Endocrine System Drugs ATI
Endocrine System Drugs ATI
Endocrine System Drugs ATI
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the alphaglucosidase inhibitor drug whose generic name is acarbose?"
answer="Precose"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the amylin mimetic
drug whose generic name is pramlintide?" answer="Symlin"/>
<question question="What are the brand/trade names of the antidiuretic
hormone drug whose generic name is desmopressin? " answer="DDAVP, Stimate,
Minirin"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the antithyroid drug
whose generic name is propylthiouracil (PTU)?" answer="Propyl-Thyracil"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the antithyroid
drug/radioactive iodine drug whose generic name is iodine-131 ?"
answer="Iodotope"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the biguanide drug
whose generic name is metformin? " answer="Glucophage"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the gliptin drug
whose generic name is sitagliptin? " answer="Januvia"/>
<question question="What are the brand/trade names of the glucocorticoid
drug whose generic name is hydrocortisone?" answer="Hydrocortone, SoluCortef"/>
<question question="What are the brand/trade names of the growth hormone
drug whose generic name is somatropin?" answer="Genotropin, Nutropin,
Humatrope, Serostim"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the hyperglycemic
agent drug whose generic name is glucagon?" answer="GlucaGen"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the incretin mimetic
drug whose generic name is exenatide? " answer="Byetta"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the meglitinide drug
whose generic name is repaglinide? " answer="Prandin"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the
mineralocorticoid drug whose generic name is fludrocortisone? "
answer="Florinef Acetate"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the sulfonylurea
drug whose generic name is glipizide?" answer=" Glucotrol"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the
thiazolidinedione drug whose generic name is rosiglitazone?"
answer="Avandia"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the thyroid
replacement drug whose generic name is levothyroxine?" answer="Synthroid"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the rapid-acting
insulin drug whose generic name is Lispro?" answer="Humalog"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the short-acting
insulin drug whose generic name is Regular?" answer="Humulin R"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the intermediateacting insulin drug whose generic name is NPH?" answer="Humulin N"/>
<question question="What is the brand/trade name of the long-acting
insulin drug whose generic name is insulin glargine?" answer="Lantus"/>
</chapter>
<chapter ChapterName="Generic Drugs">
<question question="What is the generic name of the
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor drug whose brand/trade name is Precose?" answer="
acarbose"/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
amylin mimetic drug whose brand/trade name is Symlin?" answer="pramlintide "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
antidiuretic hormone drug whose brand/trade names are DDAVP, Stimate,
Minirin?" answer="desmopressin "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
antithyroid drug whose brand/trade name is Propyl-Thyracil?"
answer="propylthiouracil (PTU)"/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
antithyroid drug/radioactive iodine drug whose brand/trade name is Iodotope?"
answer="iodine-131 "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
biguanide drug whose brand/trade name is Glucophage?" answer="metformin "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
gliptin drug whose brand/trade name is Januvia?" answer="sitagliptin"/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
glucocorticoid drug whose brand/trade names are Hydrocortone and Solu-Cortef?"
answer="hydrocortisone "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
growth hormone drug whose brand/trade names are Genotropin, Nutropin,
Humatrope, and Serostim?" answer="somatropin"/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
hyperglycemic agent whose brand/trade name is GlucaGen?" answer="glucagon"/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
incretin mimetic drug whose brand/trade name is Byetta?" answer="exenatide "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
meglitinide drug whose brand/trade name is Prandin?" answer="repaglinide"/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
mineralocorticoid drug whose brand/trade name is Florinef Acetate?"
answer="fludrocortisone "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
sulfonylurea drug whose brand/trade name is Glucotrol?" answer="glipizide "/>
<question question="What is the generic name of the
thiazolidinedione drug whose brand/trade name is Avandia?"
answer="rosiglitazone"/>
</li><li>Make sure patients swallow the extended-release form whole and do not
crush or chew it.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the gliptin drug
sitagliptin (Januvia) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Administer orally alone or
as metformin/sitagliptin (Janumet).
</li><li>Give with or without food.
</li><li>Give a reduced dosage to patients who have severe renal impairment
and low creatinine clearance.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the glucocorticoid drug
hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, Solu-Cortef) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Give
orally for chronic adrenal insufficiency, as a total daily dose at bedtime or
in divided doses (two thirds in the morning and one third in the early
afternoon).
</li><li>Give IV for acute and emergency situations.
