

1100

15

540

590

16

625

700

17

640

750

18

950

1250

19

1650

2450

20

1250

1700

21

970

1150

22

850

875

23

900

1050

24

875

950

25

970

1150

26

510

550

27

830

890

28

790

970

29

400

425

30

460

540

42. What is the lowest price, in rupees, a passenger has to pay for travelling by the shortest route from A to J?
(1) 2275

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(2) 2850

(3) 2890

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(4) 2930

(5) 3340

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CAT 2007
43. The company plans to introduce a direct flight between A and J. The market research results indicate that all its
existing passengers travelling between A and J will use this direct flight if it is priced 5% below the minimum
price that they pay at present. What should the company charge approximately, in rupees, for this direct flight?
(1) 1991

(2) 2161

(3) 2707

(4) 2745

(5) 2783

44. If the airports C, D and H are closed down owing to security reasons, what would be the minimum price, in
rupees, to be paid by a passenger travelling from A to J?
(1) 2275

(2) 2615

(3) 2850

(4) 2945

(5) 3190

45. If the prices include a margin of 10% over the total cost that the company incurs, what is the minimum cost per
kilometer that the company incurs in flying from A to J?
(1) 0.77

(2) 0.88

(3) 0.99

(4) 1.06

(5) 1.08

46. If the prices include a margin of 15% over the total cost that the company incurs, which among the following is
the distance to be covered in flying from A to J that minimizes the total cost per kilometer for the company?
(1) 2170

(2) 2180

(3) 2315

(4) 2350

(5) 2390

Answer questions 47 to 50 based on the following information:

A health-drink companys R&D department is trying to make various diet formulations, which can be used for
certain specific purposes. It is considering a choice of 5 alternative ingredients (O, P, Q, R, and S), which can be used
in different proportions in the formulations. The table below gives the composition of these ingredients. The cost per
unit of each of these ingredients is O: 150, P: 50, Q: 200, R: 500, S: 100.
Ingredient
O
P
Q
R
S

Composition
Carbohydrate %
50
80
10
5
45

Protein %
30
20
30
50
50

Fat %
10
0
50
40
0

Minerals %
10
0
10
5
5

47. The company is planning to launch a balanced diet required for growth needs of adolescent children. This diet
must contain at least 30% each of carbohydrate and protein, no more than 25% fat and at least 5% minerals.
Which one of the following combinations of equally mixed ingredients is feasible?
(1) O and P

(2) R and S

(3) P and S

(4) Q and R

(5) O and S

48. For a recuperating patient, the doctor recommended a diet containing 10% minerals and at least 30% protein.
In how many different ways can we prepare this diet by mixing at least two ingredients?
(1) One

(2) Two

(3) Three

(4) Four

(5) None

49. Which among the following is the formulation having the lowest cost per unit for a diet having 10% fat and at
least 30% protein? The diet has to be formed by mixing two ingredients.
(1) P and Q

(2) P and S

(3) P and R

(4) Q and S

(5) R and S

50. In what proportion should P, Q and S be mixed to make a diet having at least 60% carbohydrate at the lowest
per unit cost?
(1) 2 : 1 : 3
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(2) 4 : 1 : 2

(3) 2 : 1 : 4
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(4) 3 : 1: 2

(5) 4 : 1 : 1
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CAT 2007

Section III
Instructions for questions 51 to 53:

Instructions for questions 54 - 56:

Each of the questions below contains a number of

sentences.
Each
sentence
has
pairs
of
word(s)/phrases that are highlighted. From the
highlighted word(s)/phrase(s), select the most
appropriate word(s)/phrase(s) to form correct
sentences. Then, from the options given, choose the
best one.

