The Tai Chi Handbook (Ray Pawlett)

A Young Womans Guide to
Health and Well-Being
The Pilates Handbook

Self-Defense for Women
The Tai Chi Handbook
The Yoga Handbook
Pawlett
ISBN-13: 978-1-4358-5360-7
THE TAI CHI HANDBOOK
TITLES IN THIS SERIES
A Young Womans Guide to Health and Well-Being
THE TAI CHI
HANDBOOK
RAY PAWLETT
ROSEN
Tai Chi
The
Handbook
Tai Chi
The
Handbook
Ray Pawlett
New York
This edition published in 2010 by:
The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

29 East 21st Street
New York, NY 10010
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission
in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pawlett, Raymond.
The tai chi handbook / Ray Pawlett.
p. cm.(A young woman's guide to health and well-being)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4358-5360-7 (library binding)
1. Tai chi for womenHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
GV504.6.W66P39 2009
613.7'148dc22
2009010316
Manufactured in Hong Kong
Copyright 2004 D&S Books Ltd.
Contents
Introduction
1. The Roots of Tai Chi
13
2. The Origins of Tai Chi Styles
41
3. Tai Chi Practice: Getting Started
51
4. The Essence of Tai Chi
85
5. Tai Chi Styles
127
6. Martial Applications
179
7. What Happens Next?
227
Index
244
Credits and Acknowledgements
246
Bibliography
246
Introduction
6
During the past few decades, the art of tai chi has spread out of China.
The style has not been limited to a select few: millions of people
worldwide practice tai chi. Part of the reason for this diverse appeal
is the wide scope of the art. Indeed, if you try to define what tai chi
actually is, you will arrive at a personal definition that may well differ
from that of someone else.
It is with this in mind that I have written The
or her and do your best to avoid causing
Tai Chi Handbook. Its intention is to offer the
injury. Note that the healing practices
reader insights across the scope of tai chi
described in this book are not intended as
rather than information on one single aspect
a substitute for professional medical care.
of it. Although my main background is in the

Yang school of tai chi and five-element
shiatsu, I have also studied many other styles
of martial art, both internal and external,
healing arts, along with Taoist arts and
meditation, too.
The exercises and examples in this book
are written in a way that will enable you to
try them for yourself. Always be sensible,
however: if you know, or suspect, that a
certain movement may cause you trouble,
just skip it until you can ask a professional
practitioner of tai chi for advice about it. Be
careful with the applications as well, and
remember that they are real. If you are
training with a partner, be respectful of him
What Is Tai Chi?
Introduction
Tai chi is an ancient Chinese martial art system that is practiced

throughout the world by ever-increasing numbers of highly enthusiastic
beginners and veterans of the art. The vast scope of tai chi means that
it is enjoyed by many cultures, young and old, fit and not so fit.
If you try to summarize tai chi, a basic
definition is that it is a combination of a
The Tai Chi Class
All tai chi schools follow a different style.
martial art, a healing art, and a philosophy.
Just as dance varies from tango and foxtrot
Each of these aspects is emphasized in
to ballet and jazz dance, so there are many
different proportions by each of the millions
diverse styles and variations encompassed
of tai chi practitioners.
by tai chi. The traditional styles will contain
It can be said that tai chi itself is evolving.

From the old days of tai chi, there are
stories of students being badly injured in
classes or having to hold a fixed position for
hours on end. This type of training would
be unrealistic for most modern people and
times, and techniques are much changed.
Nowadays, learning tai chi is a more refined
and pleasurable process!
So what are the common aspects of tai
chi practice? What will you get from your
training, and what do you need to put into
it? If this book can help you to answer those
two questions, or look at them in a different
way, then you will have made steps in your
tai chi progress.
elements of the following: health, martial art,

and meditation.
Health
Tai chi is founded in traditional Chinese healing, which uses the concept of chi to explain
health and disease. Tai chi is said to be excellent for developing your chi, as well as having
further health benefitswell documented in the world of sciencesuch as posture
correction and stress relief.
Martial Art
Tai chi as a martial art involves learning a pattern

or form. Each movement in the form has one
or more martial applications, which are then
developed through exercises, such as pushing
hands or other training drills. Once you have
mastered bare-hand techniques at a high enough
level, you will get the chance to expand your
repertoire by learning tai chi weapons.
Meditation
The martial art applications in tai chi work better

if your body is relaxed because the chi can move
more freely and your body will move more
efficiently. Your tai chi teacher should be able
to teach you some meditation practices that will
help you to gain the inner control and relaxation
that tai chi can offer.
Introduction
Is It For Me,
and What Do I Need?
During the years that I have taught tai chi, I have had students of all
shapes and sizes. The most extreme cases that I can remember are a
gentleman in his eighties who only had one eye and a very highly skilled
tae kwon do expert. Obviously, they were both looking for different
things from the class. The elderly gentleman was looking for some
gentle exercise, and the martial arts expert wanted to experience the
martial arts that he already knew from a different viewpoint.
If, like most people, you fall somewhere

between the two extremes, there is unlikely
to be a physical reason for you not trying tai
chi. If you are unsure, it is best to ask your
teacher or doctor whether tai chi practice is
suitable for you.
A common image of tai chi for many
Westerners is that of the elderly gentleman
rather than the martial artist. It is worth
remembering that much hard work is
required to reach the lofty heights to which
tai chi aspires, so there really should be
something for everyone.
The equipment needed for tai chi is
minimal. Most people (including Chinese
masters) usually train wearing either shorts
Any clothing that allows movement

is suitable for tai chi.
10
or tracksuit bottoms and a T-shirt. I like to
money, try looking at what instruction in
wear martial arts training shoes because
other martial arts costs and see if it
they do not have a built-up heel, which can
compares well. If you cannot afford it, try
affect your balance. However, many people
speaking to the instructor. You may find that
wear normal sneakers or train barefoot.
you have something to trade.
One thing that you will need is money.
In the end, the final choice is up to the
The cost need not be high, but you cannot
individual, but all instructors should be
expect to go to a class and not pay the
aware that if it were not worth the money,
The Health Benefits of

Practicing Tai Chi
instructor. If you are unsure about value for
their students would stop coming.
So what can you expect to gain from practicing tai chi? If you invest
time, effort, and tuition fees in learning the art, then it is reasonable
to expect some benefits. The most common
expectation is that it will be useful for stress
reduction, and tai chi is certainly good for this.
A normal stress reaction is to start
breathing quickly and shallowly. This is your
nervous system going into fight or flight
mode. While fight or flight can be a good
response, it is possible for such instincts
to be triggered when it is not appropriate.
This can cause stress to your system
and, over time, may result in illness.
Tai chi can help you

to turn tension
into calmness.
Introduction
11
The slow, regular, and deep breathing in

tai chi and qi gong exercises can help
break this cycle, thereby reducing stress.
The breathing exercises can also be useful
for those suffering from such problems
as asthma.
After practicing tai chi for a while, people
often say that they feel more grounded,
and that they can cope better with the
chaos of the world. One explanation for this
is that the exercises in tai chi have opened
up energy meridians that travel up and
down the body. When under pressure, we
can ground the energy, rather like a
lightning conductor on a tall building.
Without this grounding, it can feel as
though energy is locked in the upper part
of the body, trying to reach the earth.
Another significant health benefit of
practicing tai chi is that it is very good for
your posture, either in aiding the correction
of an alignment that is already poor or in
Tai chi gradually improves your posture.
minimizing the effects of repetitive work,

such as typing or using the telephone all
efficiently and will not be compressed or
day. Tai chi helps by keeping the spine and
stretched in unnatural ways.
the muscles that support the spine strong
The martial aspect of tai chi also helps
and supple. This effect goes far beyond
your health because it lifts the spirit. If you
curing backache: if your body is aligned
have strong spirit, you will become a more
correctly, your internal organs will work
confident and happy person.
12
Internal and External

Martial Arts
It is common to hear talk of internal and external styles of martial

arts. If you were to ask the question What is the difference? the
answer is likely to be vague, usually promoting whichever style that
particular practitioner follows. However, in order to understand
properly what the term internal means when applied to martial arts,
it is a good idea to start with a little history.
The phrase first appeared in the year 1894.
The aspects that the three styles had in
At the time, it was quite difficult to study
common were primarily the use of soft
more than one style of martial art, the
techniques, chi development, circular
reason being that, in those days, it was
techniques, and maintaining a relaxed mind
regarded as a challenge for a person from
rather than an aggressive attitude. Styles
one school to approach another without
that employ these aspects as a part of
provoking a fight! Eventually, it was agreed
todays training continue to be called
by three mastersCheng Ting Hua, a ba
internal martial arts.
gua zhang master; Liu De Guan, a tai chi
The main difference between internal and
master; and Liu Wei Xiang, a xing yi
external styles seems to be in the approach
masterthat it would be beneficial to all of
to teaching. An external stylist, such as a
their students if crosstraining were permitted
karate or jujitsu practitioner, tends to learn
between the styles. They had noted that the
the applications first, then becomes relaxed
styles bore many similarities and that
with the applications, thus developing
collaboration would be beneficial. The
more power, and finally seeks to increase
resulting martial arts family was given the
that relaxation through such methods as
name nei jia quan, or internal family
meditation. The final result will always be
boxing, and the internal styles were born.
similar, however.
The Roots
of Tai Chi
Throughout Chinese history, warriors, poets,

healers, sages, farmers, engineers, men, women,
the old, the young, and just about any other
types of people that you can think of have
practiced tai chi.
14
Taoism
The roots of tai chi and many other martial arts reach into Taoism. To
understand the history and techniques used in tai chi, it is therefore
very useful to have a grasp of the basic concepts of Taoism. This will
help you to understand the context within which the arts were devised,
and is a way of learning about another culture and way of life that can
enrich your own lifestyle.
Taoism is not a religion. It is certainly true that
interactions between the self and the
such concepts as the oneness of the
universe. It is not as complicated as it
universe are contemplated within Taoism, but
sounds. For example, the seasons have an
no deity is worshiped and there is no belief in
effect on us. When winter changes to
a supernatural power that governs the
spring, we feel changes inside ourselves.
universe. This is not to deny such beliefs and
Without prejudging if it is good or bad,
concepts, however: Taoism can be
Taoists will notice these changes.
piggybacked on a number of belief
Understanding your place in the world in
systems. For example, Mantak Chia, one of
which you live gives you the chance to feel
the foremost teachers of Taoism in modern
a part of it.
times, is also a practicing Christian. His
There are various concepts, such as yin
Taoism gives him a deep insight into his faith,
and yang and the five-element theory, that
which may have been difficult to achieve in
provide the framework upon which Taoism
more conventional ways. At the other end of
is based. These concepts were also used
the scale, many scientists have become
in developing the martial arts, and are
interested in Taoism because its world view
therefore worth looking at in greater detail.
coincides in many ways with the discoveries

of quantum physics and relativity.
Taoism derives from the observation of
ones self in the universe and the
The Roots of Tai Chi
15
The Taoist Idea of the Creation

of the Universe
It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;
The named is but the mother that reared the ten-thousand
creaturesexcerpt from the Tao Te Ching.
A question that the Taoist sages
many ways, the most common of which in
contemplated was Where did it all come
Taoism are the five elements (wu xing) and
from? In their attempts to answer this
the Book of Changes (the I-Ching).
fundamental question, the sages turned to
The five elements and the I-Ching can
the observation of the physical universe
therefore be seen as representations of the
around them and meditation, through which
universe, which was made by amalgamating
the sages took themselves to a primal state
the binary forces of yin and yang. These ideas
of nothingness that they called wu chi, or
may seem strange, but consider the ideas
the nameless.
of modern physics for a moment. The most
In the original state of nothingness,
popular explanation in physics for the
Taoists believed that yin and yangthe two
creation of the universe is the big bang
polarities in the universewere equally
theory. From the big bang, it is thought that
matched and canceled each other out.
the main elements, hydrogen and helium,
However, the two opposites somehow
were created. The hydrogen and helium
came out of balance, causing perpetual
then formed clouds that became stars. The
motion, shifting from extreme yin to extreme
refuse from these burned stars became
yang, with moments of near balance
the elements that make up the periodic
somewhere in the middle.
table. When you consider that all atoms are
As a result, the varying ratios and move-
made from positive and negative charges,
ments of yin and yang created all matter
it seems that the main differences between
and energy within the universe. Such an
the ideas of the Taoists and those of the
image of creation has been represented in
scientists is language.
16
Energy
In his famous E = mc2 equation, Einstein proved that energy and

matter are the same thing. This proof means that everything in the
universe is made of energy. Here is another crossover between modern
physics and Taoism. The Taoist perspective also states that everything
in the universe is energy. This energy is called chi. Chi is a common
concept in martial and healing arts. The words ki and prana, among
others, are names given by different cultures to the same thing.
Chi is the name that is given to energy as a

whole. Everything in the universea human,
a piece of metal, or a plantis made of
matter and therefore possesses energy that
the Chinese call chi. Nonphysical things,
such as magnetic fields and radio waves,
also have chi, the difference being that the
chi is less dense (more yin). Living things
have three sources of chi. These are the
chi that you are born with, the chi that you
get from your food, and the chi that you get
from the air.
Two elements of chi are jing and shen.
For an entity to have life, it must have jing.
Everything that is alive, whether plant or
animal, has jing. For a living thing to have
consciousness, it must have shen. In
traditional theory, only humans have shen
Chi exists in everything, in different levels.
17
because it was thought that only humans

have the power to know who, and what,
they are. Yet tests by biologists have proven
that many mammals, and possibly even
some nonmammals, have a degree of
consciousness, and in this context we
could therefore say that there are varying
degrees of shen.
Tai chi is said to be able to help you to
regulate the usage of the chi that you
were born with and to help you to use the
chi from your food and breathing more
efficiently. It can also increase ones selfawareness, or shen.
As consciousness evolves, a creature develops shen.
Meridians, Intent,
and Tsubos
By now you should have a grasp of the concept of energy, or chi, and
may realize that it has to move. Reduced movement of chi is the cause
of illness in traditional Chinese medicine: if the chi moves, the body
can be healthy; if it is restricted, the chi stagnates and illness can set in.
18
Imagine chi being like water. If you pump

water through a pipe, it can flow. If you do
not have a pipe, no matter how hard you
pump, the water will not move very far. In
chi, the pipe is the meridian and the pump
is an internal organ, such as the liver or
heart. There is a chi meridian associated
with most of our vital organs. The organ for
each meridian is the source of its chi. (But
some organs, such as the brain, do not
have a meridian associated with them.)
Returning to the water analogy, if you want
to pump water down a pipe, it has to go
somewhere. You do not want to lose the
water, but to keep it flowing, so you need a
circuit. In order to make the system more
efficient, and therefore last longer, you need
a series of pumps along the circuit. This is
exactly how the meridians are arranged.
Organs are grouped together in pairs and
the chi flows through those organs in a
circuit. The aim of chi healing is to keep the
chi moving freely within the circuit without
too much leakage.
Chi flows freely like water when someone is healthy.
Most of the time, chi will flow within
19
In the chi system, these inspection
these meridian circuits quite adequately.
covers are called tsubos. Tsubos exist
Sometimes, however, a meridian pathway
at various points along the meridians and
can become obstructed or weakened. If
are sometimes called pressure points. A
this were to happen in a water-pipe circuit,
healer who uses chi can detect the location
a way to clear the blockage would be to
of these tsubos and will use his or her intent
increase the pressure to force the blockage
to move the chi along the pathway and
away. In such chi exercises as tai chi and
clear a blockage. This is a fundamental way
qi gong, this increase in pressure is created
in which many chi healers work.
through mind control. If you use your mind
Energy meridians and tsubos are parts
to intend the movement of chi, the
of the energetic body. If you were trying to
pressure increases and the chi will move.
find them by dissection, you would be
No pipework system would be designed

without inspection covers, which can be
disappointed: the only way to detect them

is through using the sensitivity that can be
Yin and Yang

removed for maintenance by an engineer.
learned as a skill.
As was already mentioned, in the

Taoist vision of the universe there are
two opposite entities called yin and
yang, which are worth studying by
the serious martial artist. The Chinese
symbol for the yin-and-yang pair is
the well-known tai chi symbol.
20
The Yin-Yang
Symbol
The yin-yang symbol is a very clever piece
of graphic design. Look at it for a while and
think about what it may be telling you.
Start by looking at the colors, black and
white. Black represents yin and white
represents yang. The color black absorbs
light, while the color white reflects light. In
yin-and-yang theory, yin is the receptive,
that is, it absorbs, and yang is the creative,
which means that it expands. The reflective
white light represents the expansion of yang
and the contraction of yin is represented by
the absorption of black.
So opposites can be described as being
linked in pairs, for example, lifedeath,
hotcold, updown, inout, and so on, and
this leads us to the idea that one cannot
The opposites need each

other in order to exist.
exist without the other.

The circular shape of the symbol
21
dot of the opposite color. This means that

within yin there is yang, and within yang
suggests that the coexistence between the
there is yin. One implication here is that yin
entities of yin and yang is cyclical. Yin must
and yang are not absolute, but are relative
follow the extreme of yang, just as yang
to one another: if I have a flashlight that is
must follow the extreme of yin. A good
brighter than yours, it gives out more energy
example of this is breathing. After breathing
and is therefore more yang. If the sun
in (yin), the energy becomes yang and you
comes out, it has much more energy than
must breathe out.
my flashlight, so my flashlight becomes yin,
Each half of the tai chi symbol contains a
but it is still yang compared to your less

bright one.
If you push your hand out for a
To repeat the movement, you have
strike, it is a yang movement because it
to pull your hand back before you can
is expanding, or moving away from,
push it out again and vice versa. In yin
your body.
and yang terms,
If you pull your
you use yang
hand back for a
energy when you
block or an
push your fist
interception, then
out, but cannot
the movement is
do so again
coming toward
without pulling
you and is yin.
back and
Punching is an outward, or
yang, movement.
becoming more
yin first. It would
be like trying to
breathe out twice
in a row.
Roll-back comes in,
toward your body, and

is more yin.
22
Wu Xingthe Five Elements

Wu xing, or the five elements (sometimes referred to as the five
phases), is a Taoist way of observing the world in which we live and
our interactions with it. Records exist that show the theory of the five
elements as having a history of around three thousand years: it is
described in a book called the Huangdi Neijing that dates from the
Zhou Dynasty, which started in 1122 BCE and lasted until 476 BCE.
The early Taoists would have derived much

of their inspiration from observing the
passing of the seasons and how they affect
our physical and mental health. These
observations became more sophisticated
with the passage of time, and human
physiological and psychological types were
attributed to the five elements.
For example, if you are the type of person
who loves the summer and hates the winter,
this would be an indication that you are a
fire type of person because summer is the
time of year for the fire element. There are
Sunbathing will appeal to fire energy.
many subtleties and nuances to the theory,

but this is the basic starting point. One of
the uses of the five-element theory is to
either ignore them or respond to them in an
understand the needs of your body and
unhealthy way.
mind throughout the passage of time and to

be able to cater for those needs rather than
Although few tai chi teachers attribute a

certain move to a certain element, I have
found the five elements very useful when
and helps to harmonize chi flow through
teaching in helping me to identify the
the elements.
challenges that different people have in
23
Before describing the elements and how to
learning the movements. If you can
apply them, it is worth pointing out that there
identify an aspect of the tai chi form that
are five of them and only four seasons. In
is causing you difficulty, then you can
Taoism, there is a fifth season: the transitional
use the five elements as a way of
period between summer and fall, which is
analyzing and categorizing that difficulty.
represented by the earth element. Some
This is a major step in solving the problem,
people call it an Indian summer.
The water element is a good place to start
houses our ancestral chi. This is like the
because it is energy at rest, or energy in a
information contained within the seed that
state of quietness. The season for the water
tells the plant to be a sunflower instead of
element is winter, when the world is frozen
an apple tree.
The Water Element
or locked into a dormant state. The energy
Rest nourishes water energy. If you are
that is locked into a seed is water energy,
not resting yourself, then your water energy
and you can imagine the seed lying frozen

in the ground, waiting for the rising yang
energy of springtime.
Water energy is the great void of
emptiness that we enter during our sleep,
and it is during deep sleep that our reserves
of water energy are being replenished.
The DNA contained within a seed before it
grows is linked to water energy, which
The coded information contained in a seeds DNA is
water energy.
24
may become depleted. Meditation and good
your spine and helps to keep you upright.
sleep (without the assistance of alcohol or
Posture is an important aspect of tai chi,
other drugs) is beneficial. Drinking clean water
and if you notice that your body slumps
can also help to maintain your water energy.
forward during your practice, it may be
The organs for water energy are the
caused by the fact that your bladder
bladder, which is a yang organ, and the
meridian is not supporting your body.
kidneys, which are yin organs. The bladder
Think a little deeper about water energy.
meridian runs along either side of the spine
Are you tired? Is your sleep disturbed or too
and is particularly useful when treating back
short? A negative emotion for water energy
problems. If you are in water, the water
is fear, so are you a fearful type of person?
will gently support your body. The bladder
If this is starting to resonate with you, then
meridian works in the same way. The water
you may need to consider the water
energy in the bladder meridian supports
element and how you can fortify it.

Rest and relaxation replenish water energy.
The Wood Element

After rest comes movement. Springtime is
through nature is waking up after the
when water energy is transformed into
darkness and long nights of the winter.
wood energy. It causes seeds that have lain
The time of day for wood energy is the
dormant in the soil throughout the winter to
early morning. Following the restfulness of
sprout saplings and the sap to rise in trees.
sleep in the water-energy phase comes the
On a beautiful spring morning, it seems as
waking of wood energy. Just as springtime
25
Vision and control are both aspects of

wood energy. If somebody is exerting an
influence that prevents you from seeing your
visions through, this can lead to anger.
Enough anger may lead to an explosion.
Anger is a negative aspect of wood energy.
An analogy for this is seeing weeds grow
through the sidewalk. It may take many
Wood energy creates growth.
years, but eventually they will break through.

The organs for wood energy are the gall
leaps upon you in some years, while winter
bladder for the yang half, and the liver for the
seems to drag on in others, we feel instantly
yin half. The wood energy meridians control
alive on some mornings, but do not want to
movement in the flanks of the body. This is
get up on others.
especially true for the gall bladder meridian.
This brings us to another aspect of

wood energy. If you are getting up to go
on vacation somewhere exciting, it feels
different from getting up to go to work. Two
things may be happening here. The first is
that if you are getting up for work, you do
not have complete control over what you
do. You have to submit an element of
control to either your boss or your customer.
The second is that you can use your
imagination to see into the day. You know
that if you are going to work, you will be
there to work. If you are getting up to do
your own thing, you will normally feel
enthusiastic about it.
Working on tight deadlines can frustrate

wood energy.
26
In tai chi, if turning the waist is a

problem, think about the wood energy.
form so that you know where you are

going with it?
Do you have an internal conflict in which
Turning and decision-making are required
you cannot decide which movement
in the form. If they are your weakness, think
should be next? Can you see into the
about your wood energy.
The Fire Element
The growth of springtime cannot last forever.
The time of day for fire energy is midday.
If growth is unlimited, it cannot be sustained
This is an active period of the day, when we
and will burn out. After springtime, we
feel completely awake after the previous
therefore have the season of maximum
nights rest, but have not started to slow
yang energy: summer.
down and become tired, ready for the next
During this time, there is much activity in

nature. Fruit swells and ripens on the trees.
period of sleep.
The organs of fire energy are the heart and
The migrating birds have arrived and are
small intestine. In Taoism, the heart is the
nesting. The leaves on the trees have grown
center of love and happiness. When you
and are absorbing energy from the sun.

Nature is in its most active, or yang, phase.
Summer is the time when people get
together and have garden parties, go to
summer fairs, or simply relax. After the
growth and vision of the wood energy in
the springtime, there follows a need to
express that energy. Without selfexpression (fire), the power of the wood
energy cannot be released, which means
that the energy can become stuck in
anger and frustration.
Creativity is linked to fire energy.
practice tai chi, do you have a passion for
27
If you find that you are no longer in that
what you are doing, or are you just going
state, maybe you need to look at different
through the motions? Can you express your
ways of expressing yourself within the
inner self with the form? Are you actually
formrelease some of that fire energy!
enjoying it? If you are passionate about what
Remember that fire is the most active energy
you are doing, you must be enjoying it. This is
in the five-element cycle, which, if utilized,
an expression of fire energy within the form.
will allow you to take great steps forward.
Earth energy expresses itself at harvest
great just to lie down in a hammock and
time. This is the time when we gather in the
rest for a whileif only!
The Earth Element
crops so that we can feed ourselves. The
The feeling of earth energy is one of
nights are still quite long, but the crazy days
groundedness. It is the opposite of the
of summer have passed, leaving a kind of
head-in-the-clouds type of feeling that you
grounded, warm, and mellow feeling.