</li><li>Obtain CBC, electrolyte, glucose, and glucocorticoid levels at
baseline and periodically thereafter.
</li><li>Make sure patients wear a medical alert band and carry an emergency
supply of glucocorticoids.
</li><li>Taper the dose slowly to establish the lowest possible oral dose.
</li><li>Give supplemental doses as needed in times of stress.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the growth hormone
somatropin (Genotropin, Nutropin, Humatrope, Serostim) be given?"
answer="<ul><li> Give IM or subcutaneously (preferable).
</li><li>Dosage is based on weight.
</li><li>Give daily or several times a week.
</li><li>Obtain baseline height, weight, thyroid function, and growth hormone
levels and monitor monthly; obtain yearly x-rays of long bones.
</li><li>When reconstituting the drug, rotate the vial gently; do not shake
it.
</li><li>Inject subcutaneously into the abdomen and thighs, and rotate sites.
</li><li>Discontinue treatment prior to epiphyseal closure in children.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the hyperglycemic agent
glucagon (GlucaGen) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Give IV, IM, or
subcutaneously.
</li><li>Expect unconscious patients to regain consciousness about 20 min
after IV administration.
</li><li>Provide food after patients regain consciousness and can swallow.
</li><li>Be aware that, for severe hypoglycemia, IV glucose is the treatment
of choice because it acts faster than glucagon does.
</li></ul>"/>
</li><li>Tell patients to skip a dose if they skip a meal and to add a dose if
they add a meal.
</li><li>Do not exceed four doses per day.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the mineralocorticoid
drug fludrocortisone (Florinef Acetate) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Give
orally daily or three times a week.
</li><li>Obtain CBC and electrolyte levels at baseline and periodically
thereafter.
</li><li>Make sure patients wear a medical alert band.
</li><li>Expect lifelong therapy.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the sulfonylurea drug
glipizide (Glucotrol) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Give orally and 30 min
before selected meals.
</li><li>Make sure patients swallow the sustained-release form whole and do
not crush or chew it.
</li><li>Make sure patients who are pregnant stop taking it at least 48 hr
before delivery.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="How should the thiazolidinedione
drug rosiglitazone (Avandia) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Give orally once or
twice a day with or without food."/>
<question question="How should the thyroid replacement
drug levothyroxine (Synthroid) be given?" answer="<ul><li> Give orally to
treat hypothyroidism and IV to treat myxedema coma.
</li><li>Give daily on an empty stomach (at least 30 min before breakfast).
</li><li>Measure baseline vital signs, weight, and height, and monitor
periodically thereafter.
</li><li>Monitor for cardiac excitability (angina, chest pain, palpitations,
dysrhythmias).
</li><li>Monitor thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.
</li><li>Be aware that the various formulations of thyroxine are not
interchangeable; instruct patients to notify the provider if a pharmacy
dispenses a different levothyroxine product.
</li><li>Expect lifelong replacement therapy.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What is the onset of action time
for rapid-acting insulins? " answer="Less than 15 min"/>
<question question="What is the onset of action time
for short-acting insulins? " answer="30 to 60 min"/>
<question question="What is the onset of action time
for intermediate-acting insulins? " answer="1 to 2 hr"/>
<question question="What is the onset of action time
for long-acting insulins? " answer="1 hr"/>
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some of the side and/or
adverse effects of the meglitinide drug repaglinide (Prandin)?"
answer="<ul><li> Hypoglycemia
</li><li>Nausea, diarrhea
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some of the side and/or
adverse effects of the mineralocorticoid drug fludrocortisone (Florinef
Acetate)?" answer="<ul><li> Few at low, therapeutic levels
</li><li>At levels above therapeutic, fluid and electrolyte imbalances that
can lead to hypertension, edema, heart failure, hypokalemia
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some of the side and/or
adverse effects of the sulfonylurea drug glipizide (Glucotrol)?"
answer="<ul><li> Hypoglycemia
</li><li>Nausea, diarrhea
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some of the side and/or
adverse effects of the thiazolidinedione drug rosiglitazone (Avandia)?"
answer="<ul><li> Fluid retention
</li><li>Hepatotoxicity
</li><li>Serum lipid levels
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some of the side and/or
adverse effects of the thyroid replacement drug levothyroxine (Synthroid)?"
answer="<ul><li> Hyperthyroidism (from excessive doses) - anxiety,
tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, altered appetite, abdominal cramping,
diarrhea, heat intolerance, fever, diaphoresis, weight loss, menstrual
irregularities"/>
</chapter>
<chapter ChapterName="Nursing Interventions">
<question question="What interventions should the
health care professional use when caring for a patient who is taking the
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor drug acarbose (Precose)?" answer="<ul><li> Monitor
hyperactive bowel sounds, distention, and diarrhea.
