Characteristic: Sustainable Design
Characteristic: Sustainable Design
Characteristic: Sustainable Design
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and
design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a
project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance. In
designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the
total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the
building project. However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an
industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating
itself identically. In addition, buildings are much more complex products,
composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting
various design variables to be decided at the design stage. A variation of
every design variable may affect the environment during all the building's
relevant life-cycle stages.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
An eco-house at Findhorn Ecovillage with a turf roof and solar panels
Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption
both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install
building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating
and power for equipment.
As high-performance buildings use less operating energy, embodied energy
has assumed much greater importance and may make up as much as 30%
of the overall life cycle energy consumption. Buildings built primarily with
wood will have a lower embodied energy than those built primarily with
brick, concrete, or steel.
To reduce operating energy use, designers use details that reduce air
leakage through the building envelope (the barrier between conditioned and
unconditioned space). They also specify high-performance windows and
extra insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors. Another strategy, passive solar
building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient
windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows
and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In
addition, effective window placement (daylighting) can provide more natural
light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water
heating further reduces energy costs.
Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power,
hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact
of the building. Power generation is generally the most expensive feature to
add to a building.
WATER EFFICIENCY
Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives
in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in
many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to
replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase
their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused onsite. The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a
building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles
water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the cars. Wastewater may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultralow flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of
toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using
water on-site. Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water
quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in
circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as
site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.
MATERIALS EFFICIENCY
Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from
forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly
renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, dimension stone, recycled
stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable,
renewable, and/or recyclable. For concrete a high performance or Roman
self-healing concrete is available. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion
products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects.
emissions
will
improve
IAQ.
Most
building
materials
and
No matter how sustainable a building may have been in its design and
construction, it can only remain so if it is operated responsibly and
maintained properly. Ensuring operations and maintenance (O&M) personnel
are part of the project's planning and development process will help retain
the green criteria designed at the onset of the project. Every aspect of green
building is integrated into the O&M phase of a building's life. The addition of
new green technologies also falls on the O&M staff. Although the goal of
waste reduction may be applied during the design, construction and
demolition phases of a building's life-cycle, it is in the O&M phase that green
practices such as recycling and air quality enhancement take place.
WASTE REDUCTION
Green architecture also seeks to reduce waste of energy, water and
materials used during construction. During the construction phase, one aim
should be to reduce the amount of material going to landfills. Well-designed
buildings also help reduce the amount of waste generated by the occupants
as well, by providing on-site solutions such as compost bins to reduce matter
going to landfills.
When buildings reach the end of their useful life, they are typically
demolished and hauled to landfills. Deconstruction is a method of harvesting
what is commonly considered "waste" and reclaiming it into useful building
material. Extending the useful life of a structure also reduces waste
building materials such as wood that are light and easy to work with make
renovations easier.
CIRI - CIRI
REKABENTUK LESTARI
Asas dalam sesebuah projek pembinaan berakar umbi dalam konsep dan
reka bentuk peringkat. Dalam peringkat konsep, sebenarnya, adalah salah
satu langkah utama dalam kitaran hayat projek, hal ini disebabkan oleh
kesan yang besar pada kos dan prestasi. Dalam mereka bentuk bangunan
yang optimum alam sekitar, objektif untuk meminimumkan jumlah kesan
alam sekitar yang berkaitan dengan semua peringkat kitaran hayat projek
bangunan. Walau bagaimanapun, membina sebagai satu proses yang tidak
begitu diperkemas sebagai proses industri, dan berbeza dari satu bangunan
yang lain, tidak pernah berulang sepercaman. Di samping itu, bangunan
adalah lebih kompleks produk, terdiri daripada pelbagai bahan dan
komponen yang setiap satunya pelbagai pemboleh ubah reka bentuk yang
akan diputuskan di peringkat reka bentuk. Kepelbagaian setiap pemboleh
ubah reka bentuk boleh menjejaskan alam sekitar dalam semua peringkat
kitaran hayat bangunan berkenaan.
KECEKAPAN TENAGA
Eko-rumah di Findhorn Ecovillage dengan bumbung turf dan panel solar
Bangunan hijau sering termasuk langkah-langkah untuk mengurangkan
penggunaan tenaga - kedua-dua tenaga yang terkandung diperlukan untuk
mengekstrak, proses, pengangkutan dan memasang bahan binaan dan
tenaga operasi untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan seperti pemanasan dan
kuasa untuk peralatan.
Sebagai bangunan berprestasi tinggi kurang menggunakan tenaga operasi,
tenaga yang terkandung telah mengambil alih kepentingan yang lebih besar
- dan boleh membuat sehingga sebanyak 30% daripada kitaran hayat
penggunaan tenaga keseluruhan. Bangunan dibina terutamanya dengan
kayu akan mempunyai tenaga yang mirip sekali lebih rendah daripada yang
dibina terutamanya dengan bata, konkrit, atau keluli.
Untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga operasi, pereka menggunakan
butir-butir yang mengurangkan kebocoran udara melalui sampul surat
bangunan (penghalang antara ruang dingin dan tak terlazim). Mereka juga
musim
(pencahayan
sejuk.
Di
siang)
samping
boleh
itu,
memberi
penempatan
cahaya
tetingkap
lebih
semula
berkesan
jadi
dan
KECEKAPAN AIR
Mengurangkan penggunaan air dan melindungi kualiti air adalah objektif
utama dalam membina berterusan. Salah satu isu kritikal dalam penggunaan
air adalah bahawa dalam banyak bidang, permintaan pada akuifer yang
membekalkan melebihi keupayaan untuk menambah sendiri yang. Untuk
tahap maksimum yang boleh dilaksanakan, kemudahan perlu meningkatkan
pergantungan mereka kepada air yang dikumpul, digunakan, disucikan, dan
digunakan semula di lokasi. Perlindungan dan pemuliharaan air sepanjang
hayat sesuatu bangunan yang telah ditetapkan oleh mereka bentuk untuk
paip dual yang mengitar semula air dalam tandas curahan atau dengan
menggunakan air untuk mencuci kereta. Sisa air boleh dikurangkan dengan
menggunakan air memulihara lekapan seperti tandas tarik dan kepala
pancuran aliran rendah ultra-rendah. Bidet membantu menghapuskan
penggunaan
kertas
tandas,
mengurangkan
trafik
pembetung
dan
terlindung
kelembapan
dan
tetapi
ketat
tertutup
pengudaraan
yang
akan
mengurangkan
mencukupi
juga
masalah
perlu
untuk
dalam
meningkatkan
kualiti
haba
bangunan.
Mewujudkan
(O
dan
&
M)
kakitangan
pembangunan
proses
adalah
projek
sebahagian
itu
akan
daripada
membantu
bahan-bahan
yang
digunakan
dalam
pembinaan.
Semasa
fasa