GUIDELINES FOR

REPAIR, RESTORATION A N D RETROFITTING OF

M A S O N R Y BUILDINGS IN K A C H C H H

EARTHQUAKE

AFFECTED AREAS OF GUJARAT

GSDMA

GUJARAT STATE DISASTER M A N A G E M E N T AUTHORITY

GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

March - 2002

GUIDELINES FOR
REPAIR, RESTORATION A N D RETROFITTING OF
M A S O N R Y BUILDINGS IN K A C H C H H

EARTHQUAKE

AFFECTED AREAS OF GUJARAT

m
GSDMA

GUJARAT STATE DISASTER M A N A G E M E N T AUTHORITY

GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT

March - 2002

FIRST PRINTING M A R C H - 2002

Foreword

T h e e a r t h q u a k e o n 2 6 J a n u a r y 2 0 0 1 c a u s e d l a r g e - s c a l e d a m a g e a n d d e s t r u c t i o n t o residential
buildings. In a d d i t i o n t o t h e b u i l d i n g s that c o l l a p s e d , o v e r a million b u i l d i n g s w e r e d a m a g e d ; s u c h
b u i l d i n g s n e e d m i n o r a n d m a j o r repair. N e e d l e s s t o s a y t h a t s i m p l e a n d s u p e r f i c i a l repair t o buildi n g s d o e s not r e s t o r e t h e lost s t r e n g t h ; it o n l y h i d e s t h e c r a c k s , l e a v i n g t h e b u i l d i n g in a w e a k e n e d
state. S u c h b u i l d i n g s b e c o m e v u l n e r a b l e to t h e n e x t e a r t h q u a k e , e v e n w i t h l e s s e r m a g n i t u d e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , it is n e c e s s a r y e s p e c i a l l y in t h e e a r t h q u a k e p r o n e K a c h c h h district t h a t p e o p l e t a k e app r o p r i a t e a c t i o n s in o r d e r t o a c h i e v e not o n l y t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e lost s t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h t o pred i s a s t e r level, but a l s o t o u p g r a d e t h e s t r u c t u r e f o r e a r t h q u a k e r e s i s t a n c e b y retrofitting to t h e level
envisaged by the Building Codes.

T h e p r e s e n t G u i d e l i n e s o n Repair, Restoration and Retrofitting

Kachchh Earthquake Affected Areas of Gujarat

of Masonry Buildings in

will p r o v i d e t h e m u c h n e e d e d i n f o r m a t i o n to

E n g i n e e r s , N G O s a n d h o u s e o w n e r s s o a s t o e n a b l e t h e m to e n s u r e l o n g - t i m e s a f e t y of r e h a b i l i t a t e d
houses and community buildings.

P.K. Mishra
Chief Executive Officer
Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority

Gandhinagar
February 2002

To The Reader
In e a r t h q u a k e e n g i n e e r i n g t e r m i n o l o g y , Repair, R e s t o r a t i o n a n d R e t r o f i t t i n g h a v e r e q u i r e d t h e
following meanings:
Repair :

A c t i o n s t a k e n for p a t c h i n g u p of s u p e r f i c i a l d e f e c t s a n d d o i n g t h e finishes.

Restoration :

A c t i o n t a k e n for r e s t o r i n g t h e lost s t r e n g t h of S t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s .

Retrofitting :

A c t i o n s for u p g r a d i n g t h e s e i s m i c r e s t o r i n g of a n e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g . S o t h a t if
b e c o m e s s a f e r u n d e r t h e r e c u r r e n c e of likely f u t u r e e a r t h q u a k e s .

R e p a i r a n d r e s t o r a t i o n a r e a p p l i c a b l e to d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s . O n l y ' r e p a i r ' will l e a v e t h e building p e r m a n e n t l y w e a k . R e s t o r a t i o n a n d repair will b r i n g t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e b u i l d i n g t o p r e - e a r t h q u a k e level.

Retrofitting is r e l e v a n t t o ' r e s t o r e d ' a s w e l l a s e x i s t i n g u n d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s w h i c h a r e otherw i s e w e a k a g a i n s t e a r t h q u a k e f o r c e s likely t o o c c u r in f u t u r e a c c o r d i n g t o I n d i a n S t a n d a r d B u i l d i n g
Codes.
T h e s e G u i d e l i n e s c o v e r all t h r e e a s p e c t s as a p p l i c a b l e t o all t y p e s of m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g s w h e t h e r
u s e d for h o u s i n g or c o m m u n i t y activities. It is s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e t h r e e t y p e s of a c t i o n a r e t a k e n in
the following order:
First, r e s t o r e t h e b u i l d i n g
Next, retrofit t h e b u i l d i n g
Last, repair t h e b u i l d i n g .

February 21, 2 0 0 2
Gandhinagar

Dr. A.S. Arya

Seismic Advisor, G S D M A

REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING OF

MASONRY BILDINGS IN KACHCHH EARTHQUAKE
AFFECTED AREAS OF GUJARAT
CONTENTS
1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

OBJECT AND SCOPE

3.

CATEGORISATION OF DAMAGE

4.

C O N C E P T S O F REPAIR, RESTORATION A N D
4.1

REPAIR

4.2

RESTORATION

4.3

SEISMIC STRENGTHENING

RETROFITTING

(RETROFITTING)

5.

ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE

6.

U S U A L D A M A G E T Y P E S IN M A S O N R Y B U I L D I N G S

7.

METHODOLOGY FOR GROUTING OF CRACKS

7.1.

MINOR AND MEDIUM CRACKS (CRACK WIDTH 0.5mm TO

7.2.

M A J O R C R A C K ( C R A C K W I D T H M O R E T H A N 5.0 m m )

5.0mm)

8.

I N S T A L L I N G F E R R O - C E M E N T P L A T E S AT T H E C O R N E R S

9.

REBUILDING PORTIONS OF THE WALL

10.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS

11.

C O N T R O L O N LENGTH, HEIGHT, THICKNESS OF WALLS

12.

C O N T R O L O N D O O R A N D W I N D O W O P E N I N G S IN M A S O N R Y

13.

M A K I N G T H R O U G H B O N D E L E M E N T S IN R . R . S T O N E W A L L

14.

PROVIDING HORIZONTAL SEISMIC BELTS

14.1.

SEISMIC BELT

14.2.

D E S C R I P T I O N O F R E I N F O R C E M E N T IN B E L T

WALLS

LOCATIONS

15.

V E R T I C A L S E I S M I C BELT AT C O R N E R S

16.

SEISMIC BELTS A R O U N D DOOR/WINDOW

17.

METHOD OF FIXING SEISMIC BELTS

18.

P R O V I D I N G V E R T I C A L R E I N F O R C E M E N T AT C O R N E R S A N D T H E J U N C T I O N S
WALLS

19.

STIFFENING T H E FLAT W O O D E N

20.

STIFFENING THE SLOPING ROOF STRUCTURE

21.

ALTERNATIVE OF CHANGING THE ROOF

OPENINGS

FLOOR/ROOF

OF

REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING OF MASONARY BUILDINGS

KACHCHH EARETHQUAKE AFFECTED AREAS OF GUJARAT.
1.

INTRODUCTION
T h e K a c h c h h e a r t h q u a k e in G u j a r a t o c c u r r e d o n t h e 2 6

January, 2001 and caused massive

d e s t r u c t i o n to p r o p e r t y a n d loss of life in t h e t o w n s of B h a c h a u , A n j a r , R a p a r , B h u j a n d G a n d h i d h a m
as well a s t h o u s a n d s of v i l l a g e s . T h i s e a r t h q u a k e h a d a R i c h t e r M a g n i t u d e of 6 . 9 a n d s u r f a c e
m a g n i t u d e M s = 7 . 7 ( U S G S ) a n d s t r u c k t h e r e g i o n at 8 . 4 6 a m local t i m e , w i t h t h e s h a k i n g lasting
for a f e w m i n u t e s . O t h e r m a j o r cities in G u j a r a t e.g., A h m e d a b a d a n d J a m n a g a r , w h i c h are h u n d r e d s
of k i l o m e t r e s a w a y , w e r e a l s o a f f e c t e d b y t h e e a r t h q u a k e .
T h o u s a n d s of p e o p l e w e r e killed or b a d l y i n j u r e d in s t o n e m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g s in v i l l a g e s a s
well as in t o w n s b e c a u s e of :
a)

p o o r l y c o n s t r u c t e d b u i l d i n g s , c o l l a p s i n g e i t h e r totally or partially;

b)

w a l l s c o l l a p s i n g w i t h i n n a r r o w s t r e e t s , b u r y i n g p e o p l e e s c a p i n g into t h e m ;

c)

untied roofs a n d cantilevers falling onto people;

d)

free standing high b o u n d a r y walls, parapets and balconies falling due to the sever
shaking; and

e)

g a b l e w a l l s f a l l i n g o v e r after c r a c k i n g u n d e r lateral t h r u s t of t h e roof.

