Drafting Electrical Drawings

Engineering Encyclopedia
Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards
Drafting Electrical Drawings
Note: The source of the technical material in this volume is the Professional
Engineering Development Program (PEDP) of Engineering Services.
Warning: The material contained in this document was developed for Saudi
Aramco and is intended for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramcos
employees. Any material contained in this document which is not
already in the public domain may not be copied, reproduced, sold, given,
or disclosed to third parties, or otherwise used in whole, or in part,
without the written permission of the Vice President, Engineering
Services, Saudi Aramco.
Chapter : Drafting
File Reference: AGE10804
For additional information on this subject, contact

N. H. Alahaimer on 873-0876
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CONTENTS
PAGES
INFORMATION
Electrical Drawings
Electrical Symbols
Drafting Practices Using Graphical Symbols
Types of Electrical Diagrams
Panalarm Annunciator System
26
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System
28
Truth Tables
43
Ladder Diagrams
45
Electrical Building Construction Diagrams
59
Circuit Loads
68
Power Generation and Transmission
96
WORK AID
158
GLOSSARY
162
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ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
Saudi Aramco uses many different kinds of electrical drawings and each has its particular use.
The drawings use graphic symbols to indicate the components being used in the electrical
circuits.
There are many symbols in use. It is not possible to cover all of them in this module.
Equally, it is not practical for you to try to remember them all. However, you should be
aware that the symbols exist and you should know where a description of their meaning can
be found.
Electrical Symbols
Some of the symbols used by Saudi Aramco can be found on Mandatory Drawing 990-PAB036766. Some of these symbols will be shown and referred to throughout this module.
They can be easily called up on Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) systems.
Some of the basic symbols, together with descriptions, are shown in Figure 1.
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Drafting Practices Using Graphical Symbols

(a)
The orientation of a symbol on a drawing does not alter the meaning of the symbol.
This is true even if the symbol is drawn backwards. A symbol is made up of all its
various parts.
(b)
The weight (or width) of a line does not affect the meaning of the symbol. In some
cases a heavier line may be used for emphasis.
(c)
Symbols are not drawn to scale. They can be drawn to any size compatible with the
scale of the drawing.
(d)
Arrowheads can be drawn closed or open, except when showing a "protective gap" (a
gap placed between line parts and the ground which limits the maximum over-voltage
that may occur.)
(e)
The standard symbol for a terminal (o) can be added to any one of the graphic symbols
where connecting lines are attached. This added terminal symbol is not a part of the
graphic symbol itself.
(f)
In order to make a drawing simpler, graphic symbols for devices such as relays or
contactors may be drawn in parts. However, if this is done the drawing must show
how the parts are related.
(g)
Most often, it does not matter at which angle a connecting line is drawn to meet a
graphic symbol.
(h)
Broken lines with short dashes: - - - - - - , may be used to show paths or equipment
that will be added to the circuit later, or those which are connected to the circuit but
are not part of it.
(i)
If details such as type, impedance, and rating are to be given, they should be drawn
next to a symbol. If abbreviations are used, they should be in accordance with the
American Standard Abbreviations for Use on Drawings. Letters that are joined
together and use parts of graphic symbols are not abbreviations.
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Types of Electrical Diagrams

Single-Line Diagram
A single-line or one-line diagram uses single lines and simplified graphic symbols to show
electric circuits, or systems of circuits, and the components used.
A single-line diagram can be used to show essential components and their function in
simplified form. Figure 2 shows an example of a single-line diagram.
They may show single lines even though three wires (for 3-phase supply) are used.
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Connection or Wiring Diagram
A connection or wiring diagram shows how the circuit's components are connected. It may
include connections inside or outside the components. It gives as much detail as is needed to
make or trace connections. A wiring diagram usually shows how a component looks and
where it is placed.
Figure 3 shows a connection or wiring diagram for a refrigerator.
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Interconnection Diagram
An interconnection diagram is similar to a wiring diagram, but only shows connections on the
outside of a component. It shows connections between components; the connections inside
the components are usually omitted.
Figure 4 shows an interconnection diagram for a rotational system.
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Block Diagram
Block diagrams are made up of squares or rectangles ("blocks"). They are joined by single
lines. The blocks show how the components or stages of the circuit are related.
Arrowheads are drawn at the ends of the terminal lines. They show the direction the signal
travels from input to output.
The identification of a stage is lettered within its block or just outside it. The blocks may be
used together with symbols and a schematic diagram.
Block diagrams are often drawn as a first step in designing new equipment. Many different
layouts may be sketched before deciding which to use.
Figure 5 shows a block diagram.
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Schematic or Elementary Diagrams
These diagrams use graphic symbols to show how a circuit is connected and what it does.
They do not have to show the size or shape of the components in the circuit, nor where the
parts of the circuit actually are. It follows, therefore, that there is more than one way to lay
out any schematic drawing.
Figure 6 shows a simple schematic diagram.
In this diagram, the battery supplies direct current (dc) to the circuit. The positive (+) and
negative (-) terminals show the polarity of the battery terminals. The long line in the battery
symbol is always POSITIVE (+).
The solid lines represent conductors or wires that carry the direct current through the circuit.
The resistor acts like friction in a pipeline. It reduces the amount of current that can flow
through a circuit.
The ammeter measures the current in the circuit (Note that ammeters must always be
connected in series., i.e. the current being measured must be able to flow directly through the
ammeter.)
The voltmeter measures the voltage across two points in a circuit. In Figure 6 it is measuring
the voltage across the battery. (Note the voltmeters must always be connected in parallel, i.e.
it must be connected "across" the two points between which the voltage is being measured.)
The fuse protects the circuit from being damaged by too high a current flow. The fuse will
burn out if the current is higher than that for which the fuse is rated.
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Schematic or Elementary Diagrams(Cont'd)
Figure 7 shows a schematic in which power is supplied by an alternating current (ac) supply.
Alternating current is shown by the symbol in Figure 8. The sine wave represents the
alternating current.
The symbols on a schematic are usually numbered. On Figure 7, for example, the resistors
are R1 and R2; lamps are L1, L2 and L3; switches are S1 and S2; the fuse is F1; the ammeter
is M1 and the voltmeter is M2 (the M stands for "meter" in each case).
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Series and Parallel Connections
Figure 9 illustrates the difference between series and parallel connections.

In (A) two resistors (R1 and R2) have only one common connection. They are therefore in
series and the same current, I, passes through both of them.
In (B), resistors R1 and R2 share two common connections. The current, I, from the battery is divided
between R1 and R2. The resistors are connected in parallel.
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Relays
A relay is an electrically-operated switch.

Figure 10 shows a relay.
The coil induces a magnetic field when a current is passed through its wire. The soft iron core
increases the strength of this magnetic field. The iron core also acts like a magnet and attracts
the armature.
Moveable contacts are attached to the armature. When the coil is energized, the armature is
pulled down to the iron core. This causes the normally closed (NC) contacts to open, and the
normally open (NO) contacts to close.
A spring is used to hold the armature away from the iron core. It keeps the NC contacts
closed when the coil is deenergized.
Insulating material isolates the contacts from each other and from the rest of the relay body.
The contacts conduct electricity when they are closed. They act as switches to open and close
circuits.
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Relays (Cont'd)
Figure 11 shows the symbols used by Saudi Aramco to show relays.

drawn in their deenergized state - ALWAYS!
Contacts are always
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Relays (Cont'd)
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Relays (Cont'd)
The symbols shown above are found on schematics of Saudi Aramco alarm and emergency
shutdown (ESD) systems. The main purposes of the alarm and ESD systems are to warn
operators that a process or a machine is not operating properly and to shut down a machine, a
process or an entire plant if dangerous conditions develop.
Figure 12 shows how a NO relay can be used in a circuit.
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Relays (Cont'd)
There are really two circuits in Figure 12. One is a direct current circuit with a 12 v supply,
and the other is alternating current with 110 v supply.
When the switch is closed, 12 volts will flow through the relay, R1. The magnetic field that is
induced will cause the normally open contacts to close.
This will cause the ac circuit to be completed and an alternating current will flow to light the
lamps.
Relays have to be plugged into bases. The base is not a part of the relay, but the relay cannot
be used without the base. The base is like a termination block for the relay. The relay has
pins which plug into the base.
Relays often have diagrams printed on them, like the one shown in Figure 13-A. It shows
how the wires in the relay base should be connected. These connections are the same as those
of the relay.
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Relays (Cont'd)
Therefore, the diagram also shows how the pins are connected inside the relay. The relay coil
is seen to be connected to terminal 2 and 10. This is where the power to the relay would be
connected.
Terminals 1, 3 and 4 are a group of contacts. Terminals 1 and 3 are NO. Terminal 1 and 4
are NC.
Terminals 5, 6 and 7 form another group of contacts and so do terminals 8, 9 and 11.
Figure 14 shows a relay circuit for a high pressure alarm system. The circuit shown is for
when the pressure is normal.
Pressure Switch No1 (PS1) senses that the pressure is normal. The switch stays closed. This
allows current to flow through pins 2 and 10 and keeps the coil of relay R1 energized.
Current also flows to keep the coil of relay R3 energized.
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Relays (Cont'd)
When R1 is energized, the following contacts are made:

Pin 1 and Pin 3
Pin 6 and Pin 7
Pin 9 and Pin11
Tracing the current flow shows that: (a) Pins 1 and 3 are not used because there is not a
complete circuit and no current can flow; (b) Pins 6 and 7 are used because there is a
complete circuit. The green light, L2 will illuminate to show that pressure is normal; (c) Pins
9 and 11 are used because there is a complete circuit. Current flows through relay R2 and
energizes it.
Note that the coil is energized even though the pressure is normal. This is done so that any
break in the circuit (that is, any failure in the circuit) would deenergize the coil, R1. This
would cause the relay's spring to close contacts 6 and 5. Current would then flow to light up
the high pressure warning lamp. This is called a FAILSAFE system. Upon subsequently
finding that pressure was normal, the operators would know that the fault lies in the relay.
Similarly if pressure really does go high PS1 will trip open, as shown in Figure 15 and
deenergize relays R1 and R3. The only complete circuit will then be through pins 5 and 6 and
the high-pressure warning light, as shown in Figure 15.
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Panalarm Annunciator System

All Saudi Aramco processing plants have special lights and alarms called ANNUNCIATORS.
Annunciators cause alarms to be given (usually as flashing lights and horns) when any
equipment or process begins to malfunction. The alarms are part of the "Panalarm" system.
Figure 16 shows some of the symbols used on alarm systems and elsewhere. Note how the
switches for different process variables have different symbols.
THE PARTICIPANT MAY NOW ATTEMPT TO COMPLETE EXERCISE No.2, PAGE 173.
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Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System

ESD systems are designed to shutdown equipment, processes or entire plants automatically if
dangerous conditions occur. Figure 17 shows an ESD system.
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Emergency Shutdown (ESD) System (Cont'd)

