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    Lipide Simple

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    Sabina Marinovici
    The document discusses different types of lipids or fats. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified as simple or complex, and includes glycerides, sterides, cerides and others. Major components of lipids include alcohols like glycerol and fatty acids that can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Common fatty acids are described. The roles and properties of different lipids are summarized.

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    Lipide Simple

    Uploaded by

    Sabina Marinovici
    445 views23 pages
    The document discusses different types of lipids or fats. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified as simple or complex, and includes glycerides, sterides, cerides and others. Major components of lipids include alcohols like glycerol and fatty acids that can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Common fatty acids are described. The roles and properties of different lipids are summarized.

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    chimie organica

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    The document discusses different types of lipids or fats. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified as simple or complex, and includes glycerides, sterides, cerides and others. Major components of lipids include alcohols like glycerol and fatty acids that can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Common fatty acids are described. The roles and properties of different lipids are summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    445 views23 pages

    Lipide Simple

    Uploaded by

    Sabina Marinovici
    The document discusses different types of lipids or fats. It defines lipids as compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Lipids are classified as simple or complex, and includes glycerides, sterides, cerides and others. Major components of lipids include alcohols like glycerol and fatty acids that can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Common fatty acids are described. The roles and properties of different lipids are summarized.

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    LIPIDE

    (Grasimi, Fats)

    Definitie
    Lipidele sunt o clasa eterogena de
    compusi a caror proprietate
    comuna este insolubilitatea in apa
    si solubilitatea in solventi organici

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    Clasificare

    Nesaponificabile carotenoide, tocoferoli,


    terpene, etc.
    Saponificabile lipidele propriu zise, care
    contin acizi grasi

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    Clasificare

    Lipide simple: acid (acizi) grasi + alcool


    (sau aminoalcool)
    Lipide complexe: acid gras + alcool + X
    (+Y)

    Componente
    Alcooli

    si aminoalcooli: glicerol, steroli,


    sfingozina, sfinganina
    Acizi grasi: saturati, nesaturati, ciclici, etc.
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    Clasificarea principalelor lipide


    simple

    gliceride
    steride
    ceride
    etolide
    glicerofosfolipide

    Lipide

    complexe

    gliceroglicolipide

    sfingolipide

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    acizi fosfatidici
    cardiolipide
    inozitofosfatide
    cefaline
    lecitine
    serinfosfatide
    acetalfosfolipide

    sfingomieline
    cerebrozide
    sulfatide
    gangliozide

    Rolul lipidelor in organismele vii

    Structural lipidele complexe


    Energetic mai ales lipidele simple
    In semnalizarea celulara

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    Acizi grasi

    Saturati (SFA)
    Mononesaturati (MUFA)
    Polinesaturati (PUFA)

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    Simboluri utilizate pentru acizii grasi


    10

    10

    H C (CH2) 7

    CH3

    H C (CH2 )7

    COOH

    H3C (CH2 )7

    18:1 (9t)

    C
    C (CH2)7
    9

    COOH

    H
    Acid oleic (cis)

    18:1 (9c)
    Numarul atomilor de carbon

    Acid elaidic (trans)


    Pozitia si configuratia legaturilor duble

    Numarul de legaturi duble

    Numerotarea de la ultimul atom de carbon (): -3, -5, -6, -9

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    Acizi grasi majori

    Saturati: miristic 14:0


    palmitic 16:0
    stearic 18:0
    Mononesaturati: palmitoleic 16:1
    oleic 18:1
    nervonic 24:1(15c)
    Polinesaturati: linoleic 18:2 (9c,12c)
    linolenic 18:3 (9c,12c,15c)
    arahidonic 20:4 (5c,8c,11c,14c)
    EPA 20:5 (5c,8c,11c,14c,17c)
    DHA 22:6 (4c,7c,10c,13c,16c,19c)
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    Acizi grasi neuzuali

    Conjugati: CLA 18:2 (9c,11t)


    Acetilenici: acid tariric
    Ciclici: lactobacilic, sterculic
    Hidroxilici: cerebronic (-OH 24:0)
    oxinervonic (-OH 24:1(15c)

    etc

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    Acizi grasi esentiali

    Nu pot fi biosintetizati de catre


    organismele animalelor superioare
    18:2, 18:3
    Sunt precursori ai prostaglandinelor
    si au numeroase functii fiziologice
    O dieta sanatoasa trebuie sa
    contina un raport de 4:1 intre acizii
    -6 si acizii -3

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    Proprietatile acizilor grasi