The passage given below is followed by a set of

questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to
each question.
To discover the relation between rules, paradigms,
and normal science, consider first how the historian
isolates the particular loci of commitment that have
been described as accepted rules. Close historical
investigation of a given specialty at a given time
discloses a set of recurrent and quasi-standard
illustrations of various theories in their conceptual,
observational, and instrumental applications. These
are the community's paradigms, revealed in its
textbooks, lectures, and laboratory exercises. By
studying them and by practicing with them, the
members of the corresponding community learn their
trade. The historian, of course, will discover in
addition a penumbral area occupied by achievements
whose status is still in doubt, but the core of solved
problems and techniques will usually be clear.
Despite occasional ambiguities, the paradigms of a
mature scientific community can be determined with
relative ease.

51. The cricket council that was[A]/were[B] elected

last March is[A]/are[B] at sixes and sevens over
new rules. The critics censored[A]/censured[B]
the new movie because of its social
inaccessibility. Amits explanation for missing the
meeting was credulous[A]/credible[B].
She coughed discreetly[A]/discretely[B] to
announce her presence.
(1) BBAAA
(4) AABBA

(2) AAABA
(5) BBBAA

(3) BBBBA

52. The further[A]/farther[B] he pushed himself,

the more disillusioned he grew. For the crowds it
was more of a historical[A]/historic[B] event;
for their leader, it was just another day. The old
man has a healthy distrust[A]/mistrust[B] for
all new technology. This film is based on a
real[A]/true[B] story. One suspects that the
compliment[A]/complement[B] was
backhanded.
(1) BABAB
(4) BBAAB

(2) ABBBA
(5) ABABA

That demands a second step and one of a somewhat

different kind. When undertaking it, the historian
must compare the community's paradigms with each
other and with its current research reports. In doing
so, his object is to discover what isolable elements,
explicit or implicit, the members of that community
may have abstracted from their more global
paradigms and deploy it as rules in their research.
Anyone who has attempted to describe or analyze the
evolution of a particular scientific tradition will
necessarily have sought accepted principles and rules
of this sort. Almost certainly, he will have met with at
least partial success. But, if his experience has been at
all like my own, he will have found the search for
rules both more difficult and less satisfying than the
search for paradigms. Some of the generalizations he
employs to describe the community's shared beliefs
will present more problems. Others, however, will
seem a shade too strong. Phrased in just that way, or
in any other way he can imagine, they would almost
certainly have been rejected by some members of the
group he studies. Nevertheless, if the coherence of the

(3) BAABA

53. Regrettably[A]/Regretfully[B] I have to decline

your invitation. I am drawn to the poetic,
sensual[A]/sensuous[B] quality of her paintings.
He was besides[A]/beside[B] himself with rage
when I told him what I had done. After brushing
against a stationary[A]/stationery[B] truck my
car turned turtle. As the water began to rise
over[A]/above[B] the danger mark, the signs of
an imminent flood were clear.
(1) BAABA
(4) BBAAB

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(2) BBBAB
(5) BABAB

(3) AAABA

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research tradition is to be understood in terms of
rules, some specification of common ground in the
corresponding area is needed. As a result, the search
for a body of rules competent to constitute a given
normal research tradition becomes a source of
continual and deep frustration.

(5) Loyalty to evolving trends of scientific

inquiry.
56. The author of this passage is likely to agree with
which of the following?
(1) Paradigms almost entirely define a scientific
tradition.
(2) A group of scientists investigating a
phenomenon would benefit by defining a set
of rules.
(3) Acceptance by the giants of a tradition is a
sine qua non for a paradigm to emerge.
(4) Choice of isolation mechanism determines
the types of paradigm that may emerge from
a tradition.
(5) Paradigms are a general representation of
rules and beliefs of a scientific tradition.