S u r p r i s i n g l y , r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e f r a m e b u i l d i n g s of v e r y r e c e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n in cities like
Bhuj, G a n d h i d h a m a n d A h m e d a b a d a l s o b e h a v e d badly, m a n y of t h e m c o l l a p s i n g totally killing t h e
i n m a t e s in h u n d r e d s . T h i s h a p p e n e d b e c a u s e of
a)

large o p e n s p a c e s at g r o u n d to first f l o o r level, in b u i l d i n g s o n stilt f o r p a r k i n g or

s h o p s (soft s t o r e y c o l l a p s e s )

b)

f o u n d a t i o n s r e s t i n g s o n soft soils, a b s e n c e of i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g plinth level b e a m s ;

and

c)

b a d q u a l i t y of d e s i g n as well a s c o n s t r u c t i o n .

T h o s e b u i l d i n g s w h i c h w e r e partly or totally d e s t r o y e d l^iave n a t u r a l l y to b e rebuilt, a n d for

s a f e t y in future, m u s t b e c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g a d e q u a t e e a r t h q u a k e r e s i s t i n g m e a s u r e s a c c o r d i n g to
t h e v a r i o u s Indian s t a n d a r d s a n d a p p r o p r i a t e g u i d e l i n e s ( s e e list of R e f e r e n c e s . )
T h e r e are, h o w e v e r , m a n y t i m e s m o r e b u i l d i n g s w h i c h a r e s t a n d i n g in d a m a g e d c o n d i t i o n
w i t h c r a c k s of m i n o r to m a j o r w i d t h a n d e x t e n t . T h e y n e e d r e s t o r a t i o n of lost s t r e n g t h as w e l l as
cosmetic repairs.

E v e n w h e n t h i s is d o n e , t h e s e b u i l d i n g s will r e m a i n v u l n e r a b l e in f u t u r e

earthquakes.
T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s is to a d d r e s s t h e i s s u e s of repair, r e s t o r a t i o n
retrofitting of v a r i o u s t y p e s of masonry buildings.
guideline.

and seismic

R C b u i l d i n g s will b e c o v e r e d in a s e p a r a t e

2.

OBJECT AND SCOPE

T h e s e guidelines have the following objectives;
(i)

To i n d i c a t e a p p r o p r i a t e m e t h o d s of r e p a i r a n d r e s t o r a t i o n t a k i n g into a c c o u n t the
b u i l d i n g t y p e a n d t h e t y p e of d a m a g e ,

(ii)

To r e c o m m e n d m e t h o d s of s e i s m i c s t r e n g t h e n i n g to u p g r a d e t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e
b u i l d i n g in line w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e s e i s m i c - z o n i n g m a p of India ( S e e IS :
1 8 9 3 - 1 9 8 4 ) a n d E a r t h q u a k e R e s i s t a n c e C o d e s (13 : 4 3 2 6 - 1 9 9 3 ) a n d ( 1 8 : 1 3 8 2 8 - 1 9 9 3 ) .

T h e entire district K a c h c h h is p l a c e d in z o n e V w i t h a n t i c i p a t e d m a x i m u m s e i s m i c intensity of

IX o n M S K I n t e n s i t y S c a l e .

T h e Districts of B a n a s k a n t h a , P a t a n , S u r e n d r a n a g a r , R a j k o t a n d

J a m n a g a r h a v e l a r g e p a r t s in Z o n e IV w i t h p r o b a b l e m a x i m u m Intensity VIII, a n d r e m a i n i n g parts

of t h e S t a t e lie in Z o n e III w i t h m a x i m u m p r o b a b l e i n t e n s i t y VII. ( S e e S e i s m i c M a p of G u j a r a t a n d
Z o n e w i s e list of T a l u k a s in G S D M A G u i d e l i n e s , Ref.9.)
T h e retrofitting m e a s u r e s a r e w o r k e d out h e r e f o r s a f e t y of e x i s t i n g d a m a g e d or u n d a m a g e d
b u i l d i n g s in f u t u r e M S K Intensity o c c u r r e n c e s in t h e a r e a a l t h o u g h in 2 6

January 2001 Kachchh

e a r t h q u a k e t h e m a x i m u m M S K Intensity at a n y p l a c e m a y h a v e b e e n less t h a n t h e m a x i m u m
p r o b a b l e v a l u e as p e r t h e s e i s m i c z o n i n g m a p .
T h e m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g s will i n c l u d e : Wall-s of b r i c k w o r k , r a n d o m r u b b l e s t o n e m a s o n r y a n d
cut s t o n e m a s o n r y w h e t h e r u s e d f o r h o u s i n g or c o m m u n i t y b u i l d i n g s like A a n g a n w a d i s , P r i m a r y
H e a l t h C e n t r e s , S c h o o l s or P a n c h a y t g h a r s ; a n d R o o f s w i t h M a n g a l o r e P a t t e r n ( M o r b i ) tiles o n
w o o d e n s t r u c t u r e s , C G I or A C s h e e t roofs o n s t e e l u n d e r - s t r u c t u r e ,
3.

or R C s l a b s .

CATEGORISATION OF DAMAGE
A s s p e c i f i e d u s u a l l y in t h e M S K Intensity s c a l e , five c a t e g o r i e s of d a m a g e a r e r e c o g n i z e d

a n d n a m e d a s G 1 t o G 5 ; G 1 r e f e r r i n g t o v e r y slight d a m a g e w i t h o u t loss of s t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h a n d
G 5 referring to c o m p l e t e c o l l a p s e of t h e b u i l d i n g .

D e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s of d a m a g e as

a p p l i c a b l e to m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g s is p r e s e n t e d in Table 1. S o far as repair, r e s t o r a t i o n of structural

s t r e n g t h a n d s e i s m i c s t r e n g t h e n i n g t o m e e t t h e c o d a l r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e c o n c e r n e d , C a t e g o r i e s G1
to G 3 a r e m o s t r e l e v a n t , s i n c e b u i l d i n g s or parts t h e r e o f s u b j e c t e d to c a t e g o r y G 4 in m o s t c a s e s
h a v e to b e d e m o l i s h e d a n d rebuilt.
4.

CONCEPTS OF REPAIR, RESTORATION AND RETROFITTING

T h e r e is a n e e d to d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e t e r m s repair, r e s t o r a t i o n a n d s t r e n g t h e n i n g as

described below:

Table 1. Damage Categories*

Category

Walls *

Roof / Floors

No Damage

No Damage

No D a m a g e

G 1

Slight N o n - S t r u c t u r a l

T h i n c r a c k s in plaster, falling of

T h i n c r a c k s in s m a l l a r e a s ,

Damage

p l a s t e r bits in limited parts.

Slight S t r u c t u r a l

S m a l l c r a c k s in w a l l s , f a l l i n g of . S m a l l c r a c k s in s l a b s / A . C .

Damage

p l a s t e r in l a r g e a r e a s : d a m a g e

s h e e t s ; tiles d i s t u r b e d in

to n o n - s t r u c t u r a l p a r t s like

about 1 0 % area; minor

chhajjas, p a r a p e t s .

d a m a g e in u n d e r - s t r u c t u r e of

G2

tiles o n l y slightly d i s t u r b e d

s l o p i n g roof.
03

Moderate Structural
Damage

L a r g e a n d d e e p c r a c k s in
w a l l s ; w i d e s p r e a d c r a c k i n g of
w a l l s , c o l u m n s a n d piers; or
c o l l a p s of o n e wall. T h e l o a d
c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of s t r u c t u r e is
partially r e d u c e d .

Large cracks inslabs; s o m e

A C sheets, broken; upto 2 5 %
tiles d i s t u r b e d / f a l l e n
m o d e r a t e d a m a g e to
u n d e r s t r u c t u r e of s l o p i n g
roofs.

G4

Severe Structural
Damage

G a p s o c c u r in w a l l s ; t w o or
m o r e i n n e r or o u t e r w a l l s
c o l l a p s e ; A p p r o x i m a t e l y fifty
p e r c e n t of t h e m a i n s t r u c t u r a l
e l e m e n t s fail. T h e b u i l d i n g
t a k e s a d a n g e r o u s state.

