Application of Materials

Part II, Engineering materials

Structural strength

Strenth of
Materials

Stiffness

Reliability

Lifetime

Strength of materials
Properties determined at tensile/compression
tests

F

N
m m

m ax

eH

eL

Permanent
J v p i k e elongation
n e m in e
K o Total
g u p i k elongation
e n e m in e

p 0 ,2

0
L, m m

Criteria for materials selection

plastic materials yield strength (yield limit)

Re, Rp (Rec, Rpc)
brittle materials strength limit Rm (Rmc), Rm/

Classification of materials (Re, Rp0,2)

low strength
medium strength
high strength
super high strength

< 250 N/mm2

250...750 N/mm2
750...1500 N/mm2
> 1500 N/mm2

Stress concentration
F

m ax

max 2 m
t

t
R

Stiffness
Stiffness D = Ex K(geometric characteristic of crosssection)
At tension K = S (cross-section area)
At bending K = I (moment of inertia)
I = bh3/3

Modulus of elasticity
N o r m a a lNormal

N ih k e Shear

M a h tVolume

E = tg
E =

G = tg
G =

G = 3 /8 E

K = tg
K =

K =E

Modulus of elasticity
Material

E, N/mm2 x 109

Diamond
WC
SiC
Al2O3
TiC
Mo & Mo-alloys
Co & Co-alloys
Ni & Ni-alloys
Steels
Cast irons
Cu & Cu-alloys
Ti & Ti-alloys
Zn & Zn-alloys
Al & Al-alloys
Sn & Sn-alloys
Graphite
Pb & Pb-alloys
Plastics
Rubbers
PVC

1000
450-650
500
390
380
320-360
200-250
130-230
190-210
170-190
120-150
80-130
45-90
70-80
40-50
30
15
1-5
0,01-0,1
0,003-0,01

Reliability (1)
Toughness notch impact energy KU or KV, J
fracture toughness KC, N/mm2 m1/2
K U

Ductile
K i u l i s fracture
e p i n n a %%
T
T DBT
K H L

T KU, KV cold brittleness

55

R 0 .2 5

TDBT ductile-to-brittle transition

50

10

T
T K DBT
H L

45
55

10

R 1 .0
5

50

10

T DBT
T
K H L

100

10

K U

Reliability (2)
Influence of C, ordinary and alloying elements to KU
TDBT

TDBT

TDBT

el steel

normal
cold worked
cold worked

TDBT C

TDBT C

Ductile-to-brittle transition T50, C

Reliability (3)

% of alloying elements

Dependence of M toughness of
A-grain size

Reliability (4)
KU, KV
Purustust

Dependence of KU/KV on temperature

low
strength
Madaltugev

A U, JJ
KU,
15,4
14,0
12,6
11,2
9,8
8,.4

Krgtugev
high
strength

7,0
5,6
4,2
2,8

Temperatuur
T

no.
8 Grain
Tera nr.

Fine and coarse grain steels

a

T, C

T, C

1200

1200

1100

1100

A
1000

900

800

600

1 killed steel
2 rimmed steel

800
A

F
0

cm

A +T

A +F

700

1000
900

700

F+T
0 ,5

1 ,0

1 ,5 C %

600

C 1

dA
d

Influence of microalloying elements

140
2
2
F e size
r r i i d of
i t eferrite,
r a , m m
Grain

120
V a n a aVd i u m

100
80

T i t aTi
an

60
40

N i o oNb
b iu m

20
0

0 ,0 2 0 ,0 4 0 ,0 6 0 ,0 8 0 ,1 0 0 ,1 2
L e g Alloying
e e r i v a t e eelements,
l e m e n t i d e% %

Plane strain fracture toughness K1c

At tension K1c
F

Coefficient of stress intensity

K max max a [MPam1/2]
a

Material

K1C, MPa
m1/2

WC
TiC
SiC
Al2O3
SiO2
Steels
-low carbon
-maraging

(E)
6 (680)
4 (440)
3 (420)
3 (320)
0,7 (100)
54
110-175

Fracture toughness K1c, MPa m1/2

Relationship between K1c and yield

strength
Superplastic
steels

Lowalloyed
highly
tempered
steels

Maraging
steels

Precipitation
hardened
stainless
steels
Yield strength, MPa

Life time (1)

R
(R = min/max)
-1 symmetric loading

Fatigue
a

P in g e e p r

R
F

Impactors:
- surface roughness
- stress state
- stress concentrations

10

Steels N = 107
Nonferrous alloys N = 108

Life time (2)

Material
Plain carbon
steel
-strain
hardened
-annealed
Alloyed steel
Al-alloys
-wrought alloys
-cast alloys
Ti-alloys
Cu-alloys

Rp0,2,
N/mm2

-1,
N/mm2

275
475
1700
275
110
900
450

240
340
700
100
80
500
150

Life time (3)

Creep = f(, T, t)
low temperature T/T
m < 0.5
high temperature T/T
m > 0.5
Impactors
structure
750
alloying (super
1.0 /1000
creep alloys)
TMT

Corrosion
Modes of corrosion
Chemical

in dry gases
in organic liquids
in water containing environments

Electrochemical

Biochemical

in melt electrolytes

Types of corrosion
Types of corrosion:
a uniform
b nonuniform
c selective
d spotted
e pitting
f dotted
g under surface
h intercrystal
i - stress

Chemical corrosion of metals (1)

2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO
2 Fe + 3 O2 = Fe2O3
For protection

Voxide > Vmetal

Kui Voxide/Vmetal > 1 Cd, Al, Ti, Zr, Zn, Ni, Cr, Fe
At high Voks / Vmet (1,22,0) cracking
High temperature corrosion
T 1000 C oxide layer electroconductive

Chemical corrosion of metals (2)

Corrosion influencing parameters
structure
surface treatment
materials parameters
internal stresses
T

gas composition
velocity
environmental parameters
heating parameters

Chemical corrosion of metals (3)

Protection
all. el
base metal all. el.
base metal
alloying (
)
Foxide Foxide
, rion rion
coatings
protective atmosphere (at heat treatment) (H + N
2
2
+ H2O; CO + CO2 + N2; etc.)