Recognizing that frustration, however, makes it

possible to diagnose its source. Scientists can agree
that a Newton, Lavoisier, Maxwell, or Einstein has
produced an apparently permanent solution to a
group of outstanding problems and still disagree,
sometimes without being aware of it, about the
particular abstract characteristics that make those
solutions permanent. They can, that is, agree in their
identification of a paradigm without agreeing on, or
even attempting to produce, a full interpretation or
rationalization of it. Lack of a standard interpretation
or of an agreed reduction to rules will not prevent a
paradigm from guiding research. Normal science can
be determined in part by the direct inspection of
paradigms, a process that is often aided by but does
not depend upon the formulation of rules and
assumption. Indeed, the existence of a paradigm need
not even imply that any full set of rules exists.

Instructions for questions 57 - 59:

Each of the following questions has a paragraph from
which the last sentence has been deleted. From the
given options, choose the one that completes the
paragraph in the most appropriate way.
57. Characters are also part of deep structure.
Characters tie events in a story together and
provide a thread of continuity and meaning.
Stories can be about individuals, groups, projects
or whole organizations, so from an organizational
studies perspective, the focal actor(s) determine
the level and unit of analysis used in a study.
Stories of mergers and acquisitions, for example,
are commonplace. In these stories whole
organizations are personified as actors. But these
macro-level stories usually are not told from the
perspective of the macro-level participants,
because whole organizations cannot narrate their
experiences in the first person. ________

54. What is the author attempting to illustrate

through this passage?
(1) Relationships between rules, paradigms, and
normal science.
(2) How a historian would isolate a particular
loci of commitment.
(3) How a set of shared beliefs evolve in to a
paradigm.
(4) Ways of understanding a scientific tradition.
(5) The frustrations of attempting to define a
paradigm of a tradition.
55. The term loci of commitment as used in the
passage would most likely correspond with
which of the following?

(1) More generally, data concerning the

identities and relationships of the characters
in the story are required, if one is to
understand role structure and social
networks in which that process is embedded.
(2) Personification of a whole organization
abstracts away from the particular actors and
from traditional notions of level of analysis.

(1) Loyalty between a group of scientists in a

research laboratory.
(2) Loyalty between groups of scientists across
research laboratories.
(3) Loyalty to a certain paradigm of scientific
inquiry.
(4) Loyalty to global patterns of scientific
inquiry.
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(3) The personification of a whole organization
is important because stories differ depending
on who is enacting various events.
(4) Every story is told from a particular point of
view, with a particular narrative voice, which
is not regarded as part of the deep structure.
(5) The personification of a whole organization
is a textual device we use to make macrolevel theories more comprehensible.

59. Mma Ramotswe had a detective agency in Africa,

at the foot of Kgale Hill. These were its assets: a
tiny white van, two desks, two chairs, a
telephone, and an old typewriter. Then there was
a teapot, in which Mma Ramotswe- the only
private lady detective in Botswana- brewed red
bush tea. And three mugs- one for herself, one for
her secretary and one for the client. What else
does a detective agency really need? Detective
agencies rely on human intuition and intelligence,
both of which Mma Ramotswe had in abundance.
________

58. Nevertheless, photographs still retain some of the

magical allure that the earliest daguerreotypes
inspired. As objects, our photographs have
changed; they have become physically flimsier as
they have become more technologically
sophisticated. Daguerre produced pictures on
copper plates; today many of our photographs
never become tangible thins, but instead remain
filed away on computers and cameras, part of the
digital ether that envelops the modern world. At
the same time, our patience for the creation of
images has also eroded. Children today are used
to being tracked from birth by digital cameras
and video recorders and they expect to see the
results of their poses and performances instantly.
The space between life as it is being lived and life
as it is being displayed shrinks to a mere second.
________