    Starea de agregare lichida sau solida


    (functie de gradul de nesaturare)
    Solubilitate extrem de mica in apa,
    solubili in solventi organici
    Proprietati chimice caracteristice acizilor
    carboxilici (formare de saruri,
    esterificare, decarboxilare,)
    Reactii caracteristice compusilor
    nesaturati in cazul AGN (aditie, oxidare)

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    LIPIDE SIMPLE
    GLICERIDE
    STERIDE
    CERIDE

    GLICERIDE (Acilgliceroli)

    Esteri ai glicerolului (triol) cu unul


    doi sau trei acizi grasi identici sau
    diferiti

    Pot fi: - mono-, di- sau trigliceride


    - simple sau mixte (in functie de
    acizii grasi continuti)
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    Gliceride (triacilgliceroli)

    O
    H2C O C

    H2C

    O C

    HC O C

    OH

    H2 C

    Monoglicerida

    H2C O C

    H2C

    O C

    H2C O CO CH2 16
    OC O C H 2

    CH3

    H2C O CO CH2 14

    CH3

    1-stearoil-2-oleoil-3-palmitoil-sn-glicerol

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    R3

    Triglicerida

    CH2OH

    R2
    O

    H3C (CH2)7 CH=CH (CH2)7

    R1

    HC O C

    Diglicerida

    2OH

    O
    O

    OH

    1 CH

    HO

    R
    O

    H C OH

    H2C

    Compozitie
    in acizi grasi

    Localizare

    Tesut adipos
    Seminte
    Produse lactate

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    Dependenta de tesut
    sau produs
    Saturate la
    mamifere
    Nesaturate pasari si
    peste, plante

    Compozitia in acizi grasi in


    trigliceride din diferite produse
    uleiurile

    vegetale contin preponderent


    acizi grasi nesaturati: 18:1, 18:2, 18:3
    grasimile solide, de porc, vita si oaie: acizi
    saturati si mononesaturati
    grasimea de pasare este semisolida,
    contine mai multi acizi polinesaturati 18:2
    produsele lactate contin acizi grasi
    saturati cu catena scurta si acizi linoleici
    conjugati
    pestele contine acizi grasi polinesaturati
    cu catena lunga: EPA, DHA
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    Proprietati

    Stare de agregare solida, semisolida


    sau lichida in functie de compozitia in
    acizi grasi
    Hidroliza: chimica (saponificare) si
    enzimatica (lipaze)
    Hidrogenarea gliceridelor nesaturate
    Aditia halogenilor
    Autooxidarea si rancezirea

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    Steroli, steride, acizi biliari


    11

    2
    3

    13

    A
    4

    12

    10
    5

    B
    6

    17

    16
    15

    14

    8
    7

    HO

    Steran
    Lanosterol
    17
    13

    10
    3

    HO

    5
    6

    Colesterol
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    Compusi izoprenoidici
    Colesterolul este
    component a membranelor
    celulare
    Precursor al hormonilor
    steroidici, acizilor biliari,
    provitaminei D3

    Steride

    Esteri al sterolilor cu acizi grasi


    Mai frecvent in ficat, tesut nervos, suprarenale
    R
    R

    ACAT
    + H2O
    + R COOH
    - H 2O

    HO

    Acid gras
    Sterol

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    O
    R

    Sterida

    Acizi biliari

    Se biosintetizeaza
    din colesterol

    OH

    24

    24

    COOH

    COOH

    12

    Primari si
    secundari

    12

    OH

    HO

    OH

    HO

    Acid chenodeoxicolic

    Acid colic

    OH

    Se conjuga
    cu Gli sau
    taurina
    formand
    sarurile
    biliare

    24

    24

    COOH

    COOH

    12

    HO

    HO
    Acid deoxicolic

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    12

    Acid litocolic

    Saruri biliare
    Colesterol

    Pot fi taurocolati sau


    glicocolati
    Se gasesc in secretia
    biliara
    Compusi tensioactivi
    Au rolul de a emulsiona
    lipidele si de a facilita
    digestia si absorbtia lor
    Recirculati prin circuitul
    enterohepatic

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    Sare biliara

    Fosfolipide

    Ceride

    Alcatuite din acid gras + alcool cu catena


    lunga
    Alcoolii componenti 16-30 C: cetilic (16),
    cerilic (26), melisic (30)
    Acizii grasi sunt saturati cu catena lunga
    In ceara de albine, cerurile plantelor,
    lanolina, spermancet
    Rezistente la oxidare
    O
    CH3-(CH2)14-C-O-(CH2)29-CH3
    Palmitat de triacontanol

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