A)
A production trap separates gas from crude oil. The normal operating pressure is
between 85 and 100 psi. The separated gas is sent to a gas compression plant, or to a
flare.
B)
A dual pressure switch is used to operate the ESD system. The switch has two
settings: 100 psi and 120 psi.
C)
If the pressure in the trap goes to 100 psi, the pressure switch will trip. Relay R1 will
open. This breaks the circuit to the Panalarm.
D)
The high-pressure alarm light illuminates to warn the operators. A horn also sounds.
E)
If the pressure continues to rise relay R2 will trip open, as shown in Figure 18.
F)
x 2. When R2 opens, the circuits to the Solenoid Operated Valves (SOV) are broken.
This causes the solenoid cores to drop. The air supply to the pressure control valves is
then stopped.
G)
The PCV at G is AO/AFC. Therefore, the stopping of the air supply to the valve
causes the valve to close. This stops gas from being sent at too high a pressure to the
gas compression plant.
H)
At the same time, the stopping of the air supply causes the PCV at H to open. (The
valve is AC/AFO. Therefore, the air supply failure opens the valve.) This allows gas
to be vented from the trap to the flare. This reduces the pressure in the trap until it is
back to normal.
Note how the diagrams show air going to the top of the valve diaphragm in the
AC/AFO case and to the underneath of the diaphragm in the AO/AFC case
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Logic Circuits
Logic circuits are used to show on a diagram how all the parts of an ESD system work. A
logic circuit can be thought of as one of the following:
A YES/NO circuit
A TRUE/FALSE circuit
An ON/OFF circuit
An AND/OR circuit
In ESD systems it is usually convenient to think of the circuits as AND/OR. As an example,

look at the circuit in Figure 19.
In order for the lamp to light, switch A and switch B and switch C and switch D must be
closed. This is called an 'and' circuit.
This circuit can be represented using logic symbols. Remember that logic diagrams are not
wiring diagrams. They are used to show what happens in electrical control circuits.
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Logic Circuits (Cont'd)
Figure 20 shows the same circuit using logic symbols.
The symbol shown in Figure 21 means AND. 'AND' means that all the inputs must be
switched on before there will be an output. There may be many input lines, but there can be
only one output.
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Logic Gates. These symbols are called LOGIC GATES. This is because they are designed to
let signals pass or to stop them. Gates may be switches, relays, transistors or other kinds of
electronic devices.
Figure 22 shows more AND gate signals. It can be seen that a signal is needed at all inputs
before there can be an output signal.
Figure 23 shows an OR circuit.
In this circuit the lamp will light if either switch A OR switch B is closed.
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Logic Gates (Cont'd) Figure 24 shows the standard Saudi Aramco symbol for an OR logic gate.
Figure 25 shows how OR gates work. If a signal is applied either to A or B inputs, an output
signal will be produced by the gate circuit.
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In summary, we can say that AND and OR gates are used to make
decisions. The AND gate will not send an output signal unless it receives signals from all its
inputs.
Logic Gates (Cont'd)
The OR gate sends no output signal until it receives a signal from at least one of its inputs.
Figure 26 shows how an AND logic gate is used to control a pump start-up.
Two process variables are being monitored: pressure and level. Pressure is monitored to
protect the vessel from damage by high pressure. Level is monitored to protect the pump. If
there is not a high enough level the pressure head on the pump, will be too low. The pump
may then be damaged by cavitation caused by a low flow rate.
The input signal to the AND logic gate comes from two transmitters, a pressure transmitter
and a level transmitter.
If the pressure in the vessel is less than 100 psi and the level is more than five feet, the pump
can be started.
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Logic Gates (Cont'd). Figure 27 shows the same vessel using an OR logic gate in its alarm
system. If the pressure goes more than 100 psi or the level goes less than five feet, an alarm
will be given. Alternatively an OR gate logic can be used to shut down the pump if the
pressure goes high high or if the level goes low low.
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Logic Gates (Cont'd). Figure 28 shows how the output signals from one or more OR gates can
be the input signals for another OR gate.
If any of the process conditions shown on the figure causes a switch to trip (that is high
pressure OR low level OR high high pressure OR low low level) the horn will sound in the
control room.
Figure 29 shows the process at a Gas and Oil Separation Plant (GOSP)
Three process variables are being monitored. These are:
Pressure of the gas that is separating from the crude oil
Level of the crude oil in the High Pressure Production Trap (HPPT) and in the
Intermediate Pressure Production Trap (IPPT).
Temperature of the bearings of the electric motors that drive the booster and
shipper pumps.
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Logic Gates (Cont'd). Figure 30 shows a simplified version of the logic circuit for this GOSP's
ESD system.
The controlling devices are shown on the left-hand side of the diagram. Note that:
The ESD pressure switches are set at 90 and 120 psi
The level switches are set at 12 feet
The temperature switches are set at 180 F.
The controlled devices are seen on the right-hand side of the diagram
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The logic circuit shown in Figure 30 can be translated into a wiring

arrangement. The AND symbol tells us that for everything to run normally correct input
signals are needed from EVERY input shown. If even one signal is missing, the plant will
shut down. Figure 31 shows the actual wiring of the logic circuit.
Logic Gates (Cont'd).
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Logic Gates (Cont'd). Note from Figure 31 that the relays are wired together and all have
contacts that are NO. This means, as already stated, that if even one input is missing, a pair of
relay contacts will be open and there will be an open circuit. No current can then flow and the
plant will shut down.
Also note that the individual coils of the six relays are connected in parallel. Each coil is
controlled by a single switch which energizes the coil when the process variable is normal.
This keeps the relay contacts closed.
The set of six relay contacts are wired in series with a seventh relay, R7. R7 will be energized
only when all the other six relays, R1 through R6 are energized. When R7 is energized, its
contacts are closed and current can flow to all the control valves and pumps and to the MOV
ZV.
Sequence of Operation
Relay 1 through 6 must be energized before R7 can be energized. If any of the switches S1
through S6 open, R7 will be deenergized and the system will shut down.
As an example of the operation of the system, imagine that the bearing on the shipper pump
overheats. When the temperature reaches 180F, switch number 6 in the ESD circuit will
open. This means that the contacts on R6 will open. This breaks the 110-vac circuit. R7 then
becomes deenergized and no current can flow to equipment. This causes the process to
shutdown within a few seconds.
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Truth Tables
Computer and control systems use other logic circuits in addition to AND and OR.
The numerical input to a computer is made up of decimal numbers, but the logic operations
inside the computer use the binary number system. This system uses only two digits, 0 and 1.
As we have seen, all electrical circuits are basically binary in nature, since circuits are either
switched On or Off.
Logic symbols have one or more input lines but only one output line. These inputs-output
can be described in "Truth Tables", as shown in Figure 32.
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Truth Tables (Cont'd)

For example, the AND logic gate does not have a 1 output until both A and B input lines are at
condition 1.
Similarly, the OR logic gate has a 1 output when a 1 condition (i.e. a signal or pulse) is
applied to either A or B inputs.
These situations can be indicated by Truth Tables as shown on the right-hand side of Figure
32.
The letter shown at the gate outputs are statements made in Boolean algebra. Boolean algebra
is different from ordinary algebra. The variables are denoted by letters, but take only one of
two logic levels or values, either 0 or 1. An AND circuit is indicated by placing the two letters
next to each other, as shown in Figure 32 (a); This does not indicate that the letters are
multiplied together, as it would in ordinary algebra.
An OR circuit is indicated by separating the two letters by a plus sign, as shown in Figure
32(b). The plus does not mean addition as in ordinary algebra.
An inverter or NOT circuit is indicated by placing a bar over the letters. The bar indicates that
the value has been inverted.
An exclusive OR circuit (Figure 32 (d)) must have either inverted A with B or A with inverted
B for operation.
A NAND circuit is shown in Figure 32 (E). NAND means NOT AND. The Figure shows
that the AND symbol has a small circle at the output. This means that the output is inverted.
NOR mean NOT OR. Figure 32 (F shows that the output of an OR circuit has been inverted.
The inverter symbol is a triangle to indicate that it is an amplifier (i.e. it can take an input
signal and give an output signal of a higher value. The vertical side of the triangle indicates
the input. The small circle indicates that the amplified output is inverted (or reversed) in
polarity. For this reason, an inverter logic gate is called a NOT gate. The bar placed over the
output indicates that its value has been inverted. If the circle is placed on the input side of
the logic gate, it means that the polarity is inverted before its enters the gate.
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Ladder Diagram
Figure 33 shows typical ladder diagrams.
It is usual to show the circuit in a deenergized condition on ladder diagrams. This means that
the system shown will have no level, no flow and will be at ambient temperature.
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Ladder Diagrams (Cont'd)

When direct current is being used, the positive power line is drawn on the left. The
controlling devices (switches, contacts) are also drawn on the left. Controlled devices are
drawn on the right.
Note on Figure 33 that each line has a line number on the left. The numbers outside on the
right give the line numbers where the contacts of relays may be found. Also note that there
are two different power supplies in the circuit. One power supply provides 24v dc and the
other provides 110v ac. These two power supplies are not connected together. The
controlling devices on the left of the diagram operate on the low dc voltage. The controlled
devices on the right operate on the higher, ac voltage.
Vertical and horizontal Ladder Diagrams
Vertical ladder diagrams are most often seen on vendor-supplied drawings. Horizontal ladder
diagrams are most often used by Saudi Aramco.
The ability to read ladder drawings is essential in order to trace wiring, signals and operations
of relay logic circuits.
Figure 34 shows a simple, vertical ladder diagram. As already stated, it is standard practice to
draw the circuits in the deenergized state. Voltage is applied across L1 and L2. Current flows
through temperature switch TS-1. This switch is closed when temperature is normal. The
current that passes through TS-1 energizes relay R1. R1 has two sets of contacts in use, R1 A
and R1 B. The numbers 2 and 3 on the outside and to the right of R1 tell us to look at lines 2
and 3.
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The bar under the number 3 (3) means that the contacts on line 3 are normally closed (NC).
Contacts R1 A on line 2 are normally open (NO).
When R1 is energized, contacts R1 A close and the light L1 comes on. Contacts R1 B open,
and light L2 goes out. If the temperature goes over the set point, TS-1 opens. This
deenergizes R1. Contacts R1 A open and L1 goes off. Contacts R1 B close and L2 comes on.
A ladder diagram can be used to follow an actual circuit from point to point. Figure 35 shows
an example of a ladder diagram for a relay circuit. It is actually the ladder diagram for the
ESD system circuit shown in Figure 36. See how much simpler the ladder diagram is.
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Note on Figure 35 the numbers around the relay coil contacts. These are the pin numbers for
the relays in the circuit
To trace the sequence of operations, we can begin at line 1. When pressure is normal, PS-1 is
closed and R1 is energized. The ladder tells us to go to line 3 where the relay contacts of R1
are normally closed (NC.) When R1 is energized, the NC contacts will open. The high
pressure alarm light L1 will be off.
When PS-1 opens, R1 will be deenergized and the NC contacts in line 3 will be closed. This
will allow current to flow and alarm light L1 illuminates.
If pressure continues to rise until PS-2 opens, the open switch PS-2 causes R2 to deenergize.
The contacts for R2 are on lines 4 and 5. In line 4, the relay contacts are NC.
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When R2 is deenergized R2 contacts in line 4 will close. This allows current to flow and the
high high pressure light L2 will illuminate.
In line 5, the NO contacts will be open and current cannot flow to the solenoid operated valve
(SOV). The deenergized solenoid shuts off the air flow to the AO/AFC control valve and the
valve closes.
Figure 37 shows a more complicated ladder diagram.
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Remember that these diagrams are usually shown in a deenergized state. All seven relay
contacts are seen in the diagram to be normally open (NO). They will close when the coils in
their relays are energized.
To follow the sequence of operations, start at line 1. S1 is a pressure control switch. Look at
the symbol for the switch (shown again below).
The symbol indicates that as pressure rises it will push open the switch. So, when the
pressure is normal and the circuit is energized current will flow through relay R1. (This will
be through pins 2 and 10.) The figure 7 on the outside and to the right of the line tells us to
refer to line 7.
Line 7 shows six sets of NO relay contacts wired in series with relay coil R7.
R7 can be energized only if all other relay contacts (that is, R1 through R6) are closed. The
outside right of line 7 refers us to line 8. Line 8 shows that when relay contacts R7 are closed,
alternating current can flow to the controlled devices. Note that all these devices are wired in
parallel. This means that if some of the devices do not work, the others will still receive
power.
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The ladder diagram actually shows an AND circuit since S1 and S2 and S3 and S4 and S5 and
S6 must all be closed (as in normal operation) before current can flow to the controlled
devices. If even one of the switches open, everything will shut down.
Figure 39 (handout No. 2, Drwg. No. D-R84-NA-853443) shows a relay panel diagram. It is
drawn horizontally. The panel is part of the ESD system for plant R84 at the Juaymah Gas
Plant.
A very important section on these diagrams is the NOTES section. Note 1 describes the
conditions under which the diagram is drawn, i.e ambient temperature, no level, no pressure,
no flow, no voltage and valves fully closed. These are the conditions under which the
switches and contacts are positioned as shown on the diagram.
Note 2 explains the relay numbering system, shown again below, Figure 38.
Note 3 is the line number index. It shows that the lines start at Number 1 on sheet 1 and go
through line 686 on sheet 11.
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FIGURE 39
(HANDOUT)
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Note 4 shows the connections of contacts in the relay panel. The REFERENCE DRAWING
section refers us to all other drawings that are related to this diagram. The LEGEND is also
important. See Figure 40. It explains the symbols used on the diagram. The legend also
gives the location and numbers of connection points.
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The top left-hand corner of Handout No. 2 shows CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION and LINE
NUMBER boxes. The circuit description describes the function of each line or group of lines
on the diagram. The line number gives a reference for each line in the diagram. This makes
it easier to follow the sequence from one circuit to another.
The top and bottom connection wires have + and - signs, on the left of the diagram. These
indicate the power supply. The positive line runs across the top and the negative line across
the bottom.
Underneath the negative power line there are small boxes, like the one shown underneath line
160. This is shown again below in Figure 41.
There is one box for each relay in the circuit. The boxes identify the contacts used in the
relay and where the contacts are found. For example, the box in Figure 41 is for R105 in line
160. Contacts number 1 are NO. They can be found on line 163. Contacts number 2 are NC
and are found on line 239. Contacts 3 are NO and are on line 478.
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Note the circuit description COMP SHUTDOWN (critical failure) - "Comp" stands for
compressor. This is another example of a FAIL-SAFE system. All the contacts in line 163
must be closed before any current can flow to operate plant devices. The circuit is designed
so that, with the exception of R110-1 the contacts are closed ONLY when operation is
normal.
The sequence of operation for several circuits can be followed on the diagram.
Studying line 162 shows two sets of relay contacts at the top, R35-3 MOD1 and R56-3
MOD2. The note shows that these two relays are found on Drawing number NA-B514129.
The symbol 4 refers to Note 4, which shows the connections for these contacts in the relay
panel.
The next two contacts seen on line 163 are R104-1 (with its coil located on line 159, as shown
by the symbol), and R105-1 (with its coil on line 160.)
Looking at line 159 shows that R104-1 is controlled by a handswitch (11-HS-155). The
handswitch can be used by operators to shut down the compressor from a field location.
Another handswitch, 11-HS-196 on line 161, can be used to deenergize relay R105-1. This
would also cause the compressor to shut down.
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The next four contacts on line 163 are controlled by different field-mounted switches. These
switches will trip when such critical variables as vibration or lube oil pressure go to dangerous
levels. The relay circuits for these switches are shown on other sheets of the diagram. When
any of the switches is open, a relay will be deenergized. The relay's contacts will then open
and current flow to equipment will be stopped. The compressor will then shut down
Note that there are manual bypass switches for each of these four relays. The switches are
shown as
BS2.1
262
and
BS4.1
264
etc.
The switches allow the relays to be bypassed so that the compressor can continue to operate if
a relay needs to be taken out of the circuit for repair or any other reason.
Look now at contacts R110-1 on line 163. These are controlled by the relay coil on line 172.
The circuit description says that line 172 is part of the PERMISSIVE TO START circuit .
Four relays are shown on this circuit. If any contacts for these relays are open, then contacts
R110-1 will also be open (since no current will be flowing). The relay contacts in the
permissive to start circuit can close ONLY when all the conditions for the safe start-up of the
compressor have been met.
A close study of the diagram shows that when all the contacts on line 163 have closed
(including the permissive to start contacts 110-1) relay 107 will be energized. This causes a
set of contacts, R107-1 on line 164, to close. When these contacts are closed, the circuit can
bypass R110-1. This design prevents on open permissive-to-start switch from shutting down
the compressor AFTER the compressor has started. In other words, once the compressor has
started, the permissive-to-start circuit no longer has influence on it.
The reason for this design is that once a large piece of equipment has been started, all the
conditions for startup have been met (such conditions as pressure, level, temperature and so
on). It is not necessary to shut down operating equipment because startup conditions have
changed.
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Electrical Building Construction Diagrams