(1) But there was also the view, which again

would appear on no inventory.
(2) No inventory would ever include those, of
course.
(3) She had an intelligent secretary too.
(4) She was a good detective and a good woman.
(5) What she lacked in possessions was more
than made up by a natural shrewdness.
Instructions for questions 60 - 62:
The passage given below is followed by a set of
questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to
each question.
The difficulties historians face in establishing causeand-effect relations in the history of human societies
are broadly similar to the difficulties facing
astronomers, climatologists, ecologists, evolutionary
biologists, geologists, and palaeontologists. To
varying degrees each of these fields is plagued by the
impossibility of performing replicated, controlled
experimental interventions, the complexity arising
from enormous numbers of variables, the resulting
uniqueness of each system, the consequent
impossibility of formulating universal laws, and the
difficulties of predicting emergent properties and
future behaviour. Prediction in history, as in other
historical sciences, is most feasible on large spatial
scales and over long times, when the unique features
of millions of small-scale brief events become
averaged out. Just as I could predict the sex ratio of
the next 1,000 newborns but not the sexes of my own
two children, the historian can recognize factors that
made inevitable the broad outcome of the collision
between American and Eurasian societies after
13,000 years of separate developments, but not the
outcome of the 1960 U.S. presidential election. The

(1) Yet, despite these technical developments,

photographs still remain powerful because
they are reminders of the people and things
we care about.
(2) Images, after all, are surrogates carried into
battle by a soldier or by a traveller on
holiday.
(3) Photographs, be they digital or traditional,
exist to remind us of the absent, the beloved,
and the dead.
(4) In the new era of the digital image, the
images also have a greater potential for
fostering
falsehood
and
trickery,
perpetuating fictions that seem so real we
cannot tell the difference.
(5) Anyway, human nature being what it is, little
time has passed after photographys
inventions became means of living life
through images.

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details of which candidate said what during a single
televised debate in October 1960 could have given the
electoral victory to Nixon instead of to Kennedy, but
no details of who said what could have blocked the
European conquest of Native Americans.

formalized procedures for dealing with problems

similar to those facing historians of human societies.
In short, I acknowledge that it is much more difficult
to understand human history than to understand
problems in fields of science where history is
unimportant and where fewer individual variables
operate. Nevertheless, successful methodologies for
analyzing historical problems have been worked out
in several fields. As a result, the histories of dinosaurs,
nebulae, and glaciers are generally acknowledged to
belong to fields of science rather than to the
humanities.

How can students of human history profit from the

experience of scientists in other historical sciences? A
methodology that has proved useful involves the
comparative method and so-called natural
experiments. While neither astronomers studying
galaxy formation nor human historians can
manipulate their systems in controlled laboratory
experiments, they both can take advantage of natural
experiments, by comparing systems differing in the
presence or absence (or in the strong or weak effect)
of some putative causative factor. For example,
epidemiologists, forbidden to feed large amounts of
salt to people experimentally, have still been able to
identify effects of high salt intake by comparing
groups of humans who already differ greatly in their
salt intake; and cultural anthropologists, unable to
provide human groups experimentally with varying
resource abundances for many centuries, still study
long-term effects of resource abundance on human
societies by comparing recent Polynesian populations
living on islands differing naturally in resource
abundance.
The student of human history can draw on many
more natural experiments than just comparisons
among the five inhabited continents. Comparisons
can also utilize large islands that have developed
complex societies in a considerable degree of
isolation (such as Japan, Madagascar, Native
American Hispaniola, New Guinea, Hawaii, and many
others), as well as societies on hundreds of smaller
islands and regional societies within each of the
continents. Natural experiments in any field, whether
in ecology or human history, are inherently open to
potential methodological criticisms. Those include
confounding effects of natural variation in additional
variables besides the one of interest, as well as
problems in inferring chains of causation from
observed correlations between variables. Such
methodological problems have been discussed in
great detail for some of the historical sciences. In
particular, epidemiology, the science of drawing
inferences about human diseases by comparing
groups of people (often by retrospective historical
studies), has for a long time successfully employed
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60. Why do islands with considerable degree of

