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    Introduction To Rhetoric - Handout

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    Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively, usually to persuade an audience. The study of rhetoric was first developed by Aristotle, who identified the three appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. Later thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian expanded on Aristotle's work, further developing rhetorical concepts like rhetorical modes, levels of style, and the importance of a speaker's character and knowledge of human experience. Contemporary rhetoric still draws from the classical traditions established by these early thinkers.

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    Introduction To Rhetoric - Handout

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    Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively, usually to persuade an audience. The study of rhetoric was first developed by Aristotle, who identified the three appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. Later thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian expanded on Aristotle's work, further developing rhetorical concepts like rhetorical modes, levels of style, and the importance of a speaker's character and knowledge of human experience. Contemporary rhetoric still draws from the classical traditions established by these early thinkers.

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    Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively, usually to persuade an audience. The study of rhetoric was first developed by Aristotle, who identified the three appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. Later thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian expanded on Aristotle's work, further developing rhetorical concepts like rhetorical modes, levels of style, and the importance of a speaker's character and knowledge of human experience. Contemporary rhetoric still draws from the classical traditions established by these early thinkers.

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    425 views2 pages

    Introduction To Rhetoric - Handout

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    Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively, usually to persuade an audience. The study of rhetoric was first developed by Aristotle, who identified the three appeals of ethos, pathos, and logos. Later thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian expanded on Aristotle's work, further developing rhetorical concepts like rhetorical modes, levels of style, and the importance of a speaker's character and knowledge of human experience. Contemporary rhetoric still draws from the classical traditions established by these early thinkers.

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    Introduction to Rhetoric: an Overview

    What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is art and study of using language effectively. There are many
    purposes for using language, so studying rhetoric helps to understand how a writer manipulates
    language for an intended purpose, usually to persuade an audience.
    Historical Overview:
    Aristotle: Most of the study done in rhetoric is rooted in Aristotelian ideology.
    Aristotles Three Appeals:
    o Ethos: appeal to the speakers credibility, to his or her good will
    o Pathos: appeal to the audiences emotions
    o Logos: appeal to the logic of the subject matter; facts and truths
    Arguments are comprised of two parts, divided into four sections:
    States the Case
    Proves the Case
    1. Introduction
    3. Proofs for and against the case
    2. The statement of the case/narration of
    4. The summary/conclusion
    the subject
    Development of the five departments of rhetoric:
    o Inventioninventio, ways of discovering ideas and supporting material
    o Arrangementdispositio, ways to arrange the parts of the essay
    o Styleelocutio, ways of embellishing
    o Memorymemoria, mnemonic techniques
    o Deliverypronuntiatio, ways of practicing and giving oral speeches
    Aristotle held that rhetoric, when not used for evil intent, is a practical art that is based in
    logical argumentation.
    Cicero (106-43 B.C.E):
    Cicero expanded Aristotles form for arguments into six sections, rather than four.
    States the Case
    Proves the Case
    1. Introduction (exordium)
    4. Proofs for the argument (confirmatio)
    2. Overview of what created the issue
    5. Proofs that disprove the
    neading resolution (narratio)
    counterargument (refutatio)
    3. Exposition of the points to prove or the
    6. Conclusion, final appeal to the audience
    divisions of the arguments (partitio)
    (conclusio)
    This format gave rise to the modes of composition. Narratio became the narrative
    essay; partitio became the expository essay; confirmatio became an argumentative essay.
    Cicero contributed to the division of style into three levels:
    o High- style used to move an audience
    o Middle- style used to delight an audience
    o Low- style used to teach an audience
    Cicero asserted that a good orator should know a lot about the human experience, be
    cultured and eloquent.

    Quintilian (35-100 C.E)


    Quintilian believed that a good orator should be knowledgeable about the human
    experience but also be a moral individual.
    He aided in the division of rhetoric into two sciences, incorporating the study of poetry:
    o Grammatical studies, led by the grammaticus, taught what correct discourse and
    poetic interpretation looked like, the knowledge of what.
    o Rhetorical studies, led by the rhetoricus, provided students with the ways to
    accomplish goals by action, the knowledge of how.
    Contemporary studies mimic this type of instruction!
    Quintilian pushed for imitation, translation, and paraphrasing as the best means of
    developing writing skills.
    Communcation Triangle:
    Author
    Expressive
    Writing
    Ethos

    Literatur
    e
    Text
    Referential
    Writing
    Logos

    Audience
    Persuasive
    Writing
    Pathos

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