Most of the lighting symbols used in architectural drafting are based on the circle. The circle
represents the round, hexagonal or rectangular metal box to which the electrical connections
are attached.
Figure 42 a shows that a simple circle is the symbol for a ceiling lamp fixture. Any departure
from this simple fixture requires additions to be made to the symbol. For example, Figure
42b has the letter "S" added to it to show that the ceiling lamp fixture has a pull-chain switch.
Other additions to the symbol can be seen.
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Electrical Building Construction Diagrams (Cont'd)

Figure 43 shows that all symbols for outlet receptacles are also based on the circle.
A single line drawn across the circle indicates that only one plug can be connected to the
receptacle. The letter "G" indicates that the receptacle contains a grounded pin jack. Note
that the three lines drawn across the symbol for the range outlet (Figure 43h) indicates that
three CONDUCTORS are to be connected to the receptacle. It does not mean that there are
three receptacles.
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Electrical Building Construction Diagrams (Cont'd)

Figure 44 shows the letters used to indicate different kinds of switches.
Figure 45 shows the circuit diagram for a lamp controlled by a single-pole switch.
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The 3-way Switch S3. Figure 46 shows a single pole, double-throw switch (SPDT). Two such
switches are used to control a lamp from two different locations. Figure 46 shows the circuit
diagram for this arrangement.
A study of the circuit shows that the power supply to the lamp can be broken or restored from
either switch at any time.
The 4-way Switch S4. This is a double-pole, single-throw (DPST) switch. It is always closed in
either position; it is never open. See Figure 47.
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Single-Line Diagrams
Because most power conductors are cabled or grouped in conduits, architectural wiring
diagrams are drawn single line. The single line represents a multiconductor cable. It does not
represent a single conductor. Figure 48 shows the difference between electronic and
architectural wiring diagrams. The single line in the architectural drawing means that two
conductors are in a conduit or cable. If more conductors are carried in the conduit, their
number is indicated by short diagonal lines drawn across the single line. Unbroken lines
means that the conduit is concealed in the ceiling or wall. Broken, or dashed, lines mean that
the conduit is concealed in the floor. Electronic diagrams do not indicate where the wires are
to be placed.
The broken line that goes from the building to an outside lamp shows that the cable is
exposed (or strung overhead). The symbol indicates that the lamp is on a pole.
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Single-Line Diagrams (Cont'd)
Figure 49 shows a wiring diagram for a kitchen.
Note the following
Three short diagonal lines have been added to cables that carry three
conductors
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The lamp denoted by R (for "recessed") is controlled by two 3-way switches,

one close to each door.
The lines with arrows and numbers represent numbered branch circuits to a
service switch or a panel board. The number indicates which terminal the
circuit is connected to. The lines are called "home runs" because they make up
a complete circuit.
Figure 50 lists Saudi Aramco symbols for street lighting.
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Service Entrance
Power to a building comes through underground or overhead lines. The point of entry of the
power to the building is called the service entrance.
The service entrance switch, seen in Figure 51, is usually found inside the building. It
provides both overcurrent and disconnecting devices. Two insulated entrance cable wires are
connected to the disconnect block (at A).
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Service Entrance (Cont'd)
The block contains the main fuses. It also disconnects the 230-volt service when pulled out
from the box. The third conductor is the ground wire. It is not insulated and must always be
grounded through the switch box to an external copper or galvanized iron ground rod.
A voltage of 115 volts exists between the ground wire and each of the other two, insulated
wires.
The 115-volt circuits are protected by four plug fuses.
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Circuit Loads
The capacity of copper wire to carry a current depends on the size of the wire. Examples of
the current that can be carried by different sized copper wires are given in Figure 52. The
wire gauge size (AWG means American Wire Gauge) is determined from the number of
outlets and the electric power in watts (W) that is used by the appliances. Average power and
current demand of appliances are shown in Figure 53.
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Circuit Loads (Cont'd)

Average Current and Power Drawn by Domestic Loads
___________________________________________________________
Power
Current
(watts)
(amperes)
___________________________________________________________
Air conditioner, room, 3/4 ton
1,200
10.4
Blanket, electric
170
1.5
Dryer, clothes (230-volt)
5,000
21.7
Freezer
350
3.0
Furnace, hot air, oil-fired
800
7.0
Heater, Water Standard (230-volt)
2,500
10.9
Iron
1,000
8.7
Lamp table
150
1.3
Mixer, food
150
1.3
Pump, water
700
6.1
Radio/record player
110
1.0
Range (230 volt)
10,000
43.5
Refrigerator
320
2.8
Sewing machine
75
0.6
Television, color
330
2.9
Toaster, automatic
1,100
9.6
Vacuum cleaner
630
5.5
Washer, dish
1,200
10.4
Washing machine, automatic
510
4.4
Waste disposer
440
3.8
___________________________________________________________
FIGURE 53
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Circuit Loads (Cont'd)

Figure 54 details the symbols that may be used on architectural electric drawings.
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Electrical Industry and Power Supply Components
Saudi Aramco uses many different symbols on its plant control and power supply drawings.
Figure 55 shows the metering and instrumentation symbols. Also given are switchgear,
control and miscellaneous symbols. ("Switchgear" refers to all switching interrupting,
regulating, monitoring and other devices.)
Many of the symbols are self-explanatory; those that are not are described below:
Contact-Making Clock. This is an instrument that momentarily closes a circuit to a demand
meter at periodic intervals. A contact breaking clock does the opposite, it opens a circuit to a
demand meter.
Note: A demand meter is a metering device that indicates or records the demand, maximum
demand, or both.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope. This is an oscilloscope that uses a cathode ray tube (like a
television tube) as the indicating device.
Note: An oscilloscope is an electronic instrument that projects the forms of electromagnetic
waves on a cathode-ray tube.
Definite Time Relay. This is a relay with a purposely introduced delay action which remains
substantially constant regardless of the magnitude of the quantity that causes the action.
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Electrical Industry and Power Supply Components (Cont'd)
Frequency Meter. An instrument for measuring the frequency of an alternating current.

Recording Demand Meter. A demand meter that records on a chart the demand for each
demand interval.
Recording. The process of converting the electrical signal to an image on the record medium.
Synchroscope. An instrument for indicating if two periodic quantities are synchronous.
Telemeter. An instrument for allowing a measurement to be interpreted at a distance from the
primary detector.
Phase Shifting Transformer. A transformer that advances or retards the phase-angle
relationship of one circuit to another.
Integrator Relay. A relay that operates on the energy stored in a long pulse or series of pulses
of the same or varying magnitude, eg. a thermal relay.
Varmeter. A meter for measuring reactive power.
Interlock. A device actuated by the action of some other device with which it is directly
associated to govern succeeding operations of the same allied devices.
Control Power Transformer. A step-down transformer which is usually used in circuits that
are characterized by low power levels and which contribute to a control function, such as in
heating, air conditioning and industrial controls.
Thermal Converter. Consists of one or more thermojunctions in thermal contact with an
electric heater so that the voltage developed at its input by thermoelectric action gives a
measure of the input current to the heater.
The combination of two or more thermal converters, when connected with auxiliary
equipment so that its combined dc output gives a measure of the active power in the circuit, is
called a thermal watt converter.
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74
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75
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76
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The Inductor
When there is a change in current flow through a coil, the change alters the magnetic field
around the coil. This change in magnetic field induces another current to flow in the coil.
This second current opposes the first current. Therefore, coils can be used to resist rapid
changes in the current flowing through them while allowing steady, dc current to pass freely.
In other words, coils present high resistance to ac and low resistance to dc.
The ability of a coil to produce an induced current is called its 'INDUCTANCE'. The unit of
measurement for inductance is the Henry, denoted by L
Figure 56 shows the symbol for a coil.
Inductors are often used in filter circuits because they oppose, or filter out, ac at high
frequencies. Tuning Coils are used to obtain a required signal. The symbols for tuning coils
are shown in Figure 57.
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Chokes
Chokes are coils that are used to limit or suppress fluctuating signals while allowing a steady
signal to pass. Figure 58 shows the symbol for a choke
Transformers
Transformers are essential to Saudi Aramco power distribution systems. They use the
magnetic field produced by one coil (the primary) to induce a voltage, in a second coil (the
secondary). Transformers may be 'step-up' or 'step-down', depending on the ratio of primary
to secondary coils. Step-up means that the output voltage is higher than the input. Step down
means the output voltage is lower.
The symbols used to depict transformers are shown in Figure 59 below.
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Transformers (Cont'd)
Saudi Aramco symbols for transformers are shown in Figure 60 below:
Power or Distribution Transformers. These are used to step-up or step-down ac voltages.

