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/'

 Heat and Thermodynamics

=

-v

y (n A + nB

[1_(-!)1]
(... P -llRTJ
)RT
5
- V
.'

-V

4l.

179

The corresponding p- V diagram is as shown

Given: TA = 300K, n = I, Y= 1.4, VAl VB = 16
and Vel VB = 2

19]
13

J(1+2)(8. IX300) I-(.,J

Po

";

./

24.

YJ = V,

= 2V

(a) Final t mperature:

In adi
_.

atic process,
VJ1 -I =

VB =Vo
Ve = 2Vo

Let
Then,

PB =Po
VA =16Vo

Temperature at B

TV1
2 2

Process A-B is adiabatic.

T V1 - I = T V1 - I

Hence,

or

A A

B B

1- J

TB =TA VA
VB

( J

= (300)(16)1.4 -

T "" 189K
.(b) C ange in interna energy

t'1U =n vt'1T
t'1U=

{~R}T2-

t'1U

2(~}8.31)(l8

t'1U

- 300)J

and from first

TB =909K
Temperature atD
B ~ C is an isobaric process (p = constant)
T ex: V, Ve = 2 VB
Tc =2TB = (2)(909)K
Te = 1818K

-2767J

Therefore,

tic. therefore Q = 0

1 w of thennody

V,

TD = Te ( V:

amics,

1A I
J1-1 = (I 8 I8)(216 J

Q=t'1W+t'1

25.

TD

-'c-"

or

= 791.4

W = - t'1U = - (- 2767 J)

Efficiency of cycle

W =2767 J

Efficiency of cycle (in percentage) is defined as

Net work done in the cycle
T\ =
x 100
Heat absorbed in the cycle

et m be the m ss of the st am required to raise the

mperature of 10 g of water fr m 24C to 90C.
eat lost by stea = Heat gaine by water
m..(

Now, the process C ~ D is adiabatic.

(c) Work done:

Process is adia

+ st'10 j ) = 10
i OO)(s)( t'10 2

~t'1e2

or

m = +-~~--"''-'I
L+s(t'1 I )

Here, s = Specifi
L = Latent heat 0

T\ =
=

Total X

c.,

100

Q~ve - Q- ve x100=(1 -

e.,

where, QI = Negative heat in the

and

QI
Q2

Jx 100

c~e

... (i)

(heat released)

Q2 = Positive heat in the cycle (heat absorbed)

In the cycle

QAB = QeD = 0

QDA

. ?

~.

1.

m=12g

(Adiabatic process)

nCv t'1T = (~{~R}TA -TD )

(C v

= 2R for
2

a diatomic gas)

"f

180

Chapter 11 Heat and Thermodynamics

~x

or

QDA

and

QBC =

~.

8.31(300 -7914)J

Let 6 1 and 6 2 be the-temperatures of the two interfaces as

shown in figure.

= - 10208.8 J

nCp~T = (l)GR }Tc -TB )

(Cp =

2R for a diatomic gas)

~27C

~!
(~ (~~),
t-- )
'\.

...~

-'~/

R1

=( ~}8.31)(l818 - 909) J
or

QBC =

~
\

. __ . .

I -

TJ = 61.4%

Now the rate of heat flow (

9 5C
0

--..

27 - 6}
0.0125

dQ
dt

and

Pw(h} + h)=P5o(h2 + h)

P950 = h 2 + h
P5<
hI + h

.Pz.,

hr+h

1+ 5y

0
0.0125

27- 8\

0.0125

t&._. Number of gram moles of He,

v..

~f2-'\\.
e .:

_m_2x.103_500

~:

If-----

(a) VA =lOm, PA =5x 10 N/m

1+ 5y

51 + 49
52.8 + 49

T
A

100
101.8
Solving this equation, we get
y = 2 x lO-4 /oC

.'. Coefficient of linear expansion of temperature,

r = 6_7 x 10-51C
3

= 62 -

dQ = (27 - 26.48) = 41.6 W

0.0125
dt

. ...