isolation provide valuable insights into human
history?
(1) Isolated islands may evolve differently and
this difference is of interest to us.
(2) Isolated islands increase the number of
observations available to historians.
(3) Isolated
islands,
differing
in
their
endowments and size may evolve differently
and this difference can be attributed to their
endowments and size.
(4) Isolated
islands,
differing
in
their
endowments and size, provide a good
comparison to large islands such as Eurasia,
Africa, Americas and Australia.
(5) Isolated islands, in so far as they are
inhabited, arouse curiosity about how human
beings evolved there.
61. According to the author, why is prediction
difficult in history?
(1) Historical explanations are usually broad so
that no prediction is possible.
(2) Historical outcomes depend upon a large
number of factors and hence prediction is
difficult for each case.
(3) Historical sciences, by their very nature, are
not interested in a multitude of minor factors,
which might be important in a specific
historical outcome.
(4) Historians are interested in evolution of
human history and hence are only interested
in long-term predictions.
(5) Historical sciences suffer from the inability to
conduct
controlled
experiments
and
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therefore have explanations based on a few
long-term factors.

(1) A, B and E
(4) E only

62. According to the author, which of the following

statements would be true?

A. It is sometimes told that democratic

B. government originated in the city-states
C. of ancient Greece. Democratic ideals have
been handed to us from that time.
D. In truth, however, this is an unhelpful
assertion.
E. The Greeks gave us the word, hence did not
provide us with a model.
(1) A, B and D
(4) B only

(3) B and D

The passage given below is followed by a set of

questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to
each question.
Human Biology does nothing to structure human
society. Age may enfeeble us all, but cultures vary
considerably in the prestige and power they accord to
the elderly. Giving birth is a necessary condition for
being a mother, but it is not sufficient. We expect
mothers to behave in maternal ways and to display
appropriately maternal sentiments. We prescribe a
clutch of norms or rules that govern the role of a
mother. That the social role is independent of the
biological base can be demonstrated by going back
three sentences. Giving birth is certainly not sufficient
to be a mother but, as adoption and fostering show, it
is not even necessary!

In each question, there are five sentences or parts of

sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the
sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that is/are
correct in terms of grammar and usage. Then, choose
the most appropriate option.
63.
A. When I returned to home, I began to read
B. everything I could get my hand on about
Israel.
C. That same year Israels Jewish Agency sent
D. a Shaliach a sort of recruiter to Minneapolis.
E. I became one of his most active devotees.

The fine detail of what is expected of a mother or a

father or a dutiful son differs from culture to culture,
but everywhere behaviour is coordinated by the
reciprocal nature of roles. Husbands and wives,
parents and children, employers and employees,
waiters and customers, teachers and pupils, warlords
and followers; each makes sense only in its relation to
the other. The term role is an appropriate one,
because the metaphor of an actor in a play neatly
expresses the rule-governed nature or scripted
nature of much of social life and the sense that society
is a joint production. Social life occurs only because
people play their parts (and that is as true for war and
conflicts as for peace and love) and those parts make
sense only in the context of the overall show. The

(3) E only

64.
A. So once an economy is actually in recession,
B. The authorities can, in principle, move the
economy
C. Out of slump- assuming hypothetically
D. That they know how to- by a temporary
stimuli.
E. In the longer term, however, such policies
have no affect on the overall behaviour of the
economy.
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(2) B, C and D
(5) D only

Instructions for questions 66 - 68:

Instructions for questions 63 - 65:

(2) C only
(5) C, D and E

(2) C and D

65.

(1) Students of history are missing significant

opportunities by not conducting any natural
experiments.
(2) Complex societies inhabiting large islands
provide great opportunities for natural
experiments.
(3) Students of history are missing significant
opportunities by not studying an adequate
variety of natural experiments.
(4) A unique problem faced by historians is their
inability to establish cause and effect
relationships.
(5) Cultural anthropologists have overcome the
problem of confounding variables through
natural experiments.

(1) C and E
(4) B, C and E

(2) B, C and E
(5) B only

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drama metaphor also reminds us of the artistic
licence available to the players. We can play a part
straight or, as the following from J.P. Sartre conveys,
we can ham it up.