F l o o r s b a d l y c r a c k e d , part
m a y fall; u n d e r - s t r u c t u r e of
s l o p i n g roof h e a v i l y d a m a g e d ,
part m a y fall; tiles b a d l y
a f f e c t e d & fallen.

G5

Collapse

A l a r g e part or w h o l e of t h e
buildinq collapses.

A l a r g e part or w h o l e floor
a n d roof c o l l a p s e or h a n g
precariously.

* B a s e d o n I . A . E . E . G u i d e l i n e s , f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d t h r o u g h o b s e r v a t i o n s in e a r t h q u a k e s in I n d i a ,

b y Dr. A . S . A r y a ,

Seismic Advisor, G S D M A.

4.1)

Repair

It c o n s i s t s of actions taken for patching up superficial defects, r e - p l a s t e r i n g walls, r e p a i r i n g

doors and windows a n d services such as the following :
i)

P a t c h i n g u p of d e f e c t s a s c r a c k s a n d fall of p l a s t e r a n d r e - p l a s t e r i n g if n e e d e d .

ii)

R e p a i r i n g d o o r s , w i n d o w s a n d r e p l a c e m e n t of g l a s s p a n e s .

iii)

C h e c k i n g a n d repairing electrical connections, gas connections, plumbing,

heating, ventilation

iv)

Rebuilding non-structural walls, chimneys, boundary walls.

v)

R e l a y i n g c r a c k e d f l o o r i n g at g r o u n d level a n d r o o f i n g s h e e t s or tiles.

vi)

R e d e c o r a t i o n w o r k ( W h i t e or c o l o u r w a s h i n g etc.)

It w o u l d b e s e e n t h a t tne repairing
the

work carried

out as above

does not add any strength to

structure.

4.2)

Restoration
T h i s i n c l u d e s actions

taken for restoring

the lost strength

of structural

elements

of the buildir)g.

T h i s is d o n e b y m a k i n g t h e c o l u m n s , p i e r s , b e a m s a n d w a l l s at l e a s t a s s t r o n g a s originally
provided as follows:
i)

R e m o v a l o f p o r t i o n s o f c r a c k e d m a s o n r y w a l l s a n d p i e r s , a n d r e b u i l d i n g t h e m in richer
mortar.

ii)

U s e e of n o n - s h r i n k i n g m o r t a r will b e p r e f e r a b l e .

A d d i t i o n of

r e i n f o r c i n g m e s h o n b o t h f a c e s of t h e c r a c k e d w a l l , h o l d i n g it t o t h e wall

t h r o u g h s p i k e s o r b o l t s a n d t h e n c o v e r i n g it s u i t a b l y w i t h m i c r o - c o n c r e t e o r
-coarse sand
ill)

1:3 cement

plaster.

I n j e c t i n g n e a t c e m e n t s l u r r y o r e p o x y l i k e m a t e r i a l , w h i c h is s t r o n g in t e n s i o n , into the
c r a c k s in w a l l s , c o l u m n s , b e a m s e t c .

If t h e s t r u c t u r a l r e s t o r a t i o n Is p r o p e r l y e x e c u t e d , t h e s t r u c t u r e w i l l b e a s s t r o n g a s b e f o r e thee a r t h q u a k e . It is a l s o p o s s i b l e t o s t r e n g t h e n a s t r u c t u r e t o t a k e i n c r e a s e d v e r t i c a l l o a d i n g , if required.:

4.3)

Seismic Strengthening (Retrofitting) :

It w i l l i n v o l v e actions

becomes

safer under

for upgrading

the occurrence

the seismic

of probable

resistance

future

of an existing

building

so that /f;

earthquakes.

T h e s e i s m i c b e h a v i o u r o f e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s is a f f e c t e d b y t h e i r o r i g i n a l s t r u c t u r a l i n a d e q u a c i e s ,
material degradation d u e to aging and alterations carried out during use over time.

T h e complete

r e p l a c e m e n t of s u c h b u i l d i n g s i n a g i v e n a r e a is j u s t n o t p . o s s i b l e d u e t o a n u m b e r of social,
cultural and financial p r o b l e m s .

T h e r e f o r e , s e i s m i c s t r e n g t h e n i n g of e x i s t i n g u n d a m a g e d or^

d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s is a d e f i n i t e r e q u i r e m e n t .

S e i s m i c s t r e n g t h e n i n g /nc/ud/ngi s t r u c t u r a l restoration^

a n d c o s m e t i c r e p a i r s m a y s o m e t i m e s c o s t u p t o 2 5 t o 3 0 p e r c e n t of t h e c o s t of r e b u i l d i n g a l t h o u g h '
u s u a l l y it m a y n o t e x c e e d 1 2 t o 1 5 p e r c e n t .
fully c o n s i d e r e d f r o m c o s t p o i n t of v i e w .

H e n c e j u s t i f i c a t i o n of s t r e n g t h e n i n g w o r k m u s t be

T h e m a i n i t e m s of s e i s m i c s t r e n g t h e n i n g c o u l d b e s o m e

o r all of t h t f o l l o w i n g a c t i o n s :
i)

M o d i f i c a t i o n of r o o f s ,

ii)

S u b s t i t u t i o n o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g of f l o o r s ,

iii)

M o d i f i c a t i o n in t h e b u i l d i n g p l a n ,

iv)

S t r e n g t h e n i n g of w a l l s i n c l u d i n g p r o v i s i o n of h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l b a n d s o r belts,
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f ' t h r o u g h ' o r h e a d e r s t o n e s in t h i c k s t o n e w a l l s , a n d i n j e c t i o n g r o u t i n g
etc.,

v)

A d d i n g t o t h e s e c t i o n s of b e a m s a n d c o l u m n s b y c a s i n g o r j a c k e t i n g e t c . ,

vi)

A d d i n g s h e a r walls or diagonal bracings,

vii)

S t r e n g t h e n i n g of f o u n d a t i o n s if f o u n d n e c e s s a r y ( b u t v e r y d i f f i c u l t a n d e x p e n s i v e ) .

5.

ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE
T h e b u i l d i n g s to tine r e s t o r e d a n d r e p a i r e d s l i o u l d b e t l i o r o u g l i l y s u r v e y e d a n d v a r i o u s

d a m a g e s s l i o u l d b e r e c o r d e d o n s c a l e d d r a w i n g s . T h e w i d t h a n d e n g t h of e a c h d a m a g e n e e d s to
t h e r e c o r d to a s to e s t i m a t e t h e r e q u i r e d m a t e r i a l s a n d l a b o u r for r e s t o r a t i o n a n d repair properly.
It s h o u l d a l s o b e a s s e s s e d if d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s of r e s t o r a t i o n , s o m e of t h e s e r v i c e lines
will n e e d to b e d i s t u r b e d , a n d their t e m p o r a r y

bypassing m a y be needed. T h e expences

should

b e i n c l u d e d in t h e e s t i m a t e s .
6.

USUAL DAMAGE TYPES IN MASONRY BUILDINGS.

T h e t y p e s of d a m a g e g e n e r a l l y o b s e r v e d in v a r i o u s m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g s d u r i n g t h e e a r t h q u a k e

a r e listed in T a b l e 2. A l o n g s i d e , t h e a c t i o n s to b e t a k e n for r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e lost s t r e n g t h a r e a l s o

s u g g e s t e d . D e t a i l s of e a c h s u c h a c t i o n a r e d e s c r i b e d in t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s .
Table - 2: Types of Damage in Masonry Buildings

Damage Observed

a) Different t y p e s of c r a c k s s e e n
in m a s o n r y w a l l s
Vertical c r a c k s

b)

a) i,ii. C r a c k s to b e fully filled u s i n g a p p r o p r i a t e

g r o u t or m o r t a r .
iii. C r a c k s at t h e c o r n e r s or T - j u n c t i o n s t o b e

Inclined cracks

filled a s a b o v e but b e f o r e t h a t t h e w a l l s at right

C r a c k s at t h e c o r n e r s o r

a n g l e s to b e c o n n e c t e d u s i n g f e r r o - c e m e n t

Tjunctions, and separation

of t h e c r o s s - w a l l s

c o r n e r plate's.