1 + 95y

a =

62
0.625

6 J = 26.48C

6 2 = 0.52C

and

= Po + h2P5<g - hp950g

~
1+ 95y = h2 + h

= at -

Solving this equation, we get

hi = 52.8.cm, h2 = 51 cm and h = 49cm

Now, pressure at B = pressure at C

0g

Thermal resistance

Therefore,
..--

In the figure

Po + hrP95'g - hp5

Temperature difference

dt

5C

,---. ,---- ,,

dQ

and

:~~

:~ Jwill be equal from all the

three sections and since rate of heat flow is given by

5C

: -- ';

(0.8) (I)

(0.05) = 0.6250 C/W

(0.08)(l)

-; 0

I
](A

3 -

R =

and

Here, y IS the coefficient of volume expansion of

temperature.

-.0 ,

_I

0.01 m

= 0.0125 KJW or CIW

. P'~=[l:';']

95C

.Outdoor
atmosphere

R - R _ (0.01)

26438.3

Density of a liquid varies with temperature as

/ ~,

O.05m

Tnermal resistance, R =

= {1 - 10208.8} x 100

8-

_ I

I- _I ..
O.01m

Therefore, substitutingQ, = 10208.8 J and Q2 = 26438.3 J in

Eq..(i), we get

or

R.

R2

Room

26438.3 J

TJ

OC

81

= PAVA = (l0)(5x

104)K
(500) (8.31)

nR

TA = 120.34 K
4N1m 2
3,
Similarly, VB = 10 m PB = lOx 10
4)K
T = (l0)(JOx10
B
(500) (8.31)

or

TB = 240.68K
3

Ve = 20 m , Pc = lOx 10 Nlm

Chapter 11 Heat and Thermodynamics

t: =
C

p
Cv =~
and
C =2
R
2
R
2

(i) Heat rejected in path CA (Process is isobaric)

PD = 5 x 10 Nfm2

=>

V = (20)(5 x 10 ) K
D
(500) (8.31)

dQcA

TD = 240.68K

=C pdT =C p(Tf -

1;)

- =c (PfVf - pr;J

(b) No, it is not possible to tell .afterwards which sample

went through the process ABC or ADC. But during the
process if we note down the work done in both the
processes, then the process which require more work
goes through process ABC.
(c) In the process ABC

=R"(PfVf - P,;)
Substituting the values

dQcA

5
5

(PoVo - 2poVo) =- - PoVo

2
2

= -

!'1U=nCy !'1T:nUR J<TC -TA)

Therefore, heat rejected in the process CA is

= (500)UJ (8.31)( 481.36- I20.34)J

Cy

3
= 2(PfV f - plj)

!'1W = Area under AD

=- /!,U + !'1W = (2.25 x 106 + 0.5 x 106)J

!'1QADC =2.75x 106 J

~. (a) ABCA is a clockwise cyclic process.

/~;c;~)

': ~~------l~c~
I
I

:. Work done by the gas

W = + Area of triangle ABC

= ~ (base) (height)
2
I
=-(2Vo -Vo)(3po - Po)
2

W = PoVo

= 2(3 PoVo - poVo)

= 0.5 x 106 J

P~f _'P:;]

=R"(PfVf - P,;)

initial and final temperatures only)

)

Cy (Tf - 1;)

=Cv (

In the process ADC !'1 U will be same (because it depends on

-c.sr
=

and !'1w, = Are'aunder BC

=(20-1O)(I0)x 104 J=106 J
:. !'1QABc.=!'1U + !'1W = (2.25x 106 + 106) J
!'1QABC = 3.25 x 106 J

= (20 - 10)(5 x 10

2PoVoo

2
(il) Heat absorbed in path AB (process is isochoric)

.. dQAB

!'1U =2.25,r106 J

!'1QADC

181

(b) Number of moles n = I and gas is monoatomic, therefore

3
Cy =-R and C =2 R
p 2
2

(20) (lOx 10 ) K
(500)(8.31)

Tc =481.36K

and VD = 20m

dQAB = 3p oVo

:. Heat absorbed in the process AB is 3 PoV

o.
'.
(c) Let dQBC be the heat absorbed in the process BC :
Total heat absorbed,

dQ = dQcA + dQAB + dQBC

dQ

=( -~poVoJ + (3poVo) + dQBC

dQ = dQBC + PoVo
2

Change in internal energy, dU = 0

dQ=dW

PoV
dQBC + - -o
= PoVo
2
dQ - PoVo
BC --2
:. Heat absorbed in the process BC is" PoVo .
,
2
(d) Maximum temperature of the gas will be somewhere
between Band C. Line- BC 'is a straight line. Therefore,
P- V equation for the process BC can be written as :
P =- mV + c
(y = mx + c)