67. Which of the following would have been true if

biological linkages structured human society?
(1) The role of mother would have been defined
through her reciprocal relationship with her
children.
(2) We would not have been offended by the
father playing his role tongue in cheek.
(3) Women would have adopted and fostered
children rather than giving birth to them.
(4) Even if warlords were physically weaker
than their followers, they would still
dominate them.
(5) Waiters would have stronger motivation to
serve their customers.

Let us consider this waiter in the cafe. His movement

is quick and forward, a little too precise, a little too
rapid. He comes towards the patrons with a step a
little too quick. He bends forward a little too eagerly;
his voice, his eyes express an interest a little too
solicitous for the order of the customer. Finally there
he returns, trying to imitate in his walk the inflexible
stiffness of some kind of automaton while carrying his
tray with the recklessness of a tightrope-walker....All
his behaviour seems to us a game....But what is he
playing? We need not watch long before we can
explain it: he is playing at being a waiter in a cafe.

68. It has been claimed in the passage that some

roles are more absorbing than others. According
to the passage, which of the following seem(s)
appropriate reason(s) for such a claim?
A. Some roles carry great expectations from the
society preventing manifestation of the true
self.
B. Society ascribes so much importance to some
roles that the conception of self may get
aligned with the roles being performed.
C. Some roles require development of skill and
expertise leaving little time for manifestation
of self.

The American sociologist Erving Goffman built an

influential body of social analysis on elaborations of
the metaphor of social life as drama. Perhaps his most
telling point was that it is only through acting out a
part that we express character. It is not enough to be
evil or virtuous; we have to be seen to be evil or
virtuous.
There is distinction between the roles we play and
some underlying self. Here we might note that some
roles are more absorbing than others. We would not
be surprised by the waitress who plays the part in
such a way as to signal to us that she is much more
than her occupation. We would be surprised and
offended by the father who played his part tongue in
cheek. Some roles are broader and more far-reaching
than others. Describing someone as a clergyman or
faith healer would say far more about that person
than describing someone as a bus driver.

(1) A only
(4) A and B

(3) C only

Instructions for questions 69 - 72:

In
each
question,
there
are
five
sentences/paragraphs. The sentence/ paragraph
labelled A is in its correct place. The four that follow
are labelled B, C, D and E, and need to be arranged in
the
logical
order
to
form
a
coherent
paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose
the most appropriate option.

66. What is the thematic highlight of this passage?

(1) In the absence of strong biological linkages,
reciprocal roles provide the mechanism for
coordinating human behaviour.
(2) In the absence of reciprocal roles, biological
linkages provide the mechanism for
coordinating human behaviour.
(3) Human behaviour is independent of
biological linkages and reciprocal roles.
(4) Human behaviour depends on biological
linkages and reciprocal roles.
(5) Reciprocal roles determine normative human
behaviour in society.
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(2) B only
(5) B and C

69.
A. In America, highly educated women, who are
in stronger position in the labour market
than less qualified ones, have higher rates of
marriage than other groups.
B. Some work supports the Becker thesis, and
some appears to contradict it.
C. And, as with crime, it is equally inconclusive.
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D. But regardless of the conclusion of any
particular piece of work, it is hard to
establish convincing connections between
family changes and economic factors using
conventional approaches.
E. Indeed, just as with crime, an enormous
academic literature exists on the validity of
the pure economic approach to the evolution
of family structures.
(1) BCDE
(4) ECBD