</li><li>Report persistent gastric distress.
</li><li>Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (diaphoresis, tachycardia, fatigue,
excessive hunger, tremors).
</li><li>Treat hypoglycemia with 4 g of dextrose, not glucose.
</li><li>Measure liver enzymes at baseline, every 3 months for the first year,
and periodically thereafter.
</li><li>Stop drug therapy for indications of liver injury.
</li><li>Monitor CBC.
</li><li>Watch for indications of anemia (pallor, fatigue, shortness of
breath).
</li><li>Monitor urine calcium because the drug can cause increased levels.
</li><li>Monitor for renal stones.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What interventions should the
health care professional use when caring for a patient who is taking the
hyperglycemic agent glucagon (GlucaGen)?" answer="<ul><li> For an unconscious
patient, turn on side to prevent aspiration from vomiting.
</li><li>Monitor for persistent nausea and vomiting.
</li><li>Monitor fluid and carbohydrate intake.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What interventions should the
health care professional use when caring for a patient who is taking the
incretin mimetic drug exenatide (Byetta)?" answer="<ul><li> Recommend a
reduced oral hypoglycemic drug dosage when initiating therapy.
</li><li>Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia.
</li><li>Monitor for persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
</li><li>Monitor fluid and carbohydrate intake.
</li><li>Monitor for indications of pancreatitis; stop drug therapy if they
occur.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What interventions should the
health care professional use when caring for a patient who is taking the
insulin drugs, Lispro (Humalog), Regular (Humulin R), NPH insulin (Humulin N),
insulin glargine (Lantus)?" answer="<ul><li> Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia
(abrupt onset: tachycardia, palpitations, diaphoresis, shakiness; gradual
onset: headache, tremors, weakness).
</li><li>Check blood glucose level to confirm hypoglycemia, then give 15 g of
carbohydrate (4 oz fruit juice, 1 tbsp honey, glucose tablets per
manufacturer's suggestion to equal 15 g).
</li><li>For an unconscious patient, administer glucose or glucagon
parenterally.
</li><li>Monitor skin for subcutaneous fat accumulation.
</li><li>Monitor potassium levels.
</li><li>Monitor ECG.
</li><li>Monitor for indications of hypokalemia.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What interventions should the
health care professional use when caring for a patient who is taking the
meglitinide drug repaglinide (Prandin)?" answer="<ul><li> Monitor for signs of
hypoglycemia (diaphoresis, tachycardia, fatigue, excessive hunger, tremors).
</li><li>Give 15 to 20 g carbohydrate to treat hypoglycemia.
</li><li>If the patient is conscious, give glucose orally either in pill form,
4 oz of fruit juice, 6 saltines, or 1 tbsp of honey.
</li><li>If the patient is unconscious, give IV glucose; give glucagon 1 mg
either subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
</li><li>Lactic acidosis
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the gliptin drug sitagliptin (Januvia) risky for the
patient?" answer="<ul><li> Type 1 diabetes mellitus
</li><li>Lactic acidosis"/>
<question question="What is a contraindication that
would make taking the glucocorticoid drug hydrocortisone (Hydrocortone, SoluCortef) risky for the patient?" answer="When given in small doses - none"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the growth hormone somatropin (Genotropin, Nutropin,
Humatrope, Serostim) risky for the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Severe obesity
</li><li>Severe respiratory impairment
</li><li>Closed epiphyses in a child
</li><li>Critical illness
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the hyperglycemic agent glucagon (GlucaGen) risky for
the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Hypoglycemia from starvation (due to the lack
of stored glycogen)
</li><li>Pheochromocytoma
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the incretin mimetic drug exenatide (Byetta) risky for
the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Renal failure
</li><li>Type 1 diabetes mellitus
</li><li>Diabetic ketoacidosis
</li><li>Ulcerative colitis
</li><li>Crohn's disease
</li><li>Gastroparesis
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What is a contraindication that
would make taking the insulin drugs, Lispro (Humalog), Regular (Humulin R),
NPH insulin (Humulin N), insulin glargine (Lantus) risky for the patient?"