Autotransformers. These make use of a common part of a winding for both the primary and
secondary. They have a tap brought out from a point on the winding. The tap is necessary
for the operation of the transformer.
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Autotransformers (Cont'd).
Figures 61 and 62 show that the operation of an autotransformer is exactly like that of a
conventional transformer except that one lead of the primary and one of the secondary are tied
together in the correct way.
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3 - Winding Transformers. These have two secondary windings.
Figure 63 shows that

windings can be connected in two ways. In a "series aiding" connection, the voltage is
sum of the voltages for both windings. In a "series opposing" connection, the voltage is
difference of the voltage for both windings. Dots are sometimes used to indicate
terminals that have the same phase.
the
the
the
the
Step - Voltage Regulators. These are transformers in which the voltage of a regulated circuit is
controlled in steps by means of taps and without interrupting the load.

Load Tap Changes (LTC) An LTC is a selector switch that is used to change transformer taps
even when the transformer is operating.
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Current and Potential Transformers. Transmission lines carry high voltages and heavy currents.
This makes it both dangerous and expensive to take measurements directly on the lines. For
this reason two types of instrument transformers are used for monitoring the lines. These are
the current transformer and the potential (or voltage) transformer. The symbols used to depict
these transformers are shown in Figures 64, 65 and 66.
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Current and Potential Transformers (Cont'd)
A current transformer is an instrument transformer. It is used to connect ammeters and

current coils of instruments into high-current lines. The cable in which current is to be
measured passes through a hole in the transformer. This allows the cable to act as the
primary and is why the secondary is drawn on the line in the current transformer symbol.
The secondary winding is insulated from the primary. Its turns ratio is adjusted to give a
supply of five amperes to the instrument circuit when rated, full-load current flows through
the primary.
Figure 65 shows a current transformer connected to a 4,800 volt supply.
The current transformer is shown to be rated at 100 to 5 amperes (100/5). This means that
when 100 amps are flowing through the line, 5 amps are flowing through the transformer's
secondary circuit. This is a stepdown of 20 to 1. The figure shows that the ammeter is
registering a reading of 4 amps. Therefore, line current is 20 x 4 or 80 amps.
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These are usually used in equipment where the primary

conductor is an integral part of the equipment.
Bushing Current Transformers.
Potential Transformers. These connect a voltmeter to the low-voltage side. The voltmeter can
then be used to obtain a measurement for the high-voltage line. Figure 66 shows the symbols
used to depict potential transformers.
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Figure 67 shows how the current induced in a bushing CT is used to operate instruments.
In the information given about transformer T2, OA/FA means Forced Air Cooled/Oil
Immersed Self Cooled-OLTC means On Load Tap Changing. Z is impedance. MVA is mega
volt-amps and is a measure of power.
The current in the supply line induces a current in the CT. All the instruments are in series, so
the same current passes through each of them.
AS is an ammeter switch. The value of the supply-line current can be read directly on
the ammeter, A. It has a scale of 0-3000 A.
A wattmeter, W, shows the power of the circuit.
A watthour demand (WHD) meter shows the power demands at 15-minute demand
intervals.
A varmeter, VAR, shows the value of reactive power in the circuit. The varmeter is
connected to a phase-shifting transformer.
A transducer converts the varmeter reading to an appropriate signal and transmits it to

a telemetry analog indication system.
A voltmeter switch, VS, can be used to show the voltage readings on a voltmeter V.
A transducer sends the voltage measurements to a telemetry analog indication system.
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The Capacitor
The capacitor is an electronic component that can be used to store electricity and to control
the flow of current.
The ability of a capacitor to store electricity is called "CAPACITANCE". Capacitance is
measured in "Farads", (F.)
A simple capacitor is made of two plates that are separated by an insulating material called a
"dielectric". Electrons can flow onto, and be stored on, one of the plates. The plate can store
electricity until the potential difference between it and the unstored plate is the same as the
voltage that was causing the electron flow. Then, the electron flow stops.
The ability of a capacitor to store electricity initially and then stop current flow means that a
capacitor prevents a direct current from flowing in a circuit. However alternating current will
flow since the capacitor plates continually change polarity.
Figure 68 shows the symbol for a polarized fixed capacitor and for a nonpolarized fixed
capacitor.
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The Capacitor (Cont'd)
Figure 69 shows the symbol for a "trimmer capacitor" which is used in the final adjustment of
a circuit. It compensates for slight differences in the values of components.
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The Semiconductor
A semiconductor is halfway between being a conductor and an insulator. It allows current to

pass in one direction only.
Semiconductors are also known as "diodes".
Figure 70 shows symbols for different kinds of diodes.
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The Semiconductor (Cont'd)
The rectifier diode is a half-wave rectifier. That is, it allows only voltages of the same
polarity to pass. This is shown in Figure 71.
Full-wave rectification can be obtained if a circuit is added to rectify the half- wave voltages.
A full-wave rectifying circuit is shown in Figure 72.
The Zener diode (D3 in Figure 72) is a voltage regulator. It will not conduct until the applied
voltage reaches a "breakdown" voltage. The voltage then remains essentially constant and
independent of the load current. Any additional voltage that may be produced is absorbed by
resistor R1.
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The Semiconductor (Cont'd)
The tunnel diode is used as an amplifier, oscillator or fast switching device. (An amplifier is a
device that enables an input signal to control power and which can give an output signal
greater than the input signal.
An oscillator is a circuit that can change dc to ac at a frequency and wave shape determined
by the circuit's components.)
The Varactor diode symbol includes the capacitor symbol. This is because the diode contains
a voltage - sensitive capacitor.
The varactor diode is used in high-frequency oscillators.
The DIAC is an ac switching semi-conductor. As the arrows on the symbol indicate, it can be
used to conduct in either direction. Diacs are used in motor speed control systems.
The Power Diode symbol is the same as for the rectifier diode. It allows power to function in
only one direction.
The Photo diode converts light energy into electrical energy. The arrows on the symbol
represent light energy.
The light - emitting diode emits light when current flows through the diode. It is used as the
digital readout in calculators and electrical measuring instruments.
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The Transistor
A Transistor is a semiconductor that has at least three terminals. They may be used as
amplifiers, detectors or switches.
Figure 73 shows the symbols for transistors. The symbols are different, depending on how
the transistor has been constructed. The constructions may be with negative - positive negative (npn) regions, or with positive - negative - positive (pnp) regions. B stands for base,
C for collector and E for emitter.
The base is usually the input signal terminal. The collector is usually the output terminal.
The emitter terminal is shown as a diagonal line with an arrow. The emitter is the region from
which electric charge is injected into the base. The arrow always points in the conventional
direction of current flow i.e. from positive to negative.
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The Use of Inductors, Capacitors and Semiconductors.
Many electronic circuits contain currents of different frequencies at the same time. Capacitors
and inductors can be used to remove, or filter out, intermediate frequencies. Circuits that do
this are known as filter circuits.
Capacitors filter out unwanted low frequencies. Inductors filter out the high frequencies.
Figure 74 shows a filter circuit. It is an LC filter circuit (L for inductance, C for capacitance).
An alternating supply is applied to a transformer primary. The alternating current induced in

the secondary is rectified by two rectifier diodes. As the figure shows, the rectifiers change
the alternating current to direct current with a fluctuating ripple.
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The Use of Inductors, Capacitors and Semiconductors (Cont'd)
Capacitor C1 filters out the ripple (remember, capacitors will not allow dc to pass.) The ripple
is sent to ground. The choke L1 offers a high resistance to the ripple frequency. At the same
time, capacitor C2 passes more of the ripple to ground.
The output of the circuit contains only a slight trace of the ripple.
Use of Transistors
One of the most common uses of transistors is in amplifier circuits. These circuits allow an
input signal to control power and they can give a current output that is greater than the input
(this is the amplification part of the circuit.)
Figure 75 shows an amplifier circuit. The transistor symbol is shown in the figure. The
circuit shown is designed to amplify an input signal.
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Power Generation and Transmission

Electric Generators
The construction of electric generators and motors is very similar. If a machine converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy, it is called a generator. If it converts electrical energy
to mechanical energy, it is called a motor.
All electric generators and motors need a magnetic field for their operation. The magnetic
field in some dc and ac motors is provided by a coil. The coil is called a winding, or, more
correctly, a field winding. The symbols used to show generators and electric motors often
include the symbol for a coil. Figure 76 shows the symbol for a field winding.
Generators produce electricity through the relative movement of an "armature" coil and a
magnetic field. The magnetic field is obtained between the north and south poles of a magnet.
The poles are called the "pole pieces".
The pole pieces are made magnetic by passing current through field windings that are coiled
around them.
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Electric Generators (Cont'd)
Figure 77 shows the basis of a generator for producing alternating current.

only one coil and one pair of pole pieces are shown.
For simplicity
Devices called brushes and slip rings are used to tap off the current.
If direct current is needed, a device called a "commutator" is used to change the ac to dc.
All generators, whether ac or dc, have a rotating part and a stationary part.
In most dc generators, the coil from which the output is taken is mounted on the rotating part,
which is called the "armature". The coils that produce the magnetic field are mounted on the
stationary part, which is called the "field".
On most ac generators however, the opposite is true. The field windings are mounted on the
rotating part, now called the "rotor", and the armature coil is wound on the stationary part
now called the "stator".
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Windings may be connected in different ways. These are: series, shunt and compound.
Figure 78 shows a series-wound dc generator. The armature is turned by a prime mover. The
field windings are in series with the armature coil. As the armature turns, the slight residual
magnetism that is left in the field from previous operation induces a current in the armature
coil. The current in the armature also flows through the field windings. This increases the
strength of the magnetic field, which in turn increases the current in the armature coil. In this
way the generator can be brought up to its rated output. Generators that use part of the
induced current to supply current to the field windings are called "self-excited" generators. In
some generators the windings are separately excited.
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Figure 79 shows a shunt-wound generator. "Shunt" means that the field windings are in
parallel with the generated current.
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Figure 80 shows a compound-wound generator. This generator is a combination of a series

and shunt generator. The field may be connected either in short shunt or long shunt. In short
shunt, the shunt field is in parallel only with the armature. In long shunt it is in parallel with
both the armature and the series field.
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3- Phase Power Supply
The generators used to supply power usually have three, single-phase windings, as indicated
in Figure 81 below.
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3- Phase Power Supply (Cont'd)
Each winding produces it own voltage. The values of the voltages are 120 out-of-phase with
each other.
Instead of six leads coming out of the generator, three of the leads can be connected together.
There are two ways to make the connections; one way gives a wye (or star) connection, the
other gives a delta connection. The connections are shown in Figure 82 below.
In a wye connection, the point of connection is called the neutral. Voltage from this point to
any of the line leads is the phase voltage (VP).
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In a wye connection, the line voltage (VL) is 1.73 times the phase voltage. The line current is
the same as the phase current.
In a delta connection it is the other way round, the line voltage is the same as the phase
voltage. The line current is 1.73 times the phase current.
It is possible to go from wye to delta and vice versa by using transformers. On a 3-phase
supply, the transformers may be banked together.
Figure 83 shows the delta and wye transformation. The symbols for the connections are
shown. Delta-delta transformation is also shown.
Figure 84 shows the Saudi Aramco symbols for wye and delta transformer winding
connections.
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The mathematical relationships are as follows (where N =ratio of primary to secondary

winding turns):
For or YY, Line voltage out = N x Line voltage in
For Y , Line voltage out = N x Line voltage in
3
For Y, Line voltage out = N 3 x Line voltage in
Explanation of the symbols are given below:
The
connection is used by Saudi Aramco to transform a 69 kV supply
from a wye connection to 13.8 kV on a delta connection.
The connection is used to transform the 13.8 kV to 2.4 kV.
connection is used to transform 480 v to 208 or 120 v. The 208 volts