A t s o m e p l a c e s , o c c u r r e n c e of
m a n y c r a c k s c l o s e t o g e t h e r in t h e
walls, O R tilting of s o m e w a l l
p o r t i o n s o u t of p l u m b a f t e r
s e p a r a t i o n O R b u l g i n g of s t o n e
w a l l after d e l a m i n a t i o n , O R f a l l i n g
of s o m e w a l l p o r t i o n s .

c) S h i f t i n g of r o o f i n g tiles or rafters
O R falling d o w n a n d b e i n g
broken

d)

Action for Restoration

B r e a k i n g of A C S h e e t s

b) T h i s t y p e of c r a c k e d , fallen, tilted or b u l g e d
w a l l p o r t i o n to b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g 1:6 or richer
c e m e n t m o r t a r a f t e r partial d e m o l i t i o n of w a l l
as required.

c) T h e r o o f i n g tiles to b e r e m o v e d for f u r t h e r
w o r k a n d t h e rafters to b e p r o p e r l y p o s i t i o n e d .
T h e o p p o s i t e rafters t o b e t i e d t o g e t h e r b y
horizontal brac6s;the purlins to be adjusted and the
tiles t o b e p l a c e d b a c k properly.
d) R e p l a c e m e n t of i h e s h e e t s , i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r of
fastenings.

7.

METHODOLOGY FOR GROUTING OF CRACKS

7.1

Minor and medium cracks (crack width 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm)

Material/equipment

required

(i)

P l a s t i c / A l u m i n i u m n i p p l e s of 12 m m d i a ( 3 0 to 4 0 m m long).

(ii)

N o n - s h r i n k c e m e n t ( s h r i n k o m p of A C C or e q u i v a l e n t ) .

(iii)

P o l y s t e r p u t t y or 1:3 c e m e n t s a n d m o r t a r f o r s e a l i n g of t h e c r a c k s .

(iv)

C o m p r e s s o r for i n j e c t i n g t h e s l u r r y

Procedure:- See Fig. 1

Step-1

R e m o v e t h e p l a s t e r in t h e vicinity of c r a c k e x p o s i n g t h e c r a c k e d b a r e m a s o n r y .

@ s t o n e wall

(b) Brick wall

1- Plaster
2- P l a s t e r r e m o v e d a n d c r a c k s c l e a n e d
3 - C r a c k s s e a l e d with m o r t a r or putty
4- G r o u t ports
5- P l a s t e r f a l l e n to be d o n e a g a i n

Fig. 1 - Filling g r o u t in c r a c k s

Step-2

M a k e t h e s h a p e of c r a c k in t h e V - s h a p e b y c h i s e l l i n g out.

Step-3

Fix t h e g r o u t i n g n i p p l e s in t h e V - g r o o v e o n t h e f a c e s of t h e w a l l at s p a c i n g of
1 5 0 - 2 0 0 m m c/c.

Step-4

C l e a n t h e c r a c k w i t h t h e C o m p r e s s e d air t h r o u g h n i p p l e s to e n s u r e t h a t t h e
f i n e a n d l o o s e m a t e r i a l inside t h e c r a c k e d m a s o n r y h a s b e e n r e m o v e d .

Step-5

S e a l t h e c r a c k o n b o t h f a c e s of t h e w a l l w i t h p o l y s t e r p u t t y or c e m e n t m o r t a r
1:3 ( 1 - c e m e n t : 3 - c o a r s e s a n d ) a n d a l l o w e d to g a i n s t r e n g t h .

Step-6

Inject w a t e r s t a r t i n g w i t h n i p p l e f i x e d at h i g h e r level a n d m o v i n g d o w n s o that

t h e d u s t i n s i d e t h e c r a c k s is w a s h e d off a n d m a s o n r y is s a t u r a t e d w i t h water.

Step-7

M a k e c e m e n t slurry w i t h 1 : 1 ( 1 - n o n s h r i n k c e m e n t : 1 - w a t e r ) a n d start injecting

f r o m l o w e r m o s t n i p p l e till t h e c e m e n t s l u r r y c o m e s o u t f r o m t h e n e x t h i g h e r
n i p p l e a n d t h e n m o v e to n e x t h i g h e r n i p p l e .

Step-8

A f t e r injection g r o u t i n g t h r o u g h all t h e n i p p l e s is c o m p l e c t e d , replaster t h e s u r f a c e

and finish the same.

7.2

Major crack (crack width more than 5.0 mm)

Material/equipment

required

(i)

P l a s t i c / A l u m i n i u m n i p p l e s of 12 m m d i a ( 3 0 to 4 0 m m l o n g )

(ii)

P o l y e s t e r p u t t y or 1:3 c e m e n t - s a n d m o r t a r f o r s e a l i n g of c r a c k s .

(iii)

N o n - s h r i n k c e m e n t ( s h r i n k o m p of A C C or e q u i v a l e n t ) .

(iv)

C o m p r e s s o r f o r i n j e c t i n g t h e slurry.

(V)

G a l v a n i s e d s t e e l w i r e f a b r i c (16 to 14 g a u g e i.e. 1.5 to 2 . 0 3 m m d i a w i r e ) w i t h 2 5 m m

X 2 5 m m m e s h size.

(vi)

G a l v a n i s e d s t e e l . c l a m p i n g rod of 3 . 1 5 m m dia, o r 5 m m d i a 1 5 0 m m l o n g w i r e
nails.

Procedure:Step-1

R e m o v e t h e p l a s t e r in t h e vicinity of c r a c k e x p o s i n g t h e c r a c k e d b a r e m a s o n r y .

Step-2

M a k e t h e s h a p e of c r a c k in t h e V - s h a p e b y c h i s e l i n g out.

Step-3

C l e a n t h e c r a c k w i t h c o m p r e s s e d air.

Step-4

Fix t h e g r o u t i n g n i p p l e s in t h e V - g r o o v e in b o t h f a c e s of t h e w a l l at s p a c i n g of
1 5 0 - 2 0 0 m m c/c.

Step-5

C l e a n t h e c r a c k w i t h t h e c o m p r e s s e d air t h r o u g h n i p p l e s to e n s u r e t h a t t h e
fine a n d l o o s e m a t e r i a l i n s i d e t h e c r a c k e d m a s o n r y h a s b e e n r e m o v e d .

Step-6

S e a l t h e c r a c k o n b o t h t h e f a c e s of t h e w a l l w i t h p o l y e s t e r putty or c e m e n t
m o r t a r 1:3 ( 1 - c e m e n t : 3 - c o a r s e s a n d ) a n d a l l o w e d to g a i n s t r e n g t h .

Sept-7

Inject w a t e r s t a r t i n g w i t h n i p p l e s f i x e d at h i g h e r level a n d m o v i n g d o w n s o that

t h e d u s t i n s i d e t h e c r a c k is w a s h e d off a n d m a s o n r y is s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r .

Step-8

M a k e c e m e n t slurry w i t h 1:2: W ( 1 - n o n s h r i n k c e m e n t : 2 - f i n e s a n d : just e n o u g h

w a t e r ) a n d start i n j e c t i n g f r o m l o w e r m o s t n i p p l e till t h e slurry c o m e s out f r o m
t h e n e x t h i g h e r n i p p l e a n d t h e n m o v e to n e x t h i g h e r n i p p l e .

Step-9

A f t e r injection g r o u t i n g t h r o u g h all t h e n i p p l e s is c o m p l e t e d , r e p l a s t e r t h e s u r f a c e
a n d finish the same.

Alternative Procedure:- See Fig.2

1 -

Wide Crack

2 -

Wire mesh

3 -

Plaster on mesh

Fig. 2 - Fixing m e s h a c r o s s w i d e c r a c k s
7

8.

Step-1

R e m o v e t h e p l a s t e r in t h e vicinity of c r a c k e x p o s i n g t h e c r a c k e d b a r e m a s o n r y .

Step-2

M a k e t h e s h a p e of c r a c k in t h e V - s h a p e by c h i s e l i n g out.

Step-3

C l e a n t h e c r a c k w i t h c o m p r e s s e d air.

Step-4

Fill t h e c r a c k w i t h c e m e n t m o r t a r 1 : 3 : W ( 1 - n o n s h r i n k c e m e n t : 3 - f i n e s a n d :
necessary water) from both sides as d e e p as feasible.

Step-5

P r o v i d e w i r e m e s h o n b o t h t h e f a c e s of w a l l a f t e r r e m o v a l of p l a s t e r in t h e
r e g i o n of r e p a i r t o a w i d t h of 1 5 0 m m o n e a c h s i d e of t h e c r a c k .

Step-6

C l a m p t h e m e s h w i t h t h e w a l l u s i n g c l a m p s or w i r e nails at t h e s p a c i n g of 3 0 0
m m c/c.

Step-7

P l a s t e r t h e m e s h e d a r e a w i t h c e m e n t s a n d m o r t a r of 1:3, c o v e r i n g t h e m e s h by
a m i n i m u m of 12 m m .