answer="Hypersensitivity to insulin"/>
<question question="What is a contraindication that
would make taking the meglitinide drug repaglinide (Prandin) risky for the
patient? " answer="Diabetic ketoacidosis"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the mineralocorticoid fludrocortisone (Florinef
Acetate) risky for the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Potassium-depleting
diuretics
</li><li>Acute glomerulonephritis
</li><li>Hypercortisolism
</li><li>Viral or bacterial skin diseases uncontrolled by antibiotics
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the sulfonylurea drug glipizide (Glucotrol) risky for
the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Pregnancy, lactation
</li><li>Diabetic ketoacidosis
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the thiazolidinedione drug rosiglitazone (Avandia)
risky for the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Cardiovascular disease, including
hypertension
</li><li>Severe heart failure
</li><li>Active hepatic disease
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What are some contraindications
that would make taking the thyroid replacement drug levothyroxine (Synthroid)
risky for the patient?" answer="<ul><li> Thyrotoxicosis
</li><li>Recent myocardial infarction
</li></ul>"/>
</chapter>
<chapter ChapterName="Precautions">
<question question="What factors increase the risk of
side and adverse effects and thus warrant precautions for a patient who takes
the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose (Precose)?" answer="<ul><li> Hepatic
impairment
</li><li>Gastrointestinal distress"/>
<question question="What factors increase the risk of
side and adverse effects and thus warrant precautions for a patient who takes
the amylin mimetic drug pramlintide (Symlin)?" answer="<ul><li> Thyroid
disease
</li><li>Osteoporosis
</li><li>Alcoholism"/>
<question question="What factors increase the risk of
side and adverse effects and thus warrant precautions for a patient who takes
the antidiuretic hormone desmopressin (DDAVP, Stimate, Minirin)?"
answer="<ul><li> Older adult
</li><li>Cardiovascular disease
</li><li>Hypertension
</li><li>History of hyponatremia
</li><li>Severe heart failure
</li><li>History of thromboembolic events
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What factors increase the risk of
side and adverse effects and thus warrant precautions for a patient who takes
the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU) (Propyl-Thyracil)?" answer="
</li><li>Immunosuppression
</li></ul>"/>
</chapter>
<chapter ChapterName="Food & Drug Interactions">
<question question="What drugs or food have the
potential to interact with the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose
(Precose)?" answer="<ul><li> Insulin and sulfonylureas increase the risk of
hypoglycemia.
</li><li>Metformin (Glucophage) worsens gastrointestinal effects.
</li><li>Estrogens, thiazides, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, isoniazid
(INH), and phenytoin (Dilantin) counteract hypoglycemic effects.
</li><li>The herbal ginseng increases hypoglycemic effects.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What drugs or food have the
potential to interact with the amylin mimetic, pramlintide (Symlin)?"
answer="<ul><li> Insulin increases the risk for hypoglycemia.
</li><li>Absorption of oral drugs slows, so patients should take them 1 hr
before or 2 hr after pramlintide.
</li><li>Drugs that slow gastric emptying, such as opioids, and drugs that
delay food absorption, such as acarbose (Precose) and miglitol (Glyset),
further slow gastric emptying.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What drugs or food have the
potential to interact with the antidiuretic hormone desmopressin (DDAVP,
Stimate, Minirin)?" answer="<ul><li> Carbamazepine (Tegretol) and
chlorpropamide (Diabinese) increase antidiuretic action.
</li><li>Other vasopressors and lithium (Eskalith) decrease antidiuretic
action.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What drugs or food have the
potential to interact with the antithyroid drug propylthiouracil (PTU)
(Propyl-Thyracil)?" answer="<ul><li> Effects of anticoagulants increase.
</li><li>Food alters absorption rates.
</li><li>Potassium iodide (SSKI), sodium iodide (Iodopen), and amiodarone
(Cordarone) counteract therapeutic effects.
</li></ul>"/>
<question question="What drugs or food have the
potential to interact with the antithyroid drug/radioactive iodine drug
iodine-131 (Iodotope)?" answer="Other antithyroid drugs reduce uptake."/>
<question question="What drugs or food have the
potential to interact with the biguanide drug metformin (Glucophage)"
answer="<ul><li> Alcohol and cimetidine (Tagamet) increase the risk of lactic
acidosis.
</li><li>Any contrast medium containing iodine increases the risk of acute
renal failure, thus worsening lactic acidosis.
</li><li>Herbals ginseng and garlic increase hypoglycemic effects.