The time of day for earth energy is midto late afternoon. It is a time when you have
finished your midday meal and it would feel
Harvest time is the season of earth energy.
Our feet and legs connect us to earth energy.
28
may experience if you live in your
tai chi, we need strong legs. If this is your
imagination. If your earth energy is healthy,
weakness, then the earth energy may need
there is a feeling of being in contact with
work. This will only come with regular
your own body and with the planet Earth.
practice to build up the muscles.
The organs of earth energy are the spleen
When you practice the form, it should
and stomach. In energetic terms, they rule
be with your whole body and mind. If
digestion, not just of food, but also of
your body is doing one thing and your
information and ideas. The creative aspect
mind is jumping from one thing to the
of fire is being assimilated into the body by
next, it is probably because you do not
the earth energy.
feel grounded. This means that you
Earth energy has control over your

muscles, especially those in your legs. In
need to review your connection to the

earth energy.
The Metal Element
As the year comes to a close and late

summer turns to fall, the trees start to let go
of their leaves, animals go into hibernation,
and birds fly, or have flown, south for the
winter. Nature is getting ready to hibernate,
or to close down, for a while. The weather
becomes cooler as yin starts to become
stronger than yang. This is the time of year
for metal energy.
It is the time when nature discards all that is
not absolutely needed for the hibernation
phase. It is the time of day when we relax and
get ready for bed. We usually have some kind
of ritual before going to sleep, whether it be
Grief is an expression of metal energy.
29
using the bathroom and putting on our

bedclothes or saying a quick prayer before
settling. These are all aspects of metal energy.
Another aspect of metal energy is
division. Just as a knife cuts things into
pieces, so metal energy cuts and divides
things into smaller chunks. Metal energy
can become lost in the past or in grieving
for that which has gone. Just as death
brings grief and memories of the past, the
onset of fall and winter can bring sadness
over the memory of the glorious days
of summer.
The organs of metal energy are the lungs
and large intestine. The lungs are the devices
that give us chi from the air, while the large
intestine eliminates waste. These functions
both relate to our interface with the outside
world. Metal energy is said to rule our
boundaries. Skin is also ruled by metal energy.
Common challenges posed by the metal
element are losing your breath during
training, overanalyzing the form instead of
just doing it, and worrying too much about
the last mistake. Despite being a very
challenging element, the clarity that it brings
when you meet the challenge is undeniable.
Winter is the season for metal.
30
The Dance of the Elements

So far, the elements have been listed in the order in which they come into existence. This is
known as the creative cycle of the elements, and can be summarized as follows:
water gives life to wood by allowing the seed to germinate;

wood can be used as fuel to create fire;
fire creates ash that can fertilize the soil;
earth, when condensed, becomes stone (metal);
stones form the bed of a river and allow water to pass over them.
This cycle can be interpreted in many
important implication here is that no element
ways, for example, as the lifetime of a
works in isolation, and that they are all
human, a day, a year, and so on. Another
dependent on one another to some extent.
way of looking at the five elements,

however, is in terms of a controlling or
destructive cycle, as follows:
Using the Cycles
By now, you know about tai chi and have

contemplated the five elements. You may
wood covers earth;

earth displaces water;
water puts out fire;
fire melts metal;
metal cuts wood.
have identified a dominant aspect of the five

elements within you that could do with
some work, and may be ready to get
started, but what now?
There are three straightforward ways in
which you can use the five elements. Each will
The two cycles can be combined to show
take a little thought and imagination to apply,
the complete movements of the elements. An
but, with perseverance, results can be good.
31
1. Work on the Weak Element

The obvious solution is to work on the weak element. Meridian stretches and meditation
on the element are straightforward ways of hitting the problem in this way. For example, if
you decide that your water energy
needs working on, try the stretch on
page 66. It will loosen and gradually
strengthen your back. Try imagining
yourself floating in the sealisten to
music that helps you to relax. Think
of your own associations with the
water element and use them.
2. Use the Creative Cycle

There is a phrase in Chinese healing that can be roughly translated as When the child
screams, treat the mother. The logic here is that the energy from the creator (the mother)
needs to express itself as the child. The mother will not be greedy and keep all of the
energy, but will pass it on to the child in a way that can be accepted.
Returning to our example of the weak
water element, think about why the element
may be weak. It could be that you are just
tired. It could follow that you are not sleeping
properly because you are worried about
things that have happened during the day.
If you can reinforce your metal element by
having some kind of ritual that divides your
sleeping time from your thinking time, you
could get a better nights rest and thus pour
strength into the water element.
Try different approaches to beat your tiredness.
32
3. Use the Controlling Cycle

Returning once more to the water element,
it is possible that the level of the water has
been raised by the addition of some earth.
The earth element manifests itself in the
muscles, among other things. This is
especially true for the leg muscles because
the classical meridians for the earth are in
the legs.
If you can work on your leg muscles
and make them stronger, they will support
your body better and will assist the water
element in its supporting role. This will
usually be accompanied by a feeling of
being more grounded, which will also help
you to relax more.
These are just three of the many ways in
which you could look at the five elements.
For example, the water element could be
weakened by the fire element or the wood
element. Try to think of creative ways of
using this tool for self-analysis.
Working the leg muscles can help the earth element.
The I-Ching
The five elements are just one of the Taoist
methods of explaining the universe in which
33
Liang Yi
This kind of binary representation has
we live and our interactions with it. Just as
resonance with modern computer technology.
there are no absolutes in yin and yang, so
A binary word on a computer is made with
there are no absolute theories in Taoism,
binary digits, and the characters of the
either. No single approach is described as
I-Ching are made in the same way.
the one, and it is useful to have more than

one way of observing the universe.
Another approach is that of the I-Ching,
or Book of Changes. Like the five
elements, the I-Ching was used during the
Zhou Dynasty around three thousand years
yang
Si Xiang
yin
By adding another line to liang yi, we derive
ago. In excavations of a Zhou Dynasty site,
four different possibilities or combinations.
turtle shells were found with markings that
These four combinations are collectively
suggested that they had been used for
called si xiang.
I-Ching divination. It is known that turtle

shells were used as money, but the
markings suggest that the I-Ching was
already well established by that time.
The theories of the I-Ching are connected
with the Taoist idea of creation. From the
Ba Gua
The addition of another row gives us three
original source, wu chi, come the two
lines, which are commonly called trigrams,
opposites, yin and yang, also known as tai
so giving eight possibilities, or eight characters,
chi. From the polarity of tai chi comes liang
as shown on the next page. These eight
yi. This is a binary representation of yin
characters are called ba gua in Chinese.
and yang, with an unbroken line representing

yang, and a broken line, yin.
34
quian
dui
li
zhen
Each of these trigrams has its own name,
xun
kan
gen
ki
nothing can stay the same. This is
such as ki, li, and kan, and each has been
represented in a hexagram by having old
attributed different qualities, such as heaven,
and young lines, which are determined
earth, thunder, and so on. The attributes are
when the hexagram is cast, by using either
based on the balance of yin and yang within
sticks or coins.
each trigram. These trigrams are the

fundamental building blocks of the I-Ching.
In the I-Ching, greater subtlety and
An old line will change, that is, yin will

become yang and vice versa. Therefore,
if a hexagram is cast that has old lines,
complexity are gained by linking two
they will transform themselves into the
trigrams together. The trigrams are then
opposite polarity, thereby giving a new
grouped as an upper and a lower
hexagram.
trigram, known as a hexagram. Grouping
The first hexagram, or the one that was
the trigrams like this gives sixty-four (8 x 8)
cast, is said to represent the situation as it
different hexagrams in the IChing.
is, and the second hexagramthe one that
An interpretation of any hexagram is made

by looking at the two trigrams from which it
is created. The position of each trigram is
important here: the lower trigram represents
the internal, or hidden, part of a situation,
while the upper trigram represents the
external, or visible, part of a situation.
A central tenet of the I-Ching is that
everything is in fluxall is changing, and
has evolvedrepresents the situation as it

may be.
The Meanings
of the Trigrams
The I-Ching is regarded as a microcosmic

view of the universe: an I-Ching casting is
said to represent a snapshot of the energies
within the universe and your relationship
35
with those energies. The precise nature of a
Note that tai chi is a Taoist art, and that it
reading is guided by your intent. The idea is
can be said with certainty that many of the
that the intent of your mind directs your chi.
tai chi masters who developed the art used
Your chi mingles with that of the world
the I-Ching for inspiration. It is with this in
around you, and the hexagram gives a
mind that we discuss the I-Ching as a tool
snapshot that represents the mix. The rest
for exploring how we can improve ourselves
is down to interpretation.
by using tai chi, not as a tool for divination.
While it is unnecessary to describe the

meaning of each hexagram within this book,
having an elementary understanding of the
Such notable thinkers as C.G. Jung used

the I-Ching in this way.
The meanings of the individual trigrams
eight trigrams will give you an insight into the
are very deep and complex. They are
way that Taoist sages worked because the
deliberately symbolic, and the language of
trigrams are the fundamental building blocks
the I-Ching is always poetic. The following is
of the I-Ching.
a summary of what they mean.
1. Quian: the Creative

Quian is the most yang of the trigrams. The keyword is
strength. It is ruled by the principle of the father and
its entity is heaven. The late fall to early winter is the
time of year for quian.
2. Ki: the Receptive

Ki is the opposite of quian: it is the most yin of the
trigrams. Its keyword is devotion, and its family
member is the mother. The entity for ki is the earth,
and its time of year is late summer to early fall.
36
3. Zhen: the Arousing

Zhen combines the yang energy of the father with the
influence of the mothers yin and represents the eldest
son in the I-Ching family. His essence is in movement
and he is symbolized by thunder or wood. His time of
year is the springtime.
4. Kan: the Abysmal

Kan is the continuation of the effect of
the mothers yin upon the fathers
yang, and his position in the I-Ching
family is the cunning middle son. He
is dangerous, although that danger may
be what is required to release a situation
from inertia. He is represented by water and
clouds. His time of year is winter.
5. Gen: Keeping Still

Gen is most influenced by yin energy, although that
of yang is still present. Gen is therefore said to be
the youngest son in the family. His essence is in the
stillness that is characterized by a mountain. His time
of year is late winter to early spring.
37
6. Xun: the Gentle

The yin lines now start to feature more, so the female
principle dominates. Xun is the daughter most influenced
by yang energy, so she is the eldest. Her nature is gentle
and yielding, yet she has the power of penetration. Her
manifestation is in the wind, and she shares wood with her
elder brother. Her time of year is late spring to early summer.
7. Li: the Clinging

Li combines the yin and yang
energies to become the beautiful
middle daughter. Her nature is
clinging, but she can be hot and
agitated. Fire and lightning are her
manifestations. Her high temperature gives
her the summer as her season.
8. Dui: the Joyous

Dui is the yin element that is most influenced by yang.
She is the youngest daughter; pleasure is her
keyword and laughter is her voice. The lake represents
her, and can be either deep or shallow, depending on
the circumstances. Her time of year is the fall.
38
Using the Trigrams
zhen, the eldest son. The elder man is
These eight trigrams are built up to create
deferring control to the younger woman.
the sixty-four hexagrams. When combined,
This is the yielding concept in tai chi.
their symbolic meanings give the full
By yielding to the lower position, the
meaning of the hexagram. These hexagrams
attackers force is allowed to approach
are very useful when searching for
and is followed without resistance. This
inspiration on a subject.
will give the advantage, because the
For example, hexagram number
force will be redirected and the defender
seventeen, called sui (the following),
will be able to control the next energy
has dui, the youngest daughter, above
transformation.
Wu Wei
39
Do you know the feeling of trying too hard? You are desperately
putting every ounce of your being into getting something done, but
seem to be going nowhere?
For me, it happens when I go ice-skating.
In tai chi, we exercise wu wei. The
I enjoy the pastime, but have no particular
beginner comes to the class and starts to
skill at it. I struggle to get across the ice,
learn the form. It is obvious, even to the
and if I am lucky, I do not fall over! If I am
uninitiated, that there is a difference
really in luck, I find my rhythm, only to see
between the beginners form and the
somebody float by me without seeming
veterans form. As with skating, the beginner
to move a muscle. The difference is that
is trying to do the form, while the veteran is
through practice, that person has learned
doing the form. This is not to say that there
to switch off the effort and simply skate,
is no effort in doing the form properly! It is
while I am still trying to skate.
about the fact that the conscious mind can
This is what the Taoists call wu wei, the

art of doing by not doing. It sounds
impossibly contradictory, but then so do
a lot of things in Taoism. It does not mean
that things get done if you just leave them;
it is about learning a skill to such a level
that it becomes embedded. It may look
and feel as though you are doing very little,
but the actions you do make have the
influence you want over the outcome that
you desire.
Learn to flow with the movements.
let the subconscious do the work so that

the form looks effortless.
40
The Middle Way
Chapter 9 of the Tao Te Ching says the following:
Stretch a bow to the

very full,
And you will wish
that you had stopped in time;
Temper a sword to its
very sharpest,
And you will find that it
soon grows dull.
Obviously, this is a fairly advanced stage.
part of the world around you. Because
Here we are talking about the middle way
much of Taoism is about integrating
that Lao Tsu wove into many of his chapters
yourself into the world, this seems rather
in the Tao Te Ching.
self-defeating.
The idea is that yin and yang should be
Taoism teaches that the middle way is
balanced. If you live your life in an extreme
more sustainable and leads to a longer and
yang state, you will probably start by having
happier life. This concept is embodied in tai
a very exciting time. After a while, however,
chi practice. Even with the most yang of
the excitement can either become
movements, there is a feeling of restraint
meaningless or unsustainable.
keeping within the frame of the movement.
Conversely, if you live in an extreme yin
Without the restraint, it would be very
state, you could become so withdrawn
difficult to make the transition back to a yin
that you no longer feel as though you are
movement, so the tai chi would stop.
The Origins of
Tai Chi Styles
Although there are many styles of tai chi, they
are all based on five main styles. It is useful to
know where your particular style fits into the
world of tai chi.
42
Tai Chi Chuan:

Historical Perspectives
When studying any art form, it is worth having at least a

rudimentary understanding of its history. Such knowledge can
lead to a deeper understanding of your art and how it has evolved
through the years.
The history of tai chi chuan spans many
have value because it emphasizes the idea
generations, and its early origins have
of softness overcoming strength, which is a
become clouded in legend. Different
fundamental Taoist concept. It is still just a
interpretations of its history abound. A
legend, however.
common reason for this is that many of the

schools like to see themselves as practicing
the original tai chi because this helps to
attract new students. Without doubt, a little
romance has also been added to some of
the stories to spice them up a bit. It may be
that the true story of how tai chi really came
into being is lost forever.
A common legend is that the immortal
Taoist Zhang Sanfeng observed a bird trying
to catch a snake. The snake was lithe and
its movement soft. This made it impossible
for the bird to catch it, so it escaped to
wriggle around for another day. This is said
to have inspired the movements that
became tai chi chuan. The legend does
The Origins of Tai Chi Styles
It is unconfirmed whether Zhang Sanfeng
Chen style of tai chi is the root of modern
actually existed, although stories of his
styles, and that all other styles derived
existence on the Wudang Mountain in China
from it or were highly influenced by it in
seem to have originated during the Ming
some way. Most tai chi masters agree
Dynasty (13681664), probably at some
that there are five main styles of tai chi.
point during the fifteenth century.
These are Chen, Yang, Wu Yu Xian, Wu
Fortunately, not all of tai chis history is
43
Jian, and Sun.
The Origins of
Chen-style Tai Chi
shrouded in vagueness. It is known that the
Members of the Chen family were already known for their martial arts
skills before they started to practice internal styles. They practiced a
style called cannon-pounding, or pao chui, which also involved
elements of Shaolin red fist. The proximity of the Chen village to the
Shaolin temple made this crossover of information straightforward.
The routines of pao chui, practiced by the
advent of guns. Although the Chinese
Chen family, were integrated and simplified
invented gunpowder, they did not invent
into two further routines, which became the
guns. The scene on a Chinese battlefield
Chen pao chui, primarily an external art, and
would therefore be one of hand-held
were then developed into an internal art by
weapons and bare-handed combat until
Chen Wanting, although exactly how this
some time around the beginning of the
came about is unclear.
twentieth century.
The Chen-family lineage can be traced to

the present day. A major influence was the
This had the same effect on tai chi as it

was to have on many of the other martial
44
arts, in that the battle techniques of each
otherwise been associated with higher levels
style took on a certain degree of redundancy.
of the arts. Members of the Chen family
As a result, the styles evolved to include
travel the world today, bringing their very high
The Origins of
Yang-style Tai Chi
more of the spiritual aspects that had
level of skill to all who practice with them.
The origins of Yang-style tai chi, although they may be slightly

romanticized, are well documented. The first thing to understand is
that the name Yang style does not have the same meaning as yang
in yin and yang. It is a persons name, just as Chen is a family name.
The person that we are talking about is
difficult with the old family styles unless you
Yang Lu Chan (17991872). Yang Lu Chan
were a member of the family. This was not
was born in the village of Nan Guan in Yong
just being overprotective: they were trying to
Nian County in Hebei. His was a farming
ensure that they could feed their families in
family. He was a very keen martial artist
the generations to come.
and learned a Shaolin style of kung fu in

his early days.
Yang Lu Chan wanted to study the
Yang Lu Chan, coming from a farming

family, did not have the money to overcome
this obstacle, but he did have the
famous Chen-style martial art (it was Yang
determination. According to legend, he
Lu Chan who popularized the name tai
managed to become a caretaker at the
chi). In those days, things were different.
martial arts school in the Chen village.
You did not just find a club, turn up, pay
Through osmosis and covert watching of
your fees, and train. You needed to be
the training, he was able to gain enough
accepted by the master. This was especially
information for his solo practice.
He was so determined that he reached a
45
accounts, a very bad temper. Yang Jian
very high level of skill. A plausible story is
Hou in turn had a son named Yang Cheng
that he was assisting a student of Chen
Fu (18831936), who was to learn tai chi
Chang Xing. Chen Chang Xing had learned
from his grandfather, father, and uncle. He
from Jiang Fa, so his skill was great. While
was a very keen learner and his skill level
unaware that the master was observing him,
became very high. It was Yang Cheng Fu
Yang Lu Chan taught the student to make
who invented the Yang style of tai chi that is
some corrections.
now the most popular in the world.
Chen Chan Xing was so impressed by
Yang Cheng Fu had two sons, who are
the humble caretaker that he tested Yang
still alive: Yang Zhen Ji (the eldest) and Yang
Lu Chans skills. When he realized how
Zhen Duo. Yang Zhen Duo has done much
serious the young man was about learning
to popularize the Yang style of tai chi by
tai chi, he took him on as a student.
traveling the world and teaching it to a high
Yang Lu Chan went on to study the Chen
level. Yang Zhen Ji preferred to stay in his
style of tai chi for many years. He was never
village in China and to develop his tai chi,
afraid to take on a challenge and became
making his form as close as possible to that
known as Yang the invincible.
of his father. He still teaches a small group
Yang Lu Chan had three sons, the eldest
of people, such as the tai chi master
of whom died at a fairly young age. The two
Christopher Pei, who has his own Wu Shu
remaining sons were Yang Ban Hou and
academy in Washington, D.C., and has a
Yang Jian Hou. Both became skilled martial
long-standing class with the Tai Chi Alliance,
artists, although it is said that Yang Ban Hou
based in Nottingham, England.
had the most natural skill, and, by all
46
The Origins of the Wu Yu

Xian Style of Tai Chi
The founder of this style of tai chi was named Wu Yu Xian (18131880).
Like Yang Lu Chan, the founder of the Yang style of tai chi, Wu Yu
Xian was an inhabitant of Yong Nian County.
Also like Yang Lu Chan, he was a very keen
a small frame. It is frequently practiced at
martial artist with a background in Shaolin
different heights to emphasize different
kung fu.
areas of development, such as strength in
He and his brothers fell under the spell

of the Yang family. Wu Yu Xian became
the legs or loosening the waist.

Wu Yu Xian did not have many students.
one of Yang Lu Chans students and
One of his most skilled students was his
assisted the master by teaching his sons
nephew, Li I Yu (18321892). Li I Yu wrote
to read and write. After a period of
The Tai Chi Classics and taught the art to
learning with Yang Lu Chan, Wu Yu Xian
Hao Wei Chen (18491920). Hao Wei
decided to try to learn from Yang Lu
Chen taught his style to Sun Lu Tang,
Chans teacher, Chen Chang Xing. He
who developed his own style of tai chi
was not able to learn from Chen Chang
(see pages 48 to 49).
Xing, but was fortunate enough to learn
The Wu Yu Xian style of tai chi is one of
from the famous Chen Quing Ping, who
the five major styles of tai chi, but is
was also a very influential teacher in the
relatively unknown outside China. The Hao
Chen family.
family descendants of Hao Wei Chen do
Wu Yu Xian developed his own form, a
much to publicize their art, and this style of
mixture of those of Yang Lu Chan and Chen
tai chi is frequently called the Hao style in
Quing Ping. The form uses small circles and
honor of their work.
The Origins of the

Wu Jian Style of Tai Chi
47
Yang Lu Chan taught his tai chi at the Imperial Court of China, which
was Manchurian. The fashion of the day was to wear long, flowing,
silk robes. As anybody who has tried practicing martial arts can
imagine, such robes make certain movements difficult to perform.
Yang Lu Chans answer was to create a Yang-style small frame for the
Imperial Court. The small frame was essentially the old-style Yang
form, but with smaller movements to accommodate the long garments
that were part of the dress code of the time.
After the downfall of the dynasties during
he trained with a person. When practicing
the beginning of the twentieth century, it
push hands with a high-ranking official
was no longer safe in China to have a
from a martial arts association, he did not
Manchurian name, so the family adopted
hold back and bounced the person.
the name Wu.
Nursing his injured pride, the secretary
Wu Jian Quan and Yang Cheng Fu, the
general of the martial arts association
grandson of Yang Lu Chan, became
decided to back Wu more than Yang,
practicing partners. Although the Wu Jian
and thus the Wu Jian form split from the
style of tai chi became separate from
Yang form.
the Yang style of tai chi, the two families
The Wu Jian style of tai chi is still popular
did not see them as being separate at
throughout the world and has some very
that time.
skilled masters. It is second only to the Yang
It is said that Yang Cheng Fu would not

allow rank or social position to alter how
style in worldwide popularity.
48
A Brief History of
Sun-style Tai Chi
Sun-style tai chi is the most recently developed of the five styles. It
was developed by Sun Lu Tang (18611933), a famous and highly
skilled martial artist and intellectual of the time. Many legends exist
about Sun Lu Tang, even though he died relatively recently. As is
frequently the case, the real life of Sun Lu Tang sounds far more
interesting than any of the legends.
Sun Lu Tang was born on January 4, 1861,
became ill and died. Sun Lu Tangs mother
in Wan County, near the city of Bao Ding
then managed to persuade a rich local
in Hebei province. His original name was
landowner to take her son on as a servant.
Fu Quan (the name Sun Lu Tang was given
At the time, Sun Lu Tang had found a
to him later by one of his teachers). Sun Lu
martial arts instructor and was a keen and
Tangs father was a farmer. In the early
fast learner. Although his mother did not
days, Sun Lu Tang was not a physically
approve when she heard of his interest in
strong boy, but his father recognized
martial arts, she agreed to let him continue
that he was very intelligent and sent him
his studies when she saw how much they
to a local scholar, who taught him reading
had improved his fitness level. He was still
and calligraphy.
employed by the landowner when, at the
At the time, the Qing Dynasty was in
age of twelve, he was attacked by a martial
control of China and imposed heavy taxes
artist eight years his senior. He hit the man
that reduced the family to a state of poverty.
in the stomach. This marked the end of
When it raised taxes to an even higher level,
his employment.
Sun Lu Tangs father could no longer afford
Sun Lu Tang then became the student of
to educate his son. Shortly after the boys
Li Kui Yuan, who taught him xing yi, or five-
studies ceased, Sun Lu Tangs father
element boxing. For the first year of his
49
training, Sun Lu Tang was taught only the
return, he started a martial arts school in
san ti posture. He became very skilled at
his town.
xing yi, was accepted as a disciple of Li Kui