(2) DBEC
(5) EBCD

not conform to conventional stereotypes of

the good mother.
(1) EDBC
(2) BCED
(3) DBCE
(4) EDCB
(5) BCDE
71.
A. Indonesia has experienced dramatic shifts in
its formal governance arrangements since
the fall of President Soeharto and the close of
his centralized, authoritarian "New Order"
regime in 1997.
B. The political system has taken its place in the
nearly 10 years since Reformasi began. It has
featured the active contest for political office
among a proliferation of parties at central,
provincial and district levels; direct elections
for the presidency (since 2004); and radical
changes in centre- local government relations
towards administrative, fiscal, and political
decentralization.
C. The mass media, once tidily under Soeharto's
thumb,
has
experienced
significant
liberalization as has the legal basis for nongovernmental organizations, including many
dedicated to such controversial issues as
corruption control and human rights.
D. Such developments are seen optimistically by
a number of donors and some external
analysts, who interpret them as signs of
Indonesia's political normalization.
E. A different group of analysts paint a picture
in which the institutional forms have
changed, but power relations have not. Vedi
Hadiz argues that Indonesia's "democratic
transition" has been anything but linear.

(3) BDCE

70.
A. Personal experience of mothering and
motherhood are largely framed in relation to
two discernible or official discourses: the
medical discourse and natural childbirth
discourse. Both of these tend to focus on the
optimistic stories of birth and mothering
and
underpin
stereotypes
of
the
godmother.
B. At the same time, the need for medical expert
guidance is also a feature for contemporary
reproduction and motherhood.
But constructions of good mothering have
not always been so conceived- and in
different contexts may exist in parallel to
other equally dominant discourses.
C. Similarly, historical work has shown how
what are now taken-for-granted aspects of
reproduction and mothering practices result
from
contemporary
pseudoscientific
directives and managed constructs. These
changes have led to a reframing of modern
discourses that pattern pregnancy and
motherhood leading to an acceptance of the
need for greater expert management.
D. The contrasting, overlapping and ambiguous
strands within these frameworks focus to
varying degrees on a womans biological tie
to her child and predisposition to
instinctively know and be able to care for her
child.
E. In addition, a third, unofficial popular
discourse comprising old wives tales and
based on maternal experiences of childbirth
has also been noted. These discourses have
also been acknowledged in work exploring
the experiences of those who apparently do
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(1) BDEC
(4) DEBC

(2) CBDE
(5) BCDE

(3) CEBD

72.
A. I had six thousand acres of land, and had thus
got much spare land besides the coffee
plantation. Part of the farm was native forest,
and about one thousand acres were
squatters' land, what [the Kikuyu] called
their shambas.
B. The squatters' land was more intensely alive
than the rest of the farm, and was changing
with the seasons the year round. The maize
grew up higher than your head as you walked
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on the narrow hard-trampled footpaths in
between the tall green rustling regiments.
C. The squatters are natives, who with their
families hold a few acres on a white man's
farm, and in return have to work for him a
certain number of days in the year. My
squatters, I think, saw the relationship in a
different light, for many of them were born
on the farm, and their fathers before them,
and they very likely regarded me as a sort of
superior squatter on their estates.
D. The Kikuyu also grew the sweet potatoes that
have a vine like leaf and spread over the
ground like a dense entangled mat, and many
varieties of big yellow and green speckled
pumpkins.
E. The beans ripened in the fields, were
gathered and thrashed by the women, and
the maize stalk and coffee pods were
collected and burned, so that in certain
seasons thin blue columns of smoke rose
here and there all over the farm.
(1) CBDE
(4) DBCE

(2) BCDE
(5) EDBC

Shakespeare its poetic consummation. Then it was as

though the discipline of the old order gave depth to
the excitement of the breaking away, the depth of job
and tragedy, of incomparable conquests and
irredeemable losses. Adventurers of experience set
out as though in lifeboats to rescue and bring back to
the shore treasures of knowing and feeling which the
old order had left floating on the high seas. The works
of the early Renaissance and the poetry of
Shakespeare vibrate with the compassion for live
experience in danger of dying from exposure and
neglect. In this compassion was the creative genius of
the age. Yet, it was a genius of courage, not of
desperate audacity. For, however elusively, it still
knew of harbours and anchors, of homes to which to
return, and of barns in which to store the harvest. The
exploring spirit of art was in the depths of its
consciousness still aware of a scheme of things into
which to fit its exploits and creations.
But the more this scheme of things loses its stability,
the more boundless and uncharted appears the ocean
of potential exploration. In the blank confusion of
infinite potentialities flotsam of significance gets
attached to jetsam of experience; for everything is
sea, everything is at sea -

