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    1 Cauchy Sequences: N N J N M

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    aarthi100
    This document summarizes key concepts from a real analysis lecture on Cauchy sequences, limits of sequences, and series. It defines a Cauchy sequence and proves every Cauchy sequence in a compact metric space converges. It introduces upper and lower limits of sequences and proves properties of the lim sup. It defines an infinite series as the limit of partial sums and provides a convergence test. Exercises are assigned from the chapter.

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    1 Cauchy Sequences: N N J N M

    Uploaded by

    aarthi100
    59 views3 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts from a real analysis lecture on Cauchy sequences, limits of sequences, and series. It defines a Cauchy sequence and proves every Cauchy sequence in a compact metric space converges. It introduces upper and lower limits of sequences and proves properties of the lim sup. It defines an infinite series as the limit of partial sums and provides a convergence test. Exercises are assigned from the chapter.

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    Cauchy Sequences

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    Cauchy Sequences

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    This document summarizes key concepts from a real analysis lecture on Cauchy sequences, limits of sequences, and series. It defines a Cauchy sequence and proves every Cauchy sequence in a compact metric space converges. It introduces upper and lower limits of sequences and proves properties of the lim sup. It defines an infinite series as the limit of partial sums and provides a convergence test. Exercises are assigned from the chapter.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views3 pages

    1 Cauchy Sequences: N N J N M

    Uploaded by

    aarthi100
    This document summarizes key concepts from a real analysis lecture on Cauchy sequences, limits of sequences, and series. It defines a Cauchy sequence and proves every Cauchy sequence in a compact metric space converges. It introduces upper and lower limits of sequences and proves properties of the lim sup. It defines an infinite series as the limit of partial sums and provides a convergence test. Exercises are assigned from the chapter.

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    Real Analysis

    Lecture 12

    Cauchy Sequences

    A sequence (pn )nJ in X is said to be Cauchy if for every r > 0 R, there


    exists an N J such that |pn pm | < r for all n, m > N .
    Theorem 1.1 Every Cauchy sequence in a compact metric space converges to
    a point of X.
    Proof. Suppose X is compact. Let (pn ) be a Cauchy sequence in X. We know
    there is a convergent subsequence (pni ). Let p be its limit and let r > 0. Then
    there exists N, M J such that
    |pni p| < r/2 and |pn pm | < r/2
    for i > N and n, m > M . Let L = max M, N . As ni i, if n > L and i > L,
    |pn pni | < r/2
    and also |pni p| < r/2.
    Corollary 1.2 In Rk , every Cauchy sequence converges.
    Theorem 1.3 Every bounded monotonic sequence of real numbers converges.
    A metric space in which every Cauchy sewuence converges is said to be complete.

    Upper and Lower limits

    Let b := (bi )i be a sequence of real numbers.


    We say (bi ) goes to + if for every integer N bi > N for sufficiently large
    i. This is written,
    bi +.
    bi is defined similarly. Monotonically increasing or decreasing sequences
    have limits in the extended real numbers.
    We define lim sup (bi ) to be the limit in the extended real numbers of the
    monotonically decreasing sequence (en ) where
    en = sup{bi : i n}.
    1

    We also call this b .


    Alternatively, let E be the set of limits of subsequences of b. Then,
    s = sup E.
    Proof. Well do the case s 6= . In this case, {bi } is bounded.
    For each integer m > 0 there exists an integer N so that for all n > N ,
    b (1/m) < en b . This means we can pick an k1 < k2 < such that
    b (1/i) < bki b .
    Thus (bki ) is a subsequence of (b) and limn bki = b
    and so sup E b .
    Now suppose (bin ) is a convergent subsequence of b and e E is its limit.
    Then
    e sup{bin : n m} eim .
    It follows that e b .
    The lim inf or b is defined in a smilar way.
    Examples.
    i) b := (1, 1, 1, 1, . . .).

    ii) Suppose b is a sequence containing all rational numbers.

    iii) Let bn =

    n.

    Series

    If (an )n is a sequence of complex numbers.


    m
    X

    ai := a1 + a2 + + am

    i=1

    and we call

    i=1

    ai a series and set it equal to


    m
    X
    lim (
    ai )
    m
    i=1

    if this converges. If the limit exists the series is said to converge otherwise it is
    said to diverge.
    P
    Theorem 3.1 The series
    an converges if and only if for all  there exists an
    integer N such for m n N
    m
    X


    ai .
    i=n

    Do the following exercises in Chapter 3: 21 and 22. Also do


    A. (a) Is every convergent sequence in a metric space Cauchy. Prove your
    Pk
    answer. (b) Show the sequence ak = n=1 n1 is not Cauchy.

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