The
is the line-to-line voltage and is used to operate motors. The 120 v is the phase voltage and is
used for lighting.
It is possible to achieve 3-phase transformation of energy by using two
transformers only. An open delta connection will do this. Such connections are used if one
of the three transformers in a delta-delta bank becomes defective, as shown in Figure 85. The
defective transformer is taken out of the system and the open-delta connection is used to keep
the 3-phase supply in operation until repairs can be made.
Open Delta.
The capacity of the open-delta connection is only 58% of the capacity of the closed delta
connection.
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Open Delta (Cont'd).
3-Phase Zigzag Connections. These are connections in the wye of polyphase windings, each
branch of which is made up of windings that generate phase- displaced voltage.
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Electric Motors
A dc motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. Figure 86 shows the principle of
operation.
Current is sent through the armature coil. This causes the armature to act as a magnet. The
armature poles are attracted to field poles of unlike polarity. This causes the armature to
rotate. At the moment when unlike poles of the armature and field are facing each other, a
commutator reverses the armature current. This in turn, reverses the polarity of the armature
magnetic field. Like poles of the armature and the field now repel each other. This sequence
causes continuous rotation of the armature. The armature can thus be used to give a
mechanical energy output.
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Electric Motors (Cont'd)
Dc motors can be series-, shunt, or compound-wound, exactly the same as dc generators. The
symbol for dc generators and motors are shown in Figure 87.
Note: An exciter is the source of all or part of the field current for the excitation of an electric
machine.
Ac motors are usually considered to be of two types:
(1) The synchronous motor and (2) the induction motor. Both types use a rotating magnetic
field for their operation.
Figure 88 shows how a rotating magnetic field is generated.
Alternating current is applied to the windings of a 3-phase stator. The windings are 120
apart. The magnetic fields that are generated are 120 out of phase. These three fields
combine to produce one field. This field is continually rotating as the alternating current goes
first in one direction and then in the other.
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The Synchronous Motor uses a 3-phase stator to produce a rotating magnetic field. A rotor is
placed in the field and dc is applied to the rotor. A force of attraction is produced between the
polarity of the rotor and that of the rotating field. This causes the rotor to rotate.
However, before a synchronous motor can run by itself the rotor speed must be made
synchronous with the rotating field. A squirrel cage induction motor is used to bring the rotor
up to synchronous speed.
Figure 89 shows the symbols for synchronous and squirrel cage motors.
The Induction Motor uses a rotating magnetic field to induce a current in the winding on a
rotor. The rotor current induces a magnetic field that interacts with the rotating field to cause
rotation of the rotor.
The symbol for a wound induction motor is shown in Figure 90. Again, the horsepower of
the motor is put inside the circle.
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Figure 91 shows a list of the symbols used by Saudi Aramco to depict ac electrical machines,
including 3-phase wye and delta connected machines.
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AC Motor Control Circuits
A motor control circuit controls the starting, protection, running, speed regulation and
stopping of a motor. The circuits are complicated, but diagrams can be simplified by drawing
them in ladder form. Figure 92 shows an ac motor starter circuit.
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AC Motor Control Circuits (Cont'd)
If the full line voltage is connected directly to a motor, the starting current will be much
higher than the normal running current. This can cause supply line disturbances. Fuses are
installed in the circuit for protection against high starting and overload currents.
Figure 92 shows the power circuit and the control circuit. The control circuit is isolated from
the power circuit through a step-down transformer. The step-down is from the high voltage
(HV) power supply of 480 v to 120 Volts. Contactor relay coils (S and R) and a timing relay
(A) are used in the circuit.
It is usual to start motors by connecting them across an autotransformer. This ensures that a
lower starting voltage is used. As the motor approaches operating speed, the autotransformer
is disconnected from the circuit. This arrangement can be seen in the power circuit of Figure
92.
Operation of the ac motor starter is as follows:
1.
First the disconnect switches (DS) must be closed. The motor cannot start because
contactors S and R are all open. However, current from one phase of the HV line can
flow through the primary coil of the control transformer.
2.
The start switch in the control circuit is momentarily closed. Therefore, the current
induced in the control transformer secondary winding flows through the control
circuit.
3.
Current in the control circuit energizes the motor-driven timing relay. The current
flows through the normally closed (NC) time opening (TO) contactor A and through
coil S.
At the same time, the energized motor-driven relay causes the normally open (NO)
contactor A (which is in parallel with the start switch) to close. This means that the
start switch can now be released and current will still flow through contactor A to
energize the control circuit.
This kind of circuit, where it remains energized even after the start switch is released,
is called an "INTERLOCK CIRCUIT."
112
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AC Motor Control Circuits (Cont'd)
4.
When coil S is energized, all normally open (NO) S contactors in the power circuit
close. This causes the motor to be connected to the power supply, through the
autotransformer. (The autotransformer coils ensure that the voltage applied to the
motor is less than the supply voltage.) Hence the motor begins to rotate. (Note that
the NC S contactor which is in series with coil R will be open.)
5.
However, because the motor-driven relay coil is energized, the TO contactor A, which
is in series with coil S, will open after a short time. This deenergizes coil S and causes
the NO S contactors to open. Thus the autotransformer connection to the motor is
broken. (Note that NC contactor S will now close.)
6.
At the same time, the TC contactor A, which is in series with coil R, will close. This
causes coil R to be energized. All NO R contactors in the power circuit now close.
This connects the motor directly to the power supply for normal running.
Any of the following conditions will stop the motor:
1.
The disconnect switches (DS) are opened.
2.
The stop switch is opened. This stops current flow through the control
circuit.
3.
A power line short circuit blows line fuses.
4.
Overload (OL) causes normally closed contactors to open in the control

circuit.
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DC Motor Control Circuits
DC motors are used when more accurate control of motor speed is needed. Speed control is
usually obtained by adjusting the magnetic field or the armature voltage, or both.
Figure 93 shows the starter circuit for a dc shunt-wound motor.
114
Drafting
DC Motor Control Circuits (Cont'd)
Operation of the dc shunt motor is as follows:

1.
First, the DS switches are closed. This allows current to flow through the field circuit
only.
2.
Current through the Field Loss (FL) relay coil causes contactor FL to close in the
control circuit.
When the START switch is momentarily closed, current flows through contactor coil
M.
4.
The current flow through conductor coil M causes the two M contacts in the armature
circuit to close. It also causes the two M contacts in the control circuit to close.
5.
When the M contact which is across the start button closes, the button can be released.
6.
Current through the dashpot time-delay relay IA causes the IA contacts in the control
and armature circuits to close after a short time delay. This causes one-third of the
starting resistance (IR) to be shorted out. This decrease in resistance causes more
voltage to be applied across the armature, and the motor speed is increased.
7.
With contacts IA closed, current can flow through relay 2A
8.
After a similar time delay, contacts 2A close, causing two-thirds of IR to be shorted

out. This, again, results in a voltage increase and higher motor speed.
9.
Similarly, with 2A contacts closed relay 3A is energized and, after a time delay,
contacts 3 A are closed. This causes all of resistance IR to be shorted out, causing the
motor to operate at full speed.
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Plant Control Wiring Diagrams
Plant control wiring diagrams use many of the symbols you have already seen. The figures
that follow show symbols that are new to you.
Switches. Plant switches have to break circuits that carry high currents. Also, because high
voltages may be used, arcing can occur when the circuit is broken. For this reason, plant
power switches are heavier and larger than normal.
Figure 94 shows some of the symbols for plant switches.
Note that the 'horn gap' switch (Figure 94 c) is designed to help reduce arcing.
116
Drafting
Resistors. Resistors may be represented by rectangles, as you have already seen. Designations
are usually added to make the resistor identification clear.

resistors are shown in Figure 95.
The symbols for non-linear
117
Drafting
Fuses. Fuses are usually shown as rectangles on Plant Wiring Diagrams. The circuit line is
drawn lengthwise through the rectangle. This helps to distinguish the symbol from that of a
resistor or relay coil.
Figure 96 shows the symbols used for fuses.
118
Drafting
Contactors. These are heavy duty relays. As we have already seen, the symbol for a contactor
coil is usually a circle containing a code letter or number for identification. The identification
is important because the coil and its contacts may be in different circuits.
Figure 97 shows Contactor Relay symbols.
Standard relay symbol abbreviations are shown in Figure 98 below.
119
Drafting
Contactors (Cont'd)
Necessary explanations are given below.

Interposing Relay. An auxiliary relay at the master or remote station served by the contacts:
(1)
To energize a circuit of an element of remote station equipment when the selection of

a desired point has been completed and when suitable operating signals are received
through the supervisory equipment from the master station.
(2)
To connect the telemeter transmitting and receiving equipments respectively at the

remote relay stations. Note that the interposing relays are considered part of a
supervisory system.
Directional Relay. Responds to the relative phase position of a current with respect to another
current or voltage reference.
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Circuit Breakers
Circuit breakers are used to open an electric circuit automatically if dangerous conditions
occur. These conditions are usually due to overload, underload, high voltage, low voltage and
reverse current.
The automatic operation of a circuit breaker is obtained through the use of electromagnets or
by heat expansion. Two types of breaker are used by Saudi Aramco: (1) Air circuit breaker,
in which the breaker is opened in a surrounding of air or gas. This is done to reduce arcing
when heavy currents are interrupted. (2) Oil circuit-breaker in which the breaker is immersed
in oil, also to reduce arcing.
Figure 99 shows other symbols for circuit breakers.
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Drafting
Circuit Breakers (Cont'd)
The blowout coil shown in Figure 95e is usually part of an air circuit-breaker. The current
through the coil creates a magnetic field that helps to put out the arc that forms when the
contactors open.
Separable Connectors (Draw-out Connectors)
When electrical parts have sometimes to be removed, they are connected with separable
connectors.
Separable connectors are shown by the symbol in Figure 100.
Resistance Grounding. Figure 101 below shows resistance grounding.
If continuity of operation is important so that a fault may be tolerated for a short time,
resistance grounding may be used. The 3.5-ohm resistor provides a 10- second delay before
the circuit breaker is operated.
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Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions
The devices used for switchgear control and protection are identified by standard device
numbers. The number may refer to the actual function of the device or to the electrical
quantity it is dealing with. The numbers are shown inside circles.
Figure 102 shows a section of the circuiting for a control circuit. The numbers inside the
circles identify the devices. Sometimes, suffixes are added to make the identification more
accurate. The figures outside the circles refer to how many of the devices are being used in
the circuit. The broken lines indicate devices that are connected to the circuit, but are not part
of
it.
123
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Electrical Power System Device Numbers and Functions (Cont'd)
124
Drafting
The list that follows is a copy of the Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards which deals with
the device numbers. The numbers of the most commonly used devices have been marked by
an asterisk.
7.
7.1
General
7.1.1
Relays and other devices are allocated identifying numbers,

sometimes with an appropriate suffix, according to the functions that
they perform.
7.1.2
The device function numbers are used on electrical diagrams, in

instruction books and specifications.
7.1.3
These device functions may refer to the actual function the device
performs in an equipment or they may refer to the electrical or other
quantity to which the device is responsive. Hence, there may be in
some instances a choice of the function number used for a given
device. The preferable choice, in all cases, is the one which is
recognized to have the narrowest interpretation so that it most
specifically identifies the device in the minds of all individuals
concerned with the design and operation of the equipment.
7.1.4
When alternate names and descriptions are included under the

function, only the name and description which applies to each specific
case should be used. In general, only one name for each device such
as, relay, contactor, circuit breaker, switch or device, is included in
each function designation. However, when the function is inherently
not restricted to any specific type of device and where the type of
device itself is thus merely incidental, any one of these alternative
names, as applicable, may be substituted. For example, if for device
function 6 a contactor is used for the purpose in place of a circuit
breaker, the function name should be specified as Starting Contactor.
7.1.5
Device function numbers and suffixes as listed in the following

sections are also listed in ANSI standard C37.2 - 1970 - Manual and
Automatic Station Control Supervisory and Associated Telemetering
Equipment.
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7.
7.2
Device Function Numbers
* 1.
Master Element is the initiating device, such as a control switch, voltage

relay, float switch, etc., which serves either directly, or through such
permissive devices as protective and time-delay relays to place an
equipment in or out of operation.
* 2.
Time-Delay Starting or Closing Relay is a device which functions to

give a desired amount of time delay before or after any point or
operation in a switching sequence or protective relay system, except as
specifically provided by device functions 62 and 79.
3.
Checking or Interlocking Relay is a relay which operates in response to

the position of a number of other devices, or to a number of
predetermined conditions, in an equipment to allow an operating
sequence to proceed or to stop or to provide a check of the position of
these devices or of these conditions for any purpose.
* 4.
Master Contactor is a device, generally controlled by device No.1 or

equivalent and the necessary permissive and protective devices, which
serves to make and break the necessary control circuits to put an
equipment into operation under the desired conditions and to take it out
of operation under other or abnormal conditions.
* 5.
Stopping Device is a device whose primary function is to place and hold