182

Chapter 11 Heat and Thermodynamics

Here,

and

m=2Po
Vo

=>

c=5po

2po j"' V + 5Po

=- ( I/;

kt, = In(2)

'" (i)

In the second pan (I > 'i)' body X cools by radiation

(according to Newton's law) as well as by conduction
T=TA

Multiplying the equation by V,

pV

RT

=-( 21~O JV
=-( 2,:0 J +
2

(pV

RT for

II

= I)

5p oV

Therefore, rate of cooling

= (cooling by radiation) + (cooling by conduction)

=~[5P
V2 ]
R 0V _ 2Po
~

or

+ 5poV

(')

... )

For T to be maximum. dT = 0
. dV

dTJ = k(T -T ) + KA
CL (T -T~)
(,--;;;
A
.
.
dQ
In conduction, ~

4po
5po--V=O

=>

Vo

II = 5Vo

ie, at V =

5;0, (on line BC), temperature of the gas is

maximum. From Eq. (i) this maximum temperature will

be:

(~VoJ -I/;
2Po(SVO)2]
-IiI[5 Pol4
4

= 25 PoVo

max

max

Let at

dl.

capacity of body X

J (T - T

.00

(iii)

temperature of X becomes 12

r2~=-(k+ K4)S3(]
T-

7'.4

IC

dt

(]

KA\
O-r. ]= - (k + -j(2I
(T
71 -T
IC

In

-<--'-'

=71 = 350K

Temperature of atmosphere, TA = 300 K (constant)

31j

=C [dT)
__ )

Then from Eq, (iii)

= 1\, Tx

ar>
) = ( k + -KA
(- dl
CL

T]

= O,T.JI = To = 400 K and at I

T)

(ii]

_ dT ) = KA (T _ L )
dt
IC
.,

= heat

where, C

~. In the first part of the question (I :5 I})

At

= KA (T -

dt

00.

T,~:OOK

=- (2k1)
\

'l

or In

+ 2KA

T2 - 300 j" = - 2!n ( 2)

350- 300

IC

2KAI I

I)

J
I

IC

kt, = In (2)fr'Jffi Eq. (i).

This equation gives

T2 = 300+12.5e

-2K111]
CL

JK

This cools down according to Newton's law of coo ling.

Therefore. rate of cooling rx temperature difference.

32. (a) The p- V diagram for the complete process wiil be as

shown be low :

(- dT')=k(T -TA )
\ dr ,
dT
- - - = - k dt

T -T~

,
fT dT
T" T - 7'.4

~-=-R .

In

r'l dt

. (;

71 - TA"- kTJ
( ---1-To - T )
4

kT) = -

350 - 300)
In ~--400- 300

Process A

-7

B is adiabatic compression and

Process B

-7

C is isochoric.

1
f
!

I
I

183

Chapter 11 Heat and Thermodynamics ,I

(b) (i) Total work done by the gas

p=

~B

Process A

..

WA

-tB

.JV

=fvB p.dV =fvB ..JK dV

VA

-{V::]

Ii/'

=2..JK[..jV;

=2[fi(V; -~]

!p

= 2[~(P;VB)VB -

3
f'( )5/3 =-2Pl'i~~

-1

p'

.: ~~~>\'1[(~J"-1]
,

2P1
.