Yuan, and wrote books on the subject.
Sun Lu Tang then met Cheng Ting Hua, a
In 1914, Sun Lu Tang heard that the

martial artist Hao Wei Chen was ill. He
tended to Hao Wei Chen throughout his
famous expert in ba gua zhang, another
illness and became a friend. In return for his
internal Chinese martial art. He was highly
kindness, Hao Wei Chen taught Sun Lu
impressed by the evasive maneuvers used
Tang his style of tai chi, Wu Yu Xian.
in the art and was accepted by Cheng Ting
Sun Lu Tang went on to integrate this tai
Hua as a student to learn the art. His
chi with xing yi and ba gua. The result was
studies made him very skilled.
the Sun style of tai chi. It is famous
In 1891, Sun Lu Tang took his teachers
throughout the world and is less diluted than
advice and began to make a living by
many styles of tai chi because Sun Lu Tang
teaching martial arts. Again on the advice
taught his daughter the style and she
of his teacher, Cheng Ting Hua, Sun Lu
carried on teaching it after his death, thus
Tang went to Wu Dang Mountain in
ensuring that the style remains close to how
Hubei province to study Taoism. On his
her father would have wanted it to be.
50
The Chinese
National Form
A popular version of tai chi is that of the Chinese national form. In

1956, the Maoist government released a book describing a form called
simplified tai chi chuan. It has twenty-four movements and is
frequently called the 24. The emphasis of the form is on the physicalhealth benefits that tai chi can bring. Because Taoism was not in favor
at the time, the Taoist notions regarding the foundation of tai chi were
not emphasized.
The 24 was largely based on the Yang
promoted by the Chinese government as a
style of tai chi, although more demanding
good exercise regime. Now very popular
forms in terms of content and length were
throughout the world, they have evolved
devised in consultation with masters from
slightly from the originals, and many
other styles. The resulting forms became
teachers have integrated traditional Taoist
known as the combined forms, and were
and martial arts skills into them.
Tai Chi
Practice:
Getting Started
Tai chi warm-up exercises are vital to get the
chi flowing through the body. The exercises
should always help you to let go of tension.
52
Warm-up Exercises
In tai chi, the movements are usually performed at quite a slow speed.
When an experienced person practices them, it can look graceful and
effortless. In reality, however, the slow movements of the tai chi form
are giving the body a workout that can be as strenuous as a session in
the gym. Furthermore, the experienced tai chi practitioner will have
her mind in a fixed state of calmness and heightened sensitivity, which
allows the person to feel the chi within the movements. In effect, a
mental workout is being performed at the same time as a physical
workout.
Just as you would not weight-train without
do more or less, you can make the decision
warming up, it is inadvisable to practice tai
to do so. As with all of the exercises in this
chi without doing so. It will prevent you from
book, let your body be the boss. If you
overstraining your muscles and will help to
experience pain or discomfort from an
relax your mind and body before practicing
exercise, either ease off or leave it out
the forms. The exercises shown here can
completely. If you are overenthusiastic and
either be applied to any other activity that
damage yourself, it will probably stop you
requires physical effort or be used alone as
from training for a few weeks. This is a
a way of loosening up when you get up in
distressing thought!
the morning. You may find that you already

know some of them.
I have given guidelines in the exercises as
Neck Rotations
Most people know what it is like to have
to how many repetitions to do. This is
a stiff neck. A few simple neck and
assuming that you are reasonably fit and
shoulder exercises can help prevent the
have no problems that could hamper you.
problem. In tai chi, you need a strong,
The person who ultimately decides how
supple neck so that you can raise the
many exercises to do is you. If you want to
crown of your head.
Tai Chi Practice: Getting Started
1.
1.
Stand in a relaxed
position, with your head up,

your shoulders down, and your
2.
feet slightly apart.
2. On an outward breath, let

your chin drop down to your
chest to stretch the back of your
neck. Do not pull your head down, but
let gravity do the work.
3.
Hold for around 15 seconds if you are a
3.
beginner, and longer if it suits. Breathe in and lift

your head up.
4. On an outward breath, open the side

of your neck by letting your head fall to
4.
one side. Again, let gravity do the work.

Do not pull it. Let your ear move toward
your shoulder and do not lift
your shoulder.
5.
5.
Breathe in and
return to the center.
6. Repeat the side-pull

for the opposite side.
6.
53
54
Shoulder Rotations
or sung, as the Chinese say. If you start to
If you become stressed, your shoulders can
relax your shoulders, the rest of your upper
become hunched, causing painful knots in
body will follow. Bear in mind that practicing
the muscles. The gentle use of these
the exercises slowly and controlling your
shoulder exercises can help to release the
breath is more effective than trying to do it
tension. In tai chi, the body must be loose,
quicklyit gives your body time to adjust.
1. Start in an easy
2. Breathe in and
3. Breathe out and 4. When you reach
standing position.
lift your shoulders as
rotate your shoulders
the bottom position,
high as they will go.
backward, in time
continue the circular
with your exhalation.
movement of your
shoulders as you lift
them on the inhalation.
Repeat 8 to 10 times. Repeat the full movement, circling the shoulders in the opposite direction.
Shoulder and
Elbow Rotations
This exercise is particularly effective for

mobilizing the whole of the shoulder
blades or scapulas. Next time you
watch big cats on television, see how
much power they generate from their
scapulas. Loosening your scapulas
allows you to do the same. Try not to
hold the rest of your body rigid during
this exercise, but let the movement
flow through you.
1.
Start in an easy standing
position. Touch your inner shoulders

with your fingers.
2. Breathe in and make a big upward

circle with your elbows.
3. On the exhalation, pull your

elbows down.
Repeat 8 to 10 times.
55
56
Windmill the Arms
When done slowly, this exercise will help you to loosen your
shoulders. If you try doing it more vigorously, it will also work your
cardiovascular system.
1.
2. Rotate your whole arm
3.
standing position. Put your
in one direction 10 to
direction.
fingertips into the soft part
20 times.
Start in an easy
under your collarbone. (This

will tell you whether you are
lifting your shoulder instead
of rotating it.)
Repeat in the opposite
Upper-body Twist
This exercise helps you to exercise the upper section of your spine.
2. On an exhalation,
3.
turn your body gently to
the center.
Inhale and return to
one side.
1.
4. On the second
5. Inhale and return to
standing position. Raise
exhalation, turn the same
the center.
your fists and elbows. Your
way, but a little farther.
Start in an easy
fists should not be tightly

clenched.
Repeat steps 4 and 5 on the opposite side.

Repeat the whole sequence 8 to 10 times.
57
58
Rotate the Waist
Waist rotations help you to exercise your

lower back and loosen your waist. Your
waist needs to be flexible to generate
power in any martial art. For that reason,
this exercise is practiced in nearly all of
the martial arts that exist.
1. Start in an easy standing

position. Place the palms of
your hands on your kidneys.
2.
Press forward with your
hands so that your body

arches forward slightly. Keep
your head stationary.
After 8 to 10 of the large rotations, gradually
3. Rotate your body in one
reduce the size of the rotation until it stops.
direction, gradually allowing the
Repeat the exercise, rotating in the opposite
size of the rotations to increase,
direction. Try to make the same number of
but do not make the circles so
rotations in each direction.
large that your head moves.
59
Swinging the Arms
This exercise loosens your upper body and

massages the ming-men and tan-tien points,
both of which are considered vital for a healthy
life by energy healers.
1. Start in an
easy standing
position.
2. Begin the exercise by rotating your

waist backward and forward.
3. As the rotations increase in size, allow your arms to lift with

the momentum of the rotation. Remember that your arms should
be moved by your waistdo not swing them outward.
Repeat the rotations for a couple of minutes.

Then slow down and gradually stop.
60
Thigh Rotations
This exercise is especially good for developing the muscles that you will need for the kicks
in the tai chi forms. It is also very good for your balance.
1. Start in an easy 2.
standing position.
3. Breathe out
4. Repeat 3 to
lift up your knee in
and bring your knee
5 times.
front of you.
around in a circle as
Breathe in and
you exhale.
Change the direction of rotation.

Repeat for the opposite leg.
61
Knee Rotations
If done correctly, this exercise can help to prevent injuries to the

knee, a common problem for athletes. If you already have knee
problems, consult an expert before trying the exercise. If it makes
your knees uncomfortable, skip the exercise.
1.
Stand with your feet together.
2.
Bend down and put your hands on your
kneecaps (this helps to protect your knees).

Focus your eyes on a spot on the floor (this
helps you to balance).
3. Rotate your knees in a fairly small circle in

one direction 6 to 10 times.
4.
Repeat the rotations in the opposite direction.
62
Ankle Rotations
Ankle rotations help you to loosen the whole of your leg and keep
your ankles supple for tai chi movements.
1. Start
2. Lift the heel of the
in an easy
other leg so that your toe is
standing
in contact with the floor.
position. Shift
all of your
weight onto
one leg.
3. Rotate your knee in one

direction 8 to 10 times.
4.
Keep your ankle soft, so that the
rotations loosen it.
Repeat for the opposite leg.
Stretching Exercises
63
One of the aims of tai chi is to make the body soft and loose so that it
can move lithely. If your body is supple, then it becomes resilient. It is
like comparing a willow tree to an old oak tree. In a storm, the supple
willow can flex more than the old oak tree, and so stands a better
chance of weathering that storm.
By comparison, it should take little to
better stretch and will prevent injury. It is not
understand the health benefits of keeping
a good idea to stretch when you have a full
your body supple, and the only real way to
stomach because this can harm your body.
make your body more flexible is by

stretching your muscles.
Try not to overdo a stretch. In some

exercises, there is a no pain, no gain
Outlined in the following pages are six
ethos, but not here! Instead of feeling the
body stretches that concentrate on specific
burn, savor the stretches and notice the
meridian pairs in your body, as detailed in
different feelings that they give you.
the five-element theory (see pages 22 to
The sequence of the meridians follows
32). This means that you can supplement
the Chinese clock, which is based on
your mental grasp of the five elements with
the Taoist theory that some organs are
a physical understanding from performing
more active at certain times of the day
the meridian stretches. Try to work out
than others.
which is your best element for stretching

and your weakest element for stretching.
This can tell you much about your energy.
Try using the creative and controlling cycles
to give you a stretching sequence. Be
creativethe tools are there for you to use.
Make sure that you are warmed up before
stretching. This will enable you to perform a
64
Stretch for Lung and Large Intestine Meridians

This stretch will work the meridians for the metal element. As with all of
the meridian stretches, if you do not force them, but allow the force of
gravity to do the work, you will actually feel the stretch along the
meridians concerned. This stretch is particularly useful for opening the
chest area. You may feel a little dizzy on completing this exercise. This is
because your body has had a big burst of oxygen and it is now pumping
around your head. Do not go straight into the next exercise, but allow
yourself to regain your balance before moving on..
1.
Stand with
your feet slightly
[3]
more than
shoulder-width
apart and your
toes pointing
slightly outward.
4.
2.
On exhalation,
5. When you have
release your body
finished, inhale and
3. Take a
so that your torso
push back with your
deep breath.
drops forward in a
hands to lift your
controlled way (no
torso. (If you think of
sudden movements).
pushing your hands
Feel the maximum
back rather than
weight in the front of
lifting your body, you
Link your
thumbs behind your

back. Spread out
Repeat, changing the
your feet. Breathe
will avoid injurying
your fingers.
grip with your thumbs.
slowly and deeply.
yourself.)
65
Stretch for Spleen and Stomach Meridians

This stretch is for the earth element. It is
If you are comfortable with your weight on
particularly useful for the quadriceps at the
your elbows, lean back all the way, so that
front of your legs.
your back is lying on the floor. Intertwine
There are three different levels of difficulty
your fingers above your head and breathe
with this stretch. Make sure that you are
deeply. As you breathe in and out, feel the
comfortable at one level before moving on
tension and relaxation in your muscles. Hold
to the next. If you try to force your body, you
the position for a few breaths or for as long
will not be able to feel the meridian being
as you feel comfortable.
stretched and will lose your body alignment.
When you have finished, come out of the
The full stretch can sometimes pull the
stretch in the same way that you went into it. If
knee. If this happens, go back to an easier
you made it all the way to the floor, support
position to prevent it being damaged.
yourself on your elbows and then on your

hands before returning to the kneeling position.
1.
Start in a
kneeling position.
2.
Lean back and support your weight on
your hands. (Most reasonably fit people will

be able to do this.) Hold the position for a
while and understand how your body feels.
It could be that this stretch is deep enough
for you. Move on only when your body is
ready for more.
3.
Increase the stretch by lowering your
weight onto your elbows. At this point, you

should be able to feel the stretch through
your legs, and probably through the trunk
of your body, too.
66
Stretch for Heart

and Small Intestine
Meridians
Stretch for Kidney

and Bladder
Meridians
up the groin and loosens your upper back
stretches your hamstrings and also along
and neck.
your spine.
This stretch is for the fire element. It opens
1. Sit with your back
This stretch is for the water element. It
held straight and the soles
1.
of your feet together. Hold
stretched out
your feet with your hands.
in front of you
As you inhale, bring your
and your back
heels in, to your groin. If
held straight.
Sit on the floor, with your legs
you cannot get your heels

close to your groin, do not
worrythe exercise has
highlighted an area of stiffness for future work.
2. On an exhalation,
2.
Take a deep breath and, on the
exhalation, drop your body forward. If you
let your torso drop
can, grab your feet. Otherwise, hold your
forward. Release your
legs. Breathe into the stretch and let your
neck and let gravity
neck relax so that your head drops down
pull it down. If you can
and stretches the upper part of your back.
let your neck go, you

will feel the stretch
Hold for a few

breaths and stay
work through your back. If your neck is stiff,
relaxed. When
you will feel the stretch in your back less.
you have had
Hold the position for a few breaths and
enough, inhale
then come out of the stretch in the same
as you lift your
way that you went into it.
body back up.
67
Stretch for Heart-Protector

and Triple-heater
These meridians are from an elemental

group called secondary fire. The heart
protector is the pericardium that surrounds
your heart and all other internal organs. The
triple heater is not actually an organ: it is a
regulation system for the organs. This
exercise is good for opening the groin and
the area between the scapulas.
1.
Sit in a cross-legged position, but do
not actually cross your feet over.
2.
Pull your heels as
3.
Cross your arms over
4.
On an exhalation,
close to your groin as
and hold your knees. If your
drop your body forward.
you can.
left leg is in front of your
You should feel the stretch
right, your left arm should
in your groin and between
also be in front of the right.
your shoulders.
After a few breaths,
come out of the stretch in
Repeat, crossing your legs and

arms the opposite way.
the same way that you

went into it.
68
Stretch for Liver and Gall Bladder Meridians
This final stretch works with the wood energy. It is a very powerful exercise for opening the flanks
of your body.
Meridians
1.
Sit on the floor, with your legs wide
apart. (The position of your legs should be

comfortable because this stretch is not
designed to open the groin area.) Keep your
back straight.
2.
Exhale, and stretch forward along one
leg. You may be able to hold your big toe or

ankle. If not, grab as far along your leg as
you can.
3. Lift your other arm over your ear until it

is pointing toward your foot. It is important
not to twist your body because this will not
allow you to stretch your flanks properly.
Hold the position for a few breaths, then
return to the center position.
Repeat the stretch on the opposite side.
Assisted Stretching
69
Just as many of the exercises in yoga are suitable for assisted stretching,
or stretching in pairs, so, too, are the meridian exercises. For the tai chi
student, or somebody who is learning healing work, this can be valuable
practice for the person in the assisting role of the stretch because it helps
you to learn sensitivity when working with a partner. The point of
assisted stretching is not to try to reach a higher level, but rather to help
the person being stretched to understand their limitations and keep their
posture correct.
The feedback that a partner can give you is
invaluable because it can help you to notice
Assisted Stretch
for Metal
The active partner performs the stretch
habits that have become so ingrained that
for the lung and
you no longer notice that they are there.
large intestine
In each exercise, the person who is
meridians. The
performing the stretch is the active partner
passive partner
and the assistant, the passive partner. If you
places one hand
are the passive partner, work from a stable,
on the sacrum of
well-grounded position. It is not going to
the active partner
help if you suddenly slip while assisting your
and gently pushes
partner; you may even cause injury if you fall
the arms of the
on to her.
active partner with
It is the responsibility of both partners
their forearm. This
to be sensitive to the limitations of the
stretches deeper
active partner.
into the meridian.

Be careful not to
push too hard.
70
Assisted Stretch for Earth
The active partner performs the stretch for the spleen and
stomach meridians while the passive partner gently pushes
against the outside of the active partners knees in order to
encourage them to move closer together. (The stretch is
most effective if the active partner can keep her knees
fairly close together.)
Assisted Stretch for Fire
The active partner performs the stretch for the heart and small intestine
meridians while the passive partner puts gentle pressure on the upper back
of the active partner. Do not push too hard, but let the active partner find
her limit and work with it.
Assisted Stretch for Water
The active partner performs the stretch for the kidney and bladder
meridians, while the role of the passive partner is very similar to that
in the fire stretch. Place one hand on the ming-men point between
the kidneys and the other between the shoulders. Gentle pressure
will allow the active partner to perform a deeper stretch.
Assisted Stretch for Wood
The difficulty with this exercise can be keeping the torso

straight, allowing the stretch to work in the sides of the
body. The role of the passive partner is to assist the stretch
by keeping the active partners body straight.
The active partner performs the stretch for the liver and
gall bladder meridians while the passive partner places one
hand near the hip and the other close to the shoulder and gives a slight twist, so stretching
the active partners outer flank. The stretch should be felt in the sides of the body.
Abdominal Breathing
71
In tai chi and qi gong, it is vital that your breathing supplies enough
oxygen for each exercise. This is also true for stretching, where you
need to learn to breathe into a stretch. There are many different
breathing methods, the first of which is abdominal breathing.
One of the first things
Furthermore, the gentle movement of the
to learn is to be aware
abdominal area helps to massage the
of how you are
internal organs and aids the peristaltic action
breathing. Sit upright
of the large intestine. (Note the connection
and place your hands
between the lungs and large intestine, both
on your sternum in the
organs of the metal element.)
middle of your chest.
Place your hands back on your abdomen.
Feel the movement when you breathe in and
Relax your body and blow the air out of your
out. Can you feel your lungs inflate as you
lungs. As you do so, push into your
breathe in and deflate as you exhale?
abdomen slightly with your hands. You will
Now put your hands on your navel and
feel your hand
repeat the exercise. Which had the most
move into your
movement, your chest or your navel? If your
abdomen as you
chest was moving the most, your breathing
exhale. Now
is shallowcentered mainly in the lungs
inhale and use the
and upper chestand prevents your lungs
inhalation to push
from working to their full capacity.
your hands away.
If your navel was moving the most, you

are already doing abdominal breathing. This
allows your diaphragm to work more
efficiently and therefore draw more air into
your lungs, thus increasing their capacity.
72
Standing Exercises
Much of the power in tai chi comes from the stance, or posture, that
you use. The stances need to be strong, and in order to gain this
strength, standing exercises are traditionally used.
Standing exercises work with the internal,
To benefit from standing exercises, you
core musclesrather than the visible,
do not need to practice them for hours. Ten
external musclesthe muscles that help to
minutes a day can make a big difference. It
support the bodys weight. If you work out in
all depends on what you are trying to gain
a gym, it is possible that your external
from the exercises. When you start, you will
muscles are very toned and healthy, but
probably find that five minutes seems like a
your internal, core muscles may have been
lifetime. If so, gradually build up your time.
neglected unless your training specifically
There is nothing to be gained from rushing,
works on them.
but much to be gained from perseverance.
There are accounts of tai chi students
The standing postures that we will look at
having to hold standing positions for hours
here are the wu chi position and the
before being accepted by a tai chi master.
standing-like-a-tree position. The former is
One thing that the master can be sure of in
important because it is the starting posture
such instances is that the potential student
for most tai chi forms and is the basis of all
has done some serious work to get to that
other postures. The latter is good for
stage. Standing exercises look very easy,
developing the strength in your legs and
but can feel difficult if you try to hold a
helps you to develop the ward-off technique
position for a long period.
(see page 121).
The Wu Chi
Position
As an experiment, try standing in

the wu chi position for twenty
minutes. How did it feel? Did you
Head upright, mind calm.

Soft focus in the eyes.
Neck relaxed.
Shoulders loose.
Back straight.
last the twenty minutes? Could

you keep your mind clear, or
was it wandering?
The physical effort of standing in
the wu chi position is not great.
Most of us have stood for much
Arms loose.
Steady,
deep breathing.
longer while waiting in line or

watching a band play. The
difference with the wu chi position
is that we try to switch off random
thoughts in the mind, a process
that is part of tai chi training.
When you can stand in the wu
chi position for twenty minutes, try
moving on to the more demanding,
standing-like-a-tree position (see
page 74).
Legs straight, without

locking the knees.
Feet parallel
and shoulder-width apart.
73
74
Standing
Like a Tree
This standing position is popular

Neck relaxed.
throughout nearly all of the tai chi

schools. There are many different
Shoulders
versions, such as wider stances,
loose.
different arm positions, and standing

on one leg. The popularity of the
Back straight.
exercise is a testament to its

effectiveness. It has the advantage
of needing very little space to
practice it, so that it can be
performed anywhere.
Arms curved, as
though holding a large ball.
Armpits open.
Elbows relaxed.
The starting position for the

exercise is the wu chi position (page
73). If you have mastered the wu chi
position to the level where you can
hold it for about twenty minutes, it
Fingers pointing
toward each other, with the
thumbs held up.
will help with this exercise. The
Steady, deep breathing.
standing-like-a-tree position is more
Slight tilt of the sacrum.
difficult than the wu chi position and

uses different muscles, so if you feel
as though you are starting at the
beginning again, do not worry. You
Knees slightly bent.

are actually going up a level.

A more advanced way of
practicing this exercise is to combine
it with the microcosmic-orbit
meditation (see pages 113 to 114).
locking the knees.

Feet parallel
and shoulderwidth apart.
Tai Chi Stances

In tai chi, the stances are
designed to be as natural as
possible. The idea is that if
you train in a stance that
already makes sense to your
body, it will be easier for
you to adopt and integrate
the exercises into your life.

Neck relaxed.
Shoulders
loose.
Back straight.
There are five main stances. They

may vary from style to style, but
the fundamental elements remain
the same.
Wu Chi Position
Slight tilt of the

sacrum.
This appears as the opening and

closing moves when
Knees slightly bent.
practicing the tai chi forms.
Horse-riding
Stance
(Right)

locking the knees.
This is similar to the wu chi

position, except that the
knees are bent. Be careful
to keep your back straight.
Feet parallel and

shoulder-width apart.
75
76
Bow Stance
The bow stance is among the most
line up with your leg. If you are pushing in
common stances used in tai chi. The power
two directions, as in the single-whip
of the stance is in its forward movement. In
movement, your energy is split, which
empty-hand forms, the bow stance is used
means that your torso will be vertical.
for most of the attacking postures, in which

you move toward the person
Push Variation
you are attacking.

If you have ever pushed an
Eyes forward.
automobile or used a saw,
Shoulders down.
Back straight.
you will most likely have
Elbows relaxed.
Torso in line
already used a version of
Wrists relaxed.
with the back leg.
the bow stance. Try it out

by standing up and
pushing against a wall as
hard as you can. Most
Sixty percent of your
people will adopt a bow

stance for a push. In tai
weight on the front leg.

