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    Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding

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    This document provides an overview of ionic and metallic bonding. It discusses how ions form as atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve noble gas configurations. Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice held together by electrostatic forces. Metals form metallic bonds where a "sea" of delocalized electrons interacts with positive metal ions. This bonding allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable. The document also introduces concepts such as coordination number, crystalline structures of metals, and different types of alloys.

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    Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding

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    315 views22 pages
    This document provides an overview of ionic and metallic bonding. It discusses how ions form as atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve noble gas configurations. Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice held together by electrostatic forces. Metals form metallic bonds where a "sea" of delocalized electrons interacts with positive metal ions. This bonding allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable. The document also introduces concepts such as coordination number, crystalline structures of metals, and different types of alloys.

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    This document provides an overview of ionic and metallic bonding. It discusses how ions form as atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve noble gas configurations. Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice held together by electrostatic forces. Metals form metallic bonds where a "sea" of delocalized electrons interacts with positive metal ions. This bonding allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable. The document also introduces concepts such as coordination number, crystalline structures of metals, and different types of alloys.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    315 views22 pages

    Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding

    Uploaded by

    api-256257174
    This document provides an overview of ionic and metallic bonding. It discusses how ions form as atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve noble gas configurations. Ionic compounds consist of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice held together by electrostatic forces. Metals form metallic bonds where a "sea" of delocalized electrons interacts with positive metal ions. This bonding allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable. The document also introduces concepts such as coordination number, crystalline structures of metals, and different types of alloys.

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    Chapter 7

    Ionic and Metallic Bonding

    Lesson 1
    Ions

    Law of Definite Proportions


    2 or more elements combine chemically in definite proportions by mass
    Explained by Daltons Atomic Theory

    The size of the sample does not change the mass ratio (also known as
    percent composition)

    Atoms and Ions


    Atoms:
    Electrically neutral
    Can gain, lose, or share electrons when forming compounds

    Ions:
    When number of protons does not equal number of electrons
    Ions have positive or negative charge

    The Octet Rule


    1916: Gilbert Lewis

    Atoms tend to achieve noble


    gas configuration when
    forming compounds (8
    electrons in valence shell)
    Ex: Sodium form a sodium
    ion with a 1+ charge which
    has the same econfiguration as neon.

    Ions
    Metals:
    Form positive ions (cations)
    o lose 1 or more electrons
    Charge for Group A metals can be determined by the group number
    o Group 1A metals have a 1+ charge
    o Group 2A metals have a 2+ charge, etc.
    Group B metals form multiple cations
    o Charge of 3+ or more is unlikely -- must consult a table for their
    charges
    o Group B metals achieve pseudo-noble gas config (18 e-s)

    Ions
    Non-metals:
    Form negative ions (anions)
    o gain 1 or more electrons
    Charge for Group A non-metals is determined by the group number minus
    8
    o Group 5A non-metals gain 3 electrons
    o Group 6A non-metals have a 2- charge
    o Group 7A non-metals have a 1- charge (called hallide ions), etc.

    Exceptions to Octet Rule


    Silver would have to lose 11 electrons or gain 7 to acquire the
    configuration of xenon
    Ions with charge greater than 3 are uncommon
    Instead silver loses 1 electron to attain pseudo-noble gas configuration (18
    electrons)
    Other exceptions: Ag+, Au+, Cd2+, Zn2+

    Example 1
    Write electron configurations for the following ions:
    a) Calcium ion

    b) Fluoride ion

    Lesson 2
    Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds

    Ionic Bond

    Ionic Compounds
    Made of positive and negative ions (metals + non-metals)
    Cations and anions are attracted by electrostatic force
    Arranged in orderly 3D pattern
    o Each + ion is between 2 or more - ions
    Electrically neutral

    Ex: Sodium gives a valence electron to chlorine and


    both ions achieve a stable octet

    Ionic Compounds
    Crystalline solids at room temperature
    High melting points
    Can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water
    o Ions are free to move

    Coordination Number
    Coordination Number:
    The number of ions of opposite charge that surround an ion in a crystal
    Example:
    o Each Na-ion is surrounded by 6 Cl-ions therefore Nas coordination #
    is 6
    o Each Cl-ion is surrounded by 6 Na-ions therefore its coordination #
    is also 6

    Example 2
    In TiO2, each Ti-ion is surrounded by 6 O-ions. What is its coordination #?
    Each O-ion is surrounded by 3 Ti-ions. What is its coordination #?

    Lesson 3
    Bonding in Metals

    Metallic Bonds & Properties


    Metals are made up of closely packed
    cations rather than neutral atoms
    Valence electrons modeled as sea of
    electrons
    o Drift freely

    Metallic Bonds & Properties


    Metallic bonds:
    o Attraction of free floating
    valence e-s for + metal ions
    Force of attraction that
    hold metals together

    Metallic Bonds & Properties


    Sea of electrons explains many physical properties of metals
    o Good conductors
    Electrons flow freely in them
    As electrons enter one end of metal, an equal number leaves the
    other end
    o Ductile and Malleable
    Sea of valence electrons insulates cations from one another
    When under pressure, cations slide past one another

    Crystalline Structure of Metals


    Metals that contain one type of atom are among the simplest forms of all
    crystalline solids
    Metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns
    o BCC
    o FCC
    o HCP

    Alloys
    Mixtures of 2 or more elements
    o At least 1 is a metal!
    Properties often superior to
    component elements

    Alloys
    Substitutional alloy:
    If atoms of components are similar in size, they replace each other in the
    crystal
    Interstitial alloy:
    If sizes are very different, smaller atoms fit into interstices (spaces)
    between larger atoms
    Amalgam:
    An alloy containing mercury

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