an equipment out of operation.
6.
Starting Circuit Breaker is a device whose principal function is to

connect a machine to its source of starting voltage.
7.
Anode Circuit Breaker is one used in the anode circuits of a power

rectifier for the primary purpose of interrupting the rectifier circuit if an
arc-back should occur.
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7.
7.2
Device Function Numbers (Cont'd)
8.
Control Power Disconnecting Device is a disconnecting device, such as

a knife switch, circuit breaker or pull-out fuse block used for the
purpose of connecting and disconnecting, respectively, the source of
control power to and from the control bus or equipment.
NOTE: Control power is considered to include auxiliary power which
supplies such apparatus as small motors and heaters.
9.
* 10.
Reversing Device is a device which is used for the purpose of reversing

a machine field or for performing any other reversing functions.
Unit Sequence Switch is a switch which is used to change the sequence
in which units may be placed in and out of service in multiple-unit
equipments.
11.
Reserved for future application.
12.
Over -Speed Device is usually a direct-connected speed switch which

functions on machine overspeed.
* 13.
Synchronous-Speed Device is a device, such as a centrifugal-speed

switch, a slip-frequency relay, a voltage relay, an undercurrent relay or
any type of device which operates at approximately synchronous speed
of a machine.
14.
Under-Speed Device is a device which functions when the speed of a

machine falls below a predetermined value.
15.
Speed or Frequency Matching Device is a device which functions to

match and hold the speed or the frequency of a machine or of a system
equal to, or approximately equal to, that of another machine, source or
system.
16.
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7.
7.2
17.
Shunting or Discharge Switch is a switch which serves to open or to

close a shunting circuit around any piece of apparatus (except a
resistor), such as a machine field, a machine armature, a capacitor or a
reactor.
NOTE: This excludes devices which perform such shunting operations
as may be necessary in the process of starting a machine by
devices 6 or 42, or their equivalent, and also excludes device
73 function which serves for the switching of resistors.
18.
Accelerating or Decelerating Device is a device which is used to close

or to cause the closing of circuits which are used to increase or to
decrease the speed of a machine.
19.
Starting-to-Running Transition Contactor is a device which operates to

initiate or cause the automatic transfer of a machine from the starting to
the running power connection.
20.
Electrically-Operated Valve is a solenoid or motor-operated valve which

is used in a vacuum, air, gas, oil, water, or similar line.
NOTE: The function of the valve may be indicated by the insertion of
descriptive words such as "Brake" or "Pressure Reducing" in
the function name, such as "Electrically-operated Brake
Valve".
21.
Distance Relay is a relay which functions when the circuit admittance,

impedance or reactance increases or decreases beyond predetermined
limits.
22.
Equalizer Circuit Breaker is a breaker which serves to control or to

make and break the equalizer or the current-balancing connections for a
machine field, or for regulating equipment, in a multiple-unit
installation.
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7.
7.2
23.
Temperature Control Device is a device which functions to raise or to

lower the temperature of a machine or other apparatus, or of any
medium, when its temperature falls below, or rises above, a
predetermined value.
NOTE: An example is a thermostat which switches on a space heater
in a switchgear assembly when the temperature falls to a
desired value as distinguished from a device which is used to
provide automatic temperature regulation between close limits
which would be designated as 90T.
24.
* 25.
Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check Device is a device which

operates when two A.C. circuits are within the desired limits of
frequency, phase angle or voltage, to permit or to cause the paralleling
of these two circuits.
26.
Apparatus Thermal Device is a device which functions when the

temperature of the shunt field or the amortisseur winding of a machine,
or that of a load-limiting or load-shunting resistor or of a liquid or other
medium exceeds a predetermined value; or if the temperature of the
protected apparatus such as a power rectifier or of any medium,
decreases below a predetermined value.
* 27.
Undervoltage Relay is a relay which functions on a given value of

undervoltage.
28.
29.
Isolating Contactor is a contactor which is used expressly for

disconnecting one circuit from another for the purpose of emergency
operation, maintenance, or test.
30.
Annunciator Relay is a non-automatically reset device which gives a

number of separate visual indications upon the functioning of protective
devices, and which may also be arranged to perform a lockout function.
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7.
7.2
31.
Separate Excitation Device is a device which connects a circuit such as

the shunt field of a synchronous converter to a source of separate
excitation during the starting sequence; or one which energizes the
excitation and ignition circuits of a power rectifier.
* 32.
Directional Power Relay is one which functions on a desired value of

excitation during the starting sequence; or one which energizes the
excitation and ignition circuits of a power rectifier.
32.
Directional Power Relay is one which functions on a desired value of

power flow in a given direction or upon reverse power resulting from
arc-back in the anode or cathode circuits of a power rectifier.
33.
Position Switch is a switch which makes or breaks contact when the

main device or piece of apparatus, which has no device function
number, reaches a given position.
34.
Motor-Operated Sequence Switch is a multi-contact switch which fixes

the operating sequence of the major devices during starting and
stopping, or during other sequential switching operations.
35.
Brush-Operting or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device is device for

raising, lowering, or shifting the brushes of a machine, or for shortcircuiting its slip-rings, or for engaging or disengaging the contacts of a
mechanical rectifier.
* 36.
Polarity Device is a device which operates or permits the operation of

another device on a predetermined polarity only.
37.
Undercurrent or Underpower Relay is a relay which functions when the

current or power flow decreases below a predetermined value.
38.
Bearing Protective Device is one which functions on excessive bearing

temperature, or on other abnormal mechanical conditions, such as undue
wear, which may eventually result in excessive bearing temperature.
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7.
7.2
39.
40.
Field Relay is a relay that functions on a given or abnormally low value

or failure of machine field current, or on an excessive value of the
reactive component of armature current in an A.C. machine indicating
abnormally low field excitation.
41.
Field Circuit Breaker is a device which functions to apply, or to remove,

the field excitation of a machine.
42.
Running Circuit Breaker is a device whose principal function is to

connect a machine to its source of running voltage after having been
brought up to the desired speed on the starting connection.
* 43.
Manual Transfer or Selector Device is a manually-operated device

which transfers the control circuits so as to modify the plan of operation
of the switching equipment or of some of the devices.
44.
Unit Sequence Starting Relay is a relay which functions to start the next
available unit in a multiple-unit equipment on the failure or on the nonavailability of the normally preceding unit.
45.
46.
Reverse-Phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay is a relay which

functions when the polyphase currents are of reverse-phase sequence, or
when the polyphase currents are unbalanced or contain negative phasesequence components above a given amount
47.
Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay is a relay which functions upon a

predetermined value of polyphase voltage in the desired phase
sequence.
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7.
7.2
48.
Incomplete Sequence Relay is a relay which returns the equipment to

the normal, or off, position and locks it out if the normal starting, or
operating, or stopping sequence is not properly completed within a
predetermined time.
* 49.
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay is a relay which functions when

the temperature of an A.C. machine armature, or of the armature or
other load-carrying winding or element of a D.C. machine, or converter
or power rectifier or power transformer (including a power rectifier
transformer exceeds a predetermined value.
* 50.
Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate-Of-Rise-Relay is a relay which

functions instantaneously on an excessive value of current, or on an
excessive rate of current rise, thus indicating a fault in the apparatus or
circuit being protected.
* 51.
A.C. Time Overcurrent Relay is a relay with either a definite or inverse

time characteristic which functions when the current in an A.C. circuit
exceeds a predetermined value.
* 52.
A.C. Circuit Breaker is a device which is used to close and interrupt an

A.C. power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt this circuit
under fault or emergency conditions.
53.
Exciter or D.C. Generator Relay is a relay which forces the D.C.

machine field excitation to build up during starting or which functions
when the machine voltage has built up to a given value.
54.
High-Speed D.C. Circuit Breaker is a circuit breaker which starts to

reduce the current in the main circuit in 0.01 seconds or less, after the
occurrence of the D.C. overcurrent or the excessive rate of current rise.
55.
Power Factor Relay is a relay which operates when the power factor in
an A.C. circuit becomes above or below a predetermined value.
56.
Field Application Relay is a relay which automatically controls the

application of the field excitation to an A.C. motor at some
predetermined point in the slip cycle.
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7.
7.2
57.
Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device is a power, or stored energy,

operated device which functions to short-circuit or to ground a circuit in
response to automatic or manual means.
58.
Power Rectifier Misfire Relay is a relay which functions if one or more

of the power rectifier anodes fails to fire.
* 59.
Overvoltage Relay is a relay which functions on a given value of

overvoltage.
60.
Voltage Balance Relay is a relay which operates on a given difference

in voltage between two circuits.
61.
Current Balance Relay is a relay which operates on a given difference in

current input or output of two circuits.
62.
Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay is a time-delay relay which

serves in conjunction with the device which initiates the shutdown,
stopping, or opening operation in an automatic sequence.
* 63.
Liquid or Gas Pressure, Level or Flow Relay is a relay which operates

on given values of liquid or gas pressure, flow or level, or on a given
rate of change of these values.
64.
Ground Protective Relay is a relay which functions on failure of the

insulation of a machine, transformer, or of other apparatus to ground, or
on flashover of a D.C. machine to ground.
NOTE: This function is assigned only to a relay which detects the flow
of current from the frame of a machine or enclosing case or
structure of a piece of apparatus to ground, or detects a ground
on a normally ungrounded winding or circuit. It is not applied
to a device connected in secondary circuit or secondary neutral
of a current transformer, or current transformers, connected in
the power circuit of a normally grounded system.
65.
Governor is the equipment which controls the gate or valve opening of a

prime mover.
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7.
7.2
66.
Notching or Jogging Device is a device which functions to allow only a

specified number of operations of a given device, or equipment, or a
specified number of successive operations within a given time of each
other. It is also a device which functions to energize a circuit
periodically, or which is used to permit intermittent acceleration or
jogging of a machine at low speeds for mechanical positioning.
* 67.
A.C. Directional Overcurrent Relay is a relay which functions on a

desired value of A.C. overcurrent flowing in a predetermined direction.
68.
Blocking Relay is a relay which initiates a pilot signal for blocking of

tripping on external faults in a transmission line or in other apparatus
under predetermined conditions, or co-operates with other devices to
block tripping or to block reclosing on an out-of-step condition or on
power swings.
69.
Permissive Control Device is generally a relay two-position manually

operated switch which in one position permits the closing of a circuit
breaker, or the placing of an equipment into operation, and in the other
position prevents the circuit breaker or the equipment from being
operated.
70.
Electrically-Operated Rheostat is a rheostat which is used to vary the

resistance of a circuit in response to some means of electrical control.
71.
72.
D.C. Circuit Breaker is a circuit breaker which is used to close and

interrupt a D.C. power circuit under normal conditions or to interrupt
this circuit under fault or emergency conditions.
73.
Load-Resistor Contactor is a contactor that is used to shunt or insert a

step of load limiting, shifting, or indicating resistance in a power circuit,
or to switch a space heater in circuit, or to switch a light, or regenerative
load resistor of a power rectifier or other machine in and out of circuit.
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7.
7.2
* 74.
Alarm Relay is a relay other than an annunciator as covered under device

No.30, which is used to operate, or to operate in connection with, a visual
or audible alarm.
75.
Position Changing Mechanism is the mechanism which is used for moving

a removable circuit breaker unit to and from the connected, disconnected,
and test positions.
76.
D.C Overcurrent Relay is a relay which functions when the current in a