Back leg straight,
chi, we refine the bow
Forty percent of your weight
but not locked.
on the back leg.
stance to make it stable
Shin perpendicular
and adaptable to change.
to the floor.
There are variations of

the bow stance that tend to
center on the orientation of
your back. In traditional Yang-
Stance is
one-and-a-half times
style tai chi, for example, if
the width of your shoulders.
you are pushing in one direction
Front foot straight.
with your hands, your back will
Back foot at 45 degrees.
Split Variation
Eyes forward.
Shoulders down.
Elbows relaxed.
Back straight.
Torso vertical.
77
Getting Into the

Bow Stance
Wrists relaxed.
1. Stand in the wu chi
Equal effort in
position (see page 73).
both directions.
2. Slide one foot back,

approximately one-and-a-half
times the width of your
shoulders.
3. Turn your right foot to an

angle of 45 degrees.
4. For the push variation,

push both hands forward as
though you were pushing
an automobile.
Sixty percent of
your weight on the front leg.
5. For the split variation, pull
Forty percent of your weight

on the back leg.
Stance is one-and-a-half times
your hands apart as though
Shin perpendicular to the floor.
the width of your shoulders.
you were opening a pair of
Back leg straight, but
Front foot straight.
not locked.
Back foot at 45 degrees.
sliding doors.
78
Drop Stance
breaks tai chi principles because you lose
The drop stance is only used for the low
your balance. The best way to stop this
positions that are sometimes performed in
from happening is to try not to drop beyond
tai chi. The stance is used for the
your limit. If you go too low, you will lose
movement snake creeps down. The most
control and lean. If you look at photographs
common fault when performing this stance
of the Yang and Chen families, their drop
is leaning forward with your body. This
stances do not lean forward.
Torso straight.
Back straight.
Sink onto the back leg.
Same foot position

Front foot flat on the floor.
as for the bow stance.
Empty Stance
In the empty stance, most of your

weight is carried on your back leg. It is
generally a defensive, or retreating,
stance, but can be used for an attack,
Head up.
Shoulders down.
Back straight.
especially in the sword form. This is

quite a demanding stance for the
beginner because all of your weight is
on one leg. Be careful not to rise up
when your legs become tired because
this lifts your center of gravity and
makes you less stable. This stance is
quite common throughout tai chi, and
is used in such movements as hands
strum the lute and repulse monkey.
Sink onto your legs.
Getting Into the

Empty Stance
1. Stand with your heels touching
All of your weight is

on your rear leg.
The leading leg is empty,
or carrying no weight.
Knees bent.
each other at an angle of

approximately 45 degrees.
2.
Bend both knees slightly so
that you can take your weight on

your back leg.
3.
Put one foot forward and settle
down lower on your rear leg.
Slight angle on the

leading leg.
79
80
Tai Chi Walking
Tai chi walking can be regarded as a kind of meditation. When you

practice tai chi walking, your attention is directed toward your feet.
When you concentrate on your footwork, it is difficult to be in the kind
of mental state when you keep going over things in your mind. In
other words, you become more grounded.
In all tai chi stepping exercises, and in the tai chi forms, you should always aim to keep your
body at the same height. You should not bounce up and down, but should sink your weight
onto your legs. Grip the floor with your toes to increase your feeling of connection with the earth.
Tai Chi Forward Walking
1. Start in the
2.
bow stance, with
your right leg. Allow
to an angle of 45
weight from your
your left leg forward.
the toes of your left
degrees to the left.
trailing right leg to
Sit back onto
foot to lift, but do

not allow your left
knee to lock.
3. Turn your body 4.
Shift all of your
your leading left leg.
81
5. Press your left
6.
leg into the floor, so
with your right leg
followed by the ball
that your right leg
into a bow stance.
of your foot. Finally,
starts to feel lighter.
Your heel should
grip the ground with
touch the floor first.
your toes.
9.
Turn your
10.
Step forward
Shift
7.
8. Sit back onto
Your heel is
11. Push
12.
your left leg.
Step
13.
Place
body 45
your weight
into the floor
forward into the
your foot down
degrees to
from your left
with your right
bow stance
and grip the
the right.
leg to your
leg and lift your
with your left
ground with
right leg.
left leg.
leg, heel first.
your toes.
Repeat until you get to the other side of the room.
82
Tai Chi Side Step

1. Start in the horse-riding stance
(see page 75).
2.
Sink all of your weight onto
your left leg.
3. Release your right

leg and move it to the
right. Touch your toes
down first.
4. Then touch down

your heel.
83
In tai chi, the phrase being doubleweighted means dividing your weight
between your legs equally. It is a
mistake in tai chi to be doubleweighted. In the bow stance, for
example, you have 60 percent of your
weight on the front leg and 40 percent
on the back leg. The side step fools
many people because it looks as
though you are double-weighted. The
shifting of weight in this exercise is a
little tricky for the beginner, but
perseverance will get you there.
7.
Touch down with
your toe and then your

heel. Shift all of your
weight onto your left leg.
6.
Lift your left leg and
draw it toward you.
5. Move your full weight over,

onto your right leg.
Repeat the steps.
84
Tai Chi Back Step
The most difficult aspects of going backward are balance and how far to step. They are
actually linked. It will be difficult for you to balance if you try to step too far, so start with fairly
small steps. It is better to have a short stride that is correct than a long, unbalanced one.
1. Start in the 2.
3. Step back 4. Touch the 5. Twist your
Sink your
empty stance
weight onto
with your left
floor with your
waist counter-
(page 79), with
your right leg
leg and put the
left heel, with
clockwise and
your weight on
and allow the
ball of your foot
your foot at an
force your
your right leg.
toes of your left
on the floor.
angle. Your
weight down
weight should
onto your left
still be on your
leg. As your
right leg.
waist shifts your
foot to lift.
weight, allow the

movement to
straighten your
Repeat until you cross the room.
right foot.
The Essence
of Tai Chi
In tai chi, all movements have a meaning and
specific body requirements. Understanding
these meanings and requirements will enrich
your practice.
86
Flowing-movement
Exercises in Tai Chi
Most tai chi forms are fairly long and involve many intricate
movements. Trying to learn everything in one go is a very difficult
task. Think about a musician. When a musician learns a piece, he will
not try to play the whole tune at once. He will look at the scales first
and make sure that he knows them, then he will practice the
individual phrases and, finally, he will put the whole thing together.
Tai chi uses similar logic. The tai chi
your body, to work your muscles, and to
equivalent of the scales are the flowing qi
strengthen your body. There are literally
gong exercises. They give you the chance
thousands of different qi gong exercises
to teach your body the arm movements
devised by different masters for different
while in a static position. This allows you to
purposes. Here we will take a look at
concentrate on what you are doing with
using movements from the qi gong
your upper body before looking at what you
exercises and then developing the
should be doing with your lower body.
exercises into tai chi movements by
The exercises have value in themselves.

They will help you to move chi throughout
adding lower-body movements.
The Essence of Tai Chi
87
Waving Hands Like Clouds
For all of the exercises, try to direct the movement from your waist. Do not just wave your
hands, but keep your body involved. Do not overexert your breathing: try to keep it natural.
If it feels wrong at first, allow your body to make changes in its own time. Do not try to
force anything.
Stage 1: One Hand
1. Start in the horse-riding stance.

2. Extend the fingers of your right
hand, keeping them relaxed.
3. Inhale and raise your forearm to

the level of your chin.
4.
Continue the inhalation
and extend your arm.
5.
Exhale and press down
with your hand. Do not try to

press hard: go with the flow of
the movement.
6.
Begin the inhalation cycle
when you have completed the

press down with your hand.
When you are proficient with your right hand, try the left.
88
Stage 2: Two Hands

Only try two hands when you have mastered the movement with both hands individually.
Repeat the movement in exactly the same way that you used for the individual hands, but
with both hands instead. The difficult part is timing when moving two hands. If you ensure
that the central position guards your throat and groin and your hands move in opposite
directions in the extended position, you will be close to the correct movement.
1.
2. Press down
3. Your left hand
4. Press down
right hand at neck
with your right hand
should now be at
with your left hand
level and your left
and push upward
neck level, with your
and push up with
hand in front of your
with your left hand.
right hand in front of
your right hand.
Start with your
tan tien.
your tan tien.
89
Stage 3: Stepping
The stepping movement for waving hands like clouds is the
side step. You should step on the inhalation (yin movement)
and press your hands together on the exhalation (yang
movement). To perform a powerful yang movement, keep
both feet on the floor, otherwise you will lose your balance.
Brush and Push
Start the exercise using one hand only. When you can perform the movement fluidly with
your right hand, learn how to do the same with your left hand.
Stage 1: One Hand
1. Start in the
2. Inhale and
3. Exhale and
4. Start the
horse-riding stance.
circle your right
push your
inhalation (yin) cycle
palm outward to lift
palm outward.
as soon as you
it to shoulder level.
have fully extended

your arm.
Repeat the exercise.
90
Stage 2: Two Hands

When you can perform the movements for
each individual hand smoothly, try using
both hands together. When your right hand
pushes outward, your left hand should push
down and vice versa.
Stage 3: Stepping
The step for brush and push is to step
forward in the bow stance. Your timing
should be such that when you push, your
back leg becomes straight. The nonpushing
hand can be regarded as a blocking hand.
91
Strum the Lute
There is no stepping required for strum the lute, and the exercise makes better sense if both
hands are used. The reason for this is that the movement is always executed with two
hands in the forms.
Stage 1: In the Horse-riding Stance

The horse-riding stance makes the movement less demanding on your legs because it
requires less strength. This enables you to concentrate on the movement of your hands.
1.
Start in the
horse-riding stance.
2. Extend your
3. Pull back with
4.
right arm forward.
your right arm and
of the movement is
simultaneously lift
when your right
your left arm.
elbow pulls
The yang part
downward and
the fingers of
Repeat the movements so that your hands are
your left hand
moving in vertical circles.
point upward.
92
Stage 2: In the Empty Stance

In the tai chi forms, this movement is executed in the empty stance because it
is primarily a defensive movement. Practicing in the empty stance is exactly the
same as practicing in the horse-riding stance except that your standing position
is different. Follow steps 2 to 4 on page 91 to execute the movement.
Keep your posture correct and the movement smooth. This will help you to
build up the strength in your standing leg especially because it carries 100
percent of your weight.
Part the Wild Horses Mane
To start with, try this as a single movement with one arm (we have not yet reached the stage
where the movement becomes cyclical). When you can relax with the movement and can
follow the shoulder, elbow, and hand sequence, try it with the other hand.
Stage 1: One Hand
3.
Turn your body,
and, as you do so,

use the movement to
project your right arm
forward. Think about
moving in the
sequence shoulder
first, elbow second,
1. Start in the 2. Turn your waist counter-
and hand last. Keep
horse-riding
clockwise and place your
the movement
stance.
right hand, palm upward,
smooth and your
just below your navel.
body straight.
1.
Stage 2: Two Hands

2.
3.
1.
93
Start in the horse-riding
stance.
2.
Turn your waist to the left and
put your right hand below your

navel, in the same way that you
did for the single-hand exercise.
3. The difference for the twohanded exercise is that your left

hand goes to a position above
your right hand.
4.
Turn your body and project
your right arm forward in the same

way. This time, as your right hand
moves outward, press down with
your left hand. The left hand
becomes the reaction hand and
gives more power to the movement.
5.
Keep your body turning in a
clockwise direction and repeat the

exercise on the opposite side.
6.
Use your left hand to project
outward and your right hand as the

reaction hand.
4.
5.
6.
94
You are now in a position where you can repeat the exercise in a cyclical way. In the first
instance, many people feel the power in the movement and try to emphasize that aspect. If
you go the other way and try to emphasize the softness, the exercise will train your body
more efficiently and you will develop more power in the long run. Try to see how gently you
can do the exercise. Keep your movements continuous and remember that you should
exhale on the outward, yang movements. You will probably soon feel some interesting
sensations that are caused by the movement of chi.
Stage 3: Stepping
The steps for parting the wild horses mane are made
in the bow stance. Follow the movements in the
photographs. The timing should be that your weight
sinks down onto your
leading leg when your
leading hand finishes its
outward projection.
A Word on Intent
95
The phrase an iron fist in a velvet glove neatly describes an aspect of

tai chi. The movements should look very soft and graceful, but should
also have an innate power that flows with the movement.
Without this inherent strength, the tai chi
chi will flow. Obviously, other analogies
exercises merely become an interesting
could also be used, such as water pressure
series of callisthenics.
in a pipe.
So how do we transform the movement?

The answer is by using intent.
My engineering training gives me my own
So what is intent and how do we use it?

As its name suggests, intent comes from
the mind. The basic postulate is that you
way of defining intent using an electrical
use your mind to move your intent and the
circuit as an analogy. Electrical power is a
chi will follow. This is bad news for those tai
product of current and voltage. In basic
chi students who like to switch off during
terms, current can be described as a flow
practice. It is true that you should try to
of electrons and voltage as the force that
switch off such thoughts as I wonder what
makes the electrons flow.
to have for dinner, but your mind should
Chi works in a similar way. Chi is the raw

energy, like the current in an electrical
never be blank during the form.

The next exerciseunbreakable arm
circuit. The chi cannot flow without intent,
and the grounding aspects that follow will
just as the current cannot flow without
teach you ways of putting intent and chi into
voltage. Therefore, if the intent is absent, no
your form.
96
Unbreakable-arm
Exercise
Using Muscular Force
This exercise is used to teach the difference
your arm at the elbow. He or she should
between using your internal strength
apply pressure gently to avoid injury. Try
directed by your intent and using muscular
to make sure that you are evenly matched
force. It is a little bit like weight-lifting for
in size!
The object is for your partner to try to bend
your intent.
At first, the exercise may seem quite
strange to you, especially if you know
somebody who can already do it in a very
powerful way. Do not try to be a superwoman. The type of person who is very
good at the exercise will probably have
practiced it already. If you tried to do the
same as that person, it would be like
walking into a gym and attempting to lift
heavy weights on your very first visit.
The secret is to notice the difference
between using muscular force and intent.
As soon as you have understood the
difference, you have something to build on.
Use an attitude of experimentation. Play with
the exercise and see what you can get out
of it. The biggest failures normally happen
with macho types who try to exert their full
strength in one sudden shot. Work
gradually, and you will succeed.
1.
Stand opposite each other. Put your
arm on your partners shoulder. Clench your

fist and tense the muscles in your arm.
2.
Let your partner know when you are
ready. He or she will then apply pressure to

your elbow.
3.
You are in a weak position, so your
elbow will gradually collapse.
97
98
Using Your Intent

You have just tried the exercise using your muscles; you will now try it using your mind.
1. Stand opposite each other as before,
2. When you have visualized extensions,
with your arm on your partners shoulder.
give your partner a nod. Your partner will
This time, keep your palm open and your
then start to apply pressure gradually. As
muscles relaxed. Imagine that your fingers
you feel the pressure, do not tense your
are extending. Visualize invisible extensions
muscles. Instead, imagine that their force is
coming from your fingers through the walls
being transmitted to the stars with your
of the building, through the Earths
intent. Be a little stubborn. Tell yourself that
atmosphere, and past the solar system so
your partner will not bend your arm and that
that they can tickle the stars.
the force is being redirected far outward.
If you have managed to hold the position, feel the muscles in your arm. If they are loose,
you are using intent, which is correct. If your muscles are tense, you are using muscular
force, so rethink the exercise and try again. If you are really having difficulties, a good
instructor can sometimes help by moving a little energy for you.
It is not important to see how much force you can hold. What is important is to feel the
difference between using your muscles and your intent.
Grounding
99
In the English language, we have phrases like he knows how to keep

both feet on the ground or she is a well-grounded type of person.
This is usually intended to be a compliment, meaning that although
chaos may be happening around that person, he or she has the ability
to maintain an inner calm and continue as normal. The opposite would
be the type of person who is up in the air or a loose cannon. That
person has no stability and is unpredictable. The language of tai chi is
very similar to these metaphors. The word grounded is used to
describe a person who can perform the tai chi exercises in a strong and
stable way.
As with all aspects of tai chi and qi gong,
mental and spiritual grounding. Without this
the mind and the body are inseparable. If
initial preparation it can be difficult, or even
your tai chi has the aspect of solidity that is
dangerous, to try to reach some of the
given by good grounding, then your mind is
higher levels of meditation.
focused and not flying off at a tangent at

every opportunity.
Good grounding is the platform from
In tai chi, the footwork should be solid.

Do not confuse this with rigidity of
movement. A tai chi masters movement is
which all meditation starts. Even in the most
very soft and smooth. However, when he or
esoteric of meditation systems, the first
she demonstrates the martial aspects of the
stage of training is usually some kind of
movements, it is like being hit by a bus!
100
The overextended position shown on the left is less

grounded than the position shown on the right.
you would turn to deflect the movement

instead of trying to meet it head-on. The
exercises are teaching you strength within your
Most of the skills, such as softness and

balance, in tai chi can be practiced
individually, and grounding is no exception.
frame, not how to be the strongest person on

the planet.
Apply force gradually. Remember that you
You will need a partner to push and pull you
are both learning from the exercise. Find
about. This provides a good way of testing
your partners limits and see if you can help
your postures and building up your strength.
him or her to extend them. Practicing slowly
If you practice with a sense of fun, you will
and gradually allows you to build the
stand more chance of getting it right and
technique. Sudden movements may result
enjoying yourself.
in injury.
When testing, help your partner. Do not
We will now look at some simple
suddenly apply force. It would be difficult for
grounding exercises. They are based on
anybody to withstand the force of 154 to 176
stances and positions that have either been
pounds (70 to 80 kilograms) of human flying at
discussed previously or are developments
him or her without flinching! Besides, in tai chi,
of what you already know.
101
Standing-like-a-tree Exercise
You already know this exercise. Here we test the posture by pushing
from all sides. This is not a position that is spectacularly strong unless
you are already quite skilled, but it is very good for strengthening and
straightening your posture. It is good to practice the testing exercise
fairly regularly, especially for the beginner.
1. Start in the
standing-like-atree position.
2. Your partner should then push you from

behind, gradually applying force to your
sacrum. Feel the force and try to sink the
push through your legs. You may need to
adjust your position slightlythis is part of
the learning process.
3. Your partner should then push from a

higher position at the back of your head.
Keep your chin down and dig in with your
legs. You will feel the force being grounded
through your legs. This exercise forces you
to hold your back straight. If you are leaning,
you will not be able to hold the force.
102
4. Try the same exercise again, this time with your

partner pushing both the back of your head and
your sacrum. (This exercise is very good for opening
the spine.) Remember to apply pressure gradually if
you are doing the pushing, otherwise you may injure
your partner.
5. Now try the push from the front. If you

are being pushed, keep your shoulders down
and try to ground the force through your legs.
6. When you have tried the exercise from the front, try it
from the sides. Keep your knees bent and sink onto your
legs. If your partner finds it easy to push you, it is because
you are not grounded. If you know that you can do better,
and that you have not simply reached your limit, try
calming your mind before making a second attempt.
If you have another person on hand, try the exercise with

one pushing from either side. If you can manage the first
parts of the exercise, it is fun to play with this idea.
103
Bow-stance Exercise
The horse-riding stance is a good position in which to start with your grounding exercises
because it is the most straightforward. To practice grounding in the bow stance, we will
apply exactly the same logic as we did when practicing the horse-riding stance (page 75).
1.
Go into the bow stance (see page 76).
Push your arms out as though you were

trying to push an automobile. Keep your
arms straight, but do not lock your elbows
and keep your shoulders down. This is
called the two-handed-push position. It is
probably the easiest position in which to
test your grounding. When you can hold a
good force in this posture, try others like
ward off (see page 121) and press (see
pages 122 to 123). Remember that the key
to the horse-riding stance was to keep your
back straight. Check that your back is
straight now and that your torso lines up
with your rear leg. Extend your arms as you
did for the unbreakable-arm exercise (see
pages 96 to 98).
2. Your partner should now gradually

apply pressure to your hands until you
cannot hold it any more.
104
Where was it that your position

collapsed? If, for example, it was your
shoulders, then your shoulders were the
weakest part of your stance. Try adjusting
your shoulders (sink them into a lower
position) and try again. You can always use
this approach to find the weakest part of
your stance. Eventually, when all of the
weak parts have been smoothed out, you
will be able to withstand the force of many
people pushing you.
This exercise teaches you how to
withstand a push, but it could be that you
need to withstand a pull. Try the exercise
again, but this time with your partner pulling

instead of pushing. Make sure that your
shin is held vertically so that you can sink
the energy of your partners pull into your
front leg.
Being primarily for forward attacks, the
bow stance is strongest in the forward
direction. However, it would be virtually
useless if it could not withstand a force from
the side. Try the exercise again, with your
partner pushing from the side. If it is easy to
push you, your stance may be too narrow.
Your feet should be shoulder-width apart.
Readjust them and try again.
105
Empty Stance
It is quite hard work to stand in the empty stance for a long time. By performing grounding in
the other stances first, you should be able to apply the exercise to the empty stance more
quickly and less painfully.
1.
Start in the
empty stance,
with your palm
outstretched.
Remember to
tickle the stars.
2.
Your partner should then push against
your hand. Keep adjusting yourself until you

can withstand a strong push. Do not forget
that it may take weeks, or even months,
before you can do this.
Try the same exercise with a pull. If it is

easy to pull you, look at the position of your
leading, empty leg. When your partner pulls,
his or her effort is grounded via this leg. The
angle of the knee therefore needs to be
greater than 90 degrees, otherwise you will
just topple over.
106
Feeling the Chi
So far, we have performed exercises that move chi around the body. If
you are sensitive, or have been practicing for a while, you may have
experienced the movement of chi. For some (myself included), an
exercise that gives you a feeling of thats it! is encouraging when
trying to work out if you are actually feeling the chi.
If you do not get it at once, it does not
The force field between your hands is chi.
mean that there is anything wrong. Be
Play with it. Move your hands and see how far
open to the experience. This does not
apart they can go without losing the chi
mean trying to force the experience. (How
connection.
can an experimenter try to force a result?)
If the exercise worked, you now have the basic
Part of the experimentation process is to
tool for including energy in your tai chi work. You
see what happens.
are on the way to becoming a tai chi master!
1.
Start with any exercise that moves
chi, such as the standing-like-a-tree

exercise. Perform the exercise for a
short while until you think that you have
moved chi.
2.
Stand in a relaxed position and
slowly bring your hands together. At a

certain point you will feel the influence of
the other hand. For me, it feels like two
magnets repelling each other, but others
feel different sensations, such as heat.
Softness and Sensitivity
107
According to the Taoist world view, the idea of yin and yang applies
to everything. This implies that everything has either a yin or yang
quality, depending upon what you are comparing it to.
The notion of being grounded is about
she will not withdraw the attack unless the
establishing a degree of solidity in your
person is very alert. By encouraging the
movements. If this were too extreme, you
attack to come to you, you have the
would probably become so grounded in a
advantage because you know where it is
fixed position that you could not actually
going. You can then use your opponents
move out of it. The solid, yang quality of
force to throw him or her. This is a high skill
being grounded must therefore be
level that requires softness, sensitivity, and
tempered with a yin quality.
good grounding.
A yin quality that fits the bill is the idea of

softness. If you can learn how to be soft, it
will increase your sensitivity, and if you learn
Developing Softness
The first thing to realize about being soft is
how to be more sensitive, you will improve
that it is not being inert. Your body is filled
your softness.
with intent, and softness needs to be
Tai chi is famous for its softness because
developed like any other skill. An important
it is developed to such a high level. One of
aspect of softness is to be able to relax
the strategies in tai chi is to use your
your body. The level of relaxation that we
softness to absorb and redirect an attack.
are looking for will not happen overnight.
The way it works is that if an attack comes
The tension in your body (we all have it) was
to you, it is not always necessary to deflect
probably built up over many years. There
it. If you deflect it, then your opponent can
may be psychological and physiological
attack again. If you are so soft that your
aspects to your tension. Keep doing tai chi
opponent can hardly feel your touch, he or
exercises, and this will gradually improve.
108
Because many people hold tension in their shoulders, a good place to start is with the
shoulders. Try the following exercise.
Ask your partner to hold the weight of your
1.
outstretched hand.
that you have tension in your shoulders. You
Your arm hardly moved. This means
Without signaling, your partner should
need to let go of your arm and allow it to
then suddenly take their hand away and
fall. If you find this difficult, ask your partner
remove their support.
to give your shoulders a massage. This can
What happened? There are three

possibilities that I have encountered,
as follows.
help to relieve tension.
2.
Your arm moved about halfway and
3.
109
Your arm dropped to your side. This
then stopped. This means that you are in
means that your shoulders are fairly soft.
the halfway stage of relaxing your shoulders.
There could still be tension deep down,
Try to let your shoulders go so that your arm
but you are getting the idea of releasing
can drop completely.
your shoulders.
Try the same exercise with your leg. Ask

your partner to hold up your leg and see
how easy it is to let your knee go.
110
Relaxation
One of the processes of tai chi is letting go of tension. This is a mental