INSTALLING FERRO-CEMENT PLATES AT THE CORNERS

B e f o r e f i l l i n g t h e c r a c k s a s in P a r a 7, u s e g a l v a n i z e d w e l d - m e s h ' g 1 4 ' ( 2 . 0 r r i m w i r e s
@ 2 5 x 2 5 m m m a s h ) o v e r a l e n g t h of 5 0 0 - 6 0 0 m m o n e a c h s i d e of t h e c r a c k b o t h i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e
of t h e r o o m in a d e p t h of 3 0 0 m m at w i n d o w s sill o n a b o u t 9 0 0 m m h e i g h t a b o v e t h e f l o o r (Fig.3)
a n d a n o t h e r o n e at lintel level or a b o u t 2 m a b o v e t h e floor. But if h o r i z o n t a l s e i s m i c belt is to be
p r o v i d e d at t h e lintel level, t h e s e c o n d m e s h is not r e q u i r e d .

Detail 2

3 , 4

--

1 2 34-

2,4

300

>

C r a c k Filling
Connecting Corners
C o n n e c t i n g walls at T-junction
W e l d - M e s h or o t h e r r e i n f o r c e m e n t

Fig.3 - Connection of cracked walls at

corners and junctions

9.

REBUILDING PORTIONS OF THE WALL

(i)

G e n e r a l l y t h e r a n d o m s t o n e w a l l s a r e s e e n to b e 4 5 0 - 6 0 0 m m t h i c k , built by t w o w y t h e s
vertically ( F i g . 4 . 1 ) . D u r i n g a n e a r t h q u a k e , t h e w y t h e s g e t s e p a r a t e d a n d e i t h e r o n e or both

get b u l g e d ( F i g . 4 . 2 ) w h i c h e v e n fall a w a y u n d e r f u r t h e r v i b r a t i o n s ( F i g . 4 . 3 ) . F o r p r e v e n t i n g
s u c h d e l a m i n a t l o n , it is n e c e s s a r y to u s e ' t h r o u g h ' S t o n e s o r R C C e l e m e n t s . T h e s e s h o u l d
b e i n s t a l l e d w h i l e r e b u i l d i n g t h e w a l l (Fig.4.4).

13

11
12

S'

(d)
1 2345
578 910

Stone m a s o n r y
Inner wythe
Outer wythe
Roof joist
Delamination of wythe
Bulging in e a r t h q u a k e
Outer wythe fallen
Old masonry
Bond stone
New m a s o n r y

11 - T e m p o r a r y support
12 - C r a c k e d wall portion
13-Roof

Fig.4 - Rebuilding part of wall

(ii)

W h e r e p o r t i o n s of wall require rebuilding, t h e roof resting o n t h e w a l l s h o u l d first b e s u p p o r t e d

b y w o o d e n struts, ( F i g - 4 a , b ) . T h e n t h e d a m a g e d p o r t i o n of t h e w a l l s h o u l d b e d i s m a n t l e d .
T h e n e w p o r t i o n of t h e w a l l s h o u l d b e c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g c e m e n t - s a n d m o r t a r of 1:6 c e m e n t s a n d m o r t a r in w a l l s built o r i g i n a l l y in w e a k
built in c e m e n t m o r t a r .

m o r t a r , but u s i n g 1:4 m i x f o r w a l l s originally

10.

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT RETROFITTING OF BUILDINGS

F o r a c h i e v i n g s a f e t y of b u i l d i n g s a g a i n s t c o l l a p s e in a f u t u r e s e v e r e e a r t h q u a k e , t h e f o l l o w i n g

retrofitting a c t i o n s a r e r e c o m m a n d e d . T h e a m o u n t a n d p l a c i n g of t h e retrofitting e l e m e n t d e p e n d s
u p o n t h e s e i s m i c z o n e , t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e b u i l d i n g a n d t h e s t i f f n e s s of t h e b a s e soil. T h e
C a t e g o r i s a t i o n of B u i l d i n g s is g i v e n in T a b l e 3.
Table 3- Simplified Building Categories in the Seismic

1.
2.

i)

Seismic Zone

Ordinary Buildings

Important Buildings

IV

ill

T h i s C a t e g o r i s a t i o n is in line witin IS : 1 8 9 3 - 2 0 0 1 w h e r e t h e m a x i m u m r e s p o n s in s h o r t
p e r i o d r a n g e is t a k e n a s u n i f o r m f o r all s o i l s .
H o u s i n g falls u n d e r O r d i n a r y b u i l d i n g s . T h e c o m m u n i t y b u i l d i n g m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d u n d e r
Important buildings.

C h e c k l e n g t h , h e i g h t a n d t h i c k n e s s of w a l l s a n d m o d i f y to c o n f o r m to t h e C o d e : I S : 4 3 2 6
a n d 1 3 : 1 3 8 2 8 - 1 9 9 3 ( s e e T a b l e 3). .

ii) C h e c k t h e p o s i t i o n s a n d s i z e s of o p e n i n g s in w a l l s a n d m o d i f y a s r e q u i r e d , or p r o v i d e
reinforcement.
iii) If t h e r e a r e n o ' t h r o u g h ' s t o n e s in t h i c k s t o n e walls, t h e n p r o v i d e R C h e a d e r s , b y m a k i n g
' t h r o u g h ' h o l e by r e m o v i n g t h e s t o n e s in o p p o s i t e w y t h e s , i n s e r t i n g a n iron link a n d filling
the hole with concrete.
iv) P r o v i d e s e i s m i c belt b e l o w roof a n d a b o v e d o o r / w i n d o w lintel level. F o r t h i s u s e w e l d m e s h
reinforcement.
v) P r o v i d e v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t at t h e c o r n e r s a n d T - j u n c t i o n of walls, e i t h e r u s i n g b a r s or
ferro-cement with weld-mesh reinforcement.
vi

M o d i f y t h e roof s t r u c t u r e by p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l b r a c i n g e l e m e n t s a n d fix it to t h e s e i s m i c
band/belt.

11.

CONTROL ON LENGTH, HEIGHT, THICKNESS OF WALLS

aj

R.R Stone

Masonary.

T h e wall l e n g t h s h o u l d not e x c e e d 5 m b e t w e e n c r o s s w a l l s in c a s e of m u d m o r t a r a n d 6 m in
c e m e n t m o r t a r c a s e . If l e n g t h e x c e e d s t h e s e , p r o v i d e i n t e r n a l w a l l at a s p a c i n g n o t f a r t h e r t h a n 4 m
( s e e Fig.5). T h e t h i c k n e s s of n e w w a l l s h o u l d not e x c e e d 4 0 0 m m . T h e w a l l h e i g h t s h o u l d not
e x c e e d 2 . 7 m in m u d m o r t a r a n d 2 . 9 m in c e m e n t m o r t a r ( s e e T a b l e 4).

10

7
4

6
3

1 Roof with

rafters

2 N e w tie
3 - Original Wall
4 - New cross
5 - Connecting

wail
R.C.elements

6 New wall footing

7 - Through

element

Fig. 5 - S t r e n g t h e n i n g of l o n g w a l l s by c r o s s wal

400X.-S
Details

Table 4- Control on Length, Height & Thickness of Walls

Type of Masonry
(a)

(b)

Maximuni Length of
Walls in Room

Maximum Height of Storey

5 m
6 m

2.7 m
2.9 m

R R Stone Masonry
- in M u d M o r t a r
- in C e m e n t M o r t a r
R e c t a n g u l a r Unit W a l l s
- in C e m e n t M o r t a r

<_7.0 m

15 t but ^ 3 . 5 m

t = t h i c k n e s s of w a l l

t = t h i c k n e s s of wall

3 5 t but

b) Rectangular Unit Masonry in cement

mortar

T h e w a l l l e n g t h s h o u l d not e x c e e d 3 5 t a n d t h e h e i g h t s h o u l d e x c e e d 15 t w h e r e t = t h i c k n e s s
of wall. S e e T a b l e 4.

11

32.