Electrochemical corrosion of metals (1)

Moisture + H2S, Co2,
So2, NaCl
electrolyte
metals galvanic pair

Normal potential
E, V

Galvanic series
Normal condition

-2,37
-1,66
-1,63
-1,18

Mg
Al
Ti
Mn

-0,76
-0,74

Zn
Cr

-0,44
-0,40
-0,25
-0,14
0,13
+0,34
+0,80
+1,20
+1,50

Fe
Cd
Ni
Sn
Pb
Cu
Ag
Pt
Au

Sea water
Mg
Zn
Cd
Al
soft steel
Pb
Sn
Ni
brass
Cu
monel (Ni alloy
Cr-steel (13% Cr)
Ti
Cr
Ag
Au
Pt

Electrochemical corrosion of metals (2)

Microgalvanic pairs at steels
Atmosphere
Moisture
film

Metal

Electrochemical corrosion of metals (3)

Protection (1)
Selection of materials
Table: Allowed contacts of metals

I
Mg

II
Al
Zn

Cd

Group
III
Fe
plain
carbon
steel
Pb
Sn

IV
Ni
Cr

V
Ti
Cu-Ni
alloy

Stainless Cu-Zn
steel
alloy
Cr-steel Cu
Ag, Au

Protection (2)

Protective coatings

- metallic (less active metals (Cu, Ni, Sn, Ag) up

to coating must be undamage; active (Zn, Co)
protection up to end)
- paints, lubricants

other

- cathodic protection
- protector protection
- anodic protection
- corrosion inhibitors (high molecular matters)

Wear
Modes of wear
Mechanical

Corrosive-mechanical Adhesive

-abrasion
-erosion
-cavitation
-fatigue wear

-oxidizing wear
-fretting corrosive wear

Method for wear protection

hardening, thermo-chemical treatment

overwelding
surface alloying
coating (chemical, thermo-chemical, thermally
sprayed, PVD, CVD, mechanical)
selection of pairs (by adhesion)

Wear testing methods

Description
Sliding friction with or
without a lubrication

Abrasive wear

Rolling friction with or

without a lubrication

Material groups
Metals
Cermets
MCM
CCM

Ceramics
Glass-ceramics
GCCM

Composites
PCM

FRG
Polymers

MCM
CCM
PCM
GCCM
FRG

Metal composite materials

Ceramic composite material
Polymeric composite material
Glass-ceramic composite material
Fiber-reinforced glass

Glass

Specific strength of materials (1)

Material group
Metals and alloys

Cast irons
Plain carbon
steels
Alloy steels
Al-alloys
Cu-alloys
Ti-alloys
Mg-alloys

Plastics

PVC
PE
PC
Fiberglass
plastic EP
.
PC

kg/m3
7800
7800
7800
2700
8900
4500
1750

Rm
N/mm2
150800
3201000
4601650
150500
230700
3001450
150335

1350
950
1050
1250
1250

1025
2040
3580
3090
80170

Rm/
up to
10
13
21
18
8
32
20

8
14

Specific strength of materials (2)

Material group

kg/m3
3980
4240
3160
3220
3170

Rm
N/mm2
300400
70170
110190
450800
5001000

Ceramics

Al2O3
TiO2
3Al2O3 2SiO2
SiC (-modif.)
Si3N4

Compo
-sites

Al-B (30%)
2700
Al-B (50%)
Fiberglass plastic EP 1250
EC
Carbon-Carbon
composite
3-directions

80
110
3090
80170

Pine
Oak

89
97

Wood

550 II
690 II

Rm/
up to
10
4
6
25
22
4
14
35 (2000C)
5 (3000C)
17

Basic physical and mechanical

properties of construction materials (1)
Property

Metals
2-6
(average.
8)
Low.
High.
Sn232,
W3400
Average
Good

Ceramics
2-17
(average.
5)

Tensile strength
Rm, MPa
Compressive
strength Rmc,
MPa

Density,
kg/m3 x 10-3
TS, C
Hardness
Workability

Polymers
1-2

High
4000

Low

High
Poor

Low
Good

2500

400

120

2500

5000

350

Basic physical and mechanical

properties of construction materials (2)
Property
Modulus of
elasticity, E GPa
Creep resistance
at high
temperatures
Thermal
expansion
Thermal
conductivity
Electrical
properties
Chemical
inertness

Metals

Ceramics

Polymers

40 400

150 450

0,001 3,5

Poor

Outstanding

Average
High

Low
Average
Average
(mostly
lowers then
t )

Average

Very high
Very high

Conductors

Isolators

Isolators

Low
average

Outstanding

Good in
general

Thank you for attention

priit.kulu@ttu.ee