process as much as a physical process. A way of working with the
mental side of relaxation is through meditation. Try the following
meditation exercise for relaxation.
This meditation exercise is useful for anybody who wants to reduce stress. The only
difficulty with it is that you can become so relaxed that you fall asleep! If this happens, do
not think that you are missing out. If you fall asleep quickly, your body probably needs sleep.
If you have relaxed your body and mind with the meditation, it can help your sleep to be very
refreshing. If you are worried about sleeping too long, set an alarm clock. Conversely, this
exercise is useful for those nights when you are tired, but cannot sleep. If you do not go to
sleep, you enter a state of deep relaxation that will usually lead to sleep unless you
consciously stop the process.
1.
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Lie on a flat surface, with a little support under your head so that your spine is
straight. (This is the corpse position in yoga.) Spread and relax your fingers and position
your arms slightly away from your body. Close your eyes.
2.
Imagine that your body is made of layers, like the layers of an onion or the rings of
a tree. These layers are the layers of tension that you are about to dissolve.
3.
Feel the skin on your forehead. Imagine the skin becoming more relaxed as you let
go of your tension. Imagine that the tension is just draining away like water. Extend the
feeling with your mind so that the tension drains away from your face and scalp. Spend
a few minutes doing this. Tension can be stored in the face, and now is your chance
to release it.
4.
Move your mind through your body, using your imagination to release the tension
in your neck, shoulders, arms, torso, legs, and, finally, your feet.
5.
Bring your attention back to your forehead and start the process again. This time,
imagine that you are working a layer deeper. You do not have much flesh to work on
with the forehead, but as you move through your face, imagine that your facial muscles
are relaxing. Move down the rest of your body. Imagine that you are like one of the
diagrams that you see in anatomy books and that each of your muscles is relaxing.
Finish with the tendons and muscles in your toes. If your muscles start to twitch, it is
normally because they are releasing tension. If this becomes too uncomfortable, stop
the exercise.
112
6. Bring your mind back up to your head again. The next layer down is the skull. Try
to imagine that the plates of your skull are relaxing and that tension is actually being
released from the bones. Move your mind through the rest of your skeleton. Allow your
bones to relax. If you experience strange sensations, take note of how they feel and try
to release the tension in that area. Pay special attention to each of the vertebrae.
7.
The next level concerns the organs in your body. Imagine that your brain is actually
relaxing physically. Actually feeling your brain relax may seem like a strange idea, but
use your imagination. Move down your spinal cord and into your organs. Imagine that
your lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, and all of the other organs are relaxing. If you have
made it this far without falling asleep or being distracted, you have entered a very deep
state of relaxation. Do not be too surprised if emotions bubble to the surface. Try to let
the feelings pass. If you cannot, gently revive yourself.
8.
Nine out of ten people will have fallen asleep before step 7. This is fine. As your
body and mind become more relaxed, you will have more energy at your disposal and
will be able to relax more deeply. If you have reached the organ level, or have simply
gone as far as you want to go, try to hold the state for a while. Profound healing can
take place on an emotional and physical level if you allow your body to relax this much.
9.
When you have finished, gently revive yourself. Take it easy for a few minutes and
allow yourself to return to the normal world. Sipping a glass of water can be very helpful.
The same applies if you fell asleepjust go easy on yourself.
113
Microcosmic Orbit
The microcosmic-orbit meditation joins the

two meridians that run through the center of
your body. The meridian in your back runs
over the top of your spine and is commonly
called the governing vessel. The meridian
that runs through the front of your body is
called the conception vessel. These
meridians are important because all of the
other meridians in the body are internally
linked to them. Moving energy through the
meridian loop described will therefore have
a positive effect on all of the meridians.
This meditation is useful as a sitting
meditation or can be brought into your tai
chi or qi gong practice when you have
gained enough experience to make it easy.
Indeed, some Taoist schools, such as the
Healing Tao run by Master Mantak Chi, use
this meditation as a fundamental building
block for further practice.
In the beginning, you may find that you do
1. Sit in a comfortable, cross-legged
not feel much. The biggest mistake is either
position. Use a pillow if that makes you
to dismiss the exercise or to try to rush it.
feel more comfortable. It is important that
Both will prevent you from succeeding.
your position is comfortable because any
Taking it easy and going easy on yourself
discomfort will distract you from the
will lead to success.
114
meditation. There is no need to assume
6. On the exhalation, let the energy
the lotus or half-lotus position for this
travel through your tongue, down your
particular meditation.
throat, through the middle of your

sternum, through the middle of your
2. Sit with your back straight and your
abdomen, through the sex organs, and
chin tucked down. This will stop your
finally finish at the perineum.
head from tipping backward and will keep

the upper half of your spine straight.
7. This is your first cycle of the
Place your hands in a comfortable
microcosmic-orbit meditation. Continue
position, such as on your abdomen.
this breathing pattern. Remember to lift on

the inward breath and to release on the
3.
Put your tongue on the roof of your
outward breath.
mouth. This acts like a light switch,

connecting the governing vessel and the
8.
conception vessel.
should be performed for as long as is
For maximum benefit, this exercise
comfortable. Five to ten minutes is all right
4. Start the abdominal breathing
for the beginner, but it becomes more
described on page 71.
interesting when you continue for longer

periods of time. When you are ready,
5. On an inward breath, imagine that
finish the exercise by bringing the energy
you are moving energy with your mind.
to your tan tien and circulating it in that
Lift it from your perineum along your
area for a few breaths. This helps you to
spine, to the top of your skull, and down
stay grounded.
to the roof of your mouth, where your

tongue is touching it.
Healing with Tai Chi
115
Throughout the history of tai chi, many of the masters have been
experts in such healing arts as acupuncture and shiatsu. Even the
masters who were not particularly inclined toward these healing arts
would have had a basic understanding of them. In fact, many martial
arts masters, such as Sun Lu Tang (see pages 48 to 49), regarded the
healing aspect of the martial arts to be more important than the
fighting aspect.
This is an interesting concept. Having
not even seen as being particularly good. We
practiced for a certain amount of time, a
learn far more from the person who can beat
student will start to gain martial skill, and this
us every time. Eventually, we find a way of
will normally be tested in some way. The
stopping them and an improvement is made.
testing could be sparring, pushing-hand, or
Relaxation becomes an issue. If you are
form competitions. At first, the student will
tense, the techniques in tai chi cannot work
go to a teacher who offers advice on the
to their full extent. We use meditation
technique. When the same question has
techniques to try to dissolve tension on a
been asked enough times, the student will
mental level, as well as a physical one. We
start to look inside herself rather than
are no longer working with the body; we are
looking to the teacher for solutions.
working with the mind and the spirit. This is
This kind of introspection is sometimes
the transformational nature of tai chi. We
magnified by the physical and mental
start by learning crude, physical techniques
demands of the training. We train to meet a
and, through diligence and training, find that
demand and a new set of challenges
we need to strengthen the body to
appears. By this time, we are no longer
strengthen the mind, and that relaxation is
fighting an opponent: the battle has become
the key to further improvement.
internal. Winning or losing against an

opponent is seen as an ego issue. Winning is
Some Taoists call this process inner

alchemy because we are taking the base
116
materials of the body and are using the spirit

to transmute to something higher.
Chi Self-Massage
A useful technique for relaxing the body and

helping both the circulation and the chi is
ready for anything that you face in your day.

As with all techniques in this book, try not
to be too heavy-handed. Listen to your
body, and if your body tells you to stop,
follow its advice.
This massage sequence requires tapping
self-massage. The sequence shown here
with the fist. Keep your fist relaxed and do
uses a pounding technique for massaging
not tap too hard. Some medical conditions
the meridians and is quite invigorating.
can be aggravated by this massage
For this reason, I recommend that you do
because it can stimulate the flow of lymph
not try it just before going to bed because it
and can therefore distribute toxins. If you
can wake up your body when you are trying
think that this may be harmful to you,
to relax and wind down. Using the same
consult an expert first. Each of the stages
logic, it is a good idea to perform the
can be repeated as many times as you like:
massage before breakfast. You will feel
one or many times, the choice is yours.
1. Tap along the outside of your arm,

moving in a line toward your index finger.
Go back up your arm, following a line from
your thumb to your inner shoulder. Tap on
the outer midline, moving toward your
middle finger.
Repeat the process along the inner
midline of your arm. Now tap again down
your outer arm, working in a line toward your
little finger. Repeat the same tapping
procedure on your inner arm.
2.
117
Bend the elbow of the arm being tapped
so that you can tap and massage your

shoulder. Repeat the process on the other arm.
3.
Tap your chest and
abdomen with both hands.
5.
4. Bend forward and

Bend a little farther
tap your buttocks.
forward, turn your hands,

and tap higher up your
back. Try to massage any
knots in the muscles.
6.
Tap down the
7.
Try to cover all of
outside of your legs
the major muscle groups,
and then up the inner
but take care when
sides of your legs.
working on your shins.
118
Know Your Back
Basic Treatment
In tai chi, we need to be able to understand
Ask the person if he or she has any
our own backs. If we know how the
complaints that you need to know about.
muscles work in the back, we stand more
Remember, you are not a professional and
of a chance of training properly. The reason
do not have insurance for any damage
for this is that power is transmitted through
caused. If there is a complaint, it is probably
the back. If your back is weak or aligned
best to leave the area alone.
poorly, then you cannot work to your full
The person receiving the treatment should
potential. This understanding need not
lie face down on the floor. A futon mattress
always be intellectual. I could not tell you the
is ideal to lie on, but if one is not available,
names of all of the muscles, but I can tell
try using a few blankets.
you how a healthy back feels. This kind of

understanding is what tai chi is all about,
rather than learning with your mind and
forgetting your body.
If you give a friend a basic back
massage, you will learn how another
persons back feels. He or she may have a
strong or weak back. Learning about other
people is a good way of learning more
about yourself. If you try the following
1. Kneel down next to the person. It is
treatment on a friend, work gently. As long
useful to keep an eye on his or her face.
as you are careful and do not use excessive
Sometimes a person will not tell you if you
force, you should not cause injury. Do not
are hurting them, but their face will usually
try the treatment if you know that there is a
change. Kneel in a stable position so that
problem. Leave that to the professionals.
you cannot fall on top of the person.
2.
Walk your hands over the persons
3.
119
Move along the body and up the other
back. Make a good connection, but try not
side so that you can massage the backs of
to be too rough.
the legs and the calves. Do not put

pressure on the knee or ankle joint.
4.
Come back to a position high up the
5.
Work your way down the back to the
persons back. Use your thumbs to press
sacrum. Place both hands on the sacrum
on either side of the spine, approximately
and hold them there. The pressure need not
half a hand-width apart. Press in the space
be too heavy. Feel your contact with the
between the ribs.
other person.
6.
7. When you reach the ankle, work along
Hold one hand on the sacrum and
work the other hand down the center of the
the outside of the Achilles tendon and along
leg. If necessary, move your hand from the
the outer edge of the foot to the little toe.
sacrum farther down the leg.
Repeat on the other leg.
120
Eight Energies
When I first heard about the eight energies in tai chi, my thoughts
were along the lines of, But I have only just started learning the first
one, meaning chi. What I did not understand was that the eight
energies are not actually new energies, but are different ways of
understanding chi.
To start with, I viewed them as techniques
a combination of them. A good example is
rather than energies, and saw that all of the
waving hands like clouds (see pages 87 to
techniques within the tai chi repertoire were
89). It begins with ward off, follows with roll
built from different blends of the eight energies
back, and finishes with a press. When you
or techniques. Reason told me that the eight
can express these in your movements, you
energies were a vital aspect of tai chi. I chose
will understand the difference between the
movements from the tai chi form that
energy and the technique.
emphasized each of the energies and
Some readers may be making
practiced them for hours on end until the
connections here: we have eight energies
techniques became smooth and instinctive.
and eight trigrams in the I-Ching. A
I then experienced a shift in perception.
correlation has been made between the I-
Rather than viewing the energies as
Ching hexagrams and the eight energies.
techniques, I could see them more as
Examples are that roll back corresponds to
concepts. I could see how they manifested
earth because you need to be rooted, and
themselves in other martial arts, such as
ward off corresponds to heaven because of
judo, and could apply them to strategic
the expansive feeling. This is really the realm
games like chess and backgammon. The
of the advanced Taoist, however, and it is
idea of describing these eight actions as
not necessary to analyze it further here.
techniques was starting to feel clumsy.

In the tai chi form, the energies constantly
flow around each other. All movements use
A list of the eight energies with their

Chinese names and I-Ching
correspondences is shown opposite.
121
If you are following the exercises in this

book, you already know the feeling of
English
Chinese
I-Ching
ward off, and the standing-like-a-tree

position is excellent for developing
1. Ward off
peng
heaven
2. Roll back
lu
earth
used as a sudden expansion to
3. Press
ji
water
give you room against an
4. Push
an
fire
opponent, as a block to deflect
5. Pull down
tsai
wind
an incoming blow, or as a strike.
6. Split
lieh
thunder
7. Elbow stroke
jou
lake
8. Shoulder stroke kao
mountain
ward-off strength. Ward off can be
It can also be soft, being used to

intercept an attack without the
attacker fully realizing that it has
happened. If you practice tai chi, you will
be working on your ward-off energy. If you
Ward Off
actually understand the energy of ward off,
Ward off is the primary technique in tai chi,
there is a
hsing-i, and ba gua. In Chen-style tai chi,
movement called
manuals describe ward off as the source of
ward off, which
all of the other energies in tai chi.
offers an excellent
The feeling of ward off is one of
your practice can become more focused.

At the start of the Yang-style tai chi form,
example of using
expansion. In the Yang-family manuscripts,
the ward-off energy.
Tan Meng-hsien describes the feeling as
Look at the posture
being like water supporting a moving boat.
and imagine how it
Others describe the feeling as the force that
could be used to
makes a cork float on water. The ideas of
suddenly explode
floating and buoyancy are common in
or to intercept an
descriptions of ward off.
attack gently.
122
Roll Back
Roll back can be used as a fast or fa-jing
In roll back, two points are moving together
technique. This would normally involve an
in a circle. The points can be your hands or
attack to a joint, such as the elbow, which
two parts of a hand. It is important to
would result in a dislocation or break if done
understand using the points because this
forcefully. It can also be used to redirect and
focuses your intent.
throw an attacker. The essence when trying
Some descriptions compare roll back to
to throw a person is timing. This makes your
drawing silk. The idea is that the motion is
connection with the person and the timing
coming toward you and that it is smooth. If
of your movement vital.
you slow down, the silk will be uneven; if

you suddenly speed up, the silk will snap.
In roll back, the opponent is allowed to
A strong attack can be redirected and the

attacker thrown by a very small person if roll
back is used properly. There are many
advance. You follow the incoming force and
stories of senior tai chi masters throwing a
draw it in until it overextends. As long as
young opponent across a room when they
you have maintained a stable position, you
were attacked. There was no magical
will be in control. The roll-back technique
force involved. The tai chi master redirected
does not rely on strength in the same way
the attackers force using roll back. See
that ward off does. In roll back, we must be
grasping the sparrows tail (pages 133 to
able to flow with our

partner or opponent
and sense the
moment that we can
135) for examples of these techniques.
Press
If you have ever seen a snooker or pool
force them to
player use the cue ball to strike two balls
overextend.
that are touching and only the second ball
Sometimes this is
moves, you have seen press energy.
called sticking
Another example is the Newtons cradle
because you stick to
toy, in which the momentum of one ball
your opponent like
striking a line of balls in a row causes the
a magnet.
end ball to move.
The press movement in tai chi is made
123
Push
The energy of push is probably the
by generating ward-off
easiest of the energies to understand. On
energy in the two arms
a basic level, push is exactly what it says: a
and connecting them.
push. Examples are shown later for the
This is used as a
two-handed push in the grasping-the-
sudden expansion or
sparrows-tail sequence (see pages 133
a strike, and the
to 135) and the single-handed push from
combined energy of
brush knee and twist.
the two arms can be very powerful.

Following the laws of physics, if you are
As with all tai chi movements, there is a

subtlety to the movement, and in this case
projecting forward powerfully, your body will
it is about keeping softness within the
want to follow the momentum, but this would
push. If you were to push with a solid arm,
not be good because you would be
you would still get the push. However, if
uprooting yourself. When using press, your
you lock your arm to make it solid, it is easy
legs therefore have to be strong and well
to overextend the arm. If you are
rooted. This is also true if you actually strike
overextending, repeated practice can
something. The reaction from the impact can
damage your elbow. Not only that, but if
be enough to knock you over unless your
your arm is close to overextension, it is
legs are strong. For these reasons, you need
easy for an
to pay as much attention to your lower body
opponent to take
as to your upper body in these techniques.
advantage and
Press can be used simply to knock
attack your elbow.
people out of the way or to attack a vital
So your arm should
organ. Press can also be used as a
be straight, but
defensive maneuver if you need a strong
not locked.
block. The movement is shown above; note
If you go too far
how the arms are rounded in the ward-off
the other way and
shape and the legs are firmly placed.
overemphasize the
124
softness, it becomes impossible to generate

any power.
Now think of this in terms of the energies.

You are drawing the towel inward. This
In order to achieve the push, use the
would be roll back. You are then quickly
same unbreakable arm that you used for
applying a downward force. This is push.
ward off. The only difference between ward
This combination of roll back and downward
off and push is the hand position and the
push is called pull down.
intent of your mind. Push should be rooted
The pull down described is an extreme
in your feet and come through your body
version. If you imagine that you had a hold
like a wave. The wave should seek out the
of someones hand when you made the
places of weakness and penetrate. If you
maneuver, you could imagine causing
have softness in your push, this is possible.
whiplash injuries or dislocations. This was
In the tai chi form, push is not always
a popular technique for Sun Lu Tang (see
performed with an open hand. If you close
pages 48 to 49), and is therefore common
your fist for a punch, you are still using push
in the Sun-style tai chi routine.
energy. If you kick with your heel, you are
Another variation would be to draw out the
using push energy with your foot. In all
attackers arm and press down in a less
cases, there should be softness within the
violent way. If you
hardness, and your feet (or foot, if you are
imagine an
kicking) should be the anchor of your power.
Pull Down
outstretched fist
To understand pull down, grab hold of a towel
it, you would not
and try cracking it like a whip. Make the
need to exert
crack quite powerful, and then take a look at
much pressure to
the pattern that your hand is making. To get
force the arm
real power into the crack, you draw your
downward. You
hand toward yourself and then suddenly flick it
are using the
downward. If you miss the drawing-inward
leverage of your
part, it is difficult to get such a good flick.
attackers arm
and your hand

pressing down on
against him. If this is coupled with an upward
opposite directions. This can be looked
movement from your other arm, you are
upon as using the ward-off and push
performing the common strum-the-lute
energies simultaneously.
movement.
125
In the example of part the wild horses
Split
mane, the leading arm is used for the

attack. This is an example of using ward off
If you have ever thrown a Frisbee, then you
for a strike. The other arm presses
have used split energy. This is the basic
downward. The downward press gives
movement behind the part-the-wild-horses-
more power to the striking arm and helps
mane movement shown below. If you were
with the ever-important grounding. Split can
to throw something onto a wheel that is
be used as a strike or as a way of moving
spinning fairly quickly, the motion of the
your opponent (normally for a throw). This
wheel flicks whatever it was that you threw
depends upon the timing and intent that
away from it. This is how split energy works.
you are using.
In engineering, this energy is called

centrifugal force. It acts away from the center
of movement. Your waist is like a flywheel
Elbow Stroke
In martial arts, it is often said that there are
and your arm is thrown outward, from your
three layers of attack. The farthest out is the
waist. This throwing can be done on any
reach of the hands and feet; the middle
plane. In the part-the-wild-
distance is the elbow and knees; and the
horses-mane movement,
inner attack layer is the
it is on a horizontal plane.
shoulder and torso.
If you were to use split on
For the mid-layer of
a vertical plane, you
attack, tai chi uses
would get a movement
the elbow stroke. The
like white crane spreads
elbow stroke is useful
its wings.
when dealing with an
Split energy is used if

your hands are moving in
opponent who is
good at kicking and
126
punching because he or she will be

vulnerable to a close-range attack.
Shoulder Stroke
A good example of shoulder stroke is in the
In this situation, you have to be brave! A
Yang-style tai chi form in the transition
good way to deal with your opponent is to
between raise hands and white crane
go inside his or her range of attack. This
spreads its wings.
means going so close to your opponent
In shoulder stroke, the whole torso of the
that there is no room for him or her to kick
body is used for the attack. The technique,
or punch you.
when applied properly, is very powerful.
The disadvantage of doing this is that you
When I first had shoulder stroke
also have no room in which to kick or
demonstrated on me, it felt like my whole
punch back. This sounds like an ideal
body was being jarred and that my teeth
opportunity to use your elbow.
would smash! A common mistake that
The elbow is very powerful. It is not as
some people make is using the shoulder
fast-moving as a kick or a punch, but has
like a battering ram. While this may be
more torque. As you move closer to your
powerful, it
opponents body, your speed of attack
means that your
becomes slower, but the attack becomes
body tilts and that
more powerful. Elbows can be used in any
you consequently
plane of movement: up, down, sideways, or
lose your center.
slanting. The elbow is not limited to the

elbow strike (see pages 213 to 214): it can
be used as a block, as a pivot point for a
limb lock, or to press into a pressure point.
Tai Chi
Styles
It is unwise for the beginner to try to learn all of the

tai chi styles. However, having an understanding of
the different styles, along with hsing-i and ba gua,
will increase your tai chi vocabulary.
128
Tai Chi Forms
A major component of any tai chi syllabus is what is called the tai chi
form. The form is a set sequence of movements that is designed to
teach students the essence of their chosen style.
Tai chi is not unique in its use of forms or
to a panel of judges, who will give a mark
patterns. Virtually every martial art uses
depending on the quality within the form.
them as a teaching tool. As with other
Again, tai chi is not unique in employing
martial arts, the tai chi form is only a part of
this method.
the syllabus, giving you the opportunity to
One way in which tai chi forms do usually
show what you have done to develop your
differ from other martial styles is that the
skill in a fixed pattern.
patterns are longer and are performed more
The fixed pattern gives you a reference
slowly. There are many reasons for
point. You can gain a better idea of your skill
practicing slowly. The most obvious one is
level by repeating the same sequence than
the way in which your muscles need to
by constantly changing your sequences. If
work. It is more difficult to execute a
you practice one set of moves one day
movement slowly than it is quickly. If you are
and change it the next, it is very difficult to
doubtful of this, try performing a good, high
judge whether you are improving. If you
kick at normal kicking speed. Then try to do
extend the time to a year, you should see a
the same at a slow speed. Other reasons
good improvement. However, if your
for working slowly are that you can
patterns are constantly changing, you do
concentrate on your timing and that it allows
not know exactly what you did a year ago,
changes to occur within your body. If you
so you have nothing to measure your
can work in a slow way, then your body will
progress against.
relax into the movement.
For this reason, the tai chi forms are
We will not try to study all of the styles of
sometimes used in competitions. The
tai chi here, but will look at the opening
competitor will demonstrate his or her form
movements of the Yang-style and Chen-style
Tai Chi Styles
forms, these being the most common; we
129
The intention is not specifically to teach
will take a look at some of the movements
you all of the movements: you need a
from hsing-i and ba gua, the sisters of tai
teacher to learn them properly. If you follow
chi; and we will also take a look at some
the movements through, however, this will
other tai chi movements, both with and
give you a flavor of the different styles and
Yang-style Tai Chi

Form: First Section
without weapons.
how tai chi theory works with them.
The Yang-style tai chi form is sometimes called the long form.
Depending on how you count the movements, there can be over
one hundred in total. The form itself is structured in three sections.
The first section teaches the basics, the second section teaches you
new ways of looking at the basics, and the third section teaches
you something of the complexity that is hidden within tai chi.
The sequence is usually performed slowly.
better to keep your movements slow.
There is nothing stopping you from
Depending on your style of practicing, the
experimenting with fa-jing (fast) movements,
full form can take from twenty to forty-five
but if you are doing the whole form, it is
minutes to complete.
130
Opening Form
1.
Start in the wu chi position (see page
73). Relax your body and mind. Keep your

back straight and your shoulders relaxed,
with your arms hanging in front of you.
2.
Extend your fingers downward.
3.
Then point them forward.
Tai Chi Styles
6.
131
Finally, press down with your palms.
When your hands are level with the tan-tien

point in your abdomen, bend your knees
and sink your weight downward.
5.
On the inhalation, lower your
shoulders, elbows, and forearms.
4.
On the exhalation, thrust your fingers
forward until they are at shoulder height.
132
Ward Off Left
1.
Shift your weight onto
your left leg so that you can

turn your right foot through
45 degrees. Pivot on your
heel. Turn your body with
2.
the movement.
3.
Shift your weight back
Then step forward with your left
leg to make a bow stance. Extend

your left arm as you step forward into
the ward-off position.
Tai Chi Styles
133
Grasping the Sparrows Tail
1. Shift your
weight onto your
right leg so that you
can turn your left
foot through 45
2. When you have
degrees. Relax your
turned your left foot,
left forearm.
shift your weight back
3. Step forward
onto it.
with your right leg.
4. Make a bow
stance. Your arms
should be in the
ward-off position
shown above.
134
5.
Extend your arms in
the ward-off transition.
6. Shift your weight back
7. Drop your hands in
onto your left leg for the roll-
front of your body and turn
back position.
your torso ready for the

press position.
Tai Chi Styles
135
8. Push from your left
9. Shift your weight back
10.
leg to extend into the
onto your left leg and
leg to extend into the push
press position.
separate your hands.
position.
Push from your left
136
Single Whip
1.
Sink your weight onto
your left leg and turn your

waist. Let your arms
come naturally toward
your center.
2. Push outward with

both hands and adjust the
position of your right foot.
3.
Draw your hands
inward and turn your waist.
Tai Chi Styles
137
6. Extend both arms

and push your left foot
forward in the bow stance.
5. Step forward with your left

foot into a bow stance. As you
are stepping, draw your hand
toward your center.
4. Shift your weight onto your right leg as

you push outward. Make a hook with your
right hand and a ward-off shape with your
left hand. Release your left heel so that you
can step forward.
138
Raise Hands
1. Turn through 90 degrees to your left,
2. Position your right foot in the empty
then adjust the position of your left foot.
stance and then bring your hands

together simultaneously.
Tai Chi Styles
139
White Crane Spreads Its Wings
1.
Turn your waist to the
2.
Step forward with
3. Shift your weight onto
left. Pull back with your left
your right leg and split
your right leg. As you
hand and press down with
with your forearms for a
transfer your weight, use
your right hand.
shoulder stroke.
the momentum of your

bodys movement to
separate your arms. Your
left hand should finish by
your side and your right
hand should be raised.
140
Brush and Push
1. Rotate your
body to the left and
drop your right hand
downward. Rotate
2.
your left hand.
your right elbow and
Pull back with
rotate your body in

such a way that
3.
your left forearm
into the bow stance
protects your
with your left leg.
center line.
Raise your right
4.
hand and lower
weight into the bow
your left hand.
stance. Push
Step forward
Shift your
forward with your

right hand and
down with your left.
Tai Chi Styles
141
Strum the Lute
2.
Shift into the empty stance, with your
weight on your right leg. As your weight

moves downward, execute the pull-down
movement by pulling downward with your
right hand and thrusting upward with your
1.
Move your right knee forward.
left hand.
142
Brush and Push Three Times
For this movement, we will use the tai chi walk that we practiced earlier (see pages 80 to
81), coupled with the brush-and-push movement demonstrated on page 140.
1. Step forward into the
3.
bow stance with your left
your left leg and step
leg and push with your right
forward with your right for a
hand (first push).
bow stance.
2. Shift back onto your

right leg and turn your
body. Turn your left foot
45 degrees.
Tai Chi Styles
143
4. Shift your weight onto your leading, right

leg and push forward with your left hand and
down with your right (second push).
5.
Shift back onto your left
leg and turn your right foot

through 45 degrees.
6.
Shift your weight onto your right
leg and step forward with your left leg

for a bow stance.
7.
Push through with your right
hand while pushing your weight

forward onto your left leg (third push).
144
Strum the Lute
This strum-the-lute movement is identical to the one shown on page 141.
2. Shift into the empty

stance, with your weight on
your right leg. As your
weight moves downward,
execute the pull-down
movement by pulling
downward with your right
hand and thrusting upward
with your left hand.
1. Move your right knee forward.