CONTROL ON DOOR AND WINDOW OPENINGS IN MASONRY

i)

D o o r a n d w i n d o w o p e n i n g s l i o u l d s a t i s f y tine f o l l o w i n g :
D i s t a n c e of j a m b f r o m i n t e r n a l
corner not less t h a n 4 5 0 m m
and distance between two
consecutive openings should
b e 6 0 0 m m or m o r e in c a s e of
R R m a s o n r y a n d 5 6 0 m m in
r e c t a n g u l a r unit m a s o n r y . In
1 - Window
2 - M e s h of F e r r o - c e m e n t
c a s e of R R m a s o n r y in m u d
3 - S e i s m i c Belt
mortar,
there
should
4 - O v e r l a p of M e s f i
p r e f e r a b l y be o n l y o n e d o o r or
w i n d o w in o n e w a l l n o t
e x c e e d i n g o n e - t h i r d of t h e w a l l
l e n g h t in t h e r o o m . T h e
c o m b i n e d l e n g t h of o p e n i n g s
in a w a l l of r e c t a n g u l a r u n i t
Fig. 6 - Reinforcing around opening
m a s o n r y b u i l d i n g in c e m e n t m o r t a r to b e r e s t r i c t e d t o 0 . 5 L in o n e s t o r e y , 0 . 4 2 L in t w o
s t o r e y a n d 0 . 3 3 L in t h r e e s t o r e y b u i l d i n g w h e r e L is t h e l e n g t h of t h e wall.

ii)

If t h e a b o v e c o n d i t i o n s a r e not satisfied, a c t i o n b e t a k e n to c l o s e a n o p e n i n g or r e d u c e its

size. O t h e r w i s e , p r o v i d e s t r e n g t h e n i n g a r o u n d t h e o p e n i n g (Fig.6). For detail of r e i n f o r c e m e n t ,
s e e s e e P a r a 16.

13.

MAKING THROUGH' BOND ELEMENTS IN R.R. STONE WALL (Fig.7)

a)

S e l e c t p o i n t s w h e r e ' t h r o u g h ' s t o n e s will b e i n s t a l l e d at h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a h d i s t a n c e

of a b o u t o n e m e t e r a p a r t , w i t h
5 0 c m horizontal stagger.

b)

R e m o v e the plaster from the

surface exposing the

stones.

R e m o v e the mortar around the

s t o n e to s u f f i c i e n t d e p t h gently,
not violently, s o a s to e x p o s e t h e
s t o n e o n all s i d e s .
c)

(?)

Existing Wall

(g)

Making

holes

L o o s e n t h e s t o n e b y m e a n s of
gentle pushes side ways and up

1 23 4 567-

a n d d o w n by m e a n s of a s m a l l
crowbar, so that the other stones
of t h e w a l l s a r e n o t d i s t u r b e d .
Pull o u t t h e s t o n e slowly, h o l d i n g

Placing bar and

filling

Fig. 7 - Providing

it b y b o t h h a n d s .

stone

12

concrete

Stones removed to make througfi holes

Holes
Hooked Bar
Chute for pouring concrete
Filled concrete
Internal wythe
External wythe

R.C.

wythes

'through'

elements

for

'stitching'

- - - 3-

d)

R e m o v e i n n e r m a t e r i a l g r a d u a l l y s o t h a t a 7 5 m m s i z e h o l e c a n b e m a d e in t h e wai
B i g g e r h o l e is not n e e d e d .

e)

L o c a t e p o s i t i o n of t h e o p p o s i t e s t o n e o n t h e o t h e r f a c e of t h e w a l l b y g e n t l e t a p p i n g in
t h e hole. R e m o v e t h e i d e n t i f i e d s t o n e s l o w l y b y s a m e g e n t l e p r o c e s s .

f)

T h e h o l e s o m a d e t h r o u g h t h e w a l l m a y b e b i g g e r in s i z e o n b o t h f a c e s a n d n a r r o w e r
Inside r e s e m b l i n g a d u m b b e l l s h a p e . T h i s Is g o o d . It d o e s n o t m a t t e r if t h e h o l e is
i n c l i n e d i n s t e a d of b e i n g h o r i z o n t a l .

g)

P l a c e c o n c r e t e of 1 : 2 : 4 m i x t o fill half t h e d e p t h of t h e h o l e f r o m b o t h s i d e s a n d p l a c e
8 m m d i a h o o k e d m i l d s t e e l b a r in t h e h o l e a n d fill t h e h o l e c o m p l e t e l y .

h)
14.

C u r e for m i n i m u m 10 d a y s b y s p r i n k l i n g w a t e r o n t h e e x p o s e d s u r f a c e s o n b o t h s i d e s .
PROVIDING HORIZONTAL SEISMIC BELTS

14.1
i)

Seismic Belt Locations

S e i s m i c belts a r e t o b e p r o v i d e d o n all w a l l s o n b o t h t h e f a c e s j u s t a b o v e lintels of d o o r
a n d w i n d o w o p e n g i n g s a n d b e l o w f l o o r or roof.

Note

On small wall lengths in a

room (less than 5m) seismic
band only on the outside 2
face will
case

suffice.

these

connected
across

the

In this ^

should

1 - S e i s m i c b e l t a b o v e o p e n i n g s and
below roof at eave r e v e l
- Seismic belt on gable wall
- Tie at eave-band l e v e l
- Door
- Window
- R a f t e r w i t h c o l l a r tie
- T y i n g o l rafter with b a n d

be

by ties

going

rooms

(see

2
3
4
5
6
7

Fig.8).
ii)

The

roof

belt

may

be

o m i t t e d if t h e roof or f l o o r
is of R C C s l a b .
iii)

Seisrnic

belt

Fig.

is

8 - Overall

a r r a n g e m e n t of

seismic

belts (roofing r e m o v e d )

not

n e c e s s a r y at plinth level, u n l e s s t h e plinth h e i g h t is m o r e t h a n 9 0 0 m m .

iv)

Install s i m i l a r s e i s m i c belt at t h e e a v e level of s l o p i n g roof a n d n e a r t o p of g a b l e wall,

b e l o w t h e roof.

Note:- If the height of eave level above the top of door in less than 900 mm, only the eave level
belt may be provided and lintel level band may be omitted.
14.2. Description of reinforcement in belt.
The reinforcement may
equivalent longitudinal wires.
w e l d m e s h (with l o n g w i r e s 5
p l a c e d at 3 0 0 m m a p a r t ) c a n

b e of m e s h t y p e s a s s u g g e s t e d in T a b l e 4 o r a n y o t h e r m e s h of
F o r e x a m p l e in C a t . D b u i l d i n g w i t h r o o m l e n g t h of 6 m , M W 2 1
of 4 . 5 m m d i a s p a c e d at 7 5 m m a p a r t ; c r o s s w i r e s of 3 . 1 5 m m dia
b e u s e d , t h e h e i g h t of t h e belt b e i n g k e p t a s 3 7 5 m m .

13

Note : Weld mesh has to be provided continuously. If splicing is required, there should be minimum
overlap of 300mm.
Table 5- Mesh Reinforcement in Seismic Belts in Various Building Categories.
Length of Wall

Cat. B

Cat. C

Cat. D

Cat. E

Gauge

Gauge

Gauge

< 5.0

gi4

250

gi3

250

gi2

9 250

gio

10 280

6.0

gi3

250

gi2

9 250

gio

10 280

gio

14 380

7.0

gi2

250

gio

10 280

gio

14 380

gio

18 460

8.0

gio

250

gio

14 380

gio

18 460

gio

23 580

1.

Gauges: g10=3.25 mm, g11=2.95 mm, g12=2.64 mm, g13=2.34 mm, g14=2,03 mm.

2.

= N u m b e r of m a d e l o n g i t u d i n a l w i r e s in t h e belt at s p a c i n g of 2 5 m m .

3.

= H e i g h t of belt o n w a l l in m i c r o - c o n c r e t e , m m .

4.

T h e t r a n s v e r s e w i r e s in t h e m e s h c o u l d b e s p a c e d u p t o 1 5 0 m m .

5.

T h e m e s h should be galvanized to save from corrosion.

Gauge N

15. VERTICAL SEISMIC BELT AT CORNERS

Vertical r e i n f o r c i n g is r e q u i r e d at t h e c o r n e r s of r o o m s a n d j u n c t i o n s of w a l l s a s p e r Table 6.
A l t e r n a t i v e l y M W 2 1 w e l d m e s h of e q u i v a l e n t l o n g i t u d i n a l a r e a c o u l d a l s o b e u s e d . T h e w i d t h of
this belt o n e a c h s i d e of t h e c o r n e r h a s t o b e k e p t 2 5 r n m e x t r a t o t h e w i d t h of t h e m e s h .
T h i s r e i n f o r c e m e n t s h o u l d b e s t a r t e d 3 0 0 m m b e l o w t h e plinth l e v e l a n d c o n t i n u e d into the
r o o f / e a v e level h o r i z o n t a l b a n d . ( S e e Fig.9). .