---7.LJ3l\JC
~'

I
I

P1

Proces81l ~. C WBC =0 (Jf = constant)

-------r------ ,A

.. Jf;~ ~w" + W'C ~-~J;v,[(~r -I]

.. AUAD

B QAD

-W"

Process B ~

,I

I
J

-.

pV';nRT
pdV + Vdp =nRdT

pdV + (nRT).dp=nRdT
'p
From the given condition
pT = constant
pdT + Tdp=O
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

, pdV=2nRdT

or

~~J;v,[(~ -1]

C WBC =' 0

~~ J;v,[( ~ r~} Q

I
I

2T 1

=0 (Process is adiabatic)

tJ.UBC =QBC =Q
L\UfotaI = L\UAD + L\UBC

I
I
I,

(ii) Total change ill internal energy

Process A

~--

~(P~VA )VA]

=2[PB VB - PAVA]
= 2 [nRTB -nRTA ]
=2nR[11 -211]
= (2)(2)(R )[300 - 600]
=-120QR
.
:. Work done on the gas in the process AD is 1200 R.
Alternate solution:

~~J;v,H~r]

.JV

VA

(Given)

... (i)

... (ii)

",,~,

'

:. WA -tB = f pdV =2nRJ TA dT =2nR(TB -TA )

= 2n.R (11 - 211 )
= (2)(2)(R )(300 - 600)
or
WA -tB = .,...1200R
(b) Heat absorbed/released in different precesses,
Since, the gas is nionoatomic.

Therefore, Cv = - R andCp = -R and y =

'2
2
3
Process A ~ B: L\U = nCvL\T

,,=(2{~R)<TB -'fA)
=(2{~R}300-600)
=...;.900R

33.

QA -tB= WA -tB + L\U '

= (-1200R) - (900 R)
QA-:+B = - 2100 R (released)

-,

-,

'\',

\.

184

r,

Chapter 11. Heat andThermodynamics

Alternate' solution :
In the process p V X = constant
Molar heat capacity, C = ~ + ~
\
1-1 I-x
2

10700= _ m [AT + BT
2

or

p V 1/ 2 =constant

Here the process is p V = constant or

I
ie,
x=
2
C = ---.!i.". + ---.!i.".
1-11-

4V

3
2
C=3.5R

QA ~B =nC6.T

= (2)(3.5R)(300 - 600)

or
QA-.+B=':"2100R

Process B ~C : Process is isobaric.

._._

/5) " (5)

QB -+C = 1500R.(absorbed)
Process C ~ A : Process is isothermal.

)lne: J
r

= (2)(R )(600)ln(2)
Qc -+ A = 831.6R (absorbed)

Note In first lawof thermodynamics, (dQ = dU + dW)we come

acrossthree terms dQ, dU and dW.

dU =nC"dT for all the processeswhether it is isobaric,isochoric

or else-and dQ = nCdT where

C = ---.!!- + ~
'Y -1 I.,.X
in the process pyX constant

In boththe termswe require dT (;oTf -.71)only, The thirdterm dW

'. is obviously dQ - dil, Therefore if in any process change in

temperature(dT) and p-V relationis known.then the abovemethod

is the simplestone. Notethat evenifwe have V-Tor T-prelation, it

can be' converted into p- V relation by the equation

p'V=nRT
.

Let m be the mass of the container.

Initial temperature of container,

1j = (227 +27:3)=500K

and final temperature of container;

Tf =(27 + 273) =: 300K

Now.heat gained by the ice cube = heat lost by the container

:. (0.1)(8 x llf) + {O.1)(llY )(27)

=- m

300

500

TA

Ts

(A + BT)dT
.

5
2

(monoatomic)

TA =27C=300K
LetVA =Vo then VB =2Vo and VD =Vc ='4Vo
(a) Process A ~ B :

v ec T

~ A=Wc ~A = nRTcln (;:)

=nR(21i

CIf =-R and C =-R

6.U=O
and Qc

=(2\2 R (To"-TB)=2 2 R (211 -11)

= (5R)(600-300) .

500

After substituting the values of A and B and the properlimits,

we get
m= 0.495 kg.

35. Given:
Number of moles, n = 2

:. QB -+C = nC p6.T

]30

..

TB

=>

TB = VB
TA VA

=TA(~: )=(300)(2)=600K

..
(b) Process A

TB =600K
~ B:

V cc T

=>

P = constant

QAB =nCpdT=nCp(TB -TA)

=(2)(~R )<600-300)

QAB =1500R
Process B ~ C :

(absorbed)

T = constant
QBC= WBC =

:. dU=O

nRTBln(~ )

= (2)(R')( 600)ln (4Vo)

. 2ro

= (l200R)ln (2) = (l200R)(Q693)

or
QBC =:i 831.t?R (absorbed)

Process C ~ D: V = constant

.
I

Chapter 11 Heatand Thermodynamics

Process D ~ A : T = constant => I!1U = 0

"

QDA = WDA = nRTDln

= (2)(R )(300) In

Pressure of the gas

(~)
4V

= _l_s. This time.should be equal to

500

~,
Vrms

.................
...............

