Statistical Analysis Using SPSS

SPSS
:

2007-2006

spss
.1

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) (
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: .
: ) (Coding

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) - (
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-1
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-2
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-3
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-4

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(

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Type of Data :

:
-1 Qualitative or Categorical Data :
) (

:
)( Nominal Scale

. 0
1 1
1 0
.
3
: ) -(
) ( .
.
)( Ordinal Scale

: ) ) (1 ) (2
) (3) (4) (5) ((6 )
) (5 ) (4) (3) (2) ((1

) ) (5 ) (4) (3
) (2 )((1
.
-2 Quantitative or Numerical Data

.....
:
:
-1 :

...

.
-2 :

.

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Non-random sampling

.

:
.1 Accidental samples

.
.2 : Quota sampling

.
.
.3 : Purposive sampling

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Random sampling

25
500
25
500
= %5
:
.
:
-1 Sample random sampling

) (

.
-2 Systematic sampling :

.

.
:
) ( .
)( .
: n=200
N = 3000
.
:
.15= 3000 1
200
15 .8
8 15 8 23
15 23 38 ....
.2993

.
-3 Stratified random sampling

.
:
:

.

= ) (
:
:

280
400
500

220
200
150
.
: = 1600 = 220 +200 +280 +400 + 500
160
=
1600
160
40 = 400
=
1600
160
28 = 280
=
1600
160
20 = 200
=
1600
160
22 = 220
=
1600
50 = 500
: Collecting Data :
:
Personal Interview
-1

.
-2 Direct Observation

.
-3 Questionnaire

:
. I
.
:
...
:
12 ..
.II .

:
. III .
: ....
5 ...
...
.IV
.
. V
.
.VI
.
.VIII
.

.SPSS
: ) ( SPSS
.

.
SPSS ) (
) (Cases ) (
) ( Variable ) (
).( Values of Variables
:
( :
:
" " 1
" " 2 " " N" " Y
SPSS

SPSS
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SPSS
SPSS
" " " "Start " " Programs
" " SPSS for windows " " SPSS 11.0
): (Data Editor

. ) (Case

....
11
) Variable
( . ).(Cell

) (Data View
) ( Variable View
) ( ...
.

) ( Data Editor :
12
open
Save
Print
Dialog Recall
Redo
Goto Chart
Goto Case
) (
Variable
Find
Insert Case
Insert Variable
Split File
Weight Cases
Select Cases
Value Labels
) ( ) (
Use Sets
Undo
13
spss

View
Toolbars
Data Editor
. Large Buttons

New Toolbar :
14
barakat customize
:
Categories
Items
Customizing Toolbar barakat
barakat :
:
:

10-5
1
2
3
15
: : :

::
5 10-5 10
3
2
1
: :

1
2
3
4
5
: q3, q2, q1
* Variable View
" SPSS 11.0 SPSS
:"8.0
Name Type
Lable
:
:
Name " "
16
:
Type
:
Numeric SPSS
Width 8 8 Decimal Places 2

Width Decimal

-:
Comma
) (1000 .
. 545,445,555.000
17
- Dot
) (1000
. 545.445.555,000
Scientific Notation
) (E )(10
4.51 10 4.51E2
2
Date

mm/ dd/ yy
mm dd yy . . 05/06/99
Dollar
$ ) (1000
.
:
18
$,505,487.14
: Custom Currencey

:
Edit Options Currency All Values
" Suffix " Negative Values " " -
Suffix .
454.000 - : .
19
: String
:
Characters
a . A
:
) (variable Label ) (Values
) (Value Labels Label
Variable View " ".
Values :
1 Value Value Label Add
2 Value " "
Value Label . Add
20
: Value (Value Label

Change .
:
Remove .
:

SPSS
:

"
) " (System Missing Values

.
"
" User Missing Values
Missing " "
:
21
:
No missing values
.
Discrete missing values

.
Range of missing values

.
.
Range plus one discrete missing value

.
.
:
) ( Column width
) (Text Format
. Column Align
.
:
Measure

. Nominal
:
10 . SPSS
22

:
:
10-5
1
2
3
:
: : :

::
5 10-5 10
3
2
1
: :

1
2
3
4
5
: q3, q2, q1
23
24
.2
.3

.
q1, q2, q3
- Compute Transform :
25
Target Variable sum1 .
- Numeric Expression q1+q2+q3

Expression
- Type&Lable
Numeric
Label Continue Ok :
26
:1
SUM Functions
sum(q1,q2,q3) Numeric Expression ) sum(q1 to q3

.
:2
:
)sum.2(q1 to q3

.
:3 Compute Variable
27
.
:

<
>
=<
=>
**
) (
=~
&
and
| or
~ not
:
:
Transform
Compute
) .. (Compute Variable .. mean

Functions Numeric Expression
) mean(q1 to q3
Target Variable Ok
" "
5 If :
Include if case satisfied condition:
28
= 1 5
1 ....
Continue Compute Variable
If ... Ok ""

5 .
29
5 10
Compute Variable: if Cases :

= &1= 2 = and 1=2
and
* 5
10
:
= 1 = 2 = or 1=2
: 5
: 5
.

Data Select Cases
30
:
Select If condition is satisfied If
31
= 1 Continue
Select Cases Unselected Cases
Are
: Filtered
filter_$ ) 1 (Selected ) 0
(Not Selected "

" / .
All Cases . Select
:Deleted
.
Filtered Ok :
Deleted Unselected Cases :

32
- Data Select Cases Select Cases
Random sample of cases Select

Sample :
Approximately
60
%60 . Exactly
n 6
33
Exactly 10 6 10
.
.Exactly Continue Ok
:
Select Cases
Based on time or case range :
34
3 First Cases 7 Last Cases

.
Use Filter
Variable
Ok .
Templates
] ) (5 )(4
) (3) (2 ) [(1
.1
. Variable View
.2
q3
. Copy
.3 q3
Edit Past Variable

:
35
-4 4
Number of new variables New variable

names q
4
). 4 q4 Ok.
9 Saving Data
.1 Save As File
36
.2 Save In " "
" "
File Name
SPSS*.sav Save as type .
.Save
.4 SPSS Exit SPSS . File
.1 File Open Data .
.2 : .Open
37
Delete
Edit Copy
Edit . Past
)( Insert Variable
.1 .
.2 ) Insert Variable
( Var00001
) ( Insert Cases
.1 .
) Insert Case
( .
Go To Case
.1 Go To Case Data Go To
Case
38
Finding Values
.1 ) (q3
.q1
.2 Edit Find :
.3 4 Find what
Exporting and Importing

SPSS
Excel Access) ( .