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

'

Masonry wall
Door
Plaster first layer
S t e e l m e s h In belt
W i d e h e a d nails 150 long
Piaster s e c o n d layer
O v e r l a p in s t e e l m e s h , 200
m m e a c h side of c o r n e r
8 - Vertical s e i s m i c belt at j u n c t i o n
( g o i n g a c r o s s h o r i z o n t a l belt)
9 - s p i k e s for fixing m e s h

Fig. 9 - Vertical seismic belts at corner and junction

14

Table 6-Vertical Bar or Mesh Reinforcement in Vertical Belt at Corners of Rooms

No.of

Storeys

Cat. B

Storeys

Single

Mes h

bar,mm

Cat. C
Single

Mesh(glO)

Cat. D
Single

Mesh (glO)

Cat. E
Single

Mesh (glO)

bat, mm

bar,mm

bar,mm

One

One

10

10

300

12

14

400

Two

Top

10

10

300

12

14

400

Bottom

12

14

400

16

Top

10

10 3 0 0

10

10

300

12

14

400

Middle

10

10 300

12

14

400

16

25

650

Bottom

12

14 4 0 0

12

14

400

16

25

650

Three

1.

G a u g e 1 0 ( 3 . 2 5 m m dia) g a l v a n i z e d m e s h w i t h 2 5 m m s p a c i n g of w i r e s s h a l l b e u s e d .

2.

S i n g l e bar, if u s e d , s h a l l b e H S D or T O R t y p e . If t w o b a r s a r e u s e d at a T - j u n c t i o n , t h e d i a m e t e r c a n be
t a k e n a s f o l l o w s . F o r O n e of 10 or 12 m m t a k e 2 of 8 m m , a n d f o r O n e of 16 m m t a k e 2 of 12 m m .

3.

N = N u m b e r of

4.

B = W i d t h of t h e m i c r o c o n c r e t e belt, half o n e a c h w a l l m e e t i n g at t h e c o r n e r or T - j u n c t i o n .

5.

T h e t r a n s v e r s e w i r e s in t h e m e s h c o u l d b e at a s p a c i n g u p to 1 5 0 m m .

16.

l o n g i t u d i n a l w i r e s in t h e m e s h .

SEISMIC BELTS AROUND DOOR/WINDOW OPENINGS

T h e j a m b s a n d p i e r s b e t w e e n w i n d o w a n d d o o r o p e n i n g s r e q u i r e v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t in
the following situations:
i)

In c a t e g o r y D a n d E b u i l d i n g s for r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t e a r t h q u a k e f o r c e s .

ii)

F o r r e s t o r i n g t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e piers in a n y b u i l d i n g c a t e g o r y w h e n b a d l y d a m a g e d in an
earthquake.

T h e f o l l o w i n g m e s h r e i n f o r c e m e n t is r e c o m m e n d e d to b e u s e d f o r c o v e r i n g t h e j a m b a r e a o n
b o t h s i d e s of a n o p e n i n g or for c o v e r i n g t h e pier b e t w e e n t h e c o n s e c u t i v e o p e n i n g s .
i) In Cat.D & E buildings
M e s h of g a u g e 10 w i t h 10 w i r e s in v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n s p a c e d at 2 5 m m in a belt w i d t h of
280 mm.
ii) In Cat. C buildings
M e s h of g a u g e 12 w i t h 9 w i r e s in v e r t i c a l d i r e c t o n s p a c e d at 2 5 m m in a belt w i d t h

of 2 5 0

mm.
17.

METHOD OF FIXING SEISMIC BELTS

T h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t s p e c i f i e d in P a r a s 8, 14, 15 a n d 16 is to b e finally a t t a c h e d t o t h e s t o n e

w a l l b y nails or c o n n e c t o r s a n d c e m e n t m o r t a r . F o r this p u r p o s e e i t h e r 1:3 c e m e n t - c o a r s e s a n d

m o r t a r or m i c r o - c o n c r e t e 1 : 1 . 5 : 3 is u s e d . It is a p p l i e d in t w o l a y e r s like p l a s t e r a s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .
Steps to construct the Belt

15

Step-1

R e m o v e p l a s t e r in t h e h e i g h t of t h e belt.

Step-2

R a k e o u t m o r t a r Joints to 1 2 - 1 5 m m d e p t h .

Step-3

C l e a n t h e s u r f a c e a n d w e t it w i t h w a t e r .

Step-4

A p p l y n e a t c e m e n t slurry a n d a p p l y first c o a t of 12 m m t h i c k n e s s . R o u g h e n its

s u r f a c e a f t e r initial set.

Step-5

Fix t h e m e s h w i t h 1 5 0 m m l o n g nails at a b o u t 3 0 0 m m a p a r t w h i l e p l a s t e r is still

green.

Step-6

A p p l y s e c o n d c o a t of p l a s t e r of 16 m m t h i c k n e s s .

Note :
1. The mesh should be continuous with 200mm overlap at the comer or elsehere.
2. Using galvanized binding wire, tie up the roof rafters with the nails of the eave level
belt before applying the plaster over the mesh.
3. In brick and Bela stone walls, it will be easy to drill or chisel out holes of 75 mm dia.
In that case, instead of the nails, use 3 mm galvanized mild steel wires through the
holes to hold and clamp thejongitudin'^l
18.
-

wires every 450 mm c/c.

PROVIDING VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AT CORNERS, JUNCTIONS OF WALLS.

T h e v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t c o n s i s t i n g of T O R b a r a s p e r T a b l e 6 or e q u i v l e n t shall b e p r o v i d e d

o n t h e inside c o r n e r of r o o m s t a r t i n g f r o m 7 5 0 m m b e l o w the. g r o u n d f l o o r g o i n g u p t o t h e roof slab,

p a s s i n g t h r o u g h e a c h m i d d l e floor t h r o u g h h o l e s m a d e in t h e s l a b s . ( S e e Fig.10) T h e r e i n f o r c e m e n t
will b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e w a l l s b y u s i n g L s h a p e d o w e l s of 8 m m T O R bar, t h e v e r t i c a l leg of 4 0 0
r- - .

m m length f i r m l y t i e d t o t h e v e r t i c a l r e i n f o r c e m e n t b a r s a n d t h e h o r i z o n t a l leg of m i n i m u m 1 5 0 m m
length e m b e d d e d in t h e w a i l s t h r o u g h 7 5 m m dia. h o l e s drilled in t h e w a l l into w h i c h t h e 8 m m dia.
leg of t h e d o w e l will b e g r o u t e d
using non- hrink c e m e n t c u m
polymer grout. S u c h

dowels

will b e p r o v i d e d , first o n e j u s t

1
2
3
4
5
6

a b o v e plinth level a n d t h e n at
about every 1 m distance
apart.

The

- Wall
- Perpendicular wall
- Floor
- Slab
- Vertical bar
- Dowel

corner

r e i n f o r c e m e n t will b e c o v e r e d
with 1:3 c e m e n t m o r t a r o r 1:1
1 / 2 :3 m i c r o c o n c r e t e

fully

bonded with the walls giving a

Detail A

m i n i m u m c o v e r of 15 m m o n
t h e bar.

Fig. 10 - Vertical bar at inside c o r n e r

16

19.

STIFFENING THE FLAT WOODEN FLOOR/ROOF

M a n y of t h e d a m a g e d h o u s e s h a v e flat f l o o r or roof m a d e . o f w o o d j o i s t s c o v e r e d w i t h w o o d e n

p l a n k s a n d e a r t h . F o r m a k i n g s u c h r o o f / f l o o r rigid, l o n g p l a n k s 1 0 0 m m
s h o u l d b e n a i l e d at b o t h e n d s of t h e j o i s t s f r o m b e l o w . A d d i t i o n a l l y ,

w i d e a n d 2 5 m m thick

similar planks or galvanized

m e t a l strips 1.5 m m t h i c k 5 0 m m w i d e s h o u l d b e n a i l e d d i a g o n a l l y a l s o . S e e Fig.11.

_5

( i ) Brick building
(a) Stone building

1 - Wall
2 - W o o d joist
3 - W o o d plank
4 - T i e p l a n k u n d e r e n d s of j o i s t
5 - D i a g o n a l ties
6 - J o i n t by n a i l i n g t h r o u g h 3 m m f l a t i r o n

Fig. 11 - Stiffening flat wooden floor/roof

20.

