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    Basic Chemistry

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    Atul Dwivedi
    Early chemists believed in one element called dirt, while later chemists identified four classical elements - air, earth, fire, and water. Modern chemistry recognizes that all matter is composed of atoms, which are the basic building blocks that make up elements and compounds. Atoms contain subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Elements are composed of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Chemical bonds form through the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms. The most common types of bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Chemical reactions occur when bonds are made or broken as atoms rearrange to form new substances.

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    Basic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Atul Dwivedi
    147 views14 pages
    Early chemists believed in one element called dirt, while later chemists identified four classical elements - air, earth, fire, and water. Modern chemistry recognizes that all matter is composed of atoms, which are the basic building blocks that make up elements and compounds. Atoms contain subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Elements are composed of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Chemical bonds form through the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms. The most common types of bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Chemical reactions occur when bonds are made or broken as atoms rearrange to form new substances.

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    Chemistry Fundamentals

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    Early chemists believed in one element called dirt, while later chemists identified four classical elements - air, earth, fire, and water. Modern chemistry recognizes that all matter is composed of atoms, which are the basic building blocks that make up elements and compounds. Atoms contain subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Elements are composed of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Chemical bonds form through the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms. The most common types of bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Chemical reactions occur when bonds are made or broken as atoms rearrange to form new substances.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    147 views14 pages

    Basic Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Atul Dwivedi
    Early chemists believed in one element called dirt, while later chemists identified four classical elements - air, earth, fire, and water. Modern chemistry recognizes that all matter is composed of atoms, which are the basic building blocks that make up elements and compounds. Atoms contain subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons. Elements are composed of only one type of atom, while compounds contain two or more different elements chemically bonded together. Chemical bonds form through the transfer or sharing of electrons between atoms. The most common types of bonds are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Chemical reactions occur when bonds are made or broken as atoms rearrange to form new substances.

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    Early Chemistry

    Early Chemists
    only believed in 1
    element: Dirt

    Later Chemists
    believed in 4
    elements:
    Air
    Earth
    Fire
    Water

    Various
    combinations of
    these produced
    various
    compounds

    Basic Chemistry

    All Matter in universe is composed of


    Atoms
    Elements are composed of only 1 type of
    atom.

    Atoms are mostly empty space.


    Atoms have Electrons which are very small
    and are negatively charged and have a
    negligible mass (mass = 0).
    Electrons move in orbits around the center
    of the atom - in relatively distinct areas
    called Energy Levels.(aka. Orbits or shells)

    The farther from the center an electron is


    the more energy it has.
    Electrons (& therefor atoms, can gain and
    lose energy) and do this by moving between
    energy levels.

    Atoms have a Nucleus which contain Protons


    & Neutrons.

    Protons are Positively Charged and have a


    mass =1
    The number of protons in an atoms nucleus
    determines what element it is
    Neutrons have no charge and are therefor
    called Neutral and have a mass = 1.

    Summary of Subatomic Particles:


    Particle Name Location
    Electron
    Proton

    Orbitals
    Nucleus

    Neutron

    Nucleus

    Charge

    Mass

    -1
    +1

    ~0
    1

    No Charge

    Periodic Table
    Chemical elements are represented on
    Notation:
    the periodic table using the following

    format.

    The letter is an abbreviation of


    Element Name
    Atomic Number is the number is the
    number of protons the atom has. It
    is the number of protons an element
    has which determines what element it
    is.
    Mass number is the total mass of an
    atom in AMU. It is the same as the
    number of protons & neutrons of the
    element. One can calculate the
    number of neutrons an atom has by
    subtracting the atomic number (#
    protons) from the mass number. Mass
    number CAN change without changing
    the identity of the element.

    Isotopes:

    Atoms having the same atomic numbers and different mass


    numbers are called Isotopes
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers
    of neutrons (mass).
    They react chemically the same as the normal form of the
    element
    They are frequently radioactive

    Isotopes of
    Hydrogen

    Interactions of
    Atoms interact through the process
    matter:
    of chemical bonding.

    Process is determined by the number of


    electrons found in the outermost energy
    level of an atom.
    Involves the transfer & sharing of
    electrons between atoms.

    ELECTRON / ENERGY LEVEL RULES:

    Atoms in a neutral state have


    an equal number of protons
    and electrons.
    Atoms fill up their energy
    levels from the lowest to the
    highest. Electrons rarely
    skip levels.
    The 1st Energy level can only
    hold 2 electrons
    The 2nd (& all higher) energy
    levels can only hold 8
    electrons

    Atoms seek to have a full


    outermost energy level. All
    chemical reactions happen to
    accomplish this

    Chemical Bonds

    When a Chemical Reaction occurs atoms gain, lose or share


    electrons.
    Atoms always want to have their outer energy level full of
    electrons
    When an atom has a different number of protons &
    electrons it is called an Ion.
    If an ion has more protons than electrons - it is Positively
    Charged
    If an atom has more electrons than protons it is Negatively
    Charged.
    Atoms of opposite charge are attracted to each other.

    There are three types of chemical bonds. Ionic bonds,


    Covalent Bonds, & Metallic Bonds.

    Ionic Bonds:

    Ionic bonds form when 1 atom gives one or more electrons


    to another atom to complete their outer energy levels.
    This results in 1 positively charged ion & 1 negatively
    charged ion
    Since opposite charges attract, they come together and
    bond.

    Covalent Bonds:

    Covalent bonds form when 2 atoms


    share one or more electrons
    between them.
    There are 2 types of covalent
    bonds:

    Non-Polar Covalent bonds form


    when two atoms share electrons
    equally
    Polar Covalent bonds form when two
    atoms share electrons unequally.

    Atoms can form more than 1


    electron between them forming
    double and triple bonds
    A Molecule is a group of 2 or more
    atoms held together by covalent
    bonds.

    Summary of Ionic & Covalent Bonds

    Chemical Reactions:
    A Chemical Reaction = whenever a chemical bond is formed or broken.
    2 types (sometimes 3) of chemical reactants
    Reactants = Substances existing before the reaction
    Products = Substances existing after the reaction
    Catalysts = Substances which speed up the rate of a reaction
    Chemical Equations are a shorthand way of showing chemical reactions.

    Separates Products and reactants.


    Usually follow flow of energy.

    Rxs naturally occur when they release energy


    Can however occur when energy is added.

    Structural and Chemical Formulas:

    Chemical formulas show the number of and types


    of atoms in a molecule
    Structural Formulas are used to graphically
    represent a chemical formula
    Useful in visualizing how chemicals react and form
    new ones.
    When drawing them use the following rules:
    The Periodic table abbreviation is used to
    represent the atoms.
    A single strait line (---) represents a single bond
    Two parallel strait lines (==) represent double
    bonds

    Example Formulas:
    Chemical Name

    Chemical Formula Structural Formula

    Water

    H2O

    Carbon
    Dioxide

    CO2

    Methane

    CH4

    Glucose

    C6H12O6

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