................;,
......................
...................
., .........
;,

.....................

~,

831.6R (released)
(c) In the complete cycle: I!1U = 0

~,

~,

Therefore, from conservation of energy

Wnet = QAh + QBC + QeD + QDA

Wnet
== 1500R+ 8316R -900R - 831.6R

'

36. Given :
Length ofthe wire, 1= Sm

21
I
-=

Radiusof the wire, r = 2 x 10-3 m

Vrms

7860kg/~3

v~

or

Young's modulus,

500

= 1000m/s (as 1=,Jlm)

~3: =1000'

or
M=-100 kg

Y :;= 2.1 x 1011 Nlm2

=(IO)~(4xIO-3)=160K

:. T=(lOOOi M
3R

and specific heat, s = 420 Jlkg-K.

Mass ofwire, m = (density) (volume)

~,

....
l

or Wnet = Wtotal :"600 R

3(25/3)

(b) Average kinetic energy per atom

= (p )(7t,-2/)

=-kT
2

= (7860)(7t)(2x 1O-3y(S) kg ,
= 0.494 kg

= ~(1.38 X 10- 23 )(i60) J

Elastic potential energy stored in the wire,

..

=3.312x 10-2 1 J

U = - (stress) (strain) (volume)

2 ' '
,
,energy
'
I
. ]
-''-'=:- x stress x stram
[ volume 2 ,

U=~(:~J( ~)<n?/)

or

",'

p ~ .3 I

where 1is the side of the cube.

~-

(a) Time between two consecutive collisions wi one wall

=600Rln(~)

DensitY of'wire, p =

3
e lutllc/rrr'

Let T be the temperature of the gas. Then,

QDA

~'

37. Volume of the box = 1m

(~; J

(c)FroinpV=nRT=.!!!.-RT '
M

We get mass ofhelium gas in the box, m = pVM

RT

Substituting the values, we get

m= (100)(1)(4) =0.3

=.!: (Mg)-M

(25/3)(160)

=.!. (Mg(x,-2)y
) (MgI)

'",

"

38. Decrease in kinetic energy = increase in internal energy of

" 2

the gas

IM

="2

2g 21

.!.m~ =nCv l!1T =('M2

-m )(~R)I!1T

x,-2Y

,2

Substituting the values, we have

=.!.

(100i(10i(5)
J
2 (3.14)(2 x 10-3 r(2.1 x 1011 )

=P.9478J
When the bob gets snapped, this energy is utilised in raising
the temperature of the wire.
So,
U=ms49

..

M =!:!...- =
ms

'

185

0.9478 Cor K
0.494 (420)

A9 = 4.568 x 1O-3oC

AT=M~
3R

39. (a) Rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation
I = eo (T 4 ~ To4 )

Here, T = 127 + 273

and

..

= 400 K

To = 27 + 273 = 300K

I=o.6x 17 x 1(J8[(400t -(300tl

, 3
'
=595 W/m

186

I Chapter 11

Heatand Thermodynamics

(b) Let 9 be the temperature of the oil.

Substituting in Eq. (i), we have

Then, rate ofheat flow through conduction = rate ofheat

loss due to radiation

K(11 -~ -t1T) =4ecrT,3. AT

L

temperature ~ifference = (595)A

thermal resistance

..

K (Tj -

or

(9 -127) (595)A

(~)

t1T;;'

(~)
\ _"'/

or

11

AI."2

11

..

~ =hl(T2)=(1.ol400)m=i m
\300'

(c)

V,

t, =1;( V~

..

'JY -I

(JI.4 -I

.
h.
=(400) h~

:.

~
o r: ~
, . .

@
-:

_l+ht1T

olving this equation; we get YI == 2 a. s-

,](A (Tj

..

12

"

T2

Q2 = (50)(l)(100}=5000 cal

400e
:=:

100"e

~.o

Heat will flow both sides from point P.

