Siddha alphabet

Siddhamredirects here.
Siddham (lm).

For the 2009 lm, see

Siddha, also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamtk,* [1] is the name of a script used for writing Sanskrit during the period ca 600-1200 CE. It is
descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script,
which gave rise to the Assamese script, Bengali script,
Tibetan script and also inspired Japanese kana script.
There is some confusion over the spelling: Siddh and
Siddha both common, though Siddha is preferred correct.* [2] The script is a renement of the script used during the Gupta Empire. The name arose from the practice
of writing the word Siddha, or Siddha astu (may there
be perfection) at the head of documents.
The word Siddha (Sanskrit: ) means accomplishedor perfected. Other names of the script Siddha manuscript of the Heart Stra. Bibliothque nationale
include siddhng (Bengali: ), si ha (Tibetan: de France
), bonji (Japanese: ) and Chinese: ;
pinyin: Xtn wnzi.
Siddha is an abugida or alphasyllabary rather than an
alphabet because each character indicates a syllable, but it
does not include every possible syllable. If no other mark
occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal, and the aspirated
vowel. A special mark can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens An early Siddham manuscript, dated to the rst half of the 6th
century (the so-called Horiuzi Palm-leaf MSSpreserved in
at the end of Sanskrit words.

Hry-ji monastery, Japan). It contains the Sanskrit text of the

Heart Stra and the Ua Vijaya Dhra. The nal line is a
Siddha alphasyllabary.

History

expanding Islamic empire of the Abbasids.

Many of the Buddhist texts which were taken to China

along the Silk Road were written using a version of the
Siddha script. This continued to evolve, and minor
variations are seen across time, and in dierent regions.
Importantly it was used for transmitting the Buddhist
tantra texts. At the time it was considered important to
preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was
not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led
to the retention of the Siddha Script in East Asia. The
practice of writing using Siddha survived in East Asia
where Tantric Buddhism persisted.

In Japan the writing of mantras and copying of Sutras

using the Siddha script is still practiced in the esoteric
Buddhist schools of Shingon and Tendai as well as in the
syncretic sect of Shugend. The characters are known
as shittan () or bonji (, Chinese: Fnz). The
Taisho edition of the Chinese Tripiaka preserves the Siddha characters for most mantras, and Korean Buddhists
still write seed syllables in a modied form of Siddha.
A recent innovation is the writing of Japanese language
slogans on T-shirts using Bonji. Japanese Siddha has
Kkai introduced the Siddha script to Japan when he evolved from the original script used to write stras and
returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit is now somewhat dierent from the ancient script.
with Nalanda-trained monks including one known as Pra- It is more typical to see Siddha written with brushes like
j. By the time Kkai learned this script, the trading and Chinese writing, and is also written with a bamboo pen; in
pilgrimage routes over land to India, were closed by the Japan, a special brush called a bokuhitsu (, Chinese:
1

UNICODE

2 Alphabet
2.1 Vowels

2.2 Consonants

3 Conjuncts

Chinese use of the Siddha script for the Pratisara Mantra, from
the Later Tang. 927 CE

The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate

letters should be deleted in this table
Alternative forms of conjuncts that contain .

3.1 syllables

3.2 Some sample syllables

4 Siddha Fonts

Chinese use of the Siddha script for the Mahapratyangira

Mantra. 971 CE

pb ) is used for formal Siddha calligraphy.

In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a
series of purges of foreign religions, thus cutting
Japan o from the sources of Siddha texts. In time,
other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced Siddha
in India, while in Bengal, Siddha evolved to become the
Bengali script, leaving East Asia as the only region where
Siddha is used.

Siddha is still largely a hand written script. Some efforts have been made to create computer fonts though to
date none of these are capable of reproducing all of the
Siddha conjunct consonants. Notably the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Texts Association have created a Siddha font for their electronic version of the Taisho Tripiaka, though this does not contain all possible conjuncts.
The software Mojikyo also contains fonts for Siddham,
but split Siddham in dierent blocks and needs dierent
fonts to render one document.
A siddha input system relies on the CBETA font, Siddhamkey 3.0 has been produced.