Excel ) Access ( .
9
Exporting Data
.1 SPSS Excel Save As

File :
39
.2 Save as type Excel *.xls
Excel "" File

.name .Save
.3 Excel Open
"".
Importing Data
Excel SPSS
:
.1 SPSS Open File
File of Type
SPSS Excel*.xls
.2 .Ok
40
Creating charts
" _ " "
_ " Numeric :
.1
)(Summaries for groups of cases
41
: .
.1: Graphs Bar :
.2 Simple
.3 Data in Chart Are Summaries for groups of

cases
.4 Define :
42
.5 Bars Represent Other summary function
.6 "_ "
Variable Mean
Change Summary .
43
.7 " "
Category Axis .
.8 Titles :
44
. Continue Ok
.4
.9
Chart
Window
:
45
.10 ) T (Text
Text Styles
Arabic Transparent 12
. Apply .
.11
Center :
46
.12
.13 Close File :
47
: .
.1: ) Clustered (
Simple Summaries of separate variables .
48
.3
Define :
.4 " _ " " _ " Bars

Represent " " Category Axis .Ok
.5 .
49
600
500
Mean
400
300
: Bar Chart Simple Dada

in chart are Summaries of separate variable Define
:
50
" _ " " _
Bars Represent Ok
:
540
529
520
500
Mean
480
460
452
440
51
)(Clustered Bar Charts
" "
) (category Variable
" "
:
.1
Graphs Bar :
52
.2 Clustered Data in Chart Are
Summaries for groups of cases Define
.3 " _ " Variable " "

Category Axis " " Define
Clustered by Ok (Chart
) Carousel Chart Window
53
600
507
493
400
400
385
10 -5
Mean
500
350
10
300
10
.1 ) (Data Editor "

_ " " " " " " "
.
54
.2 Graphs Bar :
.3 Simple Data in Chart Are Values of

individual cases Define :
55
.4 : " Bar Represent
Gategory Lables Variable "
_ " Variable Ok
.5 Chart Carousel
Chart Windows .
Chart Windows . Chart Carousel
11
10
10
5
4
: :
.1 Graph Pie :
56
Value
.3 Values of individual cases Define

:
.4 " " Slices Represent
Variable Slice Labels "

_ " Variable Ok
57
.5
Chart Window
:
58
.6 ) (Value
Percents .
.7 Format :
.8 Position Outside
Continue Ok
5.00 / 22.7%
00 / 45.5%
7.00 / 31.8%
59
.
:
.1
.2
Graph Scatter :
Simple Define :
60
.3
"_ " Y Axis
_" X Axis Ok :
700
600
400
300
700
500
600
400
61
500
.4 :
- Chart Options
.5 Total File Options

:
62
.6 Linear regression Continue OK

:
700
600
500
300
700
500
600
400
63
400
5
5 10
.1 Analyze Report OLAP Cubes
64
.2 ) Summary Variable(s " _"

" _ " )Grouping Variable (s
" " " " .
.4 Statistics... :
Mean
65
Standard Deviation Minimum
Maximum Sum Number of Cases
Cell Statistics Continue

. OLAPS Cubes
.5 Title :
Continue Ok
:
OLAP Cubes
Case Processing Summary
Total
Percent
Cases
Excluded
N
Percent
Included
N
Percent
100.0%
10
.0%
100.0%
10
100.0%
10
.0%
100.0%
10
66

*

*
OLAP Cubes
: Total
: Total
N
10
10
Sum
$4,520
$5,290
Mean Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum

$452.00
$75.836
$350
$600
$529.00
$66.072
$440
$650
.6 $450
$529 .

:
.7 " " :

$380.00
67
.8

" 5 " :
" " " 5 "
. $385
Crosstabulations

) (
) ( Categorical Variables
.
) . (two-way crostabulation
)( multi-way crostabulation
9
.1
Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Crosstabs Crosstabs
68
69
.2 " " ) Row(s " "
) Column(s Display clustered
bar charts Cells :
70
.3 Row Column
. Percentage Continue Ok :
Crosstabs
Total
N
Percent
10
100.0%
Cases
Missing
N
Percent
0
.0%
Valid
N
Percent
10
100.0%
Crosstabulation *
Total
4
100.0%
40.0%
6
100.0%
60.0%
10
100.0%
100.0%
10 10-5 5

Count
2
1
1
50.0% % within
25.0%
25.0%
% within
100.0%
25.0%
25.0%
Count
3
3
% within
50.0%
50.0%
% within
75.0%
75.0%
Total
Count
2
4
4
20.0% % within
40.0%
40.0%
% within
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
71
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
5
10-5
1.0
10
.5
.4
" " " 5" 2
5
%50 5
%50 %100
5 %100
.
.5 .
9
" " :
72
) (Multi-way crosstabulation
.1 Descriptive statistics Analyze

Crosstabs :
.2 :
Crosstabs
Total
N
Percent
10 100.0%
Cases
Missing
N
Percent
0
.0%
Valid
N
Percent
10 100.0%
73
* *
Crosstabulation * *
Total
1
100.0%
16.7%
5
100.0%
83.3%
6
100.0%
100.0%
3
100.0%
75.0%
1
100.0%
25.0%
4
100.0%
100.0%
10 10-5 5
Count
1
100.0% % within
% within
100.0%
Count
3
2
% within
60.0%
40.0%
% within
100.0%
100.0%
Count
1
3
2
% within
16.7%
50.0%
33.3%
% within
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
Count
1
1
1
% within
33.3%
33.3%
33.3%
% within
100.0%
100.0%
50.0%
Count
1
% within
100.0%
% within
50.0%
Count
1
1
2
% within
25.0%
25.0%
50.0%
% within
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
=
3.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
10 -5
1.0
10
.5

74
2.0
Total
Total
=
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
10 -5
.6
10
.5
.8

.5
.1 )(Central Tendency
9 mean .
9 Median %50 .
9 Mode .
.2 Dispersion
9
9
9
9
9
9
Slandered Deviation
.
Variance
Range .
Minimum
Maximum
S.E.mean
.
75
.3 Distribution
9 : Skew ness

.
.
.
: Kurtosis
.

.
9 Quartiles
9 ) Percentile(s

:
Frequencies
.1 Analyze Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies :
76
.2 Statistics :
.3 Continue
: Charts :
77
.4 Histograms With normal carve

Continue Frequency Ok
:
Frequencies
78
Statistics
N

10
10
0
0
$452.00
$529.00
$23.981
$20.894
$455.00
$520.00
$400
$500
$75.836
$66.072
$5,751.111
$4,365.556
.567
.435
.687
.687
.113
-.351
1.334
1.334
$250
$210
$350
$440
$600
$650
$4,520
$5,290
$352.00
$441.00
$376.00
$458.00
$392.50
$480.00
$400.00
$493.00
$420.00
$500.00
$455.00
$520.00
$466.00
$546.00
$491.00
$564.00
$505.00
$577.50
$516.00
$594.00
$592.00
$645.00
Valid
Missing
Mean
Std. Error of Mean
Median
Mode
Std. Deviation
Variance
Skewness
Std. Error of Skewness
Kurtosis
Std. Error of Kurtosis
Range
Minimum
Maximum
Sum
Percentiles
10
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
75
80
90
Frequency Table

Valid
$350
$370
$400
$450
$460
$470
$500
$520
$600
Total
Frequency
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
Percent
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0
79
Valid Percent
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
10.0
20.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Valid
$440
$450
$490
$500
$540
$550
$570
$600
$650
Total
Frequency
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
10
Percent
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0
Valid Percent
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
100.0
Cumulative
Percent
10.0
20.0
30.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Histogram

3.5
3.0
Frequency
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
Std. Dev = 75.84
.5
Mean = 452.0
N = 10.00
0.0
350.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
80
550.0
600.0

3.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
Frequency
2.0
1.0
Std. Dev = 66.07
.5
Mean = 529.0
N = 10.00
0.0
650.0
600.0
625.0
550.0
575.0
500.0
525.0
450.0
475.0
Descriptive

Descriptives :
81
.2 " _" " _" ). Variable(s

.3 Option :
.5 Continue
. Descriptives
.6 Save standardized values as
) variables ( Ok
:
Descriptives
Descriptive Statistics
Skewness
Statistic Std. Error
.567
.687
.435
.687
Std.
Statistic
$75.836
$66.072
Mean
Statistic
$452.00
$529.00
82
N
Statistic

10

10
)Valid N (listwise
10
.7
= z x
x x

:
) Explore (

:
Explore :
83
.2 " _ " Dependent List

" " ) Factor List
Display Both Statistics Plots
(Both
Statistics :
.3 ) Descriptive ( ) M-Estimators
(
) Outliers

) Percentiles (
Continue .Explore
.4 Plots :
84
.5 Factor level together Descriptive

Stem-and-leaf Histogram Continue
Explore Ok :
Explore
:
:
.
Total
N
Percent
6 100.0%
4 100.0%
Cases
Missing
N
Percent
0
.0%
0
.0%
Valid
N
Percent
6 100.0%
4 100.0%
: .
95% Confidence interval for mean
%95
.
5% Trimmed Mean
%5 %5
.
Interquartile Range
.
.
85
Descriptives

Mean
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Statistic
$488.33
$416.11
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
Mean
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Std. Error
$28.097
$560.56
$487.04
$480.00
4736.667
$68.823
$400
$600
$200
$102.50
.605
.620
$397.50
$313.93
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
.845
1.741
$26.260
$481.07
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
$396.11
$385.00
2758.333
$52.520
$350
$470
$120
$97.50
1.165
1.085
1.014
2.619
:
.
M-Estimators
Huber's
a
M-Estimator
$482.01
$385.00
Tukey's
b
Biweight
$475.72
$380.06
Hampel's
c
M-Estimator
$481.85
$387.45
a. The weighting constant is 1.339.

b. The weighting constant is 4.685.
c. The weighting constants are 1.700, 3.400, and 8.500
d. The weighting constant is 1.340*pi.
86
Andrews'
d
Wave
$475.63
$380.00
:
Percentiles
95
.
.
90
.
.
Percentiles
5
10
25
50
75
Weighted
$400.00 $400.00 $437.50 $480.00 $540.00
Average(Definition
$350.00 $350.00 $355.00 $385.00 $452.50
Tukey's Hinges

$450.00 $480.00 $520.00
$360.00 $385.00 $435.00
:
a
Value
$600
$520
$500
$400
$450
$460
$470
$400
$350
$370
Extreme Values
Case Number
10
9
5
1
6
7
8
4
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
Highest
Lowest
Highest
Lowest
a. The requested number of extreme values exceeds the number of

data points. A smaller number of extremes is displayed.

:

Histogram
= For
2.5
2.0
1.5
Std. Dev = 68.82
.5
Mean = 488.3
N = 6.00
0.0
600.0
500.0
550.0
450.0
87
400.0
1.0
Histogram
= For
1.2
1.0
.8
.6
.4
Std. Dev = 52.52
.2
Mean = 397.5
N = 4.00
0.0
475.0
450.0
425.0
400.0
375.0
350.0
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
Stem-and-Leaf Plot for
=
Leaf
056
02
0
& Stem
4 .
5 .
6 .
100
)1 case(s
88
Frequency
3.00
2.00
1.00
Stem width:
Each leaf:
Stem-and-Leaf Plot for

=
Leaf
57
0
7
& Stem
.
.
.
.
Frequency
3
3
4
4
100
)1 case(s
.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
Stem width:
Each leaf:
:
stem Leaf . Stem width
: 0 4
5 .9
.
= ) 0.1 + (
: 3 5 :
100 :
= )350 = 100 (5 0.1 + 3
89
Box Plot
9
:
90
=N
700
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
.1 ) (
.2) 25 ( )
(.
.3 ) 75 ( )
(.
%50
.
.4
.5
.6

) :(extremes
) 3 (
) * (
) :(outliers
) 1.5 (
) .( o
:
:
.1 .
.2
.
.3
.

.1 470$
.2 350$
.3 355%
.4 ) ( 385$
91
.5 452$
.6 .
.7 .
92
Correlation

...
r
1 . 1
9 1
9 1-
9 .
9 .
9
.
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
:
) :(Pearson

) : (Spearman
)
( ) 8 5
8 5(
.
) : (Kandell,s tau
.
) : (Phi
) ( ) (.
) : (Cramers
)
( ) (
93

_ :

Utilities File Info
:
:
File Information
List of variables on the working file
Position
Name
94
Measurement Level: Nominal

Column Width: 8 Alignment: Center
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8
Value
1
2
Label

2
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8
Value
Label
1
2
3
Measurement Level: Scale
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8
6
Print Format: F8
95
Write Format: F8
7
Print Format: F8
Write Format: F8

"
.1 Analyze
Correlate
Bivariate
:
:
96
.2 " " " " Variables

.3

Flag significant correlations
""
.
.4 Ok :
Correlations
Correlations
**.959
.000
10
1
.
10
1
.
10
**.959
.000
10
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level

)(2 il d
.5
2.tailed Significance = 0.000 = .05
r = 0.959
.

97

Variables Bivariate Correlations :
Ok :
Correlations
98
Correlations
**.833
.003
10
**.811
.004
10
**.890
.001
10
1
.
10
**.780
.008
10
*.746
.013
10
1
.
10
**.890
.001
10
**.959
.000
10
1
.
10
*.746
.013
10
**.811
.004
10
1
.
10
**.959
.000
10
**.780
.008
10
**.833
.003
10
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (2-tailed
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

= 0.01 = 0.05
Scatter Plot
:
Scatter
.1 Graphs
Scatterplot :
.2
Mtrix Define Mtrix :
99
.3 Matrix Variables Ok
:
100
: :
"
"
Analyze Correlate
Partial :
" " " " Variables "
" . Controlling for: Ok
:
101
Partial Correlation
_
C O E F F I C
C O R R E L A T I O N
I E N T S - -
P A R T I A L
- - -
Controlling for..
1.0000
0.9588
P= .
0.9588
p=.
P= .000
1.0000
p=0.000
)(Coefficient / (D.F.) / 2-tailed Significance

" . " is printed if a coefficient cannot be computed

2- tailed significance = 0.000 0.05
.
:
:
Graph Scatter Scatterplot:
- Simple Define :
102
" " Y Axis " " X Axis " " Set Markers by Ok
:
103
100
90
80
70
60
100
90
70
80
60

:
Y = a x + bz + cw+.. . +d +
Y x, z, w, .. .
a,b,c,..,d .

.
: :
:
104
.1 Analyze Regression
Linear :
.2 " " ) Independent (s "

" . Dependent Statistics
:
105
.4 Estimates, Model fit, Descriptives

Continue . Linear Regression
.5 Plots Scatterplot
Residuals Predicted values
Linear Regression: Plots:
.6 ZRESID Y ZPRED X
Continue Ok
:
:
.
Regression
N
10
10
Std. Deviation
2.014
9.443
Mean
4.50
78.50
106

0.949
.
Enter

Variables
Entered/Removedb
Correlations
.949
1.000
.000
.
10
10
Variables
Variables

Entered
Removed
Model
Method
Pearson Correlation
1.000
1
a
. Enter
a. All
requested variables entered. .949

b. Dependent
. Variable:
)Sig. (1-tailed
.000
10
10
R R2 0.902
.
Model Summaryb
Std. Error of
the Estimate
.670
Adjusted
R Square
.889
R
R Square
a
.949
.902
Model
1
a. Predictors: (Constant),
b. Dependent Variable:

Sig. = 0.000
0.05
107
ANOVAb
Sig.
.000a
F
73.224
Mean Square
32.905
.449
df
1
8
9
Sum of
Squares
32.905
3.595
36.500
Regression
Residual
Total
Model
1
. B .Std.Error Standardization Beta

t
Beta Sig. Beta 0.05
.
:
= 0.202 11.396
Coefficients a
Sig.
.000
.000
t
-6.095
8.557
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.949
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024
)(Constant
Model
1
a. Dependent Variable:
) ( Predicted values Residual values

.
Charts
108
Scatterplot
Dependent Variable:
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
Regression Standardized Residual
-1.5
Regression Standardized Predicted Value
multiple Linear Regression
: "
" " " " " " "
" :
:
Linear :
109
:" Dependent " "

" " " " " " ) Independent(s
Statistics :
110
.2 Estimates Model fit R squared change

Descriptive Continue Linear Regression
.4
Method :
: Enter

.
:Stepwise

) (

)
(

.
: Remove
Block
.
: Backward

) (
/
.
: Forward

) (

111

.
.3
Enter Ok :
Regression

:
N
10
10
10
10
10
Std. Deviation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683
Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90

.
Correlations
.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10
.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10
.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10
.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
.
.000
.000
.002
.001
10
10
10
10
10
112
Pearson Correlation
)Sig. (1-tailed
R
R2 0.919
F .14.25
b
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Sig. F Change
.006
df2
5
df1
4
Adjusted Std. Error of R Square

R
R Square R Square the Estimate Change F Change
.959a
.919
.855
.767
.919
14.250
Model
1
, , , a. Predictors: (Constant),
R2
Sig. = 0.006 0.05
Sig. 0.05

.
ANOVAb
Sig.
.006a
F
14.250
Mean Square
8.389
.589
Sum of
Squares
33.556
2.944
36.500
df
4
5
9
Regression
Residual
Total
Model
1
, , , a. Predictors: (Constant),

B
= 0.135 2-104.26+
2-10 2.594 + 3-10 46-3.35 +
113
.4 Stepwise :
.
Regression
N
10
10
10
10
10
Std. Deviation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683
Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90
Correlations
.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10
.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10
.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

Pearson Correlation
1.000
.949
.949
1.000
.923
.959
.819
.780
.845
.833
)Sig. (1-tailed

.
.000
.000
.
.000
.000
.002
.004
.001
.001
N

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
b
Model Summary
Change Statistics
R
R Square R Square the Estimate Change F Change
df1
df2
Sig. F Change
.949a
.902
.889
.670
.902
73.224
1
8
.000
Model
1
114
ANOVAb
Sum of
Model
Squares
1
Regression 32.905
Residual
3.595
Total
36.500
df
Mean Square
32.905
.449
1
8
9
F
73.224
Sig.
.000a

0.202 + 11.396- =
Coefficientsa
Model
1
(Constant)
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.949
t
-6.095
8.557
Sig.
.000
.000

. Sig B
b
Excluded Variables
Model
1
Beta In
.157a
.200a
.176a
t
.379
1.152
.865
Sig.
.716
.287
.416
a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant),

115
Partial
Correlation
.142
.399
.311
Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
8.050E-02
.392
.306
.5 Remove :
Regression
N
10
10
10
10
10
Std. Deviation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683
Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90
Correlations
.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10
.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10
.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10
.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10

Pearson Correlation
1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
)Sig. (1-tailed

.
.000
.000
.002
.001
N

10
10
10
10
10
116
Variables Entered/Removedc
Model
1
Variables
Entered
,
,
,
a
Variables
Removed
Method
.
,
b, ,
Enter
Remove
a. All requested variables entered.

b. All requested variables removed.
c. Dependent Variable:
Model Summary
Model
1
2
Change Statistics
R
R Square R Square the Estimate Change F Change df1
df2 Sig. F Change
.959a
.919
.855
.767
.919 14.250
4
5
.006
b
.000
.000
.000
2.014
-.919 14.250
4
13
.006
a. Predictors: (Constant), , , ,
b. Predictor: (constant)
ANOVAc
Model
1
Regression
Residual
Total
2
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum of
Squares
33.556
2.944
36.500
.000
36.500
36.500
df
Mean Square
4
8.389
5
.589
9
0
.000
9
4.056
9
b. Predictor: (constant)
c. Dependent Variable:
117
F
14.250
Sig.
.006a
.b
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Model
B
Std. Error
1
(Constant) -11.961
3.651
.135
.102
4.260E-02
.123
2.594E-02
.039
3.346E-03
.047
2
(Constant)
4.500
.637
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.635
.157
.187
.023
t
-3.276
1.323
.348
.658
.071
7.066
Sig.
.022
.243
.742
.539
.946
.000
b
Excluded Variables
Model
2
Beta In
.949a
.923a
.819a
.845a
t
8.557
6.788
4.031
4.465
Sig.
.000
.000
.004
.002
Partial
Correlation
.949
.923
.819
.845
Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
a. Predictor: (constant)
: Backward .6
Regression

Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90
Std. Deviation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683
118
N
10
10
10
10
10
Correlations

Pearson Correlation
1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
Sig. (1-tailed)

.
.000
.000
.002
.001
N

10
10
10
10
10
.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10
.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10
Variables Entered/Removed
Model
1
Variables
Entered
,
,
,
a
Variables
Removed
a. All requested variables entered.

119
Method
.
.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10
Enter
Backward
(criterion:
Probabilit
y of
F-to-remo
ve >=
.100).
Backward
(criterion:
Probabilit
y of
F-to-remo
ve >=
.100).
Backward
(criterion:
Probabilit
y of
F-to-remo
ve >=
.100).
.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Mode
1
2
3
4
AdjustedStd. Error of
R Square
R R SquareR Squarehe EstimateChangeF Change df1
.959a .919
.855
.767
.919 14.250
4
.959b .919
.879
.701
.000
.005
1
c
.958
.917
.894
.657
-.002
.154
1
d
.949
.902
.889
.670
-.016 1.326
1
df2
5
7
8
9
ig. F Chang
.006
.946
.708
.287
a.Predictors: (Constant), , , ,
b.Predictors: (Constant), , ,
c.Predictors: (Constant), ,
d.Predictors: (Constant),
ANOVAe
Model
1
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Regression
Residual
Total
Sum of
Squares
33.556
2.944
36.500
33.553
2.947
36.500
33.478
3.022
36.500
32.905
3.595
36.500
df
4
5
9
3
6
9
2
7
9
1
8
9
Mean Square
8.389
.589
F
14.250
Sig.
.006a
11.184
.491
22.775
.001b
16.739
.432
38.768
.000c
32.905
.449
73.224
.000d
b. Predictors: (Constant), , ,
c. Predictors: (Constant), ,
d. Predictors: (Constant),
e. Dependent Variable:
120
Coefficientsa
Model
1
(Constant)
(Constant)
(Constant)
(Constant)
Unstandardized
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
-11.961
3.651
.135
.102
4.260E-02
.123
2.594E-02
.039
3.346E-03
.047
-12.007
3.282
.136
.093
4.366E-02
.111
2.788E-02
.026
-10.981
1.868
.169
.037
2.779E-02
.024
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024
Standardized
Coefficients
Beta
.635
.157
.187
.023
.639
.161
.201
.794
.200
.949
t
-3.276
1.323
.348
.658
.071
-3.658
1.470
.393
1.083
-5.880
4.571
1.152
-6.095
8.557
Sig.
.022
.243
.742
.539
.946
.011
.192
.708
.320
.001
.003
.287
.000
.000
Excluded Variablesd
Model
2
3
4
Beta In
.023a
.036b
.161b
.176c
.157c
.200c
Sig.
.946
.906
.708
.416
.716
.287
.071
.123
.393
.865
.379
1.152
Partial
Correlation
.032
.050
.158
.311
.142
.399
Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
.156
.158
8.050E-02
.306
8.050E-02
.392
a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), , ,

b. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), ,
c. Predictors in the Model: (Constant),
d. Dependent Variable:
: Forward .7
Regression
121
N
10
10
10
10
10
Std. Deviation
2.014
9.443
7.412
14.491
13.683
Mean
4.50
78.50
82.60
79.00
79.90
Correlations
.845
.833
.811
.890
1.000
.001
.001
.002
.000
.
10
10
10
10
10
.819
.780
.746
1.000
.890
.002
.004
.007
.
.000
10
10
10
10
10
.949
1.000
.959
.780
.833
.000
.
.000
.004
.001
10
10
10
10
10
.923
.959
1.000
.746
.811
.000
.000
.
.007
.002
10
10
10
10
10

Pearson Correlation
1.000
.949
.923
.819
.845
)Sig. (1-tailed

.
.000
.000
.002
.001
N

10
10
10
10
10
Variables Entered/Removeda
Method
Forward
(Criterion:
Probabilit
y-of-F-to-e
=< nter
).050
Variables
Removed
Variables
Entered
Model
1
122
Model Summary
Change Statistics
Adjusted
Std. Error R
o Square
Mode R R Square
R Square
he EstimatChangeF Change df1
a
1
.949
.902
.889
.670
.902 73.224
1
df2
g. F Chang
8
.000
a.Predictors: (Constant),
ANOVAb
Sum of
Squares
Model
1
Regression 32.905
Residual
3.595
Total
36.500
df
Mean Square
1
32.905
8
.449
9
F
73.224
Sig.
.000a
t
-6.095
8.557
Sig.
.000
.000
a
Coefficients
Model
1
(Constant)
Unstandardized
Standardized
Coefficients
Coefficients
B
Std. Error
Beta
-11.396
1.870
.202
.024
.949
b
Excluded Variables
Model
Beta In
1
.157a
.200a
.176a
t
.379
1.152
.865
Partial
Correlation
Sig.
.716
.142
.287
.399
.416
.311
Collinearity
Statistics
Tolerance
8.050E-02
.392
.306
a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant),


123

:
.
:
Curve Estimation :
.2 " " ) Dependent(s "

" Variable
" " . Ok :
Curve Fit
MOD_2.
b3
b2
.0028
b1
b0
Upper
-4.4868
.1138
-29.430 7.7965
11.2259 -511.64
9.5323 -.2880
bound
Sigf
d.f.
Rsq
.004
.006
.010
.010
16.25
13.57
11.11
9.69
8
8
8
7
.670
.629
.581
.735
124
MODEL:
Independent:
Dependent Mth
LIN
LOG
INV
QUA
-.0013 1.9E-05
2.9925
.4092 1.0295
.0006 2.0273
3.1829 -135.09
-.8935
.0291
.4092
.0291
2.4437
.9713
.009
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
9.81
28.85
25.11
20.83
28.85
28.85
28.85
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
.737
.783
.758
.723
.783
.783
.783
CUB
COM
POW
S
GRO
EXP
LGS
Notes:
9 Tolerance limits reached; some dependent variables were not entered.
Observed
Linear
Logarithmic
8
Inverse
7
Quadratic
Cubic
Compound
Power
Growth
Exponential
Logistic
0
100
90
70
80
60
50
40
.3
Exponential Y = LN(b0) + b1 t

= ) 0.0291 + ln(0.4092

Exponential Curve Estimation Ok
:
125

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
100
90
80
60
70
50
40
126

:
:Hypothesis :
. ) ( HO
. Ha
: (Null Hypothesis) HO

.
Nul
) (.
): Alternative Hypothesis (Ha

.
:
%90 %95 %99
Significance Levels

1- ) %95
( %5

.
:

.
127
) (:

.
: Employee
data SPSS
:
128
Utilities Variables
:

. (variable information)
Utilities File Info
:
File Information
List of variables on the working file
Name
Position
ID
Employee Code
Column Width: 5 Alignment: Right
Print Format: F4
Write Format: F4
GENDER
Gender
Column Width: 1 Alignment: Left
129
Print Format: A1
Write Format: A1
Value
Label
f
m
Female
Male
BDATE
Date of Birth
Print Format: ADATE8
Write Format: ADATE8
EDUC
Educational Level (years)

Measurement Level: Ordinal
Print Format: F2
Write Format: F2
Missing Values: 0
JOBCAT
Employment Category
Print Format: F1
Write Format: F1
Missing Values: 0
Value
1
2
3
Label
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
SALARY
Current Salary
Print Format: DOLLAR8
Write Format: DOLLAR8
Missing Values: 0
SALBEGIN
Beginning Salary
130

Print Format: DOLLAR8
Write Format: DOLLAR8
Missing Values: 0
JOBTIME
Months since Hire

Print Format: F2
Write Format: F2
Missing Values: 0
PREVEXP
Previous Experience (months)

Print Format: F6
Write Format: F6
MINORITY
Minority Classification
Print Format: F1
Write Format: F1
Missing Values: 9
Value
0
1
10
Label
No
Yes
) Gender ( ) Id
(f=female, m= (
Educ
Bdate male)
Jobcat

(1 Clerical, 2 Custodial, 3 Manager)
Salbegin Salary
Jobtime
Minority Prevexp
. ( 0 No, 1 Yes)
131
)( Comparing Mean
: .
.1 Analyze Compare Means
Means :
:
.2 Salary Dependent List Gender
. Independent List:
132
.3 Options :
.4 Statistics Cell
Statistics Anova table and eta
Continue
.5 :
Means

Total
N
Percent
474 100.0%
Cases
Excluded
N
Percent
0
.0%
Included
N
Percent
474 100.0%
133
Current Salary * Gen
Report
Current Salary
N
Std. Deviation Skewness
216 $7,558.021
1.863
258 $19,499.214
1.639
474 $17,075.661
2.125
Gender
Mean
Female $26,031.92
Male $41,441.78
Total $34,419.57
9
= 0.05 Sig. = 0
.
ANOVA Table
Mean
Square
df
F
Sig.
1 792E+10 19.798 .000
472 3046531
473
Sum of
Squares
Current Salary * GBetween Gro(Combined79E+10
Within Groups
10E+11
Total
38E+11

Measures of Association
Eta Squared
.202
Eta
.450
Current Salary * Gender
) Jobcat (
Next Independent List :
134
Ok :
Report
Current Salary
Skewness
1.421
-.019
1.863
2.346
-.368
1.193
1.639
1.905
-.368
1.181
2.125
Std. Deviation
$5,812.838
$8,501.253
$7,558.021
$7,997.978
$2,114.616
$18,051.570
$19,499.214
$7,567.995
$2,114.616
$18,244.776
$17,075.661
N
206
10
216
157
27
74
258
363
27
84
474
Mean
$25,003.69
$47,213.50
$26,031.92
$31,558.15
$30,938.89
$66,243.24
$41,441.78
$27,838.54
$30,938.89
$63,977.80
$34,419.57
Employment Category
Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Gender
Female
Male
Total

.
- Kolmogrove-Smirov
135
" : :
. "0.05
:
Nonparametric Tests Analyze .1
: 1-Sample K-S
Test Variable List salbegin salary .2

."3 " Normal
: Ok .3
NPar Tests
One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test
N
Normal Parameters a,b
Most Extreme
Differences
Mean
Std. Deviation
Absolute
Positive
Negative
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
a. Test distribution is Normal.
b. Calculated from data.
136
Current Salary
474
$34,419.57
$17,075.662
.208
.208
-.143
4.525
.000
Beginning
Salary
474
$17,016.09
$7,870.638
.252
.252
-.170
5.484
.000
Sig. = 0.0 0.05

.
(T-Test) T
T )(One Sample T-Test

:
.1
30.
.2
: " 14"
:
Analyzes Compare Mean
One Sample T Test :
137
.2 Educ ) Test Variable(s Test Value

14 Ok :
T-Test
13.49
-0.51
One-Sample Statistics
Std. Error
Mean
.133
Std. Deviation
2.885
Mean
13.49
N
474
)Educational Level (years
One-Sample Test Sig. = 0.00 0.05

14

14 t = -3.837
14.
One-Sample Test
Test Value = 14
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
-.77
-.25
Mean
df
Sig. (2-tailed) Difference
473
.000
-.51
t
-3.837
Educational Level (year
) SIGN TEST (

Sign Test
:
.1 Analyze Parametric Tests
Binomial :
138
.2 educ Test Variable List 14

Cut point Define Dichotomy Ok
:
NPar Tests
Binomial Test
Observed
Asymp. Sig.
)Prop. Test Prop. (2-tailed
.53
.50
.291a
.47
1.00
N
249
225
474
Category
Educational Level (ye Group 1 <= 14
Group 2 > 14
Total
a. Based on Z Approximation.
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) = 0.291

0.05
14.
139
T Paired Sample T-Test

.
:
:
H 0 : 1 = 2
H a : 1 2
1 2
:
.1
30.
.2
.
: " :
"
:
.1 Analyzes Compare Mean

Paired Sample T Test :
140
Paired
salbegin salary, .3
: Ok Variables
T-Test
Paired Samples Statistics
Pair
1
Current Salary
Beginning Salary
Mean
$34,419.57
$17,016.09
N
474
474
Std. Deviation
$17,075.661
$7,870.638
Std. Error
Mean
$784.311
$361.510
0.88
Paired Samples Correlations

N
Pair
1
Current Salary &

Beginning Salary
Correlation
474
.880
Sig.
.000
0.05 Sig. (2- tailed) = 0.00 9

.
Paired Samples Test
Mean
Pair
1
Paired Differences
5% Confidence Interva
Std. Std. Error of the Difference
Deviation Mean
Lower
Upper
t
Sig.
df (2-tailed)
Current Salary
7,403.48 10814.62 496.732 6,427.41 18,379.56 35.036 473
Beginning Sala
141
.000

2 Related Samples

:
.1
Analyze Nonparametric tests 2 related samples :
.2
salary salbegin Test Pair(s) List Wilcoxon Sign . Ok
NPar Tests
142
Ranks
N
Beginning Salary
- Current Salary
Negative Ranks
Positive Ranks
Ties
Total
474a
0b
0c
474
Mean Rank
237.50
.00
Sum of Ranks
112575.00
.00
a. Beginning Salary < Current Salary

b. Beginning Salary > Current Salary
c. Current Salary = Beginning Salary
Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Test Statisticsb
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)
Beginning
Salary Current Salary
-18.865a
.000
a. Based on positive ranks.

b. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Sig. = 0.0
.
Sign Test
Frequencies
Beginning Salary
- Current Salary
Negative Differencesa
Positive Differencesb
Ties c
Total
a. Beginning Salary < Current Salary

b. Beginning Salary > Current Salary
c. Current Salary = Beginning Salary
143
N
474
0
0
474
Test Statisticsa
Beginning
SalaryCurrent Salary
-21.726
.000
Z
)Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed
a. Sign Test
Sign Test Sig.= 0.0

T Independent sample T test

.

) (Grouping Variable or Factor

. (Test
) Variable
) (
) ( .
T :
.1
.2
T
T .
.3
.
: "
"
:
144

Independent Sample T Test :
.2 Salary ) Test Variable(s

gender Grouping Variable
Define Groups :
.3 f Group 1 m . Group 2
Continue .
.4 Ok :
145
Group Statistics
Std. Error
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Mean
216 $26,031.92
$7,558.021
$514.258
258 $41,441.78 $19,499.214 $1,213.968
Gender
Current Salary Female
Male
T-Test
Independent Samples Test

evene's Test fo
uality of Varianc
t-test for Equality of Means

Confidence Interv
Mean Std. Error the Difference
g. (2-tailed
Difference
DifferenceLower Upper
df
.000 5,409.86407.906 8176.40 2643.32
472
.000 5,409.86318.400 8003.00 2816.73
11.688344.262
Sig.
.000 10.945
F
Current S Equal varia
19.669
assumed
Equal varia
not assume
.5 ) (Leven,s test F= 9.669

Sig = 0.0 T
t= 1.688
Sig=0.0
.
-) Mann-Whitney test (U- Test

.
146
: " "
:
.1 Analyze Nonparametric tests
2 independent samples :
.2 Salary Test Variable List

Jobcat Grouping Variable
.3 Define Groups 1
Group 1 " " 2 Group 2
:
147
.4 Continue Ok
:
NPar Tests
Mann-Whitney Test
Ranks
Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
189.30
68715.50
278.87
7529.50
N
363
27
390
Employment Category
Current Salary Clerical
Custodial
Total
Test Statisticsa
Current Salary
2649.500
68715.500
-3.984
.000
Mann-Whitney U
Wilcoxon W
Z
)Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed
a. Grouping Variable: Employment Category
Sig. = 0.0
= 0.05
One Way ANOVA

Factor
Independent Variable Nominal
Ordinal
.
Dependent Variable
148

.

Factor

Post Hoc

.

)(Between Group

(Within
) Group
Residuals . Error
:
) (
) ( F
F
F

F ) ( Sig
) ( 0.05 Sig
= 0.05 Sig.
= 0.05 .
: "
"0.05
:
One-Way ANOVA :
149
.2 salary
Jobcat . Factor
.3 Post Hoc :
List
Dependent
.4 Bonferroni Dunnetts c
. . Continue
.5 Options :
Homogeneity of variance test Continue
:
150
.6 Ok :
Oneway
= ,59.733 Sig. = 0.0

Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Current Salary
Sig.
.000
df2
471
df1
2
Levene
Statistic
59.733
F=434.481 Sig.= 0.0

= 0.05
151
ANOVA
Current Salary
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Sum of
Squares
8.94E+10
4.85E+10
1.38E+11
df
2
471
473
Mean Square
4.472E+10
102925714.5
F
434.481
Sig.
.000

= 0.05
Post Hoc Tests .6
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: Current Salary
Mean
Difference
(I) Employment Categ (J) Employment Categ (I-J)
Std. Error
Bonferron Clerical
Custodial
-$3,100.35 2,023.760
Manager
$36,139.26* 1,228.352
Custodial
Clerical
$3,100.35 2,023.760
Manager
$33,038.91* 2,244.409
Manager
Clerical
$36,139.26* 1,228.352
Custodial
$33,038.91* 2,244.409
Dunnett C Clerical
Custodial
-$3,100.35* $568.679
Manager
$36,139.26* 2,029.912
Custodial
Clerical
$3,100.35* $568.679
Manager
$33,038.91* 2,031.840
Manager
Clerical
$36,139.26* 2,029.912
Custodial
$33,038.91* 2,031.840
Sig.
.379
.000
.379
.000
.000
.000
95% Confidence Interval

Lower BoundUpper Bound
-$7,962.56 $1,761.86
-$39,090.45 -$33,188.07
-$1,761.86 $7,962.56
-$38,431.24 -$27,646.58
$33,188.07 $39,090.45
$27,646.58 $38,431.24
-$4,476.97 -$1,723.73
-$40,981.02 -$31,297.50
$1,723.73 $4,476.97
-$37,895.87 -$28,181.95
$31,297.50 $40,981.02
$28,181.95 $37,895.87
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
Wallis Kruskal (H-Test) -

" :
" = 0.05
:
152
.1 Analyze Nonparametric Tests K

Independent Samples :
.2 Salary Test Variable List

Jobcat . Grouping Variable
.3 Define Variable :
.4 1 Minimum 3 Maximum
Continue .
.5 Krouskal-Wallis H Ok :
153
NPar Tests
Ranks
Mean Rank
190.37
278.98
427.85
N
363
27
84
474
Employment Category
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Current Salary
Kruskal-Wallis Test
2 = 207.68

Sig. = 0.0 0.05
0.05
Friedman test

.
: " "
"
"0.05
:
.1 Analyze Nonparametric Tests
K Related Samples :
154
.2 " " " " " " " "

Test Variables Friedman
Ok :
Friedman Test
Ranks
Mean Rank
1.95
2.95
2.60
2.50
Test Statisticsa,b
Current Salary
207.680
2
.000
Chi-Square
df
Asymp. Sig.
a. Kruskal Wallis Test

b. Grouping Variable: Employment Category
Asymp. Sig = 0.0

155
= 0.05
Crosstabs Test
Crosstabs
:
: Employee data
" .
:
"

Crosstabs :
.2 Gender Row Jobcat

). Column(s
.3 Statistics :
156
.4 Chi-square Contingency coefficient

. Gamma

Nominal Data
Ordinal Data Continue
.
.5 . Ok :
Crosstabs
Total
Percent
100.0%
N
474
Cases
Missing
N
Percent
.0%
Valid
Percent
100.0%
157
N
474
Gender * Employment
Category
Gender * Employment Category Crosstabulation

Count
Gender
Total
Female
Male
Employment Category
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
206
10
157
27
74
363
27
84
Total
216
258
474
Chi-Square Tests
Pearson Chi-Square
Likelihood Ratio
N of Valid Cases
Value
79.277a
95.463
474
df
2
2
Asymp. Sig.
(2-sided)
.000
.000
a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 12.30.
Symmetric Measures
Asymp.
a
b
Value Std. Error Approx. T Approx. Sig.
Nominal by Nomin Contingency Coeffici
.379
.000
Ordinal by Ordinal Gamma
.837
.051
9.999
.000
N of Valid Cases
474
a. Not assuming the null hypothesis.
b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis.
Sig. = 0.0
.
158
Two Way Analysis of Variance
) (
.

.
Two Way ANOVA
) (
) (.
:
) ( main effect
.
) (main effect
.
) (Interaction .
.1

9
.
15 )(

.
.2

159
.
.
.3
.
.
: " Employee data

" 0.05

" "
" "
" "
:
.1 Analyze General Linear Model
Univariate :
160
.2 Salary Dependent Variable

Gender Jobcat ). Fixed Factor(s
.3 Model :
.4 Custom Main effects ) Build Term (s

Gender Jobcat Model
Interaction Build Term Gender ,
Jobcat Model Continue
.
.5 Options Descriptive
atatistics Homogeneity tests Continue
.
161
.6 Post Hoc :
162
Scheffe .7
. Equal Variance Assumed
Dunnett,s C .8
Equal Variance Not Assumed
Post Hoc Tests For Jobcat .9
Gender
.
. Continue .10
Univariate Analysis of Variance
.
Between-Subjects Factors
Gender
Employment
Category
Value Label
Female
Male
Clerical
Custodial
f
m
1
2
3
Manager
216
258
363
27
84
Gender
Female
Male
Total
Employment Category
Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Mean
$25,003.69
$47,213.50
$26,031.92
$31,558.15
$30,938.89
$66,243.24
$41,441.78
$27,838.54
$30,938.89
$63,977.80
$34,419.57
163
Std. Deviation
$5,812.838
$8,501.253
$7,558.021
$7,997.978
$2,114.616
$18,051.570
$19,499.214
$7,567.995
$2,114.616
$18,244.776
$17,075.661
N
206
10
216
157
27
74
258
363
27
84
474

Variances Sig. =0.0
. 0.05
Test of Homogeneity of
a
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances

Sig.
.000
df1
df2
469
F
33.383
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the

dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept+GENDER+JOBCAT+GENDER
* JOBCAT
Gender
Sig. = 0.0 0.05 .
Jobcat
Sig. = 0.0 0.05 .
Sig. = 0.0
0.05
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Sig.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
F
272.780
2005.313
59.359
182.782
14.114
Mean Square
2.411E+10
1.773E+11
5247440732
1.616E+10
1247682867
88401147.44
df
4
1
1
2
1
469
474
473
Type III Sum

of Squares
9.646E+10a
1.773E+11
5247440732
3.232E+10
1247682867
4.146E+10
6.995E+11
1.379E+11
Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
GENDER
JOBCAT
GENDER * JOBCAT
Error
Total
Corrected Total
)a. R Squared = .699 (Adjusted R Squared = .697
Jobcat

164
Post Hoc Tests

Employment Category
Sig.
.256
.000
.256
.000
.000
.000
Std. Error
$1,875.539
$1,138.387
$1,875.539
$2,080.027
$1,138.387
$2,080.027
$568.679
$2,029.912
$568.679
$2,031.840
$2,029.912
$2,031.840
Mean
Difference
(J) Employment Category
)(I-J
Custodial
-$3,100.35
Manager
*-$36,139.26
Clerical
$3,100.35
Manager
*-$33,038.91
Clerical
*$36,139.26
Custodial
*$33,038.91
Custodial
*-$3,100.35
Manager
*-$36,139.26
Clerical
*$3,100.35
Manager
*-$33,038.91
Clerical
*$36,139.26
Custodial
*$33,038.91
(I) Employment Category

Clerical
Scheffe
Custodial
Manager
Clerical
Dunnett C
Custodial
Manager
Based on observed means.

Three Way ANOVA

.

:
: Employee data :
"
" 0.05
:
165
.1 Analyze General Linear Model

Univariate :
.2 Salary Dependent Variable

Gender id Jobcat ). Fixed Factor(s
.3 Model :
166
.4 Custom Main effects ) Build Term (s

Gender Jobcat id Model
Interaction Build Term
Model Continue
.
.5 Options Descriptive
atatistics Homogeneity tests
Display Means for Continue
.
167
.6 Post Hoc :
168
.7 Scheffe
. Equal Variance Assumed
.8 Dunnett,s C
Equal Variance Not Assumed
.9 Jobcat Post Hoc Tests For

.
.10 Continue . Ok :

Univariate Analysis of Variance
Between-Subjects Factors
N
370
104
216
258
363
27
84
Value Label
No
Yes
Female
Male
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
0
1
f
m
1
2
3
169
Gender
Employment
Category
No
Gender
Female
Male
Total
Yes
Female
Male
Total
Total
Female
Male
Total
Employment Category
Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Total
Mean
$25,471.45
$47,213.50
$26,706.79
$32,671.64
$31,178.57
$65,683.57
$44,475.41
$28,341.09
$31,178.57
$63,374.81
$36,023.31
$23,062.50
$23,062.50
$28,952.13
$30,680.77
$76,037.50
$32,246.09
$26,244.25
$30,680.77
$76,037.50
$28,713.94
$25,003.69
$47,213.50
$26,031.92
$31,558.15
$30,938.89
$66,243.24
$41,441.78
$27,838.54
$30,938.89
$63,977.80
$34,419.57
a
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances

F
17.696
df1
8
df2
465
Sig.
.000
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the

dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design:
Intercept+MINORITY+GENDER+JOBCAT+MINORITY *
GENDER+GENDER * JOBCAT+MINORITY *
JOBCAT+MINORITY * GENDER * JOBCAT
170
Std. Deviation
$6,092.372
$8,501.253
$8,011.894
$8,578.999
$1,658.743
$18,029.451
$20,330.662
$7,994.659
$1,658.743
$18,164.043
$18,044.096
$3,972.369
$3,972.369
$5,712.419
$2,562.920
$17,821.961
$13,059.881
$5,772.874
$2,562.920
$17,821.961
$11,421.638
$5,812.838
$8,501.253
$7,558.021
$7,997.978
$2,114.616
$18,051.570
$19,499.214
$7,567.995
$2,114.616
$18,244.776
$17,075.661
N
166
10
176
110
14
70
194
276
14
80
370
40
40
47
13
4
64
87
13
4
104
206
10
216
157
27
74
258
363
27
84
474
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Source
Corrected Model
Intercept
MINORITY
GENDER
JOBCAT
MINORITY * GENDER
GENDER * JOBCAT
MINORITY * JOBCAT
MINORITY * GENDER
* JOBCAT
Error
Total
Corrected Total
Type III Sum

of Squares
9.751E+10a
1.444E+11
61989119.7
4756876310
2.006E+10
27977363.9
981526336
690053398
df
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
Mean Square
1.219E+10
1.444E+11
61989119.66
4756876310
1.003E+10
27977363.93
981526335.9
345026699.0
F
140.251
1661.526
.713
54.737
115.420
.322
11.294
3.970
Sig.
.000
.000
.399
.000
.000
.571
.001
.020
.000
4.041E+10
6.995E+11
1.379E+11
465
474
473
86903667.84
a. R Squared = .707 (Adjusted R Squared = .702)
Estimated Marginal Means

1. Minority Classification
Mean
Std. Error
No
40443.745a
835.531
Yes
39683.224a 1423.737

Lower Bound Upper Bound
38801.861
42085.629
36885.469
42480.979
a. Based on modified population marginal mean.
2. Employment Category
Employment Category
Mean
Std. Error
Clerical
27539.427
577.449
Custodial
30929.670a 1795.293
Manager
62978.190a 1875.508

Lower Bound Upper Bound
26404.695
28674.160
27401.779
34457.562
59292.670
66663.711
a. Based on modified population marginal mean.
171
Post Hoc Tests

Employment Category
Scheffe
(I) Employment Category

Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Dunnett C
Clerical
Custodial
Manager
Mean
Difference
(J) Employment Category
(I-J)
Custodial
-$3,100.35
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Clerical
$3,100.35
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*
Custodial
-$3,100.35*
Manager
-$36,139.26*
Clerical
$3,100.35*
Manager
-$33,038.91*
Clerical
$36,139.26*
Custodial
$33,038.91*
Based on observed means.

172
Std. Error
$1,859.586
$1,128.703
$1,859.586
$2,062.334
$1,128.703
$2,062.334
$568.679
$2,029.912
$568.679
$2,031.840
$2,029.912
$2,031.840
Sig.
.250
.000
.250
.000
.000
.000
Reliability Coefficient

9
:
:

.
:

) ( r

:
2r
Reliability Coefficient = 1 + r
.7
SPSS

9

.
:

.
.

.
.
173

/

/
:
/ :
...

)
( )
(.
/

.

174
)(5

)(3) (4
)(2
)(1
:
.1
.2
.3
:
.1
.2
.3
.
.
: ) (
.1
.2
.3
.
.
.
: ) (
.1
.2
.3
.
.
.
7 3 :
(1 SPSS
" " .
(2
(3
:

175
a1, a2, a3 ) ( b1, b2, b3

) ( c1, c2, c3 ) ( d1, d2,d3
) ( :
av_ a, av_b, av_c, av_d av_total

" " av_odd " . av_even
:
9
Correlations
AV_TOTAL AV_ODD
1
**.835
.
.003
10
10
**.835
1
.003
.
10
10
AV_TOTAL Pearson Correlation

)Sig. (2-tailed
N
AV_ODD
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) 176
N
av_even , av_odd :
0.835

2 0.835
=
1+ 0.835
.
=0.91
: :
Analyze Scale Reliability

Analysis :
Items
12 ). ( d3a1,a2,
Model
. Alpha
Statistics :
177
Scale if item deleted

.
Continue .
Ok :
178
Reliability
****** ****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis
S C A L E
A N A L Y S I S
R E L I A B I L I T Y
Item-total Statistics
Alpha
if Item
Deleted
Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted
.7036
.7428
.7128
.6561
.7812
.7542
.7117
.7166
.7016
.6816
.6467
.6723
.4322
-.0936
.3496
.7099
-.3996
.0226
.3614
.3424
.4296
.5555
.7480
.6850
53.1556
62.1000
53.1556
45.1556
67.1222
59.3444
54.2667
50.7222
50.7667
47.8778
43.6556
49.1222
40.6000
39.9000
40.6000
40.4000
40.3000
40.7000
40.6000
41.5000
40.9000
41.1000
41.1000
40.7000
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
Reliability Coefficients
10.0
N of Items = 12
= N of Cases
.7288
= Alpha
Alpha 0.7288
.
) ( Corrected itemtotal Correlation
0.19

a2, b2, b3

0.8198
179
Reliability
****** Method 1 (space saver) will be used for this analysis ******
R E L I A B I L I T Y
A N A L Y S I S
S C A L E
(A L P H A)
Item-total Statistics
A1
A3
B1
C1
C2
C3
D1
D2
D3
Scale
Mean
if Item
Deleted
Scale
Variance
if Item
Deleted
28.3000
28.3000
28.1000
28.3000
29.2000
28.6000
28.8000
28.8000
28.4000
56.4556
55.5667
49.2111
55.1222
53.9556
50.4889
48.8444
45.2889
51.1556
Corrected
ItemTotal
Correlation
Alpha
if Item
Deleted
.3725
.3464
.6056
.4561
.3019
.5672
.6234
.7755
.6994
.8169
.8209
.7906
.8091
.8331
.7958
.7882
.7660
.7844
Reliability Coefficients
N of Cases =
Alpha =
10.0
N of Items =
.8198
9
:
180
Correlations
Correlations
AV_A
AV_A
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
AV_B
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
AV_C
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
AV_D
Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
AV_TOTAL Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
.
10
.442
.201
10
.137
.706
10
.350
.322
10
.603
.065
10
AV_B
.442
.201
10
1
.
10
.023
.949
10
.259
.470
10
.526
.118
10
AV_C
.137
.706
10
.023
.949
10
1
.
10
.658*
.039
10
.735*
.015
10
AV_D
AV_TOTAL
.350
.603
.322
.065
10
10
.259
.526
.470
.118
10
10
.658*
.735*
.039
.015
10
10
1
.882**
.
.001
10
10
.882**
1
.001
.
10
10
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

.

.
181

Statistical Analysis Using SPSS

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Statistical Analysis Using SPSS

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) (5 ) (4) (3) (2) ((1

: Value (Value Label

Target Variable sum1 .

- Numeric Expression q1+q2+q3

sum(q1,q2,q3) Numeric Expression ) sum(q1 to q3

) .. (Compute Variable .. mean

Include if case satisfied condition:

Continue Compute Variable

Compute Variable: if Cases :

Select Cases Unselected Cases

(Not Selected "

Deleted Unselected Cases :

- Data Select Cases Select Cases

Random sample of cases Select

Based on time or case range :

3 First Cases 7 Last Cases

Edit Past Variable

Number of new variables New variable

.2 Save In " "

SPSS*.sav Save as type .

.4 SPSS Exit SPSS . File

.1 File Open Data .

Exporting and Importing

.1 SPSS Excel Save As

.2 Save as type Excel *.xls

Excel "" File

.1 SPSS Open File

" _ " "

.1: Graphs Bar :

.3 Data in Chart Are Summaries for groups of

.5 Bars Represent Other summary function

.13 Close File :

.4 " _ " " _ " Bars

: Bar Chart Simple Dada

" _ " " _

)(Clustered Bar Charts

.2 Clustered Data in Chart Are

Summaries for groups of cases Define

.3 " _ " Variable " "

) Carousel Chart Window

.1 ) (Data Editor "

.3 Simple Data in Chart Are Values of

.4 : " Bar Represent

Gategory Lables Variable "

Chart Windows . Chart Carousel

.3 Values of individual cases Define

.4 " " Slices Represent

Variable Slice Labels "

"_ " Y Axis

.5 Total File Options

.6 Linear regression Continue OK

.1 Analyze Report OLAP Cubes

.2 ) Summary Variable(s " _"

" " " " .

Standard Deviation Minimum

Maximum Sum Number of Cases

Cell Statistics Continue