Brush and Push
A repetition of the brush-and-push

movement shown on page 140. The Yang
family obviously thought the movement
fundamental to their style of tai chi
because it dominates the first section of
their form and continues to feature in the
advanced sections.
Step forward with your left leg into the
bow stance and push with your right hand.
Tai Chi Styles
145
Parry, Block, and Punch
1.
Shift back onto your
2.
Step forward with
3. Put your right heel down,
right leg, make a fist with
your left leg and lower
with your foot at a 45-degree
your right hand, and open
both hands.
angle. As your foot lands,
your left hand. Turn your left
raise your hands.
foot through 45 degrees.
4.
5. Drive your right

Step forward
fist forward from
with your left foot,
your right heel. Finish
simultaneously
with your left hand
pushing out
protecting your
your left hand.
inner elbow.
146
Apparent Close-up
1.
2.
1. Rotate both forearms

so that they face upward.
2. Shift downward,
Simultaneously pull back
with your left elbow and
sweep outward with
your left hand.
3.
3.
Turn your waist and
prepare your hands for

a push.
4.
Now push with
both hands.
4.
147
Tai Chi Styles
Closing Form
1.
3. Extend your arms
Turn your waist and
left foot through 90
forward and separate them.
degrees. Simultaneously
2. Bring your feet into the
open your hands.
horse-riding stance and cross

your arms in front of your body.
4.
Press
5.
When
down with
your hands
your hands,
reach the tan-
keeping your
tien level,
knees bent,
straighten your
until they are
legs. Release
level with your
your hands
tan-tien point.
and relax.
148
Chen-style Tai Chi Form:

First Section
Many of the movements in the Chen-style tai chi form have the same,
or similar, names to movements in the Yang-style tai chi form. When
you look at two movements with the same name, they may look
vaguely familiar, but are definitely different movements. The reason
for this is that the movements use the same energies. If you remember
your tai chi history, the Yang style derives from the Chen style. When
the Yang style was invented, the same basic movements were used,
but were applied in different ways.
This change in application altered the basic
style forms. The movements here are from
frame of the Yang-style form. In general, the
the beginning of the Chen-style thirty-eight-
Chen-style movements use longer stances
movement form. Chen Xiaowang is a
than the Yang-style equivalents and the
modern-day tai chi master and winner of
circular movements are bigger.
many tai chi championships. He compiled
The Chen style is very intricate, with some
the thirty-eight-movement form by
fast movements and some slow ones.
combining elements of the Chen old frame
There are different versions of the Chen-
(lao jia) and new frame (xin jia).
Tai Chi Styles
149
Preparing Form
1.
The Chen-style form
starts in the same way as

the Yang-style form, except
that the legs are slightly
wider than shoulder-width
apart. In the Yang-style
2. Raise your hands to
form, they are shoulder-
shoulder level. As your
width apart.
hands rise, your knees

bend slightly and your
body drops down.
3. Lower your hands and

sink into the posture.
150
Buddhas Warrior Attendant Pounds Mortar

1.
Shift a little of your weight onto your right leg. As
you move, start to raise your palms in a twisting motion.

Your left palm should lead the right.
2. Keep pressing down onto your right

leg as your hands continue their upward
journey.
3.
Your right palm should finish about
level with your shoulder, facing outward.

Your left palm should be facing outward.
4.
Turn your body to the right and shift
your weight onto your left leg. Open your

right foot.
5.
Sink onto your right foot and raise your
left knee. Do not lift it too high.
Tai Chi Styles
10.
151
Stamp your right foot as you strike your
right fist into the palm of your left hand. This

movement is usually done with power, but can
also be practiced slowly if circumstances dictate it.
9. Form a fist with your right hand and

raise it at the same time as your right knee.
8.
Step through with your right leg
and touch your toe on the floor.

Follow through with your left hand.
7.
Push your left knee forward into a long
bow stance. Your left hand should move

down and your right hand should open.
6.
Extend your left leg forward and touch down with your heel.
152
White Crane
Spreads Its Wings
1.
1.
2.
Shift your weight onto your
right leg. Raise your right hand and

press down with your left hand.
2.
Shift your weight back onto
your left leg and sink down onto it.

As you sink, extend your right leg
at a 45-degree angle and cross
your arms in front of your chest.
Your left arm should be in front of
3.
your right arm.
3. Turn your right foot through an

angle of 45 degrees and shift your
weight from your left to your right
leg. Expand your elbows outward.
4. Bring your left foot inward and

touch the floor with your toe. Press
down with your left hand and
upward with your right.
4.
Tai Chi Styles
Hsing-i,
the Five-element Style
153
As we discussed in the history of tai chi, Sun Lu Tang was one of the
most influential figures in the internal Chinese arts. He invented
the Sun style of tai chi, but his hsing-i training heavily influenced it.
Sun Lu Tang regarded the tai chi styles,
and twelve movements based on animals,
together with the hsing-i and ba gua, as
with linking forms for both the elements
forming a trinity of martial arts. The operation
and the animals. The animals in hsing-i
of the styles is different, but the goal is the
describe the character of the movement.
same. They are like different paths leading
For example, the routine for the bear is
up the same mountain.
very strong and grounded, while the
Sun Lu Tang was not the only martial
routine for the eagle is fierce and violent.
artist to mix the styles. Throughout history,
Some of the animals, such as the dragon,
the styles have crossed over a lot. It is
are based on mythical properties. Here we
therefore educational for any student of tai
look at the basic movements for the five
chi to understand a little of the mechanics of
elements. This is the starting point for
how the other styles work.
hsing-i practice and
Hsing-i is known for the directness of the
will help you to
attack. For this reason, it is sometimes
develop
incorrectly assumed that all movement is in
internal strength.
straight lines. In many of the movements, you

will turn your body in a similar way to tai chi.
The timing is a little different, but the result is
similar: you prevent somebody from hitting you!
In hsing-i, there are five sets of
movements based on the five elements
San Ti
San ti is the posture

upon which all
movement in hsing-i
is based. The name
154
san ti means trinity. The trinity is heaven,
If you look at the posture, it is superficially
Earth, and the human being. In the posture,
very similar to the empty stance in tai chi.
this relates to the head, hands, and feet.
For the san ti posture, we need three
San ti training is an important part of
vertical lines: the first is from the heel of the
hsing-i practice. In the old days of China, it
foot of the front leg to the knee of the front
was normal for the hsing-i student to be
lega line from the kneecap should meet
taught nothing but the san ti posture for a
the heel; the second is a straight line from
year, having to work on it until perfection
the hips to the heel of the foot of the rear
was reached.
leg; the third line is from the front hand to
If you are serious about learning hsing-i,
the front foot.
this posture should be the basis of your
The weight distribution will happen
training. The recommendation from the
naturally if the three verticals are correct.
masters is that you should build up your
The majority of your weight should be on
strength gradually until you can stand in the
your back leg. As in tai chi postures, your
position for one hour. With most people, this
head should be up, your neck straight, and
will take at least a year, depending on how
your shoulders down. Your intention should
much practice you do.
be like a tiger ready to pounce.
Tai Chi Styles
155
Pi Quan: the Splitting Fist of Metal Energy
The splitting fist belongs to the metal element, as does the lung. This motion is characteristic
of the metal element. Think of a hand falling like an ax. Below is a complete movement for
the splitting fist. To continue, follow the same instructions, alternating between left and right.
1.
Start in the san ti
2. Open your left foot by
3.
posture, with your weight on
45 degrees and draw your
the path of your center
your left leg.
fist inward.
line until it is level with
Move your fist along
your throat.
156
4.
Push your weight forward, onto your
left leg, and thrust your fist outward.
6. Take a step forward.
7.
5.
Open your left hand and cross
your forearms.
Smash downward with
8. As your hands open,
your right hand and draw
your forearms can rub
back with your left hand.
against each other.
Tai Chi Styles
Beng Quan: the

Smashing Fist of
Wood Energy
The organ for beng quan is the liver

because the liver is ruled by wood energy.
The smashing fist is like firing an arrow. The
motion is produced through stretching and
contracting.
2.
Make fists with both of your hands and soften
your left elbow.
3.
Your left fist should come back to
the tan tien. Twist your waist to pull

your left fist back and drive your right
fist forward.
4. Repeat the movement, keeping your right leg as the standing

leg. You should catapult your body from the right leg to drive your left
fist forward. The fist then returns to the tan tien.
157
1. Start in the
san ti posture.
158
Zuan Quan: the Drilling Fist

of Water Energy
The drilling fist flows like water. It can seep through the smallest hole and come crashing
forward like a wave. The organ for the drilling fist is the kidney. This is a powerful movement
that can cover large distances quickly. To repeat the movement, follow the same
instructions, alternating between left and right.
1. Start in the san ti posture.
2. Open with your left leg and

simultaneously make fists with both hands
while rotating your wrists.
Tai Chi Styles
3. Push forward with your left leg as your

forearms meet.
4. Finished.
159
160
Pao Quan: the

Pounding Fist of Fire
This fist movement is sometimes called the
cannon fist because it is shot out like a
cannon ball. The organ for pao quan is
the heart.
1.
Start in the
san ti posture.
2.
Step forward
into the bow stance,

with your left leg
leading. Make tiger
claws with your
hands.
3.
Form your hands into fists and pull them back to
your abdomen. Draw your right foot toward your left.
Tai Chi Styles
4.
161
Step at a 45-degree angle into the san ti
position. Punch with your right hand and block

upward with your left hand.
5.
Step forward with your left leg and
make fists with your hands.
6.
Draw your right foot in, toward your left foot, and
pull your fists toward your abdomen. Repeat step 4

on the other side.
The stepping for pao quan and the next movement,

heng quan, follows the same sequence: a step at a
45-degree angle, followed by a forward step.
162
Heng Quan: the Crossing Fist of Earth
The crossing fist is round and solid in shape and therefore belongs to the earth element. The
organs for the earth element are the stomach and spleen. Repeat this sequence as many
times as you like.
1. Start in the san ti
2.
posture.
your left in the san ti posture.
where they are and step
Punch forward with your right
forward with your left leg.
fist and withdraw your left fist
Finish with your weight on
to your tan tien.
your left leg and your right
Step 45 degrees to
3. Keep your hands
foot touching the ground.

Turn 45 degrees to the
right into the san ti posture.
Punch with your left hand
Ba Gua
A little understanding of ba gua

will complete our trinity of the
internal martial art styles. In very
general terms, tai chi is known
for its use of softness to redirect a
force, hsing-i for a direct and
powerful attack, and ba gua for
its evasion skills.
Tai Chi Styles
163
The first level: this is simply walking
the circle with no arm actions, and is

akin to the tai chi walk described earlier.
It teaches you the most basic ba gua
footwork.
The second level: this is walking the

circle with the arms in a fixed position,
and is the same as the standing
postures in tai chi and hsing-i. It is
primarily aimed at developing power.
The practitioner walks the circle as in
This certainly does not mean that the other
the first level, but with the arms in a
elements are missing from each style. For
fixed position.
example, hsing-i and tai chi have
The third level: this is walking with
sophisticated and practical evasion skills,
palm changes. This is a multilayered
just as tai chi includes very powerful
level. Basically, the ba gua student
attacks. These generalizations have been
walks the circle while making the palm
made over the years to give an initial
changes. This means that you will
indication of what the style is mostly about.
change between the eight fixed
The defining action of ba gua is circle-
positions in ba gua while walking the
walking. This can be done in a clockwise
circle. To gain any skill at this level, or
or a counterclockwise direction. There are
the higher levels derived from it, you will
many levels of circle-walking, and we will
need to spend a lot of time with a good
only cover the basic levels here.
teacher. Some of the palm changes are

subtle and lose their impact if their
subtleties are ignored.
164
Walking the Circle: the Straight Line
In ba gua, straight-line walking is very similar to tai chi walking, in that the feet are kept at a
distance of shoulder-width apart and the weight is transferred from one leg to the other. The
difference is in the way that you use your waist. In the tai chi walk, you turn your waist to
open your toes. In ba gua walking, you keep your feet parallel, waist rotations happening
only by transferring your weight from one leg to the other. Also note that the feet stay closer
to the floor than in tai chi, and move parallel to it.
1.
Start with
2.
Sink
3.
Shift your
4.
When
5.
Transfer
your feet
downward,
weight onto
you reach the
your weight to
positioned
keeping your
your left leg
end of your
your right leg.
shoulder-
back straight.
and move your
stride, put your
Step forward
right leg
right leg onto
with your left
forward. It
the floor.
leg in the
width apart.
should hover
same way that
about 3/4 inch
you did with
(2 cm) above
your right.
the floor.
Tai Chi Styles
165
Walking Turn in Ba Gua
Walking the straight line is a method of grounding your energy and trains you to sink your
weight onto your legs. However, it is limited, and you need to be able to perform a 180degree turn in order to keep practicing.
1. Shift your
weight back onto
your rear, left leg.
2. Bring your right foot around so that the

toes of both feet point together in a knockkneed-looking posture. Keep your knees
soft and your back straight. This common
ba gua stance is called stepping inward.
3. Shift your weight onto your right leg. As you

release the weight from your left leg, allow your
waist to turn.
166
Circle-walking
So far, the basic steps in ba gua have not been particularly difficult. The same is true for the
footwork for circle-walking. Yet experts train for years just trying to get the footwork correct.
How can this be? There are many levels to the answer. The first reason is that the exercise
trains your muscles. Just as in tai chi walking, you need to learn how to sink your weight
onto your legs. To do this, you must relax the area of the inguinal crease, or kwa, as it is
known in martial arts.
Another aspect of getting your footwork correct is repetition. If you know exactly where
your feet should go and that you are going to put them in that position without thinking about
it, you are mastering your footwork!
For Clockwise Stepping
1.
Bend your
2.
Sink your
3. Shift your
4.
Transfer your
knees and sink onto
weight onto your
weight onto your
weight onto your
your kwa.
right leg and step
left foot and draw
right foot. Step out
out with your left
your right foot
again with your left
leg, turning your
level with it.
foot, as in step 2.
toes slightly inward.
Tai Chi Styles
5.
167
Take another step by repeating steps 4 and 5.
If you continue stepping like this, you will be walking the circle. Stepping forward is done
with the outer (more yang) leg, with the inner (more yin) leg being drawn up to it. To step in a
counterclockwise circle, simply reverse left and right when performing the steps. It is good to
train for equal amounts of time in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions because
this will prevent your training from developing one side of your body more than the other.
168
The Eight Fixed

Postures of Ba Gua
Press Down
As discussed earlier, the postures will
out in front of you,
change as you are walking the circle when
with your fingers
your skill level is high enough. It is also
pointing toward
possible to change your direction from
each other. Keep
clockwise to counterclockwise using a
your arms soft and
movement called palm change. The palm
do not lock your
changes can be single- or double-handed
elbows. The feeling
and are an intrinsic part of the training. It is
in your arms should
beyond the scope of this book to try to
be the same as for
explain the subtleties of moving hand
the unbreakable arm
positions and palm changes.
(pages 96 to 97) in
We can, however, look at the fixed

positions of ba gua. These positions can be
Push your hands
this and all other ba gua arm positions.

Imagine that you are pressing energy away.
held while you are walking the circle. This

training opens the energy meridians of your
Embrace
body and allows the chi to flow. It is also
Imagine that you
good for strength training and balance. Start
are holding a small
by learning how to walk the circle and work
baby with your inner
your way through holding each of the
arm and are making
positions in a static way as you perform
a protective fender
the exercise.
with your outer arm.

This is actually the
ward-off movement
protecting your
inner and outer
circles.
Tai Chi Styles
169
Push Forward
Your arms are making a broken circle and your fingers are
tilted so that they are pointing toward each other.
Remember to keep your elbows soft! The energy is being
pushed away from you, so imagine your energy projecting
outward as you push.
Hold up the
Heavens
This is similar to the
standing-like-a-tree exercises that we looked at earlier.
Open your arms and imagine that you are holding up the
sky. Project your energy outward, in all directions.
Lion Plays Ball

Grabbing a ball, throwing it over the top of your head,
and catching it with your other hand are similar to the
feeling of this posture. One arm should be over your
head and the other one should be extended.
170
Push Front and Back

Press one hand forward at about shoulder
height and the other back, at about waist
height. You should project with both hands
as though you were trying to open sliding
doors that you are stuck between.
Join Heaven and Earth

Raise one hand and point your fingers
upward. Imagine that you are connecting
with the heavens. The other hand should
cross your body and extend toward the
earth. You are making a connection
between heaven and earth. In many
mystical traditions, humans are the link
between heaven and earth. You are
symbolizing that link with this posture.
Dragon Turns Its Waist

Press your arms toward the center of your
circle. Your inner arm should press toward
the center of your rotational path, and your
outer arm should cross your body before
doing the same.
Tai Chi Styles
Other Tai Chi Moves
171
The movements shown so far are by no means definitive of the tai chi
repertoire. When you consider that each of the five major styles of tai chi
has literally hundreds of different movements, you can see that it would
be impossible to cover them all. What follows is a sampler of some
movements that are common throughout many tai chi styles, with an
emphasis on the Yang style.
Tai Chi Kicks
Kicks are common in most martial styles,

and tai chi is no exception. There are some
subtle differences in the way that they are
executed when compared to other styles,
however. In tai chi and other internal styles,
it is important to keep your back straight
when you kick. This is different to the front
kick in tae kwon do and karate, where the
back arches to push the kick through,
producing the powerful kick that you see
experts use to break boards.
In tai chi, the back does not arch. This
usually means that the kick will be lower.
The emphasis with the tai chi kick is on
stability. Try the following practice drills
for kicking.
172
Heel Kick
1. Start in a bow stance, with your forearms

crossed and your left leg leading.
2.
Open your arms as you sink your
weight onto your leading, left leg.
3.
After your arms have opened, there
should be no weight on your right leg. This

frees you to lift your right knee as high as
you can without bending your back.
4.
Turn your body to your
right. Push your right heel out

for the heel kick.
5.
Place your right leg in front of you in a bow stance
and cross your forearms in front of your chest.
Tai Chi Styles
173
Instep Kick
1.
Start in the empty stance,
with your right leg behind you.
2.
Open the toes of your left
foot and raise your right hand.
3.
Shift your weight onto your
left foot.
4.
Kick through with your right leg. As
your foot travels forward, your right hand

travels forward, too.
5.
If you can kick high enough, the palm of your right
hand can strike the instep of your right foot. When you
raise your leg for the kick, lift your knee first.
6. Put your right foot down in front of

you so that you are in the empty
stance, with your weight on your left leg.
Repeat the kick using your left leg,

following the same routine.
174
Lotus Kick
1.
Start in the empty
2.
3.
Kick by lifting your right
stance, with your weight on
your left leg and then raise your
knee first and then swinging
your right leg.
right leg.
your foot around in an arc. If

you are supple enough, your
right hand can tap the edge
of your right foot at the
maximum point of its swing.
Additional Moves
The following movements are useful to help you to understand some of the methodologies
of tai chi. Both of the movements are taken from the Yang-style form.
Tai Chi Styles
175
Needle at the Sea Bottom

This is taken from the second section of the form. It looks quite easy, but is deceptively
demanding on your body, and you must remember to keep your back straight. When you
are standing straight, it is easy to lean one way or the other. The difficulty is increased if you
are trying to bend your body forward, as in this move. The secret here is to be honest with
yourself: if you cannot bend very far, wait until you develop the strength to do so.
1.
Start in the
2.
Sink your
3. Shift your
4. Sink down onto
brush-and-push
weight onto your
weight onto your
your right leg. As you
posture (see page
left leg and release
right leg as you
sink, simultaneously
140), with your right
your right leg. Let
relax the fingers of
adjust your left foot
hand positioned in
your right leg
your right hand and
for an empty stance
front of you.
move forward.
raise your left hand.
and push forward

with the fingertips of
both hands.
You are now in the needle-at-the-sea-bottom posture. If you can keep your back straight,
you will find that it is an excellent standing position if you want to work your legs seriously!
176
Snake Creeps Down

This move uses the drop stance (see page 78), and is another exercise that people can get
wrong by trying to do too much. If you cannot drop your body without leaning your torso,
simply do not drop as far.
1. Start in the single-whip posture (see

pages 136 to 137).
2. Push your weight forward onto your

left leg so that there is no weight on your
right leg.
Tai Chi Styles
3. Twist your right foot through a

right angle (or thereabouts) and
simultaneously relax your left-hand
fingertips, pointing
them forward.
4.
Drop your weight onto your right leg
and pull back your left elbow.
177
178
5. Push from your right leg to drive your left-hand fingertips forward.
Martial
Applications
Tai chi movements can be used for self-defense.
This chapter also introduces you to martial
applications, practice drills, pushing-hands
exercises, and freestyle tai chi, all of which you
can work on with a partner.
180
Self-defense in Tai Chi
Like any other martial arts system, tai chi has a number of movements
that can be applied specifically to self-defense. The applications tend to
be simple because if you actually need to defend yourself, it is likely to
be against an aggressor who is quite dangerous. You are also going to
be frightened, and when you are frightened, you forget things.
If a person attacks you, your aggressor
reserves, he or she may not attack you, but
probably thinks that he or she will win easily.
may go in search of a weaker victim
The chances are that he or she will also be
instead. A strong presence and spirit will
bigger than you, and this brings us to the
ward off most attackers.
first line of self-defense: a strong spirit. In tai
If you cannot avoid such a situation, the
chi, the way to stop an attack is not to be
following techniques may help. These
there when it happens. This applies very
concentrate mainly on escapes from
much to the spiritual aspect of tai chi. If you
grabs and holds. Other forms of attack
have a certain presence that suggests to a
are covered in the section on tai chi
potential assailant that you have inner
applications (see pages 187 to 200).
Martial Applications
181
Escape from a Two-handed Grab

to the Wrists
1.
Imagine a scenario in
which your attacker is trying

to immobilize you by
grabbing both of your
wrists. Turn and look into
the face of your opponent.
2. Point your fingertips
3.
downward.
that your palms are roughly
Bend your wrists so
parallel with the floor.
182
4.
Push forward with your fingers as you
exhale. Imagine that your fingertips are

piercing your attackers abdominal area.
5.
Throw!
If you make the technique work, you will slip out of the attackers grip on your wrists. If you
manage to take the attacker by surprise, you could actually send him or her flying backward.
If you are having difficulty, it could mean that you are trying to raise your hands instead of
pushing them outward.
This is the opening form for nearly all tai chi sequences. Think about that. If all sequences
use this movement, then there must be a reason for it.
183
Escape from a Single-handed Grab: No. 1