5 Unicode
Main article: Siddham (Unicode block)
Siddham script was added to the Unicode Standard in
June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.
The Unicode block for Siddham is U+11580U+115FF:

7 External links
Pandey, Anshuman (2014-01-08). N4294: Proposal to Encode the Siddham Script in ISO/IEC
10646. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC
JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
Siddham alphabet on Omniglot
Examples of Siddham mantras Chinese language
website.
Visible Mantra an extensive collection of mantras
and some stras in Siddha script
Bonji Siddham Character and Pronunciation
SiddhamKey Software for inputting Siddham characters

8 Sources
Bonji Taikan ( ).
Fukykai, 1983)

(Tky:

Meicho

Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (1998). Siddham in China

and Japan, Sino-Platonic papers No. 88
Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East.
(Boston: Shambala, 1995).
Van Gulik, R.H. Siddham : An Essay on the History
of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan (New Delhi,
Jayyed Press, 1981).
Yamasaki, Taik. Shingon: Japanese Esoteric Buddhism. (Fresno: Shingon Buddhist International Institute, 1988).

Siddha alphabet by Kkai (774835)

Notes

[1] Rajan, Vinodh; Sharma, Shriramana (2012-06-28).

L2/12-221: Comments on naming the Siddhamencoding. Retrieved 2014-08-19.
[2] Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, page
1215, col. 1 http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/
monier/

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Siddha alphabet Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83%20alphabet?oldid=637628829 Contributors: Stonemirror,

Mahaabaala, Carlossuarez46, Benwing, Gilgamesh, Per Honor et Gloria, Utcursch, Andycjp, J. 'mach' wust, Beland, Jamadagni, Dbachmann, Kwamikagami, Joost, BDD, Tabletop, DePiep, Roboto de Ajvol, Deeptrivia, RussBot, Joel7687, Wujastyk, Sardanaphalus, Arpgme,
Mhss, Shandris, Aldis90, Drmccreedy, Faizhaider, Bothnia, Zerokitsune, Sarayuparin, Secleinteer, Bovineboy2008, Chemako0606, Mr.
Granger, DerBorg, Addbot, Tengu800, Tigerguy999, BabelStone, Leucius, Fryed-peach, Abc root, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Amble, ,
AnomieBOT, Timmyshin, White whirlwind, Tktru, MastiBot, Dinamik-bot, LanguageExpert, Savitr108, Alph Bot, PTJoshua, Bonji95,
Subramanya sarma, JBDVI, Hmainsbot1,
, JimRenge, Melcous, Ainalhala, MyOperaCom and Anonymous: 14

9.2

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File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Falongsibeiye.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Falongsibeiye.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Buddhist Texts from Japan. (Anecdota Oxoniensia, Aryan series), 1881. [1] Original artist: facsimile by Autotype, London
File:MahaPratyangira_Mantra.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/MahaPratyangira_Mantra.png License: Public domain Contributors: photograph Original artist: Unknown
File:Prajnyaapaaramitaa_Hridaya_Pel.sogd.jpg
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Prajnyaapaaramitaa_Hridaya_Pel.sogd.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Bibliothque nationale de France Original artist:
none
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File:Siddham_ah.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Siddham_ah.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ai.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Siddham_ai.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_alphabet_by_Kukai.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Siddham_alphabet_by_Kukai.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.visiblemantra.org/kukai-alphabet.html Original artist: Kkai
File:Siddham_am.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Siddham_am.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
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File:Siddham_b.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Siddham_b.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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9.2