D.C. circuit exceeds a given value.
77.
Pulse Transmitter is used to generate and transmit pulses over a

telemetering or pilot-wire circuit to the remote indicating or receiving
device.
78.
Phase-Angle Measuring or Out-of-Step Protective Relay is a relay which

functions at a predetermined phase angle between two voltages or between
two currents or between voltage and current.
* 79.
A.C. Reclosing Relay is a relay which controls the automatic reclosing and
locking out of an A.C. circuit interrupter.
80.
81.
Frequency Relay is a relay which functions on a predetermined value of

frequency, either under or over, or on normal system frequency or rate of
change of frequency.
82.
D.C. Reclosing Relay is a relay which controls the automatic closing and
reclosing of a D.C. circuit interrupter, generally in response to load circuit
conditions.
83.
Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay is a relay which operates to

select automatically between certain sources or conditions in an
equipment, or perform a transfer operation automatically.
84.
Operating Mechanism is the complete electrical mechanism or

servomechanism, including the operating motor, solenoids, position
switches etc. for a tap changer, induction regulator or any piece of
apparatus which has no device function number.
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7.
7.2
85.
Carrier or Pilot-Wire Receiver Relay is a relay which is operated or

restrained by a signal used in connection with carrier-current or D.C. pilotwire fault directional relaying.
* 86.
Locking-Out Relay is an electrically operated, hand or electrically reset

relay or device which functions to shut down and hold an equipment out of
service on the occurrence of abnormal conditions.
* 87.
Differential Protective Relay is a protective relay which functions on a

percentage or phase angle or other quantitative difference of two currents
or of some other electrical quantities.
88.
Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator is one used for operating auxiliary

equipment such as pumps, blowers, exciters, rotating magnetic amplifiers
etc.
89.
Line Switch is a switch used as a disconnecting or isolating switch in an

A.C. or D.C. power circuit, when this device is electrically operated or has
electrical accessories, such as an auxiliary switch, magnetic lock, etc.
90.
Regulating Device is a device which functions to regulate a quantity, or

quantities, such as voltage, current, power, speed, frequency, temperature,
and load, at a certain value or between certain limits for machines, tie lines
or other apparatus.
* 91.
Voltage Directional Relay is a relay which operates when the voltage

across an open circuit breaker or contactor exceeds a given value in a
given direction.
92.
Voltage and Power Directional Relay is a relay which permits or causes the
connection of two circuits when the voltage difference between them
exceeds a given value in a predetermined direction and causes these two
circuits to be disconnected from each other when the power flowing
between them exceeds a given value in the opposite direction.
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7.
7.2
93.
Field-Changing Contactor is a contactor which functions to increase or

decrease in one step the value of field excitation on a machine.
94.
Tripping or Trip-Free Relay is a relay which functions to trip a circuit

breaker, contactor, or equipment, or to permit immediate tripping by other
devices; or to prevent immediate reclosure of a circuit interrupter, in case it
should open automatically even though its closing circuit is maintained
closed.
95.
96.
97.
Used only for specific applications on individual installations where none

of the assigned numbered functions from 1 to 94 are suitable.
98.
99.
A similar series of numbers, starting with 201 instead of 1, shall be used for those device
functions in a machine, feeder or other equipment when these are controlled directly from the
supervisory system. Typical examples of such device functions are 201, 205 and 294.
7.3
Suffix Letters
Suffix letters are used with device function numbers for various purposes. In
order to prevent possible conflict, any suffix letter used singly, or any
combination of letters, denotes only one word or meaning in an individual
equipment. All other words should use the abbreviations as contained in ANSI
standard Y.1.1, or should use some other distinctive abbreviation, or be written
out in full each time they are used. Furthermore, the meaning of each single
suffix letter, or combination of letters, should be clearly designated in the legend
on the drawings or publications applying to the equipment.
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7.3
Suffix Letters (Cont'd)
For purposes of clarification, these suffix letters have been classified in several
groupings as detailed in lists A to E. The letters in lists A to C, since they should
generally form part of the device function number, as for example 23x, 90V or
52BT. The letters in List D which denote parts of the main device and those in
List E which cannot or need not form part of the device function designation, are
written below the device function number, as for example
20 or 43
IS
A
List A
These letters denote separate auxiliary devices, such as:

X)
Y)
Auxiliary Relay *
Z)
R)
Raising Relay
L)
Lowering Relay
O)
Opening Relay
C)
Closing Relay
CS
Control Switch
CL
"a" Auxiliary-Switch Relay
OP
"b" Auxiliary-Switch Relay
"Up" Position-Switch Relay
"Down" Position-Switch Relay
PB
Push Button
*NOTE: In the control of a circuit breaker with a so-called X-Y relay control scheme, the X
relay is the device whose main contacts are used to energize the closing coil and
the contacts of the Y relay provide the anti-pump feature for the circuit breaker.
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7.3
Suffix Letters (Cont'd)

List B
These letters indicate the condition or electrical quantity to which the device
responds, or the medium in which it is located, such as:
A
Air or Amperes
Current
Electrolyte
Frequency or Flow
Level or Liquid
Power or Pressure
PF
Power Factor
Oil
Speed
Temperature
Voltage, Volts or Vacuum
VAR Reactive Power

W
Water or Watts
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List C
These letters denote the location of the main device in the circuit, or the type of
circuit in which the device is used or the type of circuit or apparatus with which it
is associated, when this is necessary, such as:
A
Alarm or Auxiliary Power
A.C.
Alternating Current
AN
Anode
Battery, Blower or Bus
BK
Brake
BP
Bypass
BT
Bus Tie
Capacitor, Condenser, Compensator or Carrier Current
CA
Cathode
D.C.
Direct Current
Exciter
Feeder, Field or Filament
Generator or Ground **
Heater or Housing
Line
Motor or Metering
Network or Neutral **
Pump
Reactor or Rectifier
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List C (Cont'd)
Synchronizing
Transformer, Test or Thyratron
TH
Transformer (High-Voltage side)
TL
Transformer (Low-Voltage side)
TM
Telemeter
Unit
** Suffix "N" is generally used in preference to "G" for devices connected in

the secondary neutral of current transformers, or in the secondary of a
current transformer whose primary winding is located in the neutral of a
machine or power transformer, except in the case or transmission line
relaying, where the suffix "G" is more commonly used for those relays
which operate on ground faults.
List D
These letters denote parts of the main device, divided in the two following
categories:
Category 1
All parts, except auxiliary contacts and limit switches as covered later under
category 2 such as:
BB
Bucking Bar (For High Speed D.C. Circuit Breaker)
BK
Brake
Coil or Condenser or Capacitor
CC
Closing Coil
HC
Holding Coil
IS
Inductive Shunt
Lower Operating Coil
Operating Motor
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List D (Cont'd)
ML
Load-Limit Motor
MS
Speed-Adjusting or Synchronizing Motor
Solenoid
TC
Trip Coil
Upper Operating Coil
Valve
Category 2
All auxiliary contacts and limit switches for such devices and equipment as
circuit breakers, contactors, valves and rheostats. These are designated as
follows:
a
Auxiliary switch, open when the main device is in the de-energized or nonoperated position.
Auxiliary switch, closed when the main device is in the de-energized or

non-operated position.
aa
Auxiliary switch, closed when the main device is in the de-energized or nonoperated position.
bb
Auxiliary switch, closed when the operating mechanism of the main device is in
the de-energized or non-operated position
The letters e, f, etc., ab, ac, ad, etc., or ba, bc, bd, etc., are special auxiliary switches
other than a, b, aa, and bb. Lower-case (small) letters are to be used for the above
auxiliary switches.
NOTE: If several similar auxiliary switches are present on the same device, they should
be designated numerically 1, 2, 3, etc.
LC
Latch-Checking Switch, closed when the circuit breaker-mechanism

linkage is relatched after an opening operation of the circuit breaker.
LS
Limit Switch.
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List E
These letters cover all other distinguishing features or characteristics or

conditions, not specifically described in lists A to D which serve to describe the
use of the device or its contacts in the equipment, such as:
A
Accelerating or Automatic
Blocking or Backup
Close or Cold
Decelerating, Detonate, or Down
Emergency
Failure or Forward
Hot or High
HR
Hand Reset
HS
High Speed
L
M
Left or Local or Low or Lower or Leading

Manual
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
Open
Polarizing
Right or Raise or Reclosing or Receiving or Remote or Reverse
Sending or Swing
Test or Trip or Trailing
TDC Time-Delay Closing

TDO Time-Delay Opening
U
Up
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7.4
Suffix Numbers
If two or more devices with the same function number and suffix letter (if used) are
present in the same equipment, they may be distinguished by numbered suffixes as for
example, 52X-1, 52X-2 and 52X-3, when necessary.
7.5
Devices Performing More Than One Function
If one device performs two relatively important functions in an equipment so that it is

desirable to identify both of these functions, this may be done by using a double
function number and name such as:
27 - 59 Undervoltage and Overvoltage Relay
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Single-Line Diagrams
Single-line diagrams use single lines and simplified graphic symbols to show electric circuits,
or system of circuits, and the components.
Figure 103 shows a single-line diagram of a 480-v load center, i.e. a unit where 408 v ac is
used to operate equipment.
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Connections are made to a busbar, sometimes called simply a "bus". A bus is a conductor, or
an assemble of conductors, for collecting currents and distributing them to outgoing feeders.
At the top right-hand side of the diagram it says "To 4160V SWGR BUS 32 SEE DIA. ARARA-417". This means that the vertical power path line is connected to 4160V, switchgear
through bus number 32. Bus 32 can be seen on diagram number AR-ARA-417.
The notation 3-1/C-500 MCM means that there are three wires in the line, that the wires are
single conductor (1/C) and that the size of each conductor is 500,000 circular mils (or 500
MCM). A circular mil is a unit of area equal to /4 of a square mil, or 0.7854 mm2. It is a
unit of measure for wire sizes.
Further down the power path is the symbol for a power transformer. The transformer is
identified by its number (308). It is stated to be a 4160/480, three phase (3), 60Hz
transformer. 4160 v is the primary voltage and 480 v is the secondary voltage. The primary
is shown to be delta connected. The secondary is wye connected.
The transformer's secondary coil is shown to be earthed (grounded) through a resistor. The
resistor limits the amount of current that can flow through the circuit. This resistor is the
same as the one shown in the symbol for the secondary wye connection.
Connected to the resistor are a Test Switch(TS) and a relay. The relay is identified by its
standard function device number, 59. Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards show this to be
an overvoltage relay. This relay operates when the voltage goes over a set value. The letter N
indicates that the relay is connected to earth.
Below the power transformer symbol is the symbol for a current transformer (CT). The CT is
used to supply current to a monitoring and control circuit. The CT is shown to have a 3000/5
ratio. This means that when 3000A is flowing in the power line, 5A is flowing in the
monitoring and control circuit. This is a fixed ratio of 600 to 1 eg. if 1500A flows in the
power line, 2.5 A will flow in the monitoring circuit.
The monitoring circuit contains four devices. First, there is a test switch. This is connected to
standard function device number 51. The standards show this to be an A.C. Time
Overcurrent Relay. It operates when an alternating current exceeds a set value.
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The circuit also contains an ammeter switch (AS) and an ammeter (A)
A draw-out type circuit breaker is located below the CT. It is shown to be rated at 3000
Amperes. This is the maximum current that the breaker can safely carry. Underneath the
3000 is the number 52. This is a standard device number, indicating an alternating current
circuit breaker.
The power path continues along Bus A. Bus A is stated to be rated at 3000 Amps. A local
number, 308 has been assigned to the bus. The bus is shown to be connected to another bus,
bus 307.
Six branch circuits are connected to bus 308. Each branch is identified by its number,
numbers 3081 through 3086. Next to each draw-out circuit breaker is the number 600. This
refers to the standard frame size of the circuit breaker. It indicates the maximum amperage
that the breaker can safely carry.
The third number given on the branch circuits indicates the size of the trip element used in the
breaker. The trip element determines the maximum current the breaker can carry without
tripping. This ranges from 175 A to 600 A in the branch circuits. Each breaker also has the
number of its standard device function. In each branch this is number 52, an a.c. circuit
breaker.
Four of the branches go to various parts of the plant. The remaining two are spare.
The connecting lines have notations which give the type and size of the wire being used. The
(2) means that there are two sets of wires in each line.
Connected to the left-hand side of the bus is another monitoring and control circuit. The
diagram shows a fuse in the circuit in series with a 480/120 v step-down transformer. It
protects the transformer and the rest of the circuit from overloads.
The symbols next to the transformer indicate that both the primary and secondary are
connected open delta. The secondary is grounded. An open delta transformer is a twowinding transformer that is connected in delta. This allows a 3-phase voltage to be produced
using only two windings.
A standard function device (Relay number 27) is connected into the circuit. This is an
undervoltage relay. It operates when voltage values go low. The test switch is used to test the
working of the relay. A voltmeter switch and a voltmeter are also connected into the circuit.
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Protective Relaying Circuits
Protective relaying is used to detect faults and dangerous conditions in power systems. The
relays operate circuit breakers to isolate the dangerous or abnormal part of the circuit. They
do this in the shortest possible time, but leave all normal parts of the circuit in operation.
Faults and abnormal operating conditions can occur on generators, transformers, busbars,
overhead lines cables and motors. The circuits that protect these pieces of equipment may all
be shown on one drawing, thus making the drawing look more complicated than it really is.
Circulating Current
If a circuit is healthy, the current entering the circuit should equal the current leaving. A fault
is indicated if there is a difference of more than a certain amount.
A circulating current circuit can be used to compare the incoming and outgoing currents in a
system or unit that is to be protected. Figure 104 shows a circulating current circuit being
used to protect a busbar.
Two equal ratio current transformers (Cts) are connected so that their secondary currents, Ia
and Ib, flow in opposite directions through the relay R that is connected across them. The
relay current, therefore, is the phasor difference of Ia and Ib.
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Circulating Current (Cont'd)
If a fault occurs OUTSIDE the A-B zone that is being protect, as shown by F1 in Figure 104,
Ia and Ib would continue to flow in the same directions. However, the fault would have
removed the load and so the values of Ia and Ib would be many times greater. Now, the relay
must not operate for a fault outside the zone it is protecting. Therefore, the relay must be
designed so that it will not operate even for the maximum value of through current (Ia - Ib)
that a fault external to the protected zone can cause to flow through it. Figure105 shows a
fault, F2, INSIDE the protected zone.
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Circulating Current (Cont'd)
It can be seen that any current that is being fed to a second section of busbar will try to take
the easier path through the fault. Therefore, the relay now receives the SUM of the secondary
currents. The relay must be designed to act quickly to operate circuit breakers upon receiving
this highest value of fault current.
On the other hand, if no current existed outside the protected zone, Ia would be the only
current to flow through the relay. Similarly, the relay must be designed to act quickly to
operate circuit breakers upon receiving this lowest value of fault current.
Bus Protection
Figure 106 shows a simple bus protection circuit.
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Bus Protection (Cont'd)
A Fault is imagined to be at 'F' on Section 1. One group of cts (a), (b) and (c) form a
circulating current system covering zone 1. A similar group of cts (d), (e) and (f) cover zone
2. Engineers call these "discriminating zones".
A third group of cts (g), (h), (j) and (k) cover both zones 1 and zone 2 (that is, the whole of
the busbars). They are used as a check system. The purpose of the check system will be
explained later.
When fault F occurs in zone 1, Relays R1 and R3 will operate. This allows current to flow to
operate circuit breakers in zone 1 and also the bus section circuit breaker.
The Check System. Suppose the circuit in Figure 106 to be healthy and carrying normal loads.
Now, if one of the leads, say to ct (a), were to become open-circuited, a current would flow in
relay R1 (even though the circuit is healthy). This is because there could be no current in ct
(a) to balance out the currents from cts (b) and (c).
However, the fault in ct (a) has no effect on relay R3 and so no current can flow to operate the
circuit breakers.
This method of using both discriminating and check systems also protects against unnecessary
shutdowns owing to vibration or manual operation.
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Figure 107 shows a section of a Saudi Aramco power distribution drawing on which busbar
protection can be seen. Note that ac time overcurrent relays (relays number 51) and locking
out relays (number 86) are used.
Load Transfers From Feeder To Feeder And Bus To Bus
115 KV, 13.8 KV, 4.16 KV and 480 V switchgear are designed in parts or units.
Figure 108 shows a bus-tie circuit for two incoming lines.
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Load Transfers From Feeder To Feeder And Bus To Bus (Cont'd)
The bus-tie breaker is normally open (NO). Buses A and B are supplied with power by their
respective feeders. Contacts breakers in the feeder lines are normally closed (NC).
If a feeder line fails or maintenance is needed its NC contactor breaker can be opened, thereby
closing down the line. The feeder's bus bar can be kept supplied with power by closing the
bus-tie breaker. Power is then supplied by the other feeder line.
Transformer Protection
Many different kinds of faults can occur on transformers. Consequently, many different kinds
of transformer protective circuits can be arranged.
Figure 109 shows one kind of Saudi Aramco transformer protection system. It is based on
"differential" protection.
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Transformer Protection (Cont'd)
The transformer being protected is wound delta-delta and is shown at A.