This is a simplified version of needle at the sea bottom (see page 175), and a useful
technique if your attacker grabs your right hand with his or her right hand, that is, with the
two hands crossing in front of you. Be very careful when practicing this technique. If you are
overenthusiastic with your training partner, you could easily damage his or her wrist. If you
use the technique very powerfully and suddenly, you will either break or dislocate the
attackers wrist. If it is not working properly, make sure that you are not tilting the hand when
you point your fingers at the attackers abdomen.
1.
Your attacker grabs your wrist.
2.
Trap the attackers hand by placing
your other hand on top of it.
3.
Turn the wrist that you are holding toward
your body slightly. Extend your fingers.
4. Bring your fingers over the top of your attackers wrist and point
your fingertips at his or her abdomen. This will put your attacker into a
powerful wristlock.
184
Escape from a Single-handed Grab: No. 2
If your attacker grabs you with the other hand, the needle-at-the-sea-bottom technique can
still work, but the following technique, taken from apparent close-up (see page 146), is
probably easier.
1.
Your attacker grabs
your right hand with his or

her left hand.
2. Rotate your right

forearm and push it forward
slightly. Place your left hand
somewhere underneath
your elbow.
3. Pull back
4.
your right elbow
entangle your
as you swing
attacker.
This will
out with your

left forearm.
The secret to getting this movement correct is the turning of the forearm in step 2. It is
difficult for the attacker to stop you from doing this, and it breaks their grip. After that, it is
simply a matter of coordinating the movement of the two arms.
185
Escape from a Shoulder Grab
This move works best if the attacker has grabbed a good handful of your clothing.
1.
2.
Your
Put your
attacker grabs
hand on top of
your shoulder.
his or her hand.
3. Make a
4.
big circle with
be sufficient to
your elbow
ensure that you
and then cut
escape the
downward with
attackers grip.
This will
your elbow.
If you want to go a little farther, you are set to put your opponent into a shoulder lock, but
be careful if you are just practicing. This movement is fundamental to the tai chi style and
occurs in all actions in which the elbow moves downward.
186
Escape from a Bear Hug
There are hundreds of escapes from this type of attack across the martial arts styles. This
movement is very simple, but, with practice, is also very effective.
1.
You are grabbed from behind.
2.
Open your armpits to make a small
ward-off movement with both arms.
3.
Suddenly twist your
body. Your partners grip

will be broken.
4. Continue to twist, and you will throw

your partner.
Tai Chi Applications
187
All tai chi movements have a series of martial applications, and these
are integral to tai chi as a whole.
If you learn one application of a movement, try to use it as your starting point to work out
others. The following application sequence is the most important in the Yang style of tai chi.
If you do not understand this sequence, you do not understand tai chi.
Before you start, remember the eight energies of tai chi. The first four are ward off, roll back,
press, and push. They are considered the most important of the energies because the
remaining four energies derive from them. They also happen to be the first four moves of
grasping the sparrows tail, and it is for this reason that this movement is repeated many
times throughout the sequence.
The movement has four parts, as described on the following pages.
188
Ward Off
Here you intercept the attack using a ward-off movement and then use ward off to control.
1.
Stand opposite your partner.
2.
Your partner throws a punch
with his or her left hand. Intercept it

by cutting upward with the fingertips
of your left hand.
3. Step forward into the bow stance. As you step,

simultaneously wrap your left forearm around your
partners punching arm.
If you were to apply this move suddenly, it
4. As your weight
could do serious damage to your partners
sinks onto your left
arm, so be careful. Another, less damaging,
leg, catch your
way to control is to push forward slightly.
partners wrist with
This upsets your partners center of gravity
your right hand.
and shoulders and makes it very difficult

for him or her to throw a punch with the
other hand.
189
Roll Back
In roll back, you draw an attack inward and use the leverage of your partners arm
to control.
1.
Your partner punches
with his or her right fist.
2.
The best way to stop
3. As with ward off, the
somebody from hitting you
sudden and powerful
is to get out of the way. Use
application of this technique
the bow stance to step
can be seriously damaging.
forward and simultaneously
Once you have your
catch your partners wrist
partner in the roll-back
and elbow.
position, it is nearly
impossible for him or her to
hit you with any force.
190
Press
This application shows press as an attacking technique. Your right arm is passive, with the
motor force coming from your left arm. You could use the movement either to push your
partner away or, if you wanted to do some damage, you could apply the technique with
explosive force, known as fa jing. When applied in this way, the technique can cause
serious damage to internal organs.
1. Stand in the press position. Shift onto

your back leg and let your partner push your
forearm back.
2.
A sudden application of force (fa jing)
will throw your partner.
After a little practice, you will be able to push your partner away quite easily.
191
Push
With this movement, you do not just simply push your
arms out: there is also an upward motion, which
undermines your partners center of gravity.
Shift back in the bow stance, with your hands ready
for the press position. Try to push your arms straight out.
If you are stronger than your partner, you will
succeed, but that is not really tai chi! Lets try again!
1. Place your hands against your partner.
2. Expand your body, pushing upward from

the floor to throw your partner.
As with the press movement, the push could be used to give you some room. If you are
a good kicker, you could use the technique to give you the space in which to kick. An
alternative is to use the explosive fa-jing force to send your opponent flying.
192
Waving Hands Like Clouds
Waving hands like clouds appears in one version or another in all of the tai chi forms, and is
characteristic of the strategies used in tai chi. In particular, it uses a soft contact to redirect
an attack and then follows with an attack.
1.
Your partner punches
with his or her left fist.
2.
Turn your waist and
arms to redirect the attack.
3. By this time, you have

done the main job: stopping
Intercept it with your
yourself from being hit! If you
right hand.
want to reward your attacker

for his or her trouble,
suddenly sink your weight
as you lift the attackers left
arm. Depending on how you
use this technique, it could
be used to damage or
control the arm.
193
Brush and Push
In brush and push, we have a defense that is immediately returned with an attack. The
defense and attack should be properly timed for maximum effect.
1.
Your partner attacks with his or her right hand. Step
forward and meet the attack with your left forearm.
2.
As your weight transfers forward
into the bow stance, drive your left

forearm downward in a spiral and
prepare to push with your right hand.
3.
Finish by pressing down with your left
hand and attacking with your right hand.
If you were to imagine this technique without the attack, it would still work as a deflection,
and would probably put your opponent or partner off-balance. The problem here is that
the direction in which he or she would fall would be on to you. The counterattack prevents
this from happening.
194
Strum the Lute
Strum the lute uses pull-down energy. This move was a favorite of Sun Lu Tang (see pages
48 to 49) and features prominently in his form. The version shown here is from the first
section of Yang-style tai chi.
1.
Your partner attacks
with his or her right hand.
2.
Use your right hand to
deflect the attack.
3.
Shift into the empty
stance as you push upward

with the fingertips of your
left hand. This will put your
partner in an arm lock that
can damage the elbow if
you are not careful.
195
Raise Hands and White Crane

Spreads Its Wings
This sequence from the Yang-style tai chi routine shows how one movement can naturally
flow into another, so that you can immediately follow on with a suitable technique if the
previous one failed.
For this to work, you will need to have a very clear understanding of the techniques.
Raise Hands
1. Your partner attacks with his or her
2. Step into the empty stance and attack
right hand.
his or her wrist and elbow.
If you got this move right, it could break

the elbow. However, we are assuming that
you need to continue.
196
Shoulder Stroke
1. Rotate your arms as you press down.

The power in this movement comes from
sinking farther into the empty stance. This
can be used to control or break the elbow.
2.
Step forward and simultaneously strike
your opponents body with your body and

his or her face with your right hand.
You have hit the attacker with a series of

attacks. Now just push him or her away.
White Crane Spreads

Its Wings
Push all of your weight down onto your left
leg as your body spirals upward into the
empty stance. Perform a ward off with your
left arm and counterbalance this by pushing
down with your right hand.
197
Parting the Wild Horses Mane
This technique is a good example of splitting energy. Differential pressure from your legs
makes your waist turn so that you can throw out your arms very powerfully.
1.
Your partner
2.
You deflect with
3. Step forward
4. Pull down with
attacks with his or
your left hand while
into a bow stance
your left hand as
her left fist.
turning your body to
(you will have to get
you uncoil your right
avoid the strike.
close for this one).
arm. Hit the attacker

with your shoulder,
elbow, and then
forearm. This will
usually send the
attacker tumbling
over your leg.
Another way to use the same technique is

to perform the uncoiling motion as a strike with
either the outer edge of your forearm or the
edge of your hand, as shown on the left.
198
Heel Kick
The heel kick is very powerful, and can be quick if performed correctly. It is useful for getting
under an attackers guard, and if you are confident in your kicks, it makes a very good selfdefense movement.
1.
Your attacker throws a punch.
2.
As always, your defense is to
get out of the way. Do this by

stepping into the bow stance. As
you step, cross your arms in front of
your body.
3. Open your arms to redirect

the punch and expose the
attackers vulnerable ribs.
4. Lift your knee and kick into the area of

the floating rib.
If you cannot kick very high, you can still kick with power. If your kick hits anywhere along
your attackers side, it will certainly slow him or her down!
Instep Kick
The instep kick is powerful and can be performed quickly, taking your opponent by
surprisevery useful in self-defense!
1.
Your attacker reaches
2.
Block his hands
3.
Deliver a sharp kick
out to grab you around
with your right hand,
with your right leg. This
your neck.
raising your left hand to
should finish the attack!
protect your neck.
199
200
Lotus Kick
In tai chi, we are always playing with opposites, and the lotus kick is a good example of this.
When practicing the kick, it is desirable, although not vital, to make the kick as high as you
can because it can be used to strike the side of a persons head.
What, then, is the lotus kick used for? Apart from looking good (which it always does when
executed correctly), it has applications that are more like tai chi than a kick to the head.
1. Your
2.
3. Sweep low 4. Follow
5. This will
partner attacks.
your partners
with your leg
through with
knock your
attack in the
and push
the kick.
partner to the
empty stance.
across with
floor (warning:
your arms.
do not actually
Sidestep
knock your
partner to the
floor unless he
or she is used
to breaking
falls and you
are training
Be a sport and give your partner a hand up!
on mats).
Tai Chi Practice Drills
201
When you started to learn self-defense and the martial applications,

you made the transition from solo practice to practicing with a partner.
If you have tried some of the examples, you will have found that
practicing with a partner gives a whole new dimension to your tai chi.
You are not expected to instantly be able to apply all of the tai chi applications to two-person
practice. First, you must learn the applications, then you must train with them. Various
practice drills have been devised to help you. Usually, they involve a cyclical pattern of
movement. This means that you can practice continually and work with the movement.
This is the most difficult of the practice drills. If you can manage this, you can certainly
manage the following exercises. If, for some reason, you find it difficult, try the others first
and then come back to it.
1.
Stand opposite your
partner. Your partner throws

a punch with his or her
left fist . . .
2.
. . . and you
deflect it . . .
3.
. . . with your
right hand.
202
4.
Step into the first position ward off and lock your
partners elbow.
5.
Your partner tries to escape by
lifting his or her elbow. Do not try to

stop him or her, but go with the flow.
6.
Turn your waist and move into the roll-
back position.
203
9. Prepare for press to return the attack.
8. Your partner tries to escape by

elbowing toward your abdomen.
7.
The roll-back position.
204
10. Press toward your partner.
11. Your partner deflects the press with

an upward block.
12.
Your partner sees an opening
and prepares to punch with his or her

right hand.
13. The punch is thrown.
14. Use your partners
15.
forearm to block the punch.
with both hands.
205
Push your partner
16. Step forward as you

push. Your partner absorbs
the push by stepping back.
17. Now your partner will
18.
deflect your right hand.
caught in ward off!
Your turn to be
Repeat the sequence,

reversing the roles.
206
Punch
This one is fun to practice blindfolded, but make sure that you can do it with your eyes open
first. It teaches you how to stick to your opponent. If you can develop the sensitivity to feel,
rather than see, what is going on, then you will learn new levels of tai chi.
1. Your partner punches with his or her

right fist.
3.
This gives you an opening for a
punch, so you take it.
2. You block the punch with your forearm.
207
4. Your partner sticks to your forearm

and uses this to block your attack.
5.
Now it is your partners turn to
punch again.
6.
Do not lose contact. You can block in
the same way, preparing for the next punch.
208
Waving Hands Like Clouds (Single-handed)

If you want, you can sidestep in this movement once you have mastered the fixed step
shown here.
1. Stand opposite your
2. Try to reach forward. As 3.
partner. Touch your forearms
your partner feels your intent
for the arms, try to push
together as shown.
to move forward, he or she
forward again.
From this new position
will deflect to one side.
4. Your partner will stick to

you and guide you away
from his or her central line
to deflect again to the
other side.
5.
Repeat the movement.
Note that the partners are not equal in this arrangement. One is attacking and the other is
defending, even though it may look the same to the untrained eye. Train equally, switching
between attacking and defending, so that you both have a turn doing each.
209
Brush and Push
1.
Stand opposite your partner in the
bow stance, with your left leg forward.
2.
Your partner pushes toward you with
his or her left hand.
3.
Use your left forearm to block as you
prepare to push with your right hand.
210
4. Push with your right hand.
5.
This time, your partner will block with
his or her right hand and prepare to strike

with the left hand.
6.
Keep contact with your partner and
deflect the push as you prepare for your

next push.
Repeat the sequence.
When you become accustomed to the practice, you can change legs while practicing or
step backward as your partner advances. With this technique, an inequality arises from the
fact that you are blocking with the same hand and pushing with the same hand all of the
time. Try changing the attacking arm to equalize the practice.
211
Knees
In martial arts, it is common to distract an opponent by making him or her think that you are
going to attack high to the face, when you are actually attacking low to the legs. The
following routine is about learning how to upset a persons balance from below while
maintaining your own balance. It is very simple, and excellent for taking people by surprise.
1.
Stand opposite your partner in the
2. Push your knee forward, moving it in a
bow stance. Your right shin should be
circular pattern. If your partner is
touching your partners right shin.
unprepared, this will undermine his or her

balance and could topple him or her.
212
3. Your partner yields to your attack and
4.
Repeat the sequence.
5.
Remember that you should yield to
replies with an exact copy of your move.
your partners attack.
You need to make a circular movement

with your knees. If you do not, you will
simply push against each other, causing
one another injury.
Elbow
An elbow attack is a devastating martial arts

technique. This routine uses the energies
from grasping the sparrows tail to practice
the elbow strike.
1.
Your partner attacks with his or her
right elbow. Slow the attack with your

left hand.
2. Redirect the attack with your

right hand.
3.
Press the attack out of the way with
your left hand.
213
214
4.
Return the
5. Your partner
attack with your
then redirects
right elbow.
your attack.
6.
7.
Press
You block
to get your
the returning
elbow away.
attack with your

elbow. Continue
the cycle.
With practice, it is possible to make the technique very fast. After a while, you may
become so fast that observers will only see a blur where your arms are.
Tai Chi Pushing Hands
215
One of the most famous parts of the tai chi syllabus is pushing hands.
This is the bridge between the tai chi form practice, the practice drills,
and freestyle tai chi movement. You start by learning with one hand
and then progress to pushing hands using both hands. Once you have
mastered two-handed pushing hands, you can start to learn movingstep pushing hands.
These pushing-hands routines are in the
can learn from practicing with a person who
form of set sequences. You perform a
can push you. Eventually, you will learn how
movement and your partner responds with
to avoid the push and push your partner
an appropriate movement. There is a testing
instead. Your partner then has the same
aspect here, too. If you are pushing hands
job: to stop you from pushing him or her. By
with somebody and sense that he or she is
investing in loss, you will both improve.
off-balance, you can give a little push to
All of the pushing-hands movements
allow him or her to feel that they are off-
should be done slowly and deliberately.
balance. One of the lessons in pushing
Try changing hands. All of the
hands is called investing in loss. The late tai
descriptions that follow are for the right hand
chi master Chen Man Ching coined the
as the dominant hand. Try the same
phrase during the 1960s. It means that you
routines with the left hand being dominant.
216
No. 1: Single-handed on a Horizontal Plane

This single-handed version of pushing hands simulates an attack like a push or a punch.
Your yielding hand meets the attack. This redirects the force of the attack so that you can
return the attack. Your partner follows with the same maneuver and the cycle continues.
2. Step forward with your

right leg into the bow
stance. Adjust your right
foot to a 45-degree angle.
Both partners should now
make a ward-off posture
with their right arms and
touch their wrists together.
1. Stand opposite your partner.
4. If your partner pushes

first, allow your ward-off arm to
become soft as you shift back
and turn your waist. When you
have reached your maximum
position for yielding, most of
your weight should be on your
right leg. Remember to keep
3.
Decide who will push first.
your back straight.
5. Push from the heel of your right foot.
6.
Extend the push in your partners
direction. Now it is your partners turn to

yield. Your partners yielding should be
receptive to your push.
7.
Do not start to yield until you feel the
push from your partner.
8.
Let the attack come to you as
you yield.
217
218
No. 2: Single-handed on an Inclined Plane

This routine works in exactly the same way as the last one, except that the plane of
movement is inclined. The application here would be to deflect a slapping attack to the face.
The starting procedure is exactly the same as that of the last pushing-hands routine.
1. Stand opposite your partner. Step to the side with your

left foot into the wu chi position (see page 73). Your feet
should be shoulder-width apart.
2.
Step forward with
your right leg into the

bow stance. Adjust your
right foot to a 45-degree
angle. Now both make a
ward-off posture with
your right arms, touching
your wrists together.
3. Your partner should make an arc with

his or her right hand as if to slap your face.
4. Shift back onto your left leg and deflect

your partners hand with your right hand.
5. Push from your

right leg as though
you were aiming a
slap toward your
partners face.
6.
As in the last example, your partner deflects
your blow and returns with another.
219
220
No. 3: Single-handed on a Vertical Plane

This version of pushing hands deflects a finger thrust and retaliates with another
finger thrust.
1.
Stand opposite your
2.
Step forward with your
partner. Step to the side
left leg into the bow stance.
with your left foot into the
Adjust your right foot to a
wu chi position. Your feet
45-degree angle. Both
should be shoulder-
partners should now make
width apart.
a ward-off posture with their

right arms and touch their
wrists together.
3. Your partner thrusts

toward your neck.
4.
Turn your body and deflect the thrust
5.
This puts you in a position to be able
with a downward motion.
to thrust at your partners abdomen.
6. Your partner turns and deflects
7.
Your partner is again ready to thrust.
the thrust.
As well as alternating between the left and right hand, you should alternate between a
high thrust and a lower thrust.
221
222
No. 4: Double-handed on a Horizontal Plane

This routine is a progression of the first sequence. If you can perform the single-handed
pushing-hands exercise, you should have very little difficulty with the double-handed version.
The trick with all of the double-handed versions of pushing hands is to allow the contact that
you make with your passive hand to move. The contact will start on the elbow, but will slide
up and down. As with the single-handed versions, you should try alternating your leading leg
so that you practice with both sides of your body.
1. Stand
2.
opposite your
with your left leg
partner. Step to
into the bow
the side with
stance. Adjust your
your left foot
right foot to a 45-
into the wu chi
degree angle. Both
position. Your
of you should now
feet should
make a ward-off
be shoulder-
posture with your
width apart.
right arms,
Step forward
touching your
wrists together.
3.
Place
your left hand

on your
partners right
elbow. Your
4.
partner should
now pushes with
do the same.
both hands.
Your partner
223
5. Use the ward off from your right arm to redirect the push and
shift back. As your partner pushes against your wrist and elbow,
allow your contact hand to slide up and down your partners
forearm. Shift back onto your right leg and yield to the attack.
6. It is now your turn to push.

Prepare for the push by placing your
left hand on your partners elbow.
7.
Push from your back heel toward your partner.
8.
Your partner deflects the push
in the same way that you just did

and the cycle starts again.
224
Nos. 5 and 6
Once you have mastered the three versions

of the single-handed pushing hands and the
two-handed version that follows (no. 4), the
rest are very simple to understand. They
follow exactly the same procedure as the
last sequence. To make life easy, start by
doing the single-handed exercises shown in
numbers 2 and 3, and make them twohanded (nos. 5 and 6) by placing your
other hand on your partners elbow, as
shown here.
Number 5.
Number 6.
Freestyle Tai Chi
225
The pictures below and on the next page show examples of freestyle tai chi sparring. The
important aspect that sets freestyle tai chi sparring apart from other martial styles is the use of
yielding. The movements may not look exactly the same as in the form practice or pushing hands,
but the principles of tai chi should be adhered to. It is important not to rush into freestyle sparring
in tai chi because this often results in messy sparring bouts that bear no resemblance to tai chi.
A.
1.
The punch is deflected.
2.
Fold the elbow.
3.
Turn the body for roll back.
226
B.
2.
1.
Deflect the push with press.
3.
Too late!
A rising block is made in
preparation to punch.
What
Happens Next?
Learning tai chi is a process of continual
education. Developing a strategy for your own
learning will both enhance the effect and speed
up the process.
228
Improving Your Tai Chi
In tai chi, there are several schools of thought as to how to improve

your technique. One way is to learn more than one style, and this
approach can be useful if you are trying to widen your knowledge of
the martial arts. This is also a good approach if you are looking for
many different applications. However, in the world of martial arts,
there is also an understanding that the person who has worked on one
technique for a year will be more dangerous than the person who has
studied many techniques over the same period of time.
The same logic is also true of movements

within the form that you are learning. It is not
through laziness that the Yang family
included grasping the sparrows tail at every
opportunity, but to encourage the Yang-style
tai chi student to practice that move over
and over again. It teaches the four primary
energies in tai chi. Even if grasping the
sparrows tail were the only part of the form
that you knew, but you could perform it
perfectly, you would have a profound
knowledge of tai chi.
In tai chi, you need to be patient with
yourself. It may seem as though your
instructor is holding you back by making
you practice the same movement all of the
time, but this is how you will improve.
An instructor will help to correct your moves.
What Happens Next?
The Ten Essences
229
You are serious about learning tai chi. You do not mind putting in the
workin fact, you are looking forward to it. You have joined a class
and have started to learn one of the tai chi forms. What happens next?
This is where effort comes in.
In the old days of China, putting the effort in, if
practice is significant, and that you are
you were a martial artist, was unquestioned.
being as efficient as possible with your
If you were a professional bodyguard or
time. To assist with this, there are various
soldier, as many martial artists were, you
formulas that have been handed down
would often find yourself in a life-or-death
through the ages, among them the ten
situation. Without the training, you were likely
essences of tai chi.
to be killed quite quickly. Nowadays, thankfully,
Although these essences have been
we do not need to train for our lives. However,
around since the days of Yang Chen Fu,
this removes one obvious motivating factor in
they have been arranged into the natural
training. Coupled with the fact that most
sequence described here by Christopher
people work and have a family to look after,
Pei. They encapsulate most of the other
it is a wonder that this art survives at all.
formulas that have been devised over the
The secret is to train intelligently. You

need to ensure that every part of your
years to help students to learn tai chi.
230
The Ten Essences

1. Lift the head to raise the spirit.
2. Sink the shoulders and lower
the elbows.
3. Loosen the chest and round
the back.
No. 1: Lift the Head

to Raise the Spirit
This is probably the simplest to understand

and the easiest to forget. If you imagine two
people, one in high spirits and the other
low, you can immediately see who is
showing the strongest spirit of the two.
4. Loosen the waist.

5. Separate the substantial and
the insubstantial.
6. Coordinate the upper and
lower body.
7. Continuous movement.
8. Unite the internal intent with
the body.
9. Use the mind, not force.
10. Seek stillness in motion and motion
within stillness.
Keeping the body upright is a sign of a
strong spirit.
Write the ten essences down on a piece
The message is a two-way signal. If your
of paper and keep it with you at all times.
spirits are low, try lifting your head. You may
Learn the essences until you can repeat
find that you start to feel better in yourself. In
them in the correct sequence. This is like
the tai chi form, we develop this in many
learning a poem. If you can learn it by heart,
ways, and should pay attention to the
then you can think about the meanings of
position of our heads and necks. As soon as
the words and what they mean to your tai
you become tired or start to forget, your head
chi and many other activities.
can sag and your tai chi loses its spirit.
What Happens Next?
No. 2: Sink the

Shoulders and
Lower the Elbows
Try standing for a while with your shoulders

raised up near your ears and take note of
the effort that it takes to keep them in that
high position. Unless your shoulders are
very relaxed, you waste energy by keeping
them higher than they need to be. Also,
lowering your shoulders lowers your center
of gravity, which makes you physically more
stable and therefore also emotionally.
We can elevate our shoulders for many
See how much more relaxed you look if your

shoulders are not tense.
reasons. A common one is emotional. Think

about what happens when you see
somebody hit another persons head. As a
protective reflex, the shoulders will usually
rise. If your history is such that you feel that
you have been physically or emotionally hit
around the head, it is possible for this to
No. 3: Loosen the

Chest and
Round the Back
Try the following experiment.
affect your shoulders. Frequently, in such

cases, when people learn to loosen their
Breathing
shoulders, there can be a tremendous sense
Part 1: stand at attention. Pull your
of emotional freedom, which can be very
shoulders back and push out
positive for the persons emotional well-being.
your chest. Now try to take a
In a martial arts sense, if your shoulders
long, deep breath. Note how
are raised, then your elbows will also be
comfortable or uncomfortable it
raised, which makes it easy for a person to
feels, and feel how much breath
trap your elbow.
you can take in.
231
232
Part 2: stand in the wu chi position. Relax
Many people have a habit of
your body and round your shoulders very
breathing with the upper chest
slightly so that you can just feel the muscles
only. If you sink your breath into
in your back open and the front of your
your abdomen and relax your
chest feels soft. Take another deep breath.
chest, you will normally find that
Note the same thingsthe length of the
your breathing becomes
breath and how comfortable it feels.
deeper and that you breathe
Which resulted in the longest breath and
more efficiently. This also
felt the most comfortable? Most people
implies a way of moving your
agree that standing at attention restricts the
body. If you move your arm to a
breath and is uncomfortable. The third
position that makes your chest
essence suggests that you loosen the chest
feel tight, the muscles in your back cannot
and round the back. This is the opposite of
be used and you lose power. This is all
standing at attention, when the chest is tight
connected with the third essence.
and the back loose.
No. 4: Loosen the Waist

The first three essences were all connected
with the upper body. It is useful to work on
them in the sequence given because this
helps you to fit your body into the rules of tai
chi. If you master the first three essences,
you will walk upright (essence one), relax
your shoulders (essence two), and use
abdominal breathing (essence three).
Now think about your center of gravity. If
you lean forward or backward, your center
of gravity moves. If you raise your shoulders,
your center of gravity rises.
The waist has not rotated, so the movement

looks, and feels, awkward.
What Happens Next?
233
When you apply the first three essences,

your center of gravity becomes lower
through a natural process. This allows your
waist to move more freely because your
inner, core muscles are stabilizing your body
in a more efficient way.
When your center of gravity comes to a
position just below your navel, called the
tan tien, the energy in the waist can move
more freely. This is the fourth essence,
If the waist turns, the movement is softer.
loosen the waist.
No. 5: Separate the Substantial and

the Insubstantial
Imagine trying to drive an automobile with a
heavy roof rack. The handling of the vehicle

would be different from normal because of
its high center of gravity. If the center of
gravity is in an optimum position, the
handling is better and the vehicle is easier
to control. How does this apply to tai chi?
It concentrates on smooth delivery. If you
wobble, you cannot regulate the flow of
power in a skillful way. In tai chi, as in many
other martial arts and sports, the strength of
the arms derives from that of the legs.
Imagine a rock climber. If he or she is
beyond novice level, the arms are vital, but
The push starts from the
back heel and moves like a

wave through the body.
234
all of the motive force comes from the legs.
1.
In order to move one foot, all of the bodys

weight must be carried by the other foot
while a foothold is being found.
Tai chi is exactly the same. In a push, all
of the weight starts on the back leg. In the
language of the ten essences, the leg has
become substantial, that is, it carries all of
the weight. As you apply the push, your
back leg straightens and drives your arms
forward. Your weight transfers from the back
leg to the front leg, so the front leg
2.
becomes more substantial. This can only be

achieved when your frame is stable enough
to allow the center of gravity to drop to the
tan tien and you can control the delivery of
power in your legs.
No. 6: Coordinate
the Upper and
Lower Body
The first five essences set your physical

frame for tai chi, while essences six to
In picture 1, the legs have completed the
ten teach you how to use that frame,
move before the hands. You can see this
much of which has to do with the
from the fact that the legs are in the finishing
coordination of the body and mind. Look
position for the bow stance, but the arms
at the pictures above right and see which
have not straightened out for the push. In
ones you think have upper- and lower-body
picture 2, the arms reach maximum
coordination.
extension at the same time that the legs
What Happens Next?
3.
4.
235
finish. This is powerful because the whole

body is being used for the movement.
Now try again with roll back. In picture 3,
the arms have finished making the roll back,
but the legs are still changing. In picture 4,
you can see that the person has shifted
back in the roll-back position at the same
time as the arms complete the move. The
understanding of these essences is quite
subtle, but if you can grasp their meaning,
your tai chi will never be the same again!
No. 7: Continuous Movement

Think for a while about the previous
The sixth and seventh essences of tai
essence, coordinating the upper and lower
chi rule the coordination of the upper and
body. If the arm completes the move before
lower body. Once you start to have a feel
the leg, the arm has to wait for the leg to
for the sixth essence and your arms and
catch up before it can perform the next
legs are working together, you can refine it
movement. Clearly, this indicates a problem
further by checking that there are no halts
with upper- and lower-body coordination.
in your movement.
If the movements are smooth and

continuous, then the upper and lower body
must be in time with each other. In this way,
this essencecontinuous movementcan
only happen once you have coordinated the
upper and lower body. If the upper and
lower body are working together, you will
have the seventh essence.
236
No. 8: Unite the

Internal Intent with
the Body
balance if your mind is constantly wandering

off to other subjects. Mastering the eighth
essence means that your body and mind
The previous two essences, six and seven,
are constantly flowing together in the tai chi
help the upper and lower body to work as
form, and that your mind is entirely with you
one. In the next two, the mind becomes the
in your actions.
focus. Until now, you have been learning

how to get your frame right and then how to
move with your frame. Early on, you learned
the exercise that helps you to understand
No. 9: Use the Mind,

Not Force
Mastering the ninth essence is
how strong a relaxed body can be: the
similar to mastering the seventh.
unbreakable-arm exercise (see pages 96 to
You cannot manage it until you
98). When you reach this level of tai chi, this
have understood the preceding
understanding is applied to all movements.
essence. A good example of
When you push, you imagine that your
the ninth essence is in the use
energy expands with your body. When you
of pushing hands. When you
withdraw, you imagine that your energy
are just using your body,
contracts with your body. This is the motion
pushing hands can be
of yin and yang applied to the form. The
physically hard. When you start
movements extend past your
to understand the power that
body, at least in your
comes from linking your body
imagination. This makes you
and mind, however, you no longer need to
push through a target.
use physical force, but instead follow your
When you have united the

intent of your mind with the
partners energy and apply your energy

when the time is right.
motions of your body, it
In this way, your tai chi has progressed
means that you are very
from pushing your partner to a flow of yin
conscious of your actions.
and yang between you and your partner.
You cannot achieve this
This is an advanced stage of tai chi.
What Happens Next?
No. 10: Seek

Stillness in Motion
and Motion Within
Stillness
237
around them has stopped and that they are

completely in the moment.
This feeling of being in the moment allows
the virtuoso to create masterpieces that
The tenth essence is the essence of the
seem impossible to the lesser player. The
artist. To get an idea of this, go to a concert
difference is that, one way or another, the
at which you know a virtuoso musician is
virtuoso has managed to pass through the
performing. As the musician plays the
stages of learning a skill to the point where
notes, he or she is not thinking about the
the skill just happens and the art flows
notes and scales. Most people who reach
through him or her.
Other Sources of
Information
this stage talk about feeling that the world
Masters of tai chi were teaching students the art long before the
ten essences were thought of, and some very proficient modern
masters may never even have heard of them. However, if you take a
look at the writings of the masters, it is possible to find a strong
correlation between what they have written and the ten essences.
As an example, look at Body Principles, an instructional note by
Wu-Yu-Hsiang (18121880).
A line-by-line examination of this work offers
chest and round the back, you will see the
the following observations.
same instructions.
Relax the chest; raise the back. If you
Enclose the solar plexus. Essence
look at essence number three, loosen the
number three again. Enclosing the solar
238
plexus is a way of asking a

student to not force the
Sink the elbows. This is
Wu-Yu-Hsiang writes:
chest outward.
essence number two

again.
Relax the chest.

Be evasive. In tai
Raise the back.
cheekbones. This
chi, we do not meet a
Enclose the solar plexus.
means that you should
force head on
Protect the cheekbones.
keep your chin pointing
because the
Lift the head.
downward so that your
strongest force will
Suspend the solar plexus.
cheeks do not
always win. Instead,
Loosen the shoulders.
protrude. This is not just
we move around
Sink the elbows.
to stop them from being
the force. This is a
Be evasive.
hit, but opens the back of
strategic aspect of tai chi
Avoid conflict.
your neck and stretches your
that works through uniting
Protect the
spine, as in the first essence: lift

the head to raise the spirit.
Lift the head. This is essence number
one again.
Suspend the solar plexus. There is a
intent with the body, essence

number eight.
Avoid conflict. Always a good idea! If
somebody throws a punch, the best
thing to do is not to be there. This
saying in tai chi that your body should be as
applies in the martial situation; it is the
though it were being suspended from a cord
idea of stepping out of the energy of an
at the crown of your head. The idea is that
attack rather than trying to meet it head
you lift your head and all other parts of your
on. The eighth essence is the closest
body feel as though they are hanging from a
expression to this.
central location. This is another way of

expressing the first essence.
As you can see, some of the words

are even the same. This is not surprising
Loosen the shoulders. Look at essence
because the information comes from the
number two, sink the shoulders and lower
Yang Family Tai Chi Classics, which Yang
the elbows.
Cheng Fu would definitely have seen.
What Happens Next?
Using the I-Ching
239
If you are hunting for different ways of looking at your tai chi, the IChing can usually provide some sort of inspiration. You do not need
to learn how to use the book as a divining tool to gain from its
knowledge. Reading the meanings of the hexagrams and their
relationship to one another can provide illuminating insights.
For example, in tai chi, we need to study the
as a separate entity to chien because it
interaction of yin and yang. In the I-Ching, we
represents space. Without space, there can
study the same thing. The first hexagram is
be no movement, and without movement,
chien, the creative. It is completely yang,
there is no energy.
represented by expansion and movement. Its
From the I-Ching, we gain an idea of the
essence is in power or energy. Time is implied
inseparability of yin and yang. Without yin,
within this hexagram because it would be
there can be no yang and vice versa. In our
impossible to expand without time. Without
tai chi forms, we cannot have yang
time, there can be no movement.
movements followed by more yang
The next hexagram is kun, the receptive.
movements. We need to withdraw and
Kun represents the yielding power of yin. It
become yin before we can become yang
is the female counterpart of the male
again. Yin and yang must therefore form a
principle of chien. Kun cannot be regarded
cycle, flowing around each other.
Cross-training
Most modern tai chi teachers recognize the fact that cross-training in
different disciplines will help your tai chi. When starting out, it is
probably best to avoid other styles of martial art, however, because it
is easy to confuse them.
240
In the martial schools of China and Japan,
more supple? Try yoga. Do you get out of
horseback-riding and archery were
breath in your form? Try an aerobic exercise
encouraged. The idea was that horseback-
like running or playing football.
riding would teach you to keep an upright
Just about any activity can be regarded
posture and direct movement from your waist,
as cross-training. When I play the guitar, I try
archery improving your handeye coordination.
to use it as an exercise in being mindful of
Think about the kind of cross-training that
the moment, rather like a meditation, which
Skill Levels in Tai Chi

would suit you. Do you need to become
feeds straight back into the tenth essence.
In tai chi, just as in any other art, there are various levels of skill. If you
want to train intelligently, you will need some idea as to what your
skill level is.
This can be a very subjective matter. In
of time as the black belts in tae kwon do
such styles as tae kwon do and karate,
and karate, you will have reached a high
there is a defined grading system. The color
skill level. This does not necessarily mean
of your belt tells you where you are with
that you would be their equal on the
your training. There is no equivalent grading
sparring mats, however.
system in tai chi.

A good reason for this is that tai chi is not
In tai chi, free sparring does not normally

occur until quite an advanced stage (see
entirely a martial style. Gradings usually
page 242). We do, however, develop other
indicate your ability on the sparring mats. If
areas, such as that of chi, which are not
you are a black belt in tae kwon do, then a
touched on in the other arts until quite late
black belt in karate should be fairly closely
on. In the end, the result is similar. All martial
matched in terms of fighting skill. If you have
artists will work on the spirit: the arts are all
been training in tai chi for the same amount
different paths up the same mountain.
What Happens Next?
Self-assessment
and continual
learning can
improve your
skill level.
241
though he or she is using intent? Is there

energy flow? You will not be able to answer
some of these questions until you have
reached the level yourself. Used in this way,
the ten essences can be a valuable guide to
determining your skill level and that of others.
The only
way for tai chi
practitioners to
The Learning
Program in Tai Chi
If you join a tai chi class, you will want to
test their skill is
know what you are getting into. You are
by looking
about to invest time and money in learning
inward and
the art, so it is a good idea to find out what it
being honest in
involves. Here are a few pointers as to what
their self-assessment. You can use the ten
might be included in a good learning
essences as a kind of reference here. To
program. It is not intended to be definitive:
begin with the first essence and progress to
this is how I work and learn from my
the last in the correct sequence is a journey. If
teachers, but this is not the only way.
you see a person training with his or her eyes

on the floor most of the time, the first essence
First Level
is clearly not in place. It does not matter if the
At this level, a student will be trying to
person has been training for many years; if
understand the tai chi body frame and how to
the first essence is not in place, the other
move within that frame. This will usually involve
essences cannot be either.
exercises to loosen the body and mind.
Are the shoulders relaxed? Is the chest
These can be flowing qi gong exercises and
soft? Is the waist moving freely? Does the
standing qi gong exercises. The student will
person know where his or her weight should
learn how to integrate this knowledge into
be? Are the hands and feet coordinated and
her tai chi form and may start some simple
moving smoothly? Does the person look as
pushing-hands exercises.
242
Second Level
to worry about them. She is developing a
The student will have become comfortable
continual feeling of the flow of chi. The tai
with the form practice, and the pushing-
chi saber form is a good way of learning this
hands movements are smooth and soft.
flow of chi because the techniques use
The form may have been completed and
many energies at the same time. The
the student will have moved on to two-
student will probably have started to learn
handed pushing hands. The student will
moving-step pushing hands.
have a good understanding of yin and yang

and knows how to express them with the
Fifth Level
body. As the student no longer needs to
At this level of training, the energy just flows
worry about the positioning of her hands
and the student does not particularly need
and feet, she will start to feel the energy
to work on it. The advanced student at this
movement within them. The student starts
level has already gone through that stage.
to unlock the secrets of chi.
Students who have reached this level will be

able to perform freestyle pushing hands with
Third Level
bare hands and weapons. This is a very
At the third level, the student has an
high level of tai chi.
understanding of the eight energies in tai chi

and of how to use them. She will start to
work with more complex pushing-hands
Finding a Teacher
The ultimate tai chi teacher understands all
patterns and will probably begin to learn to
aspects of the art, including healing, martial
use a weapon, such as the sword, the
arts, and energy, along with all of the side
energies being easier to understand. This is
issues and philosophies that are attached to
a level where we learn to use intent and to
the art. The teacher should also be a
move the chi.
person with whom you can get along and

who can inspire you to reach new and
Fourth Level
higher goals.
At the fourth level, the student is in control
Such teachers exist, but are rare. If your
of the eight energies and no longer needs
teacher is not the highest-level master in the
What Happens Next?
243
world, you should not be put off training with
to you and is not succeeding. If you learn
him or her. No teacher can tell you
that point from another source, the teacher
everything. It may be that you have a
should be able to acknowledge your
In Conclusion: Spirit
teacher who is trying to get a point across
success and help you to grow from it.
So what is the ultimate goal of tai chi training? That is actually

quite an easy question to answer, and can be summed up in one
word. Spirit.
When we talk about spirit, we do not
animals. The conclusion that he came to
need to interfere with any religious or
was that humans are different because
philosophical beliefs. The spirit that we are
they try to be more than human. This
talking about is more basic and organic
could be through technology, art, or any
than that. It is the kind of spirit that inspires
other medium.
kindness toward others, art, and enjoyment
I liked the definition because in a way it
of life, among many other positive things
encapsulates tai chi. By refining our spirit,
in this world.
we are striving to be something that is in
In this respect, tai chi transcends its

aspects of martial arts, healing, and
philosophy and sees them for what they
some way an improvement on what we

already are.
The way of tai chi, then, is a way of self-
are: building blocks along a path. But the
improvement through the spirit. The key to
path is infinite. I recently heard a philosopher
unlocking the spirit is to play it from the
on the radio who was trying to define what it
heart and to practice because you really
is that makes humans different from other
love it and have a passion for it.
244
Index
A
apparent close-up, 146
grasping the sparrows tail, 13335,

197, 20105
grounding, 99105
B
back treatment, 11619
ba gua, 33, 121, 16370
postures, 16870
breathing, abdominal, 71
brush and push, 8990, 140, 14243,
144, 193, 20910
health, 8, 1011, 11519

hsing-i, 121, 15362
I-Ching, 15, 3338, 120, 121, 239

intent, 19, 35, 9598
chi, 1617, 35, 78, 86, 95, 106,

116, 120
cross-training, 23940
E
eight energies, 12026
elbow stroke, 12526
elbows, 21314
equipment, 910
F
five elements, 15, 2232, 63, 153
controlling cycle, 30, 32, 63
creative cycle, 30, 31, 63
earth, 2728, 30, 32, 65, 70, 162
fire, 2627, 30, 66, 70, 16061
metal, 2829, 30, 31, 64, 69, 71,
15556
water, 2324, 30, 31, 66, 70,
15859
wood, 2426, 30, 68, 70, 157
flowing-movement exercises, 8694
forms, 50, 12852
kicks, 17174, 198200

knees, 21112
M
martial arts, 8, 43
external, 12, 43
internal, 12, 43
meditation, 8, 11014
meridians, 1819, 24, 25, 63, 64, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 114
microcosmic-orbit
meditation, 74, 11314
middle way, the, 40
N
needle at the sea bottom, 175
P
parry, block, and punch, 145
part the wild horses mane, 9294, 197
practice drills, 20114
index
Index
press, 12223, 190

pull down, 124
punch, 20607
push, 123, 191
pushing hands, 21524
R
raise hands, 138, 195
relaxation, 11014
roll back, 120, 122, 189
rotations, 5262
S
san ti posture, 49, 15354
self-defense, 18086
self-massage, 11617
shoulder stroke, 126, 196
single whip, 13637
si xiang, 33
skill levels, 24042
snake creeps down, 17677
softness, 1079
spirit, 243
split, 125
stances, 7579
bow stance, 7677, 1034
empty stance, 79, 105
drop stance, 78
horse-riding stance, 75
standing exercises, 7274
standing like a tree, 72, 74, 1012
stretching exercises, 6370
strum the lute, 9192, 141, 144, 194
Sun Lu Tang, 46, 4849, 115,
153, 194
245
T
tai chi chuan, 4243
Chen-style, 4344, 45, 14852
freestyle, 22526
Hao-style, 46
Sun-style, 4849
Wu Jian-style, 47
Wu Yu Xian-style, 46
Yang-style, 4445, 47, 12947
Taoism, 1415, 22, 23, 33, 35, 39, 42,
50, 107
ten essences, 22937
tsubos, 19
U
unbreakable-arm exercise, 9698
W
walking, 8084, 16368
ward off, 120, 121, 132, 188
warm-up exercises, 5262
waving hands like clouds, 8789,
192, 208
white crane spreads its wings, 139,
152, 196
windmill the arms, 56
wu chi position, 72, 73, 75
wu wei, 39
Y
Yang family, 45, 47, 78
Yang Lu Chan, 4445, 46, 47
yin and yang, 14, 15, 1921, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 40, 107, 239
246
Credits and Acknowledgements

With the greatest of thanks to my teachers,
Christopher Pei, of the U.S. Wushu Academy;
Shelagh Grandpierre, of the Tai Chi Alliance;
Sue Hix and Tom Litten, of the Rosewell
Shiatsu Centre in Lincolnshire; Peter Warr, of
Wu Kung U.K.; and Mike Webster, of
Waveform Energetics. And, of course, to my
wife, Carol, for her enduring patience!
The author and publishers would like to
thank our models, Caron Bosler, Channing
Bosler, Graham Dalton, and Venetia Tuckey.
Bibliography
Reid, Howard. Soft Martial Arts.

Su Lu Tang. Xing Y: Quan YueThe Study
of Form Mind Boxing.
Wile, Douglas. Yang Family Secret
Transmissions.
Wilheim, Richard (translator). I-Ching.
Yu Shenquan. Chen-style Taijiquan.
Picture Credits
Pp. 6, 42 Corbis; pp. 10, 20, 2223,

2527, 2829, 31, 35, 3637 Stockbyte;
pp. 16, 27, 35 Getty Images.
A Young Womans Guide to

Health and Well-Being
The Pilates Handbook

Self-Defense for Women
The Yoga Handbook
Pawlett
ISBN-13: 978-1-4358-5360-7
THE TAI CHI HANDBOOK
TITLES IN THIS SERIES
THE TAI CHI
HANDBOOK
RAY PAWLETT
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A Young Womans Guide to

Health and Well-Being

The Pilates Handbook

THE TAI CHI HANDBOOK

TITLES IN THIS SERIES

A Young Womans Guide to Health and Well-Being

THE TAI CHI

A Young Womans Guide to Health and Well-Being

This edition published in 2010 by:

The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Manufactured in Hong Kong

Copyright 2004 D&S Books Ltd.

1. The Roots of Tai Chi

2. The Origins of Tai Chi Styles

3. Tai Chi Practice: Getting Started

4. The Essence of Tai Chi

5. Tai Chi Styles

7. What Happens Next?

Credits and Acknowledgements

or her and do your best to avoid causing

Tai Chi Handbook. Its intention is to offer the

injury. Note that the healing practices

reader insights across the scope of tai chi

described in this book are not intended as

rather than information on one single aspect

a substitute for professional medical care.

of it. Although my main background is in the

What Is Tai Chi?

Tai chi is an ancient Chinese martial art system that is practiced

The Tai Chi Class

All tai chi schools follow a different style.

martial art, a healing art, and a philosophy.

Just as dance varies from tango and foxtrot

Each of these aspects is emphasized in

to ballet and jazz dance, so there are many

different proportions by each of the millions

diverse styles and variations encompassed

of tai chi practitioners.

by tai chi. The traditional styles will contain

It can be said that tai chi itself is evolving.

elements of the following: health, martial art,

The Tai Chi Handbook

Tai chi as a martial art involves learning a pattern

The martial art applications in tai chi work better

If, like most people, you fall somewhere

Any clothing that allows movement

The Tai Chi Handbook

or tracksuit bottoms and a T-shirt. I like to

money, try looking at what instruction in

wear martial arts training shoes because

other martial arts costs and see if it

they do not have a built-up heel, which can

compares well. If you cannot afford it, try

affect your balance. However, many people

speaking to the instructor. You may find that

wear normal sneakers or train barefoot.

you have something to trade.

One thing that you will need is money.

In the end, the final choice is up to the