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File:Siddham_ddh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Siddham_ddh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
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File:Siddham_dga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Siddham_dga.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_dgha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Siddham_dgha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_dh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Siddham_dh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_dh2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Siddham_dh2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_dsva.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Siddham_dsva.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_e.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Siddham_e.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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File:Siddham_g.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Siddham_g.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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File:Siddham_gh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Siddham_gh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ghri.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Siddham_ghri.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
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File:Siddham_i.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Siddham_i.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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File:Siddham_i1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Siddham_i1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_i2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Siddham_i2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ii.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Siddham_ii.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
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File:Siddham_jja.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Siddham_jja.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Siddham_jny1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Siddham_jny1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
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File:Siddham_kla.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Siddham_kla.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_kma.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Siddham_kma.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
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File:Siddham_kyai.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Siddham_kyai.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_kyam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Siddham_kyam.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_ngkau.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Siddham_ngkau.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_ngke.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Siddham_ngke.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngkha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Siddham_ngkha.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngki.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Siddham_ngki.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngkii.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Siddham_ngkii.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngko.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Siddham_ngko.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngkssa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Siddham_ngkssa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngktra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Siddham_ngktra.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngku.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Siddham_ngku.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngkuu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Siddham_ngkuu.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngla.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Siddham_ngla.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Siddham_ngra.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Siddham_ngri.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Siddham_ngri.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngsa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Siddham_ngsa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngsha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Siddham_ngsha.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngssa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Siddham_ngssa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngva.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Siddham_ngva.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ngya1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Siddham_ngya1.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nn.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Siddham_nn.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nn1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Siddham_nn1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nn3.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Siddham_nn3.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nna2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Siddham_nna2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nndda.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Siddham_nndda.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nndda1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Siddham_nndda1.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_nnddha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Siddham_nnddha.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_nnddha1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Siddham_nnddha1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nnnna.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Siddham_nnnna.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_nntta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Siddham_nntta.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nntta1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Siddham_nntta1.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nnttha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Siddham_nnttha.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_nnttha1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Siddham_nnttha1.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_nta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Siddham_nta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ntha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Siddham_ntha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ny.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Siddham_ny.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ny2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Siddham_ny2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nyca.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Siddham_nyca.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nycha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Siddham_nycha.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_nyja1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Siddham_nyja1.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nyjha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Siddham_nyjha.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_nyri.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Siddham_nyri.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_o.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Siddham_o.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_o1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Siddham_o1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_p.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Siddham_p.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss

9.2

Images

File:Siddham_ph.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Siddham_ph.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_pta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Siddham_pta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_r.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Siddham_r.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ri.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Siddham_ri.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rii.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Siddham_rii.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rka.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Siddham_rka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkaa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Siddham_rkaa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkah.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Siddham_rkah.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkai.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Siddham_rkai.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Siddham_rkam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkau.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Siddham_rkau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rke.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Siddham_rke.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rki.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Siddham_rki.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkii.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Siddham_rkii.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkla.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Siddham_rkla.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkma.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Siddham_rkma.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkna.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Siddham_rkna.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rko.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Siddham_rko.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Siddham_rkra.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkssma.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Siddham_rkssma.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkssvrya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Siddham_rkssvrya.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkssvya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Siddham_rkssvya.svg License: Public domain
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File:Siddham_rku.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Siddham_rku.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkuu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Siddham_rkuu.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkva.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Siddham_rkva.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rkya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Siddham_rkya.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_rtsna.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Siddham_rtsna.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_s.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Siddham_s.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_sh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Siddham_sh.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_sh1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Siddham_sh1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_sh2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Siddham_sh2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss

10

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Siddham_sha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Siddham_sha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ska.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Siddham_ska.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_skha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Siddham_skha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_spa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Siddham_spa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_spha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Siddham_spha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ss.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Siddham_ss.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ssnya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Siddham_ssnya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_sstta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Siddham_sstta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ssttha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Siddham_ssttha.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_sta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Siddham_sta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_stha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Siddham_stha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_t.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Siddham_t.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_th.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Siddham_th.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_th1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Siddham_th1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_th2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Siddham_th2.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_tkva.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Siddham_tkva.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_tt.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Siddham_tt.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_tt1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Siddham_tt1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_tta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Siddham_tta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_tth.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Siddham_tth.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_tth1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Siddham_tth1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ttka.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Siddham_ttka.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ttsha2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Siddham_ttsha2.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ttssa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Siddham_ttssa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ttsschra.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Siddham_ttsschra.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_ttttta.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Siddham_ttttta.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_u.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Siddham_u.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_u1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Siddham_u1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_uu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Siddham_uu.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_uu1.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Siddham_uu1.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_v.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Siddham_v.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss

9.3

Content license

11

File:Siddham_v3.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Siddham_v3.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_vva.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Siddham_vva.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_wca.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Siddham_wca.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_wcha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Siddham_wcha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_wda.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Siddham_wda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_wdha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Siddham_wdha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_wja.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Siddham_wja.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_wjha.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Siddham_wjha.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Siddham_y.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Siddham_y.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Mhss
File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_
with_red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svg
from the Tango project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0