-4 d~
~

= (Temperature diff~) Thermalre~&ance

I
400

4T

...(i) .....

('Ax)/kA

~(~ + t1Tt =~tl+ ~~r

T2 -Ts 4 =4(AT)(~3)
4

oe

45.

'" (i)

d~

400-100

-4---;Jt= (lOO~A.)x/kA

Using binomial expansion, we have

..

Now since QI + Q2 > Q3 but QI + Q2 <Q3+ Q4 ice will".

come to 273 K from 253 K, but whole ice will not melt :
Therefore, temperature ofthe mixture is 273 K.

~ rate of the heat lost

=5 kcal

Q3 = (450)(0.5)(20):;:45~O cal = 4.5 kcal

-: 12) =

~~ J

~ = (450)( 80) = 36000 cal = 36 k c a l ,

)g'
.

eAcr (T 4 -Ts4)
2

4
T2 =T,4( 1+ 4

Q4

QI = (50)(540) =27,000 cal = 27 kcal

<v;. = volume immersed)

..

L
t
Given that = T.s +

Q,

42. Rate of heat conduction through rod

from right end of the rod.

~.9999.95 J

0.45 kg ice at 273 K ~ 0.45 kg water at 273 K

(Ah;)(Pd(g)=A(l+2tt.$r;.)(hj)(.PL

.t.

.' =

0.45 kg ice at 253 K ~ 0.45 kg ice at 273 K

\""., .-i

Upthrust = Weight. Therefore, upthrust should not change

F=F'

ViP Lg = Vi' P' Lg "

t1U = t1Q - W = (20000..,. ~.05)1

;!/~),)0.05 kg water at 373 K70.~5 kg water at 273 K

~ When the temperature is increased, volume of the cube will

f ...._~:--V - inc~ease while ~ensity Ofliq~.d will ~e~rease. :he. depth upto
.~. which the cUbe.lssubmerged m the liquidremamathe same.
..

,/

W=pt1V=(l05)(5x 1O-7 ) = 0.05J

.,.,,,,-'

~. "4QO[~r ~448.8K
d..~~

5)(50)

~5 kg steam at 373 K ~ 0.05 kg water at 373 K

As there is no heat loss, process is adiabatic.

For adiabatic process,

TfVr I = 1;V..Y -

= 50'C

= T.2 ./' "

Ahl

11

t1T = t1Q = 20000

ms I x 400

;;-~"V =Vyt1T =(_1_)

(9x 109000

595x 10- + 127:: 162.6C

Q.167
At constant pressure, V a: T
l ~.\ ,'.. .

v: =-1.
T.
-2

Cr -?,g J

(a)j~~~~\t1Q=mst1T

Vi

4ecrL~3 + K

6=595(:)+127

or

K(11 -~)
(4ecrLT,3 + K)

Comparing with the given relation, proportionality constant ..

:. (6 -127)-,- '" 595

Here, A = area of disc; K = thermal conductivity

and I = thickness (or length) of disc

~ ) = (4ecrT3 + K JAT

.
dm d~.
lnb
a out two equations, - l = - . (given)
(as t1T

T,)

dt

-4

dt

=80calg- and~ = 540calg- 1

1

Solving these two equations, we get A. =9.

...(ii)

c>

~~Q 4t'v,

.~

---

en Il{Y'Il \

Q?)

"n RT

v f'

\!J:::-

Cvv>

~ T,[

~+oy~

+.
tJ T

lQ

=--- '7l C.

c: -

(jT

ve.
2"

-:-

ve

eb) "'> 'C1 ii )

lc)

P \/'1-1:5

Z'

CJrr,J 1-.

'/

?r7RT V ~

Yl'
C

e:

R
21
-+
L-

~+

rJ"
-

tJ1

:sf-- _
e----:-

or")

'S~

~'-ve-,

.-.

.,--3R
'2

_._...

(~)

\.-.

...._,- .-' ..

.-.-

----,'- ,.,,--

.'

-_._ .. _.... - -- -'-.

-,/
b {) 'n1

():::> (

/f

s.

V(

-l);~r-o~ l~.~
(J

'

f'Y1 eY'~ ~ ~

(9)

-?

Cr)