STIFFENING

THE

SLOPING ROOF STRUCTURE

M o s t of t h e s l o p i n g roof a r e
m a d e of r a f t e r s , p u r l i n s , b u r n t
clay tiles o n t o p . S i m i l a r l y A G or
C G I s h e e t roofs a r e m a d e u s i n g

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

w o o d e n purlins r e s t i n g o n g a b l e
w a l l s or m a i n rafters. B u t t r u s s e s
w e r e not f o r m e d w h i c h require

Principal rafter
Purlin
H o r i z o n t a l tie
S e i s m i c belt b e l o w roof
S e i s m i c belt on gable
Tying wire
i
D e t a i l of tie
Tie r o d
C o n c r e t e filled in fiole

t h e u s e of ties. S u c h r o o f s p u s h
the

walls

outward

during

Fig. 12 - Stiffening of sloping roof structure

17

e a r t h q u a k e s . F o r s t i f f e n i n g s u c h roofs, t h e rafters s h o u l d b e t i e d w i t h t h e s e i s m i c belt a s in N o t e

u n d e r p a r a 17, a n d t h e o p p o s i t e rafters, o n b o t h s i d e s of t h e r i d g e n e e d t o b e c o n n e c t e d n e a r
about
mid-height
of
the
roof
through
cross
ties
nailed
to
the
rafters
( s e e Fig. 12).
21.

ALTERNATIVE OF CHANGING THE ROOF

While repairing and retrofitting the house, if it is desired to replace the roof structure or
tiles with AC or CGI roof, take the following steps:i)

C o m p l e t e t h e r e p a i r a n d retrofitting w o r k of t h e first s t o r e y i n c l u d i n g p r o v i s i o n of ' t h r o u g h '

elements.

ii)

Stiffen t h e first f l o o r w o o d e n d e c k .

iii)

C o m p l e t e t h e h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l s e i s m i c b e l t s in t h e first s t o r e y , k e e p t h e vertical
m e s h r e i n f o r c e m e n t e x t e n d i n g b e y o n d t h e first s t o r e y by 3 0 0 m m a n d l e a v e u n c o v e r e d .

iv)

C o m p l e t e t h e r e p a i r a n d retrofitting of t h e s e c o n d storey.

v)

N o w o p e n t h e roof s t r u c t u r e a n d r e m o v e g a b l e p o r t i o n u p t o e a v e level.

vi)

It will b e p r e f e r a b l e to u s e s e i s m i c b a n d s , i n s t e a d of belts in this c a s e . T h e r e f o r e , c o n s t r u c t

t h e v e r t i c a l s e i s m i c belts a n d t h e e a v e level a n d g a b l e fcands t o g e t h e r , t a k i n g t h e vertical
steel in t h e b a n d s . A n c h o r s t e e l w i r e s in t h e b a n d s a n d e x t e n d out for t y i n g d o w n t h e
rafters a n d p u r l i n s .

vii)

N o w e r e c t t h e rafters, tie t h e m w i t h b a n d s a n d fix t h e tie t o m a k e A - f r a m e s .

viii)

Instal d i a g o n a l b r a c i n g

ix)

E r e c t t h e p u r l i n s o v e r t h e rafters, tie t h e m w i t h r a f t e r s a n d g a b l e b a n d s . Bolt d o w n t h e

in t h e p l a n e of t h e rafters.

A C or C G I s h e e t s t o t h e p u r l i n s u s i n g J or U bolts w i t h iron a n d b i t u m e n w a s h e r s .
E X A M P L E O F R E T R O F I T T I N G A H O U S E AT K H A R I R O H A R , DIST. K A C H C H H
T h e retrofitted h o u s e is s h o w n in t h e p h o t o g r a p h (Fig. 13).

Fig-13

Retrofitted H o u s e

T h e h o u s e w a s built u s i n g r a n d o m r u b b l e s t o n e m a s o n r y w a l l s w i t h t h e roof of M a n g a l o r e P a t t e r n
( M o r b i ) tiles r e s t i n g o n w o o d e n u n d e r - s t r u c t u r e s . ^ h e f o l l o w i n g retrofitting e l e m e n t s w e r e installed.
T h e c o s t of t h e i t e m s in t h e w h o l e h o u s e of 6 0 m plinth a r e a is a l s o g i v e n :

18

Rupees

Rs/m2

3500

41.70

11180

186.30

2623

43.70

800

13.30

Roof Bracing (wall plate), anchor with 7 5 x 2 5 m m size

w o o d e n Patti, 1 0 0 m m l o n g N a i l s a n d 3 m m G . I . W i r e ,
85.4 m 1 6 . 4 0

1400

23.30

Plastering (32 m m ) thick, (1:4) proportion, with c h i c k e n

2
mesh 6.52 m @ 107.60

701

11.70

20204

336.70

Retrofitting Element
1.

2.

Reinforced concrete bond elements (Headers),

w i t h 8 m m d i a . T O R s t e e l b a r in M l 5 ( 1 : 2 : 4 ) C . C . ,
5 0 N o s @ 70/Corner Strengthening with 2 5 m m x 2 5 m m weld-mesh,
anchor with 150 m m long Nails & Header, 3 2 m m thick
plastering with (1:4) proportion (inside & outside).
52 m

3.

4.
5.

6.

@ 215.0

R.C.C. B a n d at Lintel Level with 25 m m x 2 5 m m w e l d - m e s h ,

a n c h o r at 1 . 2 m c / c & 1 5 0 m r ^ L o n g N a i l s , p l a s t e r i n g 3 2 m m
thick (1:4) proportion, 12.2 m @ 2 1 5 . 0
Diagonal Bracing for G a b l e wall, anchor with 4 N o s .
H e a d e r a n d 3 m m G.I. wire, 2 N o s . @ 4 0 0 . 0 0

Total

T a k i n g t h e c o s t of a n e a r t h q u a k e r e s i s t a n t n e w s i m i l a r h o u s e a s R s . 3 0 0 0 . 0 0 p e r m ^ , t h e r e t r o f i t t i n g
;ost w o r k s o u t to 1 1 . 2 % o n l y . In o t h e r w o r d s a g a i n s t r e b u i l d i n g c o s t of t h e h o u s e of R s . 1 . 8 0 l a c s , t h e
e t r o f i t t i n g c o s t is a b o u t R s . 2 0 , 0 0 0 / - o n l y .

* Source : Kutcii Nav Nirman Abhiyan

19

REFERENCES
1.

A r y a , A . S . et. al. (1986), Guidelines for Earthqual<e Resistant Non-Engineered

Construction,

lAEE C o m m i t t e e , T h e International Association for Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo.

2.

A r y a , A . S . ( 1 9 8 8 ) , " R e p a i r a n d S t r e n g t h e n i n g of D a m a g e d S t o n e H o u s e s after D h a m a r
E a r t h q u a k e , N o r t h Y e m e n ", IX World Conference
K y o t o , A u g . 2 - 9 , V o l . VIII, p p . 1 1 4 1 - 1 1 4 6 .

on Earthquake

Engineering,

Tokyo-

3.

A r y a , A . S . ( 1 9 9 4 ) , Retrofitting of Stone Houses in Marathwada Area of Maharashtra,

B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d T e c h n o l o g y P r o r r i o t i o n C o u n c i l ( B M T P C ) , M i n i s t r y of U r b a n
D e v e l o p m e n t , G o v t . o f India.

4.

A r y a , A . S . ( 1 9 9 6 ) , " S e i s m i c Retrofitting of S t o n e H o u s e s in M a r a t h w a d a A r e a , India",

Paper No. 2174, XI World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Acupuico, Maxico.

5.

A r y a A . S . ( 1 9 9 7 ) , Guidelines for Damage Assessment and Post Earthquake Action, Part2, Brick Houses with Clay Tile Roofing, p u b . B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d T e c h n o l o g y P r o m o t i o n
C o u n c i l , M i n i s t r y of U r b a n D e v e l o p m e n t , G o v t . o f India.

6.

A r y a A . S . ( 1 9 9 9 ) , Repair and Retrofitting of Buildings in the Chamoli Rarthquake Affected

Areas, B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l s a n d T e c h n o l o g y P r o m o t i o n C o u n c i l , M i n i s t r y of U r b a n
D e v e l o p m e n t . G o v t , of India.

7.

I : S : 4 3 2 6 - 1 9 9 3 , Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction

Practice, B u r e a u of I n d i a n S t a n d a r d s , N e w Delhi.

8.

I : S : 1 3 9 3 5 - 1 9 9 3 , Repair and Seismic Strengthening

Indian - : a n d a r d s . N e w Delhi.

9.

Reconstruction and New Construction of Houses in Kachchh Earthquake Affected Area

of Gujarat, (II printing), ( G S D M A ) G u j a r a t S t a t e D i s a s t e r M a n a g e m e n t Authority, G o v t , of
Gujarat, January, 2002.

20

of Buildings - Code of

of Building - Guidelines, B u r e a u of