(3) CBED

Instructions for questions 73 - 75:

.... The sea is all about us;

The sea is the land's edge also, the granite
Into which it reaches, the beaches where it tosses
Its hints of earlier and other creation...

The passage given below is followed by a set of

questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to
each question.
Every civilized society lives and thrives on a silent but
profound agreement as to what is to be accepted as
the valid mould of experience. Civilization is a
complex system of dams, dykes, and canals warding
off, directing, and articulating the influx of the
surrounding fluid element; a fertile fenland,
elaborately drained and protected from the high tides
of chaotic, unexercised, and inarticulate experience.
In such a culture, stable and sure of itself within the
frontiers of 'naturalized' experience, the arts wield
their creative power not so much in width as in depth.
They do not create new experience, but deepen and
purify the old. Their works do not differ from one
another like a new horizon from a new horizon, but
like a madonna from a madonna.
The periods of art which are most vigorous in creative
passion seem to occur when the established pattern
of experience loosens its rigidity without as yet losing
its force. Such a period was the Renaissance, and
M-PP-01

- and Rilke tells a story in which, as in T.S. Eliot's

poem, it is again the sea and the distance of 'other
creation' that becomes the image of the poet's reality.
A rowing boat sets out on a difficult passage. The
oarsmen labour in exact rhythm. There is no sign yet
of the destination. Suddenly a man, seemingly idle,
breaks out into song. And if the labour of the oarsmen
meaninglessly defeats the real resistance of the real
waves, it is the idle single who magically conquers the
despair of apparent aimlessness. While the people
next to him try to come to grips with the element that
is next to them, his voice seems to bind the boat to the
farthest distance so that the farthest distance draws it
towards itself. 'I don't know why and how,' is Rilke's
conclusion, 'but suddenly I understood the situation
of the poet, his place and function in this age. It does
not matter if one denies him every place- except this
one. There one must tolerate him.'

A4.19

www.TestFunda.com

CAT 2007
73. In the passage, the expression like a madonna
from a madonna alludes to
(1) The difference arising as a consequence of
artistic license.
(2) The difference between two artistic
interpretations.
(3) The
difference
between
life
and
interpretation of life.
(4) The difference between width and depth of
creative power.
(5) The difference between the legendary
character and the modern day singer.
74. The sea and other creation leads Rilke to
(1) Define the place of the poet in his culture.
(2) Reflect on the role of the oarsman and the
singer.
(3) Muse on artistic labour and its aimlessness.
(4) Understand the elements that one has to deal
with.
(5) Delve into natural experience and real waves.
75. According to the passage, the term adventurers
of experience refers to
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Poets and artists who are driven by courage.

Poets and artists who create their own genre.
Poets and artists of the Renaissance.
Poets and artists who revitalize and enrich
the past for us.
(5) Poets and artists who delve in flotsam and
jetsam in sea.

M-PP-01

A4.20

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Answer Key
SECTION I

SECTION III

SECTION II

Q.

Ans.

Q.

Ans.

Q.

Ans.

Q.

Ans.

Q.

Ans.

Q.

Ans.

16

26

41

51

66

17

27

42

52

67

18

28

43

53

68

19

29

44

54

69

20

30

45

55

70

21

31

46

56

71

22

32

47

57

72

23

33

48

58

73

24

34

49

59

74

10

25

35

50

60

75

11

36

61

12

37

62

13

38

63

14

39

64

15

40

65