Current enters the system from the source at B. Two cts, at C and D, provide the differential
input to the protection system. The cts, monitor respectively, the high-voltage side current
and the low-voltage side current. These have a known relationship under healthy conditions.
The two currents are sent to standard device function relay number 87. This is a differential
protective relay. It operates on the difference between two similar electrical quantities (in this
case, current).
If the current differential is abnormal, thereby indicating a fault, relay 87 operates relay 86 at
E. This is a locking-out relay. It operates circuit breakers to keep equipment out of service if
abnormal conditions arise. In Figure 109, relay 86 is shown to operate an oil circuit breaker
and an air circuit breaker.
A third ct is connected to standard device function relay number 50, at F. The letters "GS" on
the relay symbol mean "instantaneous ground". Relay 50 is an instantaneous overcurrent or
rate-of-rise relay. It operates instantaneously if the ct to which it is connected shows a sudden
overcurrent in the line, or if the current value begins to increase excessively. Either of these
conditions could occur if, for example, there was a short in the transformer winding.
The Figure shows that relay 50 is connected to relay 86. Therefore, relay 50 operates both
circuit breakers.
Three standard function relays are grouped together at G. Relay 63 is a liquid or gas pressure,
level or flow relay. It operates if an internal fault in the transformer generates gases in
amounts sufficient to operate the relay. Its connection to the transformer is not shown. This
kind of relay is often called a Buchholz gas or Sudden Surge Relay.
Relay 63 is connected to a second number 86 relay. This second relay 86 also operates the
circuit breakers.
Relay 63 is also connected to an alarm system. Relay 49 is also connected to the alarm
system. This is a thermal relay. It operates the alarm system if the transformer overheats.
Note: The symbol shown near the ct at F denotes the ducting that carries the electric cables.
Figure 110 shows how different protective systems may be seen on single-line Saudi Aramco
drawings.
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155
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Power Distribution Drawings
Power distribution is more efficient when high voltages and low currents are used.
Figure 111 shows a typical power distribution diagram.
156
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Power Distribution Drawings (Cont'd)
Utility power is supplied at 22.9 - 13.8 kV. The supply is protected by two lightning arrestors
as shown by the symbols seen in Figure 112.
Connection to the circuit is made through an oil circuit-breaker (at A).

protected by two more lightning arrestors.
The circuit is
Step-down transformers lower the supply voltage to 4160 V. The secondary coil of the
transformers is earthed through a fixed resistor.
Inside the building the voltage is metered (measured) and relayed. Metering is done through
potential and current transformers. It is here that the voltage is regulated. The supply then
passes through air circuit-breakers to a bus.The bus is separated at the center by another air
circuit-breaker. This allows one side of the distribution to be disconnected from the other
side.
Power is fed through an auxiliary feeder, department feeders, motor feeders and a generator
tie. Note the symbols indicating the use of fused disconnect switches.
Transformers step-down the voltage from 4160 V to 480 V, where shown.
Power is sent to a dc motor drive. Note the symbol for a rectifier, showing that the ac supply
is converted to dc.
Power is also sent to various motor control centers (MCCs). An mcc groups several motor
controllers into one enclosure, like a cabinet. It combines motor control equipment with
electrical feeders. The control equipment includes starters, contactors, circuit breakers, fuses,
switches, relays, metering and auxiliary equipment.
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WORK AID
Hundred of symbols are used in electrical engineering. It is not possible to cover all of them.
The symbols given in this Work Aid are some of those most often seen on Saudi Aramco
Electrical drawings.
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159
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GLOSSARY
amplifier
A device that enables an input signal to control power and is

capable of an output that is greater than the input signal.
armature
The rotating part of a dc motor or generator.
armature, relay
The moving element of a relay
base, transistor
A region that lies between an emitter and a collector
binary number system
A system of numbers with base 2 such that any number can

be expressed by 0 or 1 or a combination of these digits.
blowout coil
Extinguishes circuit breaker arc through the effect of its

magnetic field.
Boolean algebra
A form of algebra applied to the design of digital

computers.
circuit breakers
A device to open a circuit automatically on a predetermined

overload of current.
collector, transistor
The region through which the primary flow of charge

carriers leaves the base.
common connection
Electrical connection to a conductor common to several

circuits such as a ground or battery bus.
compound field winding
A combination of series and shunt magnetic field windings.
contactor
Heavy duty relay whose contacts open or close a primary

circuit when its coil, in a secondary circuit, is energized.
current transformer
A instrument transformer used to sample the amount of

current flowing in a high-voltage conductor.
delta connection
A triangular-shaped circuit connection of three windings.
double-pole switch
Capable of opening or closing both sides of a circuit or two

separate circuits.
emitter, transistor
A region from which charge carriers are injected into the

base.
filter
A circuit which conducts only predetermined frequencies
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and rejects unwanted frequencies.
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filter choke
A series-connected inductance with low reactance at the

filter frequency.
full-wave rectification
Conversion of both positive and negative portions of an ac

wave to dc.
fuse
A protective device in which excessive current melts the

fuse element and clears a circuit.
ground
Point of lowest potential which may be a metallic chassis or

common bus.
ground-fault protection
A leak in current to ground due to defective insulation of

components or conductors.
Henry
The amount of inductance that allows 1 volt to be induced

in a coil when the current changes at the rate of 1 ampere
per second.
high-pass filter
A circuit that passes only predetermined high frequencies.
home run
Cables that return directly to the entrance service box or

distribution panel.
horn gap
Divergent high-voltage switch contacts.
inductance
The ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage when

the current varies through the conductor
interlock circuit
A circuit that remains activated after the original parallel

circuit is deactivated.
inverter gate
An electronic circuit that reverses the logic level; 1 becomes

0, and 0 becomes 1
jumper wire
Short conductors used between adjacent or almost adjacent

terminals.
ladder diagram
Wiring diagram in which power utilization proceeds from

top to bottom.
light-emitting diode
A two terminal semi-conductor that emits light when current

is passed through it.
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logic blocks
The basic circuits of a computer which combine and

manipulate the binary signals so as to perform most of the
functions of a computer.
low pass filter
A circuit that passes only predetermined low frequencies.
neutral wire
A grounded conductor.
disconnected.
oscillator
A circuit capable of converting dc to ac at a frequency and

waveshape determined by circuit components.
overload relay (OL)
A control relay whose contacts will open when the load

current becomes excessive.
potential transformer
An instrument transformer used to sample the voltage in a

high-voltage circuit.
potentiometer
A three-terminal variable resistance usually connected

across a voltage source to vary voltage division.
primary winding
Input winding of a transformer
reactance
Opposition to an ac due to an inductor and/or capacitor.
resistance
Opposition to the flow of an electric current.
rheostat
A variable resistance with two terminals usually connected

in series in a circuit to vary current.
riser diagram
Shows how electrical energy is distributed through a

building from the entrance to branch load centers.
rotor
schematic diagram
:
:
The rotating member of an ac motor or generator.

An elementary diagram showing the functions and relations
of electronic components in a circuit by means of graphical
symbols.
secondary winding
The output winding of a transformer
series field
A winding connected in series with a motor or generator

armature to produce a magnetic field.
shunt field
A winding connected in parallel with a motor or generator

armature to produce a magnetic field.
It should never be fused or
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single-pole switch
Capable of opening and closing one side of a circuit.
single-throw switch
Capable of opening and closing one side of a circuit.
stator
The stationary member of an ac generator or motor.
three-phase circuit
Having or producing three ac waves displaced in time from

each other by one-third of a cycle.
transistor
Semiconductor device with three or more terminals capable

of the transfer and amplification of a signal.
trimmer capacitor
A small type of capacitor that provides fine adjustment of

capacitance.
truth table
Used in symbolic logic, in which the "truth" or "falsity" of a

statement is listed for all conditions.
turns ratio
The ratio of the number of secondary winding turns to

primary winding turns of a transformer.
voltage regulator
A device that maintains the output voltage of a power

supply independent of load, within limits.
wye (or star)

connections
Connection of at least three windings in a circuit

like a Y or three-pointed star.
Zener diode
A pn junction diode reverse biased into the breakdown

region. It is used for voltage regulation.
166

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Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards