1 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preface
Today, we are heading towards a new world of technology and inventions that keeps us so
occupied that it is difficult to have time to even think of ourselves and our surroundings. In the
face of new environmental, social and economic challenges, it is essential to improve our quality
of life, our health and well-being, to ensure a more sustainable future for all.
A city is made up of many urban communities and all those communities are made of urban
spaces. Gardens and open spaces can form nodes or focal points, symbolizing shared identity
and culture. These are tangible spaces with some intangible qualities where friends and
strangers alike can come together, communicate, recreate, transact business, work, stroll,
promenade, relax, sit, or just enjoy the sights and sounds of each other. Creation, protection
and improvement of a high quality of gardens and open spaces should be at the heart of every
individual as well as authorities for any area.
Looking at the changing preference of people, from gardens and open spaces towards T.V.,
computer and video games, there is a need to remind people, the importance of gardens and
open spaces and for that the numbers, size and quality of spaces provided over years has to
improve. Also, the new gardens developed and proposed by the authorities should be in pace
with the rise in population to cater them in a better way. The accessibility, types of facilities
provided, the ways in which gardens and open spaces needs to be observed and accordingly
maintained.

1.2 Need for the study

Rapid and uncontrolled urbanization in many developing countries is having fundamental social
and environmental consequences. Taking example of India, from every angle - demographic,
environmental or social - cities in the Indian subcontinent are far more significant today than
they were a just a few decades ago. India alone homes an estimated 382 million of urban
population, or 31.3% (in 2011) of total population which was only 320 million in 2004. By 2030,
existing and new Indian cities are expected to provide shelter to 590 million people, or 40% of

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the population. It is a fact that urbanization in Indian sub-continent is well underway, and will
continue unabated.1(Congress on Urban Green Spaces, New Delhi March 2012)
(As per census of India, definition of urban is
All places with a Municipality, Corporation or Cantonment or Notified Town Area
All other places which satisfied the following criteria:
o

A minimum population of 5,000.

At least 75% of the male working population was non-agricultural.

A density of population of at least 400 sq. Km.)

Taking a glance at Gujarat, the percentage urban population is very high compared to the
nation. As per Census 2011, population of Gujarat is 6,03,83,628, from which the urban
population is 2,57,45,083 making a percentage of 42.6% which was 18930250 forming 37.3% of
the total population.
To cater this huge urban population, infrastructure facilities are very essential. For development
of infrastructure, many grants from central and state government authorities are provided.
Gujarat was given Rs 2578.81 crore between 2005 to 2012 under urban infrastructure and
governance (UIG) sub-mission of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
(JNNURM). The allocation was more than eight per cent of the total allocation of Rs 31500
crore. So, infrastructure is well thought of by the government and other institutions associated
with it.
Urbanization brings with itself need for many different necessities. But the focus of the
government has always been infrastructure. The issue that arises due to urbanization which
should be focused upon is lack of designated gardens and open spaces. While planning new
areas, gardens and open spaces should also be planned and properly placed along with other
infrastructure and services.
Recreational facilities are highly patchy and dynamic, formed by biophysical and ecological
drivers on the one hand, and social and economic drivers on the other. Given the accelerating
rate of urbanization worldwide, recreational facilities are becoming increasingly important to
society as nodes of interactions between humans and nature.2(Census 2011)

Congress on Urban Green Spaces, New Delhi, 2012

Census of India, 2011

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1.3 Problem Statement

Designated gardens and open spaces are insufficient and lack proper maintenance

1.4 Focus of the Study

Focus of the study is on designated Gardens and open spaces among all the types of
recreational facilities.
Gardens and Open spaces are an essential part of the urban heritage, a strong element in the
architectural and aesthetic form of a city, plays an important educational role, is ecologically
significant, is important for social interaction and in fostering community development and is
supportive of economic objectives and activities. In particular, it helps reduce the inherent
tension in deprived parts of urban areas; it has an important role in providing for the recreational
and leisure needs of a community and has an economic value in that environmental
enhancement, in which the improvement of open space plays a major part, assists the
economic revival of cities, not just through creating jobs but in increasing the attractiveness of a
city as a place for business investment and sought-after residential areas".3(EuropeanCouncil
1986)

1.5 Goal:
To assess Vadodara with adequate designated gardens and open spaces, essential for the
balanced development of human being

1.6 Objectives:
To assess sufficiency and adequacy of designated gardens and open spaces as per
norms in the proposed in Development plan and Town Planning Schemes of Vadodara
City.
To find whether the existing facilities provided are accessible, adequate, well maintained
and match with the proposed Development plan and TP Schemes.

Source: Vision Document, Council of Europe, 1986

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 To examine the reasons behind inadequacies

To identify the appropriate, possible steps that can be taken in future

1.7 Scope
Scope is to examine areas allotted for gardens and open spaces within the city limits of
Vadodara
Study will focus upon guideline provided by UDPFI. (Urban Development Plan
Formulation Implementation) Guidelines
The gardens and open spaces included in the research, are of community and city level

1.8 Limitation of the study

Data collected from government office are believed to be correct without second
verification
Private gardens and any such recreational facilities are not considered

1.9 Approach
Table 1 Approach for the research

Sr.
No.
1

Objective

Tasks

Sub Tasks

Tasks accomplished

To assess sufficiency

Literature

Define Gardens and open

National and

and adequacy of

review

Spaces

International definitions

designated gardens

(primary and

Study of Norms

of open spaces that are

and open spaces as

secondary)

Study of related bylaws

related to the research

per norms in the

and guidelines

are incorporated

proposed in

Read Textbooks

Development plan

Case studies for laws of

World Health

and Town Planning

other countries and cities

Organization(WHO),

International norms of

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Schemes of

Review of Development

New York and Hong

Vadodara City.

plans

Kong have been

studied along with
Indian norms, BPMC

Review of town planning

schemes to find and
measure designated open
spaces and gardens in
T.P. and non T.P. area.

act, past Development

plans and second
revised Development
plan of 2031
Garden area of
Vadodara city has been
studied in all TP and
non TP areas.

Gardens has been

To find whether the Field visit

Primary survey of quality

existing

of gardens with

identified into two levels

photographs/ videos

of local level and ward

accessible, adequate,

Discussion with

level of garden

well maintained and

concerned Field officer

according to area thus,

match

and supervisory staff

24 gardens (2gardens

facilities

provided

are

with

the

proposed

from each

Development

plan

administrative ward)

and TP Schemes.

have been studied.

Questionnaire and

Discussion with the

structured interview with

people as well as

stake holders

interviews and
questionnaire with
stake holders has been
carried out

To

examine

reasons

the
behind

inadequacies
4

To

identify

the

appropriate, possible
steps that can be
taken in future

Questionnaire with VMC,

Questionnaire and

VUDA and Experts

Questionnaire structured interview of

has been carried out

and interviews experts, NGOs, VMC,

and their onions have

VUDA

been incorporated in
the research
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1.10 Methodology
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the following methodology has been adopted.
Study the norms and policies, and reports of city, state and national and international level

Study past and present situation of gardens and open spaces in the city

Case study to find laws for designated gardens and open spaces in other countries

Analyze gardens and open spaces of the city according to norms

Select gardens at different locations and analyze its use, accessibility and maintenance

Evaluate findings and analyze the cause for lack

Steps to be taken in future and conclusion

1.11 Area of Study

Area of study is Vadodara city, which was once known as the City of Gardens. In the past,
Vadodara enjoyed sound facilities of gardens and open spaces. There were about 78 gardens
in 2005. In the last 30 years, the population of the city has almost doubled, but the recreational
facilities have not proportionately increased. The growing urbanization and the demand for more
housing and transportation have led to a decline in urban greens and water bodies. 4 (City
Development Plan of Vadodara 2005)
As on 2012, Area of Vadodara is 149sqkm. VMC maintains 80 gardens spread over an area of
approximately 1.5 sqkm. These gardens are maintained to have lawns, trees, shrubs, bushes,

Source: City Development Plan of Vadodara, 2005

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and jogging tracks, and fountains, play centers for children, senior citizen area, toilets and music
systems.5 (Revised City Development Plan 2012)

Table 2 Trend of recreational facilities

Year

Population

% rise

Share of

Recreational

Ideal share of

recreational

facility/ area

recreational

facilities

according to

facilities/ area

norms
(10sqm/capita)

(*Area of VMC is
taken as 149sqkm for
calculation)

1981

734,473

2.58%

1991

1,031,346

40%

2001

1,306,035

26.6%

2011

1,666,703

27.6%

1.17%

734,4730

4.9% (108.2sq km)

1,031,3460

6.9%

1,306,0350

8.7%

1,666,7030

11.1%

(Source: City Development Plan, 2005)

According to City development plan, 2005, the share of recreation area has reduced to 1.17% in
2005 from 2.58% before 30 years, which is far below the norms of UDPFI guidelines i.e. 10sqm
per person. The increase in slum population has also led to a proliferation of illegal
encroachments on public and open spaces, reserved land and recreational land. If the
recreational facilities reduce in the same pattern, even further, the city would deteriorate both in
terms of quality of life and environmental parameters. So, there is a need for people and the
government, to focus on the issue of decreasing recreation and solve the problem so that the
future generations are not deprived of it.

Source: Revised City Development Plan, 2012

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2 CHAPTER II: CONCEPT, HISTORIC RELEVANCE AND EXISTING

FRAMEWORK FOR RECREATIONAL FACILITIES IN INDIA
The following chapter answers some of the basic questions such as why recreational facilities
are important. How it has evolved nationally or internationally; to understand the formation and
necessity of green spaces in different eras. Also, the national and international definitions of
gardens and open spaces with their categories and different levels of it have been described
which helps in understanding different ways that a garden and open space is taken. National
and International norms and policies that are related to gardens and open spaces are also
incorporated for better comparative analysis.

2.1 Need for recreation facilities

Gardens and open spaces must be planned as a land use in its own right and they must be
planned in the right location and should not be the remainder when other land uses have been
provided. Gardens and open spaces are intended to function as green lungs within urban
areas and expected to serve the citizens as well as bring visitors from all over the region.
Gardens and open spaces are necessary to be provided as they improve environmental
benefits affect surrounding land use and increase potentially land value directly or indirectly.
Just as growing communities need to upgrade and expand their built infrastructure of roads,
sewers, and utilities, they also need to upgrade and expand their green infrastructure, the
interconnected system of green spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions,
sustains clear air and water, and provides a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.
COMMUNITY REVITALIZATION- They can serve scores of different uses; they act to
define the shape and feel of a city and its neighborhoods. They also function as a
conscious tool for revitalization.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT- Parks provide intrinsic environmental, aesthetic, and
recreation benefits to our cities. They are also a source of positive economic benefits.
They enhance property values, increase municipal revenue, bring in homebuyers and
workers, and attract retirees.

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 CREATE SAFER NEIGHBORHOODS- Time spent in natural surroundings relieves

mental fatigue, which in turn relieves inattentiveness, irritability, and impulsivity,
recognized by psychologists as precursors to violence. Green spaces also support
frequent, casual contact among neighbors. This leads to the formation of neighborhood
social ties, the building blocks of strong, secure neighborhoods where people tend to
support, care about, and protect one another. Also, Barren spaces are more frightening
to people and are more crime prone than parks landscaped with greenery and open
vistas.
PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH- Along with the expected leisure amenities, parks can
also provide measurable health benefits, from providing direct contact with nature and a
cleaner environment, to opportunities for physical activity and social interaction.
Recreational activities help you relax and give soothing effect to your nerves. It helps
you release the tension and maintain equilibrium
PROMOTE THE ARTS AND CULTURAL PROGRAMS- Urban parks have always been
an important setting for arts and cultural programs. During the late 19th century, parks
commonly hosed musical events. By the beginning of the 20th century, dance, theatre,
and even the new medium of film began to be represented in parks programming.

2.2 International history and chronological development of parks and

open spaces
To provide a meaningful background for the study of parks and gardens in modern society, it is
helpful to have a clear understanding of its role in the past. We can trace the origins of many of
our contemporary views and related cultural customs to the traditions and practices of ancient
cultures. The history of recreation is a rich tapestry of people, places, events, and social forces,
showing the role of religion, education, and government and the customs and values of different
cultures, their arts, sport, and pastimes. By becoming familiar with the evolution of our
recreation, we are better able to understand and deal effectively with the present.
Prehistoric era: One would expect a chronological study to begin by examining the play of
prehistoric peoples during the Paleolithic and Neolithic epochs. Archaeologists have uncovered
artifacts that provide some first-hand evidence of the creative, athletic, and recreation activities
of primitive peoples from around the world. When an activity was no longer useful in its original
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form (such as archery for hunting or warfare), it became a form of sport offering individuals and
groups the opportunity to prove physical skill and strategy. Often, the origin was a religious
ritual, in which games were played to symbolize a continuing struggle between good and evil or
life and death.
Popular games were often vestiges of warfare, practiced as a form of sport. Musical instruments
were likely created for use in religious rituals. Pottery, painting, drawings, and other early art
provided a record of both daily life and cultural mythology. As prehistoric societies advanced,
they developed specialization of functions. Humans learned to domesticate plants and animals,
which permitted them to shift from a nomadic existence based on hunting and food gathering to
a largely stationary way of life based on grazing animals and planting crops.
As early as the ninth century B.C., parks were established as sites for royal hunting parties.
They also provided settings for feasts, assemblies, and royal gatherings. On the estates of other
monarchs during the ninth and tenth centuries B.C. were vineyards, fishponds, and the famed
hanging gardens of Babylon.
The ancient Greeks developed the art of town planning and customarily made extensive
provisions for parks and gardens, open-air theaters and gymnasiums, baths, exercise grounds,
and stadiums. During the time of Plato, the gymnasium and the park were closely connected in
beautiful natural settings, often including indoor halls, gardens, and buildings for musical
performances. Early Athens had many public baths and some public parks, which later gave
way to privately owned estates.
Even more than the Greeks, the Romans were systematic planners and builders. Their towns
generally included provisions for baths, open-air theaters, amphitheaters, forums for public
assemblies, stadiums, and sometimes parks and gardens. They developed buildings for
gymnastic sport, modeled after the Greek pilaster and including wrestling rooms, conversation
areas for philosophers, and colonnades where games might be held in winter despite bad
weather.
During the Middle Ages, the need to enclose cities within protective walls necessitated building
within a compact area that left little space for public gardens or sports areas. As the walled city
became more difficult to defend after the invention of gunpowder and cannon, residents began
to move out of the central city. Satellite communities developed around the city, but usually with
little definite planning.
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In the middle ages, there were village feasts and sport, practical joking, throwing weights,
cockfighting, bull baiting, and other lively games. "Ball games and wrestling, in which men of
one village were pitted against men of another, sometimes resulted in bloodshed." There was
sometimes dancing on the green, and, on holidays, there were miracle and morality plays. An
illustration of the extent to which popular recreation expanded during the Middle Ages is found
in the famous painting of children's games by the Flemish artist Pieter Breughel. This painting
depicts more than 90 forms of children's play, including marbles, stilts, sledding, bowling,
skating, blind man's bluff, piggyback, leapfrog, follow- the- leader, archery, tug-of-war, doll play,
and dozens of others, many of which have lasted to the present day.
As the Renaissance period began, European town planning was characterized by wide
avenues, long approaches, handsome buildings, and similar monumental features. The nobility
decorated their estates with elaborate gardens, some of which were open to public use, as in
Italy at the end of the thirteenth century. There were walks and public squares, often decorated
with statuary. In some cases, religious brotherhoods built clubhouses, gardens, and shooting
stands for archery practice that were used by townspeople for recreation and amusement.
Compared with the nations of Europe, the early American colonies showed little concern for
developing parks in cities and towns. Beautiful village greens established during the colonial
period still exist throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire. In the
design of new cities, the colonists began to give attention to the need for preserving or
establishing parks and open spaces. Among the first cities in which such plans were made were
Philadelphia, Savannah, and Washington, D.C.
Almost from the earliest days of settlement, there was concern for the conservation of forests
and open land in the New England countryside. As early as 1626 in the Plymouth colony, the
cutting of trees without official consent was prohibited by law. The Massachusetts Bay Colony
passed the Great Ponds Act in 1641, which set aside 2,000 bodies of water, each over 10 acres
in size, for such public uses as "fishing and fowling." The courts supported this conservation of
land for recreational use.
During industrialization, factory wages were usually higher than those in domestic industry or
agriculture. So, great numbers of people moved from rural areas to the cities to work. Often a
family lived crowded in a single room under unsanitary and unsafe conditions. The new urban
slums were marked by congestion and disease. Work was considered the source of social and
moral values, and therefore the proper concern of churches, which renewed their attack upon
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most forms of play. The churches condemned many commercial amusements as "the door to all
the sins of iniquity." By the 1880s and 1890s, church leaders recognized that religion could no
longer arbitrarily condemn all play and offered "sanctified amusement and recreation" as
alternatives to undesirable play.
The period extending from the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century is referred to by
recreation scholars as the public recreation movement. The period was characterized by the
widespread development of organized recreation activities and facilities by government and
voluntary agencies with the intent of achieving desirable social outcomes.
The first conservation action was in 1864, when Congress set aside an extensive area of
wilderness primarily for public recreational use, consisting of the Yosemite Valley and the
Mariposa Grove of Big Trees in California. This later became a national park. The first
designated national park was Yellowstone, founded in 1872. All such developments did not lend
themselves immediately to an emphasis on recreation.
Until the nineteenth century, North America lagged far behind Europe in the development of
municipal parks, partly because this continent had no aristocracy with large cultivated estates,
hunting grounds, and elaborate gardens that could be turned over to the public. There long had
been a need for open space in New York City. During the first 30 years of the nineteenth
century, plans were made for several open squares to total about 450 acres, but these were not
carried out completely. By the early 1850s, the entire amount of public open space in Manhattan
totaled only 117 acres. Pressure mounted among the citizens of the city for a major park that
would provide relief from stone and concrete.
In America, municipalities were discovering new ways to add parks. Many acquired areas
outside their city limits, while others required that new real estate subdivision plans include the
dedication of space for recreation. Some cities acquired major park properties through gifts. The
pattern that began to develop was one of placing a network of small, intensively used
playgrounds throughout the cities, particularly in neighborhoods of working-class families, and
placing larger parks in outlying areas.6(Early History of Recreation and Leisure n.d.).

Source: Early History of Recreation and Leisure, By- Jones and Bartlett Publishers

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2.3 Indian history and chronological development of recreational facilities

Gardens and open spaces: India is one of the few nations to have had a continuous
civilization from about 3000 B.C. The earliest civilization we have is from the Harappa
Civilization, i.e. around 2500-2000 B.C. Trees were considered important and to protect them
they were given religious values. Even at this early period, there were trade and cultural
contacts with Central Asia. Lord Buddha was born in a park (563 to 483 B.C.). During that
period more emphasis was on woodlands and parks rather than on gardens.
Around 1200 to 1000B.C. India had a developed art of town planning. Irrigation systems were
also developed and were in use. King Ashoka (270- 250 B.C.) not only loved trees and parks
but gave royal orders to plant trees and develop gardens all over his kingdom. Each Park was
expected to have water pools, creeper arbours and shaded walks. The design was more
informal than formal, the emphasis was on shade and the cooling effects of water; and trees,
shrubs and creepers were given preference for their fragrance, and their fruits, etc. Menander
(180- 160 B.C.) was the Indian-born Greek king. His capital, Sagola (present day Sialkot), had
extensive parks and gardens. Many of these gardens and parks had lakes and tanks with
shaded walks.
Chola kings {around 10th and 11th Century A, D,) in South India, Their cities were well
developed and had well planned gardens, The great South-Indian temples, gems of Indian
architecture, usually had water tanks in their compounds with gardens attached to them,
Invariably, such gardens were called Nandanvanam (heavenly gardens). Similarly, on the
western coast, some 80kms, to the north of the present City of Ahmedabad, was Anhilvad,
capital of the Solanki Kings of Gujarat (961 A.D.).
The king best known for his love of gardens before Babar would be King Firoz Shah (1351 A.
D.). Sultan Firoz developed more than 1200 gardens in and around Delhi. The gardens may
have been mainly fruit orchards, but recreation was not a part of it. More use was made of
running water in the gardens. He developed forty-four gardens near Chittor and eighty gardens
near Salaura. He was responsible for completing about 30 gardens which were started by Alaud-din (1296 A.D.). Most of the gardens bad irrigation channels, and some bad fountains also.
Sultan Firoz Shah was a great builder. It is recorded that he established nearly 200 towns in
addition to a new capital called Firozabad.
The Lodhi dynasty which ruled from 1450 to 1526 A.D. contributed greatly to architecture and to
the art of gardens in India. It was to King Baz-Bahadur, 1555 to 1562 A. D. that the honours
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must go for the development of the art of gardening. The Reva Garden was square in shape
with a great tank or pool in the center. The garden was set with trees and flowers. In the center
of the garden was a pleasure house. In the palace, there were fountains and tanks with
coloured glass. Water used to flow over the coloured glass tiles which were lighted. The
gardens of this period were enriched by introducing plants from other nations.
Feroz Shah Bahmuny built a town called Ferozabad on the banks of the river Bhima in the
Deccan: The palace was provided with water from a canal which was connected to the Bhima
River. The palace was divided into several courtyards. Many court yards had gardens with water
running through channels. Similarly the Tomb of Quasim Barid who died in 1504 had a well laid
out garden with paved paths etc.
Coming to the gardens of Bidar, we have some interesting information. The "Ranga Mahall"
(literally: Ranga= colour, Mahall=pavilion, but it was actually a hall for recreation) had a
courtyard. This court-yard was developed as a garden with a cistern. The royal pavilion in the
same palace also had a fountain made of dark hornblende, octagonal in shape. The kings were
very fond of water, and running water in particular .Then there is a Lalbagh or Ruby (red)
garden, so called because of red flowers which may have been grown in the garden. The
pavilion which is in the center has water channels beside it. The water for the garden was lifted
from wells. Then there is the Tarkash Mahall, with a garden and cistern.
First, Mahmud Peghadra, King of Gujarat (from 1459to 1511 A"D.) built an excellent palace in a
lake at Sarkhej near Ahmedabad. Babar did give a very solid impetus to garden development in
India. Babar was a shrewd observer and a very ambitious person. He tried to make the best of
every situation. His observations of Indian plant life are remarkable in this respect. Babar laid
and improved many gardens around Kabul. Important among these gardens is the Bagh-i- Vifa
(Garden of fidelity) which he developed with great care, planting trees and plants brought from
India.
The gardens developed by Babar .were usually constructed in a series of terraces of sloping
ground, which was the usual Turkey and Persian plan. The religious concept of Paradise was
predominant in garden planning. Paradise had eight divisions and based on this concept the
gardens were divided into eight terraces. However, in some places, the number seven was also
chosen to represent the seven planets.

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Islamic gardens could be divided into three types:

Gardens developed around a mausoleum,

Gardens developed as pleasure gardens,

Court yard gardens.

The simple plan which was followed in the plains could have been influenced by Hindu
mythology. The Hindus considered Mount Meru as the center of the world, while from the four
cardinal points holy springs the life giving springs used to flow, on the central mount stood the
tree of knowledge and a temple. ln the Islamic concept, which had a strong ideology of a
Paradise, the mausoleum replaced the temple. Among mausoleum gardens we have:

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi, (1556 A.D.),

Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra near Agra, (1605 A.D.)

Jahangirs Tomb, Shahadra, Lahore, (1627 A.D.)

The Taj Mahal, Agra, (1658 A.D.)

Mausoleum for Rabi a Darauni.

Among pleasure gardens" the important gardens are the Nasim Bagh by Akbar .Shalimar
Achabal, Vernag and Nishat, built during the time of Jahangir. Then during Shahjahan's time,
the Chasma Shahi in Kashmir was built, Shalimar at Delhi and also at Lahore and the gardens
of the Red Fort at Delhi. The Pinjore Gardens near present-day Chandigarh are perhaps the
only important gardens of Aurangzebs period. Among court-yard gardens, we have the
Anguribagh, Agra fort, the Garden of the Amber Fort and Udaipur Lake Palace. The garden
around Humayuns tomb is perhaps the oldest garden of the Mughal period to have preserved
most of its original design.7(The Gardens of India n.d.)

Source: The Gardens of India, by- Prabhakar B. Bhagwat

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2.4 Concept of Recreational facilities and classification of its elements

2.4.1 Concept and theories:
Recreational facility in its basic terms means, a refreshment of one's mind or body after work
through activity that amuses or stimulates; play, relaxation and enjoyment, traveling for pleasure
Recreation ranges from home entertainment such as playing mahjong and watching television,
through passive activities such as strolling and playing in the morning, to active games and
competitive sports. This section is concerned with those aspects of recreation which:
Require special facilities to cater for widespread public demand; and
Require land areas to be allocated in town plans.
The political philosophy: The notion of recreational space is better captured by the social
sciences. In political philosophy, the concept of the public has drawn an important inspiration
from the notions of the Greek agora and the Roman forum, taken as ideal models of
recreational areas where the public affairs of the city are discussed among an assembly of
equal citizens. But today, the only foray into publicly accessible space has been through the
cafes and, more recently, on the more visible but still placeless pages of the Internet.
Sociological outlook: Sociology has paid more attention to the physical venues of the city and
the daily interactions of the citizenry. Thus, in addition to streets and parks, a vast array of
spaces of mobility, such as transportation facilities (train and subway stations, airports,
highways, parking lots) or spaces of mass consumption (shopping malls for the most part) can
be analyzed according the criterion of sociology.

2.4.2 Definition of gardens and open spaces

PARKS AND GARDENS:

Parks and gardens are areas of land, usually kept in a largely natural state or landscaped for
the enjoyment of the public, having facilities for rest and providing opportunities for informal
recreation and community events8.(Open Space, Sport and Recreation Assessment 2011)

8Source: Open Space, Sport and Recreation Assessment 2011, Reigate & Banstead Borough Council

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OPEN SPACE:
The open spaces can include the following three categories, namely:
a) Recreational space
b) Organized green
c) Other common open spaces (such as vacant lands/ open spaces including flood
plains, forest cover etc in plain areas)9. (URDPFI Draft Guidelines 2014)
OPEN SPACE:
Open space is a statutory land use zone for the provision of open space and recreation facilities
for the enjoyment of the general public.10
RECREATION OPEN SPACE:
This is the outdoor open-air space which is used principally for active and/or passive recreation
use, developed either by the public or private sector, and is counted towards the open space
standard of provision.
OPEN SPACE
Open space is defined as publicly or privately owned land that is publicly accessible and
available for leisure, play, or sport, or is set aside for the protection and/or enhancement of the
natural environment. An open space analysis focuses on officially designated existing or
planned public open space.11
PUBLIC OPEN SPACE
Open space that is accessible to the public on a constant and regular basis, including for
designated daily periods, is defined as "public" and analyzed under CEQR. Public open space
may be under government or private jurisdiction and may include, but is not limited to, the
following:
Parks operated or managed by the City, State, or Federal governments and include
neighborhood and regional parks, beaches, pools, golf courses, boardwalks,
9

URDPFI Draft Guidelines, 2014

10Source: Recreation open space and greening, Planning Dept. Govt. of Hong Kong, Dec 2007
11
Source: Open space, City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) technical Manual, New York Govt.

Page 17

playgrounds, ball fields, and recreation centers that are available to the public at no cost
or through a nominal fee, as in the case of recreation centers and golf courses;
Open space designated through regulatory approvals (such as zoning), including largescale permits that prescribe publicly accessible open space, such as public plazas;
Outdoor schoolyards if available to the public during non-school hours;
Publically accessible institutional campuses;
Designated greenways, as shown on the Citys Bike Map, and defined as multi-use
pathways for non-motorized recreation and transportation along natural and manmade
linear spaces such as rail and highway rights-of-way, river corridors, and waterfront
spaces;
Landscaped medians with seating;
Housing complex grounds, if publicly accessible;
Nature preserves, if publicly accessible;
Gardens, if publicly accessible;
Public open space does not include green streets, malls without seating, or
sidewalks.12(Open Space 2014)
Definition from planning aspects: In planning aspects, the definition of recreational facilities
can be considered taking a reference of UDPFI guidelines. According to UDPFI guidelines, the
term recreational facilities include:
Parks and Open Spaces
Sports Centre and Play Grounds
Botanical and Zoological Parks
Water Bodies/ Other Natural Features
The study is focused only on the first parameter Parks and Open space as per the definition
given by UDPFI guidelines.
12

Source: Open Space, 2014 by City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) TECHNICAL MANUAL, New York Government

Page 18

2.5 Types of Recreational facilities

This is the outdoor or indoor space which is used principally for active and/or passive recreation
use, developed either by the public or private sector
Active Recreation Facilities (Parks) - Recreation open or closed space which contains
recreation facilities, mainly for the core activities including games facilities. Active
recreational facilities are structured or unstructured outdoor and indoor recreation
activities such as sports fields play areas, golf courses, marinas, waterfront, swimming
pools, skating rinks, outdoor theaters, gyms, meeting space, or game rooms. It refers to
a structured individual or team activity that requires the use of special facilities, courses,
fields, or equipment.
Passive Recreation: Recreation space which exists as natural resources, and has a
minimal impact on ecology and environment. Such as landscaped parks, gardens,
sitting-out areas, waterfront promenades, paved areas for informal games, children's
playgrounds, jogging and fitness circuits, hiking, horseback riding, cross country skiing,
bird watching, kite flying, and bicycling etc., where people can enjoy the surroundings in
a leisurely manner. It refers to recreational activities that do not require prepared
facilities like sports fields or pavilions. Passive recreational activities place minimal
stress on a sites resources; as a result, they can provide ecosystem service benefits
and are highly compatible with natural resource protection.
Indoor Recreation: Activities that does not need any open ground or outdoor area and
can be performed in a covered indoor space are called indoor recreational facilities like
Music, Dance, Watching Movies, Video Games, Internet Browsing, Art Activities,
Knitting, Painting, Indoor Gardening, Reading, Table Tennis, Writing, Craft Making,
Watching TV, Badminton, Cooking, Playing Cards, Chess, Bowling, Billiards.
Outdoor Activities: It is Activities that do need open ground and outdoor space to
perform like Volleyball, Basketball, Baseball, River Rafting, Bungee Jumping, Hiking,
Scuba Diving, Swimming, Golf, Lawn Tennis, Nature Walk, Cycling, Horse Riding,
Boating, Traveling, Fishing, Pet Training, Beach Games, Museum Visit, Amusement
Park, Photography.
Formal Recreation: A dedicated space for refreshment like gardens, playgrounds,
parks etc.
Page 19

 Informal recreation: Any place that refreshes the mind like standing on bridge, sitting
on society benches, roaming around the city etc.

2.6 Effects on open spaces due to development

2.6.1 Direct effects
Unplanned growth in terms of encroachment and development to gain monitory benefits have
direct effect on open spaces. An assessment of the effects needs to be carried out to
understand the appropriateness. Direct effects occur of the such developments would
Result in a physical loss of public open space (by encroaching on an open space or
displacing an open space);
Change the use of an open space so that it no longer serves the same user population
(e.g., elimination of playground equipment);
Limit public access to an open space; or
Cause increased noise or air pollutant emissions, odors, or shadows on public open
space that would affect its usefulness, whether on a permanent or temporary basis.

2.6.2 Indirect effects

Indirect effects may occur when the population generated by the proposed zone exceeds the
capacity of existing open spaces so that their service to the future population of the affected
area would be substantially or noticeably diminished which indirectly affects the working
efficiency of the people. (Open Space 2014)

2.7 Principles for providing gardens and open spaces:

The following four principles, namely Quantity, Quality, Good Practice and Vision have relevant
considerations in the planning and provision of gardens and open spaces at the strategic,
district and local levels.

Page 20

 Quantity: Sufficient open space and gardens should be provided to meet the demand
for the most popular activities, the 'core activities', within each planning district. Should
there be scope, the range of facilities should be widened to enable provision be made for
special activities.
Quality: Gardens and open space provided should be of a high quality, in terms of
facilities, layout and design, which meet the needs and aspirations of the users. They
should also meet environmental standards, and contribute to good civic design.
Good Practice: To provide easy access, encourage optimum usage and enable
complementary improvements to the environment, open spaces and gardens should be
provided within an integrated recreation and open space framework incorporating
continuous pedestrian and/or cycle links.
Vision: Planning requires vision, so does the planning for gardens and open space. In
deriving a vision for the district, we may need to consider such attributes as the
function(s) of the district (e.g. whether it is principally a residential and/or tourist area);
location and physical characteristics; population structure and socio-economic
characteristics; recreation potential and opportunities particularly any attractive
recreation spots; level of existing facilities and areas of shortfall; flexibility in the use of
facilities including dual or multiple use; accessibility of facilities; scope for private
development; scope for special facilities; and provision and accessibility of facilities for
special groups such as the disabled 13 . (Recreation, Open Space and Greening Dec
2007)

2.8 Category of Gardens and open spaces

After the definition, concept and various types of gardens and open spaces it requires to classify
the availability of these facilities at different levels i.e. residential, neighourhood, zonal and city
level facility. Each level will influence differently the citizens based on size and available
facilities. The literature review from Hong Kong and Vadodara provides classification based on
area and extent of influence on the population to support the classification of gardens at various
levels of planning.

13

Source: recreation open space and greening, Planning Dept. Govt. of Hong Kong, Dec 2007

Page 21

The reason behind selection of Hong Kong to compare with Vadodara is the similarity in the
criteria for categorizing the levels of gardens and open spaces with the cities existing survey
report of 2000, by SOCLEEN.

2.8.1 Report on Vadodara Beyond 2000 AD Project by SOCLEEN Planning Cell

Planning needs to respond to local needs, values, and capacities of any area. Vadodara is
known as City of Gardens. Numerous parks along with ponds were planned and developed by
late Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III. Special attention was given to the type of plantations in all
parks. The Gardens/ parks can be broadly be grouped under these four types, based on extent
of influence each one has on the population. These have been identified as follows:
Parks at City level: An area of more than 10 hectares (25acres) and central
location
Parks at zonal level: An area of more than 4 hec. (10 acres) and less than 10 hec.
Parks at neighbourhood level: An area of more than 1 hec (2.5 acres) and less
than 4 hec. (10 acres)
Parks at the residential level: An area of less than 1 hec (2.5 acres)
Under this classification, as per a study carried out by SOCLEEN, in Dec 1997, there was only
one park at the city level, known as Sayaji Park, which was centrally located between the
eastern and the western side of the city. There were 2 zonal parks- Sardar Baug on the western
side and Lalbaug on the southern. Three Baugs in the neighbourhood level existed but one of
them

was

located

on

the

crematory

grounds,

hence

cannot

be

utilized

for

14

recreation. (Vadodara Beyond 2000 AD Project 1997)

2.8.2 Planning Department, Government of Hong Kong

2.8.2.1 Types of open spaces:

Regional Open Space: A non-statutory land use zone for recreation open space.
Regional open spaces are large sites (at least 5 ha) provided at prominent locations in
the urban areas, at the urban fringe areas or in proximity to major transport
14

Source: Vadodara Beyond 2000 AD Project, 1997 by- SOCLEEN Planning Cell

Page 22

interchanges. They provide facilities with a greater scope than the core activities and
serve the wider recreational needs of the territorial population and tourists. Regional
Open Spaces include the Urban Fringe Parks proposed in Metro plan.
District Open Space: A non-statutory land use zone for recreation open space. District
open spaces are medium-size sites (where possible at least 1 ha) which provide facilities
for the core activities and for passive recreation to meet the needs of a district
population.
Local Open Space: A non-statutory land use zone for recreation open space. Local
open spaces are smaller sites (where possible at least 500m in the urban areas) which
are more passive in nature and provide sitting-out areas and childrens playgrounds to
serve the neighbourhood population. For local open space serving a larger
neighbourhood, some active recreation facilities may be provided.15 (Recreation, Open
Space and Greening Dec 2007)

Table 3 Comparison of norms (Hong Kong and SOCLEEN, Vadodara)

Sr.

Criteria

Hong Kong

SOCLEEN Existing no. of Existing no. of

No.

gardens
according
Hong Kong

gardens
to according

to

SOCLEEN
report

Area
City level

>=25 acre

--

Zonal level

>=12.5 acre

>=10 acre

Neighbourhood level

>=2.5 acre

>=2.5 acre

14

13

Residential level

>=1.2 acre

<2.5 acre

12

63

(Source: Vadodara Beyond 2000 AD Project, 1997 by- SOCLEEN Planning Cell; Recreation, Open Space and
Greening, 2007 by Planning Department, Government of Hong Kong)

15

Source: Recreation, Open Space and Greening, 2007 by Planning Department, Government of Hong Kong

Page 23

2.8.3 Adopted category for this Research:

City level Gardens and open spaces: Area larger than 25acres with a greater scope
than the core activities and serve the wider recreational needs of the territorial
population and tourists.
Ward level Gardens and open spaces: Area larger than 1 acre and that provides all
the passive recreation along with jogging track, childrens play, instruments of gym area
and benches
Local level Gardens and open spaces: Area Smaller than 1 acre having at least lawn
and childrens play area.
Table 4 Criteria of Gardens for current research

Sr.

Criteria

for City level

Ward level

Local level

>=1 acre

< 1 acre

No. current research

1

Area

>=25 acre

2.9 International planning norms for gardens and open spaces:

2.9.1 Planning norms as per planning dept. Hong Kong:
The standards for Recreation Open Space require meeting the active and passive recreational
needs of the population, either within the residential neighbourhood or centrally located to serve
a wider area. Green Space such as Amenity Areas, Country Parks, Green Belts and Coastal
Protection Areas which do not readily lend themselves to the formulation of any standards are
excluded.
In the urban areas, including the Metro Area and the New Towns, the standard for provision of
open space is a minimum of 20 ha per 100 000 persons i.e. 2m per person, apportioned as
follows:
A minimum of 10 ha per 100 000 persons (i.e. 1m per person) for District Open Space;
A minimum of 10 ha per 100 000 persons (i.e. 1m per person) for Local Open Space.

Page 24

Regional Open Space is provided as a bonus above the minimum standard. However, in the
Metro Area, 50% of the Regional Open Space provision can be counted as District Open
Space.16(Recreation, Open Space and Greening Dec 2007)

2.9.2 Planning norms as per CEQR Technical Manual, New York Government
In New York City, local open space ratios vary widely, and the median ratio at the Citywide
Community District level is 1.5 acres of open space per 1,000 residents. Typically, for the
assessment of both direct and indirect effects, citywide local norms have been calculated for
comparison and analysis. As a planning goal, a ratio of 2.5 acres per 1,000 residents represents
an area well-served by open spaces, and is consequently used as an optimal benchmark for
residential populations in large-scale plans and proposals. Ideally, this would comprise 0.50
acres of passive space and 2.0 acres of active open space per 1,000 residents. For such largescale projects (and for planning purposes), the City also seeks to attain its planning goal of a
balance of 80 percent active open space and 20 percent passive open space. The City's
planning goal is based, in part, on National Recreation and Park Association guidelines of 1.25
to 2.5 acres per 1,000 residents of neighborhood parks within one-half mile, 5 to 8 acres per
1,000 residents of community parks within one to two miles, and 5 to 10 acres per 1,000
residents of regional parks within a one-hour drive of urban areas. Studies have shown that
nonresidents, specifically workers, tend to use passive open space. The optimal ratio for worker
populations is 0.15 acres of passive open space per 1,000 nonresidents.
Under-served areas
Under-served areas are areas of high population density in the City that are generally the
greatest distance from parkland where the amount of open space per 1000 residents is currently
less than 2.5 acres.
Well-served areas:
Have an open space ratio above 2.5 acres per 1000 residents accounting for existing
parks that contain developed recreational resources; or
Are located within 0.25 mile (approximately a 10-minute walk) from developed and
publicly accessible portions of regional parks.17(Open Space 2014)
16

Source: Recreation, Open Space and Greening, 2007- Planning Department, Government of Hong Kong

Page 25

2.10 Planning norms and policies in India

The existing recreation and open space conditions in a community are primarily a result of the
specific policies followed and actions taken by the community in the past. Because of the
interrelationship of state, national, and private recreation and open space systems with the local
system, local policies are not the only determinant of local recreation and open space
conditions; however, local actions are the principal reason for the existing characteristics of the
local system.
In India, the recreation and open space policy of the Board of County Commissioners has been
consistent over time, evolving to an ever more active role in the area of recreation and open
space. These policies are best illustrated by considering the two main components of the local
recreation and open space system. These are: site acquisition/facility development and program
development. Past policies, however, are probably best reflected by existing conditions, since
existing parks, recreation facilities, open spaces, and recreation programs were established,
acquired, or developed based upon past local policy decisions.
Beginning in the early 1980's, India embarked upon a more ambitious program of acquisition
and development of parks. That program complemented and conserved the county's major
natural resources. To that end, the county focused on acquiring beachfront sites, providing
beach and river access, and developing a county-owned golf course. That policy resulted in an
emphasis on the acquisition of resource-based facilities, while giving a lower priority to providing
neighborhood parks and related facilities.
During the first half of the 1980's, the county took two major actions to acquire and develop
recreational parks. In 1982, the county issued five million dollars in bonds in order to acquire
beachfront property and to match state Save Our Coasts funds for additional beachfront land
acquisition. Then, in 1985, the county issued another bond to construct an eighteen hole public
golf course on part of an existing park site. Since then, the county has continued to focus on
resource based park development through its Environmental Lands Acquisition Program.
In India in the 1980s and 1990s, sub-urbanization and the proliferation of televisions, videos
and the personal computer changed peoples priorities from public life towards the pleasures
of private life and security. This phenomenon has been showcased by the fall and rise in the
fortune of movie theatres in many cities in India. During the 1980s people preferred renting a

17

Source: Open Space, 2014- City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) TECHNICAL MANUAL, New York Government

Page 26

movie cassette and watching it in the comfort and security of their home. As a result many
movie theatres either shut down or became dilapidated. But in the late 1990s going to the
movies became a fun family outing again (as the novelty of the video diminished); and many of
the theatres got a face lift, and some were converted into multiplex cinemas with bowling alleys
and video game arcades (example: Anupam theatre, New Delhi). At least for the middle
classes of our society, nearby public space is no longer so necessary as a relief from crowded
living and working environments nor as an essential setting for the social exchange that helped
to hold together the old urban villages with their social support systems
Since 1990, however, the county has focused on the provision of user-based facilities. In so
doing, the county developed South County Park, an 80 acre site containing several multipurpose fields, tennis courts, and a playground. The county also provided user-based facilities
through coordination with the cities of Vero Beach, Sebastian, and Fellsmere. For example, the
county provided approximately 50% of the cost of developing the Barber Street Complex in
Sebastian. Similarly, the county paid for approximately 50% of Fellsmere's parks and recreation
improvements. A comparable situation exists at the 16th Street Ballfields. Although located in
the City of Vero Beach, the land is owned by the county.
2.10.1 Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act:
It is ULBs responsibility to provide open spaces and gardens as per Bombay Provincial
Municipal Corporation Act under section 63 and 66 as obligatory and discretionary functions.
o

Obligatory functions: U/S 63 every municipal council are responsible to

maintain all public monuments, open spaces and other property vesting in the
Corporation.

Discretionary functions: U/S 66 municipal councils may, in its discretion,

provide public parks, gardens, play-grounds and recreation grounds, holding of
exhibitions, public athletics or games etc.

Interpretation of Act plays an important role in provision and maintenance of services. Mention
of services under the head of discretionary functions are optional to provide i.e. based on
availability of resources whenever it is convenient, ULBs may provide these services. But
maintenance of existing properties is made compulsory under obligatory functions.

Page 27

2.10.2 Constitutional Provisions

The Indian Constitution provides, in clear and unambiguous terms, for the State's commitment
to protect the environment. Under Article 51-A (g), it is the fundamental duty of every citizen of
India "to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers and wild
life, and to have compassion for living creatures.
2.10.3 The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution
The entry to Twelfth Schedule of the (Article 243) provides an illustrative list of eighteen
functions, which may be delegated to the municipalities. The list also mentions provision of
urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, play-grounds.
2.10.4 UDPFI guidelines:
According to UDPFI guidelines, the term recreational facilities include:

Gardens and Open Spaces

Sports Centre and Play Grounds

Botanical and Zoological Parks

Water Bodies/ Other Natural Features

The norms for parks, play fields and other open space such as specified park,
amusement park, maidan, a multi-purpose open space, botanical garden and zoological
parks, traffic parks etc. are as under.
Table 5 Norms as per UDPFI guidelines

Planning Unit

Area/per person (m2)

Housing Cluster

3-4 local parks and playgrounds

Sector

3-4 local park and playgrounds

Community

2-3 community level park and open space

District

1 district level park and sports centre. maidan

Sub-city centre

1 city level park. sports complex, botanical/zoological garden, maidan

Page 28

Overall town/city level

10 sqm. - 12.00 sqm. per person

(Source: UDPFI Guidelines)

2.11 Gardens - Indian Best Practices Case study of Bangalore

The basic reason to take Bangalore as a case is the similarity in the pattern in which the
deterioration of water bodies has accrued and the green areas, parks and open space have not
matched the pace of urbanization. The following study describes the way Bangalore has
developed, the problems faced by it in recreational facilities and strategies they have followed to
overcome the problem.
Gardens and open spaces: From Pensioners Paradise to Silicon Valley or from Garden
City to Garbage City, the city of Bangalore, India has evolved considerably. Bangalore has
been fertile ground for trade and industry, research and educational institutions, floriculture and
biotechnology, and as a destination for tourists and retirees. In Bangalores colonial past, it saw
establishment of a cantonment (a colonial military settlement) next to the historic city (Indian
city) and you get an interesting blend of east and west, which even today is reflected.
In 1947 India gained independence and the Indian and colonial cities were merged in 1949.
Bangalore has since remained the capital of Karnataka state. Bangalore continued to grow and
several public sector industries were set up from 1940 -1970 transforming it into a science and
technology center. By 1961, Bangalore had become the 6th largest city in India with a
population of 1,207,000. Between 1971-1981, Bangalores growth rate was 76%, the fastest in
Asia. By 1988 the Electronic City had been developed and Bangalore emerged as Indias
software capital. Consequently the 1990s saw a construction boom fuelled by Bangalores
growing reputation as Indias silicon valley, which saw many young professionals migrate to
the city.
Though rapid urbanization has led to these two cities blending into one, the urban fabric or
structure of each is still perceivably different. Hence the volumetric perception of the public
spaces, apart from the architecture is different. The so-called native town (Indian city) or Pete
(or otherwise simply known as city or city area) is very organic in structure with narrow
winding streets dating from a time before the automobile. The colonial city or cantonment
(otherwise also known as the Civil and Military station, CMS) on the other hand was made up
primarily of the cantonment proper, a main street and residential suburbs. The town had a
Page 29

loosely knit structure with large bungalows and parks. Over the years many of these bungalows
were subdivided and new houses were built. Some of the larger properties were bought by
developers, who built high-rise apartments and office buildings. Hence the historic colonial city
has been lost and replaced by a Central Business District (CBD). As a result, an essentially
small town fabric has been burdened by dense urban development and the tree-lined avenues,
which provided adequate public space, have become congested physically as well as visually
because of the high-rise buildings.
The quality of public spaces in Bangalore has deteriorated over the years due to several
reasons.

Rapid development

Change in land use

Increase in traffic

Encroachment into public spaces

Lack of management of public spaces

The increase in population has also altered the demands on public space in Bangalore. The city
has always attracted people from various parts of the world. The Information Technology boom
today has seen people migrating to Bangalore not only from all over India, but also from around
the world. The cosmopolitan image that Bangalore has acquired has resulted in the creation of
many eclectic spaces such as pubs, open-air cafs, and food courts. The young and globalised
citizens of Bangalore crave spaces to hangout, to shop, to meet friends, to recreate, and to see
and be seen. Thus far a private services industry and the public streets have catered to these
urges, though in a haphazard way. The streets, which were used to be a democratic public
space, are being reduced to the function of circulation. The public realm is slowly diminishing
and the semi-private realm is filling the void.
Lower income groups use space more intensely and often prefer the street as public space in
Bangalore. Public space is extremely important for the lower income groups in Bangalore,
especially those living in traditional neighbourhoods who need open space as a respite from
crowded living conditions, and for fresh air and recreation.

Page 30

Parks in Bangalore have been established at varying points of time, with different purposes in
mind. The two largest and oldest parks in the city, the LalBagh, were established in the 18th and
19th century respectively: the LalBagh is a botanical garden of repute in South Asia, while the
Cubbon Park constitutes a large and important lung space for the city. Several other parks were
established towards the earlier part of the 20th century up until the 1960s, largely managed by
British appointed foresters. These parks (constituted before the 1970s) form the first group,
categorized as old parks. A number of parks were established in the decades after Indian
independence, with significant tree planting initiatives carried out during the 1980s in particular
(Neginhal 2006). The second group of parks, in the intermediate age group, are defined as
those constituted after 1970 but before 1990.
Finally, in the past 10 years, a large number of small parks have been established in different
areas of the city, which are widely used by local residents for recreational purposes. Parks
established on or after 1990 are accordingly categorized into a third group of recent parks. They
largely separate three phases of park creationthe first during and just after periods of British
governance, the second during a phase of park creation carried out during the 1970s and
1980s, and the third during a phase of recreational park establishment, especially focused
towards the development of small city parks, carried out during and after the 1990s.
Bangalores rapid urbanization has led to congestion in the city and pressure on its
infrastructure. Bangalore was essentially a small town, which has grown rapidly. Thus streets
and public spaces, which were designed for a much smaller population, are now being
subjected to enormous pressure by urban development. The unquenchable thirst for land for
development has led to many public spaces being eliminated. This has resulted in reduction in
percentage of land devoted to open spaces and deterioration in the quality of the public spaces.
Streets which once had only horse drawn carriages and bicycles commuting on them have to
bear the burden of todays high-speed automobile traffic. The narrow streets of Bangalore have
not been able to cater to this and roads have been widened to the extent possible, in some
cases leaving no space for a sidewalk. This has adversely affected street life and eroded the
potential of streets as quality public spaces as well. The demand for land for development has
led to encroachment into other public spaces. For example part of Cubbon Park has been used
to build government offices and road widening has eaten into the sidewalk on M.G. Road. Also
several precious lakes have been drained and built on. Therefore over the years public space
has shrunk and become even more precious. The garden city image has been lost and replaced

Page 31

by an image of a chaotic city with no clear city centre. Even the bi-nuclear character of the city
has become eroded.
This chapter discussed about the concept of garden and open spaces, their evolution, and legal
framework in Indian context, which highlights the variety of recreational facilities possible in
urban areas and the importance of gardens and open spaces as lungs for the city dwellers.
It also suggests that provision of recreational facilities specifically gardens and open spaces are
must to provide in urban areas and the responsibility of maintaining the facility is designated to
urban local bodies under constitution of India, and several other legal provisions. Next chapter
evaluates the existing situation of gardens and open spaces in Vadodara. 18 (Tree diversity,
distribution and change in urban parks)

18

Tree diversity, distribution and change in urban parks- studies in Bangalore, India by Harini Nagendra & Divya Gopal

Page 32

3 CHAPTER III: ASSESSMENT OF PARKS AND OPEN SPACES IN

VADODARA
In the following chapter, the evolution of growth of gardens and open spaces along with the
growth of the city in the reigns of different rulers, are described. The status of gardens and
open spaces at present and ward wise distribution in the city that are required to be known to
achieve the first objective, has been described. Also, to find the sufficiency, adequacy and
maintenance of the gardens, primary survey has been carried out according to the levels of
gardens and conclusions are drawn.

3.1 Introduction of city Vadodara

Vadodara, also known as Baroda, is the third largest city in the Indian State of Gujarat,
after Ahmedabad and Surat. It is the administrative headquarters of Vadodara District. It is
located on the banks of the Vishwamitri River, southeast of Ahmedabad, 139 km from state
capital, Gandhinagar. Both the railway line and national highway connecting Delhi and Mumbai
pass through Vadodara.
Location
Vadodara is located at 22.30N 73.19E in
western India at an elevation of 39 meters
(123 feet). It is the 18th largest city in India
with an area of 148.95 km and a
population of 4.1 million according to the
2010-11 census. The city sits on the
banks of the River Vishwamitri, in central
Gujarat. The Vishwamitri frequently dries
up in the summer, leaving only a small
stream of water. The city is located on the
fertile plain between the Mahi & Narmada
Rivers. According to the Bureau of Indian
Standards, the town falls under seismic
Map showing location of Vadodara in India
Page 33

zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).

Vadodara is divided by the Vishwamitri into two physically distinct eastern and western regions.
The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the old fortified city of
Vadodara. This part of Vadodara is characterized by packed bazaars, the clustered and
barricaded Pol system of shanty buildings, and numerous places of worship. It houses the
General Post Office and landmark buildings like Laxmi Vilas Palace, Mandvi area and Nyay
Mandir. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Vishwamitri.
This part of the city houses educational institutions like the Maharaja Sayajirao University of
Baroda (M.S.U.), the Vadodara Railway Station, modern buildings, well-planned residential
areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centered around Harni
road, Alkapuri, Nawayard and more recently,
Climate
Vadodara features a tropical savanna climate (Aw) under Kppen's Climate classification. There
are three main seasons: Summer, Monsoon and Winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the
climate is dry. The weather is hot through the months of March to July the average summer
maximum is 36 C (97 F), and the average minimum is 23 C (73 F). From November to
February, the average maximum temperature is 30 C (86 F), the average minimum is 15 C
(59 F), and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in
January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The
average rainfall is 93 cm (37 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the river to flood
Civic administration
Vadodara is administered by the Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC). Some of the regions
surrounding the city are administered by the Vadodara Urban Development Authority (VUDA).
The VMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949. For
administrative purposes, the city is divided into 12 administrative wards. Vadodara has a vibrant
history related to Art and Architecture. Since the era of Royal Gaekwad family, it has been a hub
of Arts and Literature. Hence, it has been bestowed the title of "Kala Nagari"

Page 34

3.2 History of the city Vadodara

It is believed that early man have lived on the banks of the Mahi River which formed the flood
plains in that region. There are many evidences of the existence of early man and the existence
of early settlements in the Mahi river valley at a number of sites within 10 to 20 km to the northeast of Baroda.
There has been also findings of human settlement on the right bank of river Vishwamitri on a
group of dunes resting on the alluvium of the river which dates back to 1000 B.C.. It also
ascertains the existence of the Stone Age Era.
Nearly beginning of the Christian Era, a small township developed at same spots as mentioned
above; on the right bank of River Vishwamitri. Later, it was came to be known as Ankotakka
(currently known as Akota). And the mound on which this settlement was established came to
be known as Dhantekri. The entire settlement was developed by clearing grazing land and thick
forests that covered an area of to km.

Figure 2 Ankotaka 2 BC- 300AD

Figure 1 Vadpatraka 900AD- 1500AD

The new settlement of Vadapadraka (present day Kothi), that grew to the east around 600AD,
perhaps, brought the development of Ankottaka to an end. Vadapadraka served as the
administrative centre during Mauryan, Gupta and Chalukyan rule from 900AD to 1500AD.

Page 35

Evidence shows that the inhabitants lived in well-built houses of burnt brick. Ankottaka was the
seat of nonferrous foundry, molding bronze sculptures known to be better than the Chola
bronzes. Gujarat artisans in metal foundry were prior to any other culture in the world. Ankottaka
was also the centre of Jainism.

Figure 4 Formation of Daulatabad fort1511 AD

Figure 3 First extara mural growth- 1650 AD

Baroda began to experience the first aspects of urbanization during the rule of Sir Sayajirao
Gaekwad III (1875-1939AD). Sayajirao III was a visionary and institution builder. Under his able
guidance, the princely state of Baroda became one of the most progressive states in the
country. Sayajirao III initiated large scale urban renewal projects. Outside the walled city, the
area around Sursagar was developed as a civic cultural centre and Kothi as the new
administrative centre. Within, the existing fabric around Mandvi and Bhadra were restructured
and new linkages established.

Figure 5 Second extra mural growth-1725 AD

Figure 6 British settlement- 1818 AD

Page 36

Sayajirao III also had the foresightedness to realize that planned development has to be
supported by infrastructure development. He initiated the construction of an earthen dam across
the river Surya at Ajwa, 22km to the east. The city began to receive filtered water through
pipelines in 1894AD. The flow in the entire network was through gravity. Piped sewerage was
put in place in 1896AD. The first water boosting station with elevated reservoir and the first
sewage treatment plant were commissioned in 1952, although localized collection of sewage by
pumping was in practice prior to that. Surface runoff was directed to detention tanks
interconnected by storm water drains. Surplus water from the tanks was directed by
underground tunnels to Sursagar. Water from Sursagar was emptied into the river Vishwamitri
when in excess.
The change in governance and the introduction of building regulations brought subsequent
changes in the spatial growth of the city. From the walled city of Kille- e-Daulatabad established
by the Mughals in 1511 AD covering an area of 1sq km, the city is now spread over 148.95sq
km and is a part of the Vadodara Urban Development Area which admeasures 714.56sq km.
The physical expansion was an outcome of the changes in administration and in legislation,
each period synchronizing with the next to create a blend of built forms that marks the city
today.
The Municipality of Baroda was constituted in 1830 and limited to within the city walls. In 1859, it
was extended beyond the walled city. In 1905, it became an `A' class Municipality and was
eventually elevated to a Corporation in 1966.
The change in governance and the introduction of building regulations brought subsequent
changes in the spatial growth of the city. The walled city of Kille- e-Daulatabad established by
the Mughals in 1511 AD covering an area of 1sq km, to the city now spreads over 148.95sq km.
now it is a part of the Vadodara Urban Development Area which admeasures 714.56sq km. The
physical expansion was an outcome of the changes in administration and in legislation, each
period synchronizing with the next to create a blend of built forms that marks the city today.

3.3 History of recreational facilities in the city

Vadodara city, in fields of arts, education and culture, has an important place in the map of India
under the rein of Sir Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad-3. Under his rule, the citizens of Vadodara
got the facility of underground pipelines for clean drinking water, health and medical facilities,
Page 37

underground gutter facility and primary education. In addition to this, for health and
entertainment facilities of the citizens, he had built many parks and gardens like in Kamatipura
area, Kamatibaug was constructed which is well known today as Sayajibaug.
1879:
The construction of Sayajibaug, located in the center of the city, was thought of in 1875-76. The
administrative work was given to colonel Karls and execution of planned work was given to Mr.
Fomstamp. In total area of 87 acres of garden, the work of lying routes within the garden and
development of different departments was completed in 1878. And the Kamatibaug was
inaugurated on 4th January 1879. Thereafter, chronologically, the baug developed and today,
the baug is spread over an area of 113acres.
1880:
A separate office was started in Kamatibaug for monitoring and maintenance in 1880 which was
known as garden department. Today, it is known as parks and garden department. This
department looks after all the gardens in the city and organizing and developing new parks and
garden in the city. It also maintains the trees along main roads and in different T.P. plots.
Planting new trees and cutting down hindering trees is also done by this department.
1908:
While moving straight from Raopura tower is located the garden of Jubeli baug. This garden
was open for people after the celebration of anniversary of Accession (Rajyarohan) of Maharaja
Sayajirao in 1908. In this garden, there is a sculpture of lord Buddha. It is quite small as
compared to Sayaji baug but can well serve with entertainment, refreshment and enjoyment of
the citizens.
1966:
To maintain the precious gift by Gaekwads rein, borough improvements by adding new places
of attraction and constant try to improve existing was done by Municipality and from 1st April
1966 by Municipal Corporation. Famous all over the country for tourist attraction, Sayajibaugs
main places for attraction are museum, and picture gallery, bench stand, health museum, floral
clock, toy train, zoo, and Sardar Patel Planetarium etc.

Page 38

1975:
The floral clock was built in 1975 in Sayajibaug which was first of its kind in Asia. Its diameter is
40 feet and weight of 1 needle is around 22 kg. A zoo was opened in SayajiBaug on 1979 which
had around 30 cages and housed more than 100 different types of Animals and plants. At
present, there are around 239 cages, compounds and water bodies in which animals and birds
are kept.
1980:
This garden was created by Vadodara Municipal Corporation in the northern part, 22km away
from the city, near Sayaji sarovar, Ajwa in 1980, with the objective to facilitate people with
neighbourhood garden and reduce pressure on the parks and gardens those are located in the
centre of the city. The sarovar is spread over 130 acres of land and the garden has facilities of
childrens play area, fountain which can reach 100ft high, and coloured fountains to serve the
people. Its maintenance and balanced development is taken care by Parks and garden
department.

3.4 Recreational facilities - present status

There are in total 461 gardens proposed in all T.P schemes (final, preliminary and draft) with a
total area of 0.96sqkm. The total area of gardens and open spaces in Final TP schemes are
0.75sqkm, gardens and open spaces in Preliminary TP schemes are 0.06sqkm, while under
Draft TP scheme is 0.15sqkm. The detailed map from Planning Department, representing
allocated gardens and open spaces in different areas of Vadodara is as under:

Page 39

In addition to these, there are gardens that already existed before the TP schemes or the Town
Planning Department came in to existence. All the parks and open spaces are allocated in TP
schemes as reserved plots to protect the space that can be used for no other purpose but for
which it is allotted. The details of such plots are described in Appendix 1.
Out of these gardens, many gardens have been encroached, religious buildings are built on
many gardens and open spaces while many for them, government has changed the use of land.
Table 6 Encroachments in proposed garden space

Current Use of land reserved for Garden and Open Spaces

Total area

%of total area

Encroachment in the form of Permanent and temporary

housing

86971

9%

Encroachment by slums

36901

3.80%

Encroachment by Religious buildings

99052

10.30%

Roads

11848

1.20%

2666

0.20%

257512

26.80%

Land used for other public purposes - Fire station, pumping

station, community hall
Total land area of gardens and open spaces encroached
(Source: Planning Department, VMC)
The area provided (0.96sqkm), is the sum of all the types of TP schemes i.e. final, preliminary
and draft. Draft TP scheme cant be executed till it gets final. The total area of gardens and
2

open spaces that falls under Draft TP Scheme is152522 m which is 15.8%of the total allotted
land for gardens and open spaces. The total of the area under draft TP scheme and area that
are used for other purpose comes out to be 42.6%.
In addition to the above area, Government has also provided open spaces in Development plan.
From the total open spaces provided in Development plan, the area that falls under VMC limit is
considered i.e., the low lying area surrounding Vishwamitri river, which is prone to floods, can
be used for recreational activities and open space. Proposed land designated for open space in
Second revised Development plan, 2031 are as described in Appendix 2.
The total area that is proposed under T.P schemes is already encroached by 26.8% one or the
other way. Calculating the existing area of gardens, which include gardens in TP schemes along
with the gardens that were developed in non TP area, at the time of Sir Sayaji Rao. The total
area of it is 0.942sqkm, from which 0.637sqkm were already built in past. So area of gardens
Page 41

developed in VMC under TP schemes is 0.305sqkm. The detail of existing Gardens with their
area and facilities available are provided in Appendix 3.
According to the criteria that is decided for this research, the gardens can be divided into 3
cadres from which City level garden is only one i.e. Kamati baug, Ward level gardens are 35
while local level gardens comes out to be 42. Facilities available in gardens are as below:
Table 7 Facilities according to garden type

Sr.

Criteria for current City level

Ward level

Local level

(>=25 acre)

(>=1 acre)

(< 1 acre)

35

42

Lawn

100%

88.5%

88%

Playing utilities

100%

74%

50%

Jogging Track

100%

74%

40%

Fountain

100%

25.7%

12%

No. research
1
2

Total no. of gardens

Facilities

(Source: Parks and Gardens Department, VMC)

By observing the existing facilities, we can find that all the facilities are available in City level of
Garden. But, it is not possible to provide a city level garden everywhere. So, for daily use,
travelling time and cost increases. In ward level gardens, we can find majority of gardens are
very well equipped with all kinds of facilities. While only 50% of the total local gardens, have
enough facility. There are total 10 gardens adopted by trusts or other institutions the details of
which is given in Appendix 4.
Below shown are the Locations of gardens according to criteria which are located and in the
map:

Page 42

3.5 Assessing adequacy of gardens and open spaces in Baroda City

Sufficient area of gardens and open spaces according to norms is 10sqm/person and the
population of Vadodara is 1666703. But this Population is not spread over entire Vadodara, nor
gardens and open spaces are required people are not habitated. Habitated area of Vadodara is
109.11 sqkm. Also, calculating the area required under green space comes out to be
16.667sqkm, which is 10 times greater than the proposed spaces.

Table 8 Ward wise distribution of gardens

Sr.No. Admin

Ward area

Ward

No.

of Total

Gardens

area

of Population Area
2

gardens (m )

in ward

of

garden/person
(m2)

City

12140.58

43442

0.279466415

Fatehpura

24240.6914

119833

0.202287278

Gajrawadi

28813.6432

141038

0.204297021

Sindhwaimata

15

136217.3076

160138

0.850624509

road
5

Siabaug

13233.2322

88351

0.14978022

Sayajigunj

62645.3928

130452

0.480217956

Fatehgunj

71103.3302

210459

0.337848846

Raopura

507071.558

98522

5.146785063

Panigate

8457.9374

236237

0.035802763

10

10

Subhanpura

11

58962.7502

176419

0.334219955

11

11

Makand desai 2

9874.3384

121625

0.081186749

12949.952

139976

0.092515517

road
12

12

G.I.D.C.

(Source: VMC dairy, 2014)

Page 44

Area of Garden/person(in Sq.Mt.)

5.05
4.05
3.05
2.05
1.05

0.05

Figure 8 Ward wise distribution of gardens

By calculating area of gardens/ square meter, we can find that the available space of garden is
much less than that that of required. Also there is a large variation seen from the graph. So the
gardens and open spaces are unevenly distributed in the whole city.
Looking at the implementation part of what was proposed, total area of Vadodara is 160sqkm
out of which, habitated area is 109sqkm and total population is 16.67 lakhs. Now, according to
UDPFI guidelines, 10sqm of the garden or open space should be allocated per person which
makes a total of 16.67 sqkm of total required space for gardens and open space in the city
Total proposed gardens in TP schemes

= 0.96sqkm

Total area of existing garden under VMC

= 0.942sqkm

Total area of gardens taken care by other trusts

= 0.122sqkm

Total area of existing gardens in non TP Areas

=0.637sqkm

Total gardens in non tp areas and in TP areas

=1.719 sqkm

Proposed open spaces in Development plan

=2.04 sqkm

Total area of existing garden under VMC

=1.06sqkm
Page 45

 Total gardens proposed in TP and DP

= 3.75sqkm

Total area existing for gardens and open spaces is 15 times less than that required by
norms
Total area proposed for gardens and open spaces in TP is 10 times less than that
required by norms
Total area of proposed Gardens and open spaces in TP and DP is 5 times less than
that required by norms
Now, Development Plan is made for 30 years which is a very long duration and there is a big
issue of reserved plots not been acquired in the time (10 years) due to which, the reservation is
cancelled.

Page 46

HIGHER

LOWER
Figure Availability of garden areas as per population in Administrative wards

Page 47

From the above graph, it can be derived that the areas that were developed during the reign of
Sayaji Rao Gaekwad, have more space allocated for Gardens compared to that of newly
developed areas. In the past the meaning of development had a holistic approach which
included green spaces along with urbanization, but at present, the increasing pressure of
urbanization and soaring land prices does not allow decision makers and developers to think
beyond basic amenities and infrastructure. So the provision of gardens and open spaces in the
newly developed areas is quite less.

3.6 Accessibility and adequacy of gardens

To assess the gardens and open spaces, there is a need to check, the accessibility, adequacy,
facilities provided and maintenance of each garden. For that a primary sample survey of
gardens is carried out by taking two gardens from each administrative ward from which, one is
of ward level and another is Residential level garden.
For sample survey, 24 gardens were selected, two gardens from each administrative ward, from
which, one would be ward level and another would be local level garden. The distribution of
gardens selected for sample survey is as below:

Page 48

From the sample survey, we can compare the type of behavior of garden in terms of
maintenance, accessibility, location and facilities/ amenities and then, the difference found is
concluded:
Table 9 Comparison of features of local level and ward level gardens

Local level garden

Ward level garden

Many gardens lack facilities and

Have all the basic facilities

maintenance
Generally found in internal roads and

Access from roads of 12 m and above

between societies
Surrounded by residential areas and

Surrounded either by residential or commercial

used by people surrounding it only

areas or major roads like NH8 or talav

Gardens are underutilized as they

These gardens are mainly over utilized except

lack amenities

those that are surrounded by commercial and

Highways

No additional activities are done

There are additional activities performed in many

gardens like Yoga center, laughing club, small
scale occasional parties and society meetings

People remain unsatisfied due to lack

People are satisfied with all the facilities and the

of

gardens are very well maintained.(except those

facilities

maintenance

and

mainly

lack

of

surrounded by commercial activities)

Page 50

3.6.1 Use of Gardens:

According to age group:
Children: Use play area; remains full in all scale of gardens
Teenagers: Use gardens for jogging or playing outdoor games like badminton
People of age group 30 to 60 use gardens for jogging track, gym amenities and yoga
Old age group occupy benches and are generally found chatting or in laughing club
Families and Ladies of age group 25-50 prefer to sit on grass peacefully
According to size:
Ward level gardens are used more than local level
According to location:
Gardens having access from wider roads and surrounded by residential area is used more.
According to community:
Muslim community uses gardens the most and least is used by Sindhi community

Page 51

4 CHAPTER IV: CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF GARDENS AND

OPEN SPACES AT PRESENT IN BARODA CITY
In the previous chapters we have seen importance of garden, its evolution and present status in
terms of adequacy, sufficiency, maintenance, and comparison of existing and proposed space
with the norms. By comparing the existing and proposed situation we can conclude two things.
1. There is a deficit at planning level
2. There is a deficit at implementation level
The following chapter through critical analysis describes the reason behind inadequacies at
planning level as well as at implementation level.

4.1 Reasons for inadequacy of proposed Gardens and Open spaces

The lack of proposed gardens and open space clearly identifies that somewhere there are flaws
or inadequacies at the planning level itself which needs to be focused upon and rectified. If
there is a deficit at the planning level itself, the whole execution will be affected by the same or
more deficits. So, for that some of the possible planning level flaws and inadequacies are
identified as below:
Zoning problem: While preparing a Town Planning scheme, zoning is the most
important issue. Gardens and open spaces must be planned as a land use in its own
right. It should not be a leftover space in an area after deciding all other zones. It should
also be accessible, suitable, functional and usable and not merely an area included
make up the required standards.
Lack of skills and capacity of departments: The persons working in the planning
department are not updated with the current software that can complete their work with
more accuracy, efficacy and in minimum time.
Ignorance of planner: Planner while drafting a development plan is aware of the norms
and guidelines. But, he does it knowingly/ unknowingly due to some physical constraints
and political influence is unable to provide enough space for gardens and open spaces.

Page 52

 Maximum plot size to owners in TPs: Planner while planning always tries to give
maximum area of plot back to the owners. But while doing it, ignores facilities like
gardens and open spaces that are to be provided for the betterment of the citizens.
Land value is very high due to urbanization: Land price in urban areas are quite high
compared to that of rural. Financial benefits of competing land use of garden v/s any
other commercial purposes are quite high. Private developers invest where there are
financial benefits rather than social.
Vested interest: Sometimes, who decisions are taken under influence of few powerful
people like politicians, developers and higher grade officials, who doesnt want roads to
divide their plots or wants maximum plot size back and so influence planning decision
through their powers
Resource mobilization: Unavailability of human resource mobilization is the biggest
flaw to be solved while dealing with planning. Due to lack of staff availability of staff,
investors, the plans are not planned and executed in the manner required. Also, the
funds allocated for the purpose of planning cant be utilized efficiently.
Designated areas are not acquired: Planning starts at Development Plan level and
reaches to Town Planning schemes. Due to unavailability of funds and men power, the
lands that are reserved for gardens are not acquired in time of 10 years. So the
reservation is lapsed and the land is prone to encroachments.
Insufficiency of finances with local authority to pay compensation for land
acquisition: While preparing development plan VUDA is responsible to designate lands
for provision of recreational facilities. These parcel of lands need to be acquired for the
development of designated activity in that land. Due insufficiency of funds to pay
compensation for acquisition of land, local authority fails to acquire these plots and if the
land is not acquired in the implementation period the designated proposal automatically
lapse it is likely to trigger the deviation in proposed plan.
Above are the major issues identified for insufficiency and stagnant growth of garden and open
spaces in Vadodara. To understand how other countries have addressed the above mentioned
issues, international case studies are referred. The objective of referring best practices is to
learn from the system adopted by other countries and identify the parameters applicable in
Indian context.
Page 53

4.2 Reasons/causes for inadequacy of existing Gardens and Open

spaces
From the last chapter we can find that the existing gardens are much less than required or
proposed. There are many reasons affecting the development of the gardens that are
proposed in the Development plans and Town Planning schemes and maintenance of the
existing gardens. To solve those issues, first they need to be identified. All the reasons can
be broadly divided into mainly 3 types:
Manpower
Finance
Administrative

4.2.1 Men Power:

To develop any new garden or maintain any existing garden, sufficient skilled staff is required at
decision making level, supervisor level as well as at execution level. Total men power available
in Parks and Gardens department, for development and maintenance of parks and gardens at
the post of labourer and gardener 489. But from 489 approved posts, only is 323 seats filled.
Moreover, in the post of gardener there are total 95 posts from which only 9 are filled and 85
posts are still vacant. In total almost 33% of the total staff required by Parks and Gardens
department is less to develop and maintain gardens.
Table 10 Current manpower of parks and garden department

Post

Approved

Filled

Empty

Director

Asst. Director

Garden supervisor

Asst. Garden

Labour

394

314

80

Gardner

95

86

Total

504

333

171

Supervisor

Page 54

 If staff is overloaded with work, without getting any extra advantage or benefits in terms
of appreciation for doing good work, then the interest of the employee would be less to
work.
Total numbers of gardeners are 9 out of 95 who are supposed to develop all 80 gardens
which are not possible for anyone. The travelling time from one garden to another is too
much that the efficiency of work is not achieved. Also, they are not given any allowances
for travelling from one garden to another which makes it difficult for them to sustain in
this inflation.
Rarely any extra additional labour is hired on daily basis so as to fulfill temporary the
vacant posts and maintain gardens. The reason is the labour demands for more amount
than the corporation pays.
Co-operation and involvement of neighbourhoods for development and maintenance is
very less. The corporation is expected to do the whole job. People need to get involved
and join their hands with corporation for maintenance of gardens.

4.2.2 Financial management flaws:

The funds allotted for parks and gardens, directly comes from VMC and there is no other source
of income for it. The budget depends on the efficiency with which the department uses its
budget of previous year. The detail of the budget of last 5 years is as follows:
Table 11 Budget of parks and garden department of past 5 years

2009-2010

2010-2011

2011-2012

2012-2013

20132014

Gardens

BudgetExpenditure Budget Expenditure Budget ExpenditureBudget Expenditure Budget

Sayajibaug

25.5

22.61

29.2

26.89

26.5

24.14

26

27.98

39.5

49.1

43.18

65.4

41.5

67.9

37.65

65.4

51.42

85.25

7.8

6.41

12

12.58

13

9.07

12

13.58

16

Maintenance
Other
Gardens
Maintenance
Ajwa and
Nimeta
Maintenance

Page 55

Development 73

67.07

50

39.55

100

58.49

20

29.49*

200

Budget
Total

147.6 132.86

144.6 107.94

194.4 120.28

111.4 79.4

324.75

*Note: Additional budget was allotted of 80lakhs for development budget

In 2009, only 1 garden was developed i.e. Reva Park (6000sqm), was developed. In 2010 there
were no gardens developed, in 2011, 3 gardens with total area of 8640sqm were developed and
in 2012, 4 gardens of 12165sqm with total area were developed. So the fund provided remains
unused.

Sayajigunj Maintenance
Budget
Expendit

50
40
30
20
10
0
09-10

10-11 12-Nov

12-13

13-14

Figure 9 Sayajigung maintenance

Other Garden Maintenance

100
80
60

Budget

40

Expenditure

20
0

09-10

10-11 12-Nov

12-13

13-14

Figure 10 Other garden maintenance budget

Page 56

Development Budget
250
200
150

Budget

100

Expenditure

50
0
09-10

10-11 12-Nov 12-13 13-14

Figure 11 Development Budget

The point where the expenditure line cuts the budget line, there is a deficit, which is seen in only
in 2012-2013 as the budget allotted was very low.
Funds are the major issue in majority of the inefficiency of the projects. But for Parks and
gardens department, funds are not a major issue in present condition. The reasons for the funds
not been used adequately is lack of men power to develop at field level as well as supervisory
staff.
So the Budget allotted to Parks and Gardens Department is not used efficiently

4.2.3 Administrative flaws:

Spaces designated as gardens and open spaces are not acquired.

There has been encroachments

Powers with the staff is less

The total reservation in any TP scheme area cannot be more than 40%.

a. In all Town Planning Scheme or Development scheme, there shall be

reservation of not less than ten percent of the gross land area under each
scheme for the purpose of providing housing accommodation to the members of

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Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups

(LIG).19(http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/NewReservationofLand-FAR.pdf n.d.))

Leftover 15% is used for reservations of gardens, open spaces, salable

commercial and residential plots, community hall, police station, fire station,
pumping station, etc.

4.3 Leanings from International Case studies:

4.3.1 Adelaides 30 year plan
South Adelaide has prepared a master plan for 30 years. Along with other land use zoning the
plan takes care for green spaces and recreational facility provision following is the approach and
steps to meet the vision of the prepared plan.
Approach: Like any other city Adelaide also had mix land use, high density existing areas and
expect to see new urban growth. To provide gardens, open spaces and recreational facilities
council developed an approach of Identification of open parcels, natural assets like lakes, green
patches areas along river stream in between existing residential societies and new growing
areas in the city. The idea of identification of such parcels is to cater the need of- 1) how to
accommodate recreational facilities in existing areas; 2) provide new ones in newly upcoming
areas and 3) make them accessible to general public on daily basis.
Steps further: Proposal provides some simple solutions of Preserving protecting and
developing all these areas as gardens or open spaces based o feasibility. Parcels which are
vacant available in high density areas can be developed as small gardens and open spaces
depending on size and feasibility what is possible to develop in specific location and what to
local residents/user want to develop there. The plan also talks about protection of open spaces
in high density areas such as around commercial areas office complexes and develop them for
regular daily public interaction and to reduce pressure of commuting to avail other gardens.
It also has proposals for creating network of open space connecting foreshores the banks of
river. Provision of green corridors will Increase green areas and walkability within core city areas
wherever possible. Provision of sit outs under the trees, and shaded rest areas within market
places will provide some place for relaxation even in normal conditions and enhance the beauty
19

Source: http://mhupa.gov.in/ray/NewReservationofLand-FAR.pdf

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of the area. Activate the garden areas by increasing their appeal and safety through increased
passive surveillance, encourage events that are sited and manages to minimize the impact on
gardens and open spaces.
Learning: Adelaide addressed the issue of garden development at planning level in a holistic
manner by identifying existing vacant properties and develops them as gardens and open
spaces. Planned proposal gives solutions to solve the problem of land acquisition for garden
development in high density areas where land prices happen to be high to pay compensation for
land acquisition. Area specific needs have been addressed in the plan in terms of river front
development, provision of shades and other utilities. 20 (http://www.plan4adelaide.sa.gov.au/
n.d.)

4.3.2 Community gardens in U.S. cities:

The definition of community garden/park are defined as-Neighborhood space designed,
developed, or managed by local residents on vacant land; if possible including viewing gardens
play areas, and community gardens; Often developed on private land; Not officially viewed as
part of open space system of cities; Often vulnerable to displacement by other uses such as
housing and commercial development according to Mark Francis.
As a growing portion of the urban open space network, community gardens and gardeners are
contributing to land preservation, access to open space, and sustainable uses of usually
otherwise vacant land. This typology promotes healthy communities and provides food security
for many. Aside from the main function of food production, community gardens have exhibited a
plethora of ecological, social, and economic benefits.
In 1996, the American Community Gardening Association estimated that there were more than
6,000 community gardens in thirty-eight U.S. cities (including Boston, Newark, New York,
Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and San Francisco). Of these, more than 30 % community gardens
were started after 1991, reflecting the growing trend of interest. Today the number has been
estimated as high as 10,000.
Philadelphia Green is one of the largest citywide garden advocacy programs in the nation. It is
funded in part by the Philadelphia Flower Show, as well as grants, contracts and donations.
From 1980 to 1993, Philadelphia Green developed eight community projects under its Greene
20

Source: http://www.plan4adelaide.sa.gov.au/

Page 59

Countries Towne program. In 1995, with over 15,000 vacant lots and 27,000 vacant structures
in the city, Philadelphia Green started promoting collaborations with community development
corporations in open space efforts.
Development of community gardens is an approach that can be adopted to develop and
maintain public gardens as well. Such system will share the responsibility of corporations to
develop and maintain the gardens and open spaces in terms on man power required to maintain
the garden and, financial sustainability. This will also become a source of economy generation
rather than just being idle garden areas on high value lands. Such system has manifold
ecological benefits with in urban areas in terms of Providing food and shelter for birds and
insects, Organic farming practices; socio-economic benefits- Physical Health and Recreation:
nutritious food access, and active living - a way of life that integrates physical activity into daily
routines; Psychological health; Social interaction and self-reliance;
Empowerment community activism; Economic opportunity and security; Increased land value
/ Revitalize neighborhoods, most of the maintenance falls on its users. City gets a good deal
through free public labor (gardener volunteers).21 (Association, National Community Gardening
Survey 1996)
Learning: Community garden efforts in U.S. cities are changing scenario of gardening which is
fulfilling urban needs as well as taking care of greenery and ecological aspects, along with
socio-economic benefits to the citizens and administrations, and increasing land value at the
same time. Altogether a positive way towards garden development programs promoted and
adopted across U.S. cities.

21

Source: National Community Gardening Survey, American Community Garden Association 1996
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5 CHAPTER V: ESTIMATION OF PRESENT AND FUTURE NEEDS

In the previous chapter the reasons for present inadequacies has been studied. Now if we want
to study future demands for gardens and open spaces, we need to calculate the future
population for whom it is provided. To achieve current demand along with the future, we need to
inject extra men power and finance to achieve that. The calculation of the current as well as
future requirements for men power and finance is described in the following chapter.

5.1 Population projection for Vadodara

Population of Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan has increased at a compound annual growth
rate of 3.23% since 1971. The population for VMSS has been projected through various
techniques such as Polynomial, Arithmetic Increase method, Incremental Increase, Geometrical
projection, Exponential Method, Power Method, Log Method and growth rate method. The
output has been compared with the actual population growth. It is expected that the citys
economy would get support from development vibrancy of Gujarat State. There are several
large projects being planned on golden corridor of AhmedabadVadodaraSurat that will
enhance growth prospects of the city. The population of Vadodara is expected to be around 30
lakh in the year 2041. (CRISIL, Revised City Development Plan 2012)

Figure 12 Population projection till 2041 VMSS

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According to VMSS and CRISIL CPD (2012), the projected population till 2021 comes out
to be, 20.54 lakhs. For that the area of gardens and open spaces required will be
20.54sqkm.(10 sqm/person according to UDPFI Guidelines)

5.2 Men- power

For the maintenance of current and development and maintenance of proposed and future
gardens, we need to know the men power required. According to Parks and Gardens
Department, 12 persons are required to develop one hectare of garden (for 2 months) and 6
persons are required to maintain the garden. So one person can develop around 800sqm and
can maintain around 1600sqm of garden.
Men power required for developing garden

=-1200persons/ sqkm

Men power required for maintaining garden

= 600persons/ sqkm

1 person can develop (sqkm)

=8.33 X 10-4 sqkm of area

1 person can maintain (sqkm)

=16.66667 X 10-4 sqkm of area

For total area of gardens 16.66 sqkm of gardens required according to UDPFI guidelines, 0.94
sqm is already developed. Therefore, to clear the total back log of 0.65sqkm, total 393 labourers
are required. Also, if we want to maintain the total gardens that are proposed as per UDPFI
guidelines including existing and proposed areas is 9430 labourers.
Total men required for development and maintenance of difference between proposed
and existing area

=0.655/0.001666667
=393 men

Total men required to clear total backlog according to UDPFI guidelines

= (16.66-0.942/ 16.6X10-4)

=9431men
For projected population in 2021 (20.54 lakhs), the required gardens would be 20.54sqkm from
which at present 0.94sqkm is already developed. So, total labour required to achieve it is
Total men required to clear total backlog according to projected population in 2021
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= (20.54-0.942/ 16.6X10-4)
=11758 men
The required men power to match with the norms of UDPFI is around 9500 which is quite
difficult for corporation. Also, the figure will continuously increase day by day. So, it is required
for the corporation to search for another way to solve the problem.

5.3 Finance:
There are different rates of different activities that are carried out to develop a particular garden,
by adding which we can develop and maintain new gardens, the rates to developing different
parts of garden are explained in detail in Appendix 5 and that of different works of maintenance
is provided in Appendix 6.
From that we can find the amount required to develop 1 sqm of garden is 55.2 Rs per month
while that of maintenance is 3.14 Rs per month. Also, in addition to that the

Amount required to develop 1sqm of garden

= 55.2/month

Amount required to maintain 1sqm of garden

= 3.14/month

Amount required to maintain 1sqm of newly laid garden

= 4.66/month

Wages of each labourer for maintenance

= 6525/month
(217.5/person/day)

No. of labourers required to develop 0.655sqkm of area

= 393

Total amount required (in lakhs) to develop gardens to clear difference in proposed
and existing

= ((393*6525) + (55.2*1000000))/ 100000

=577.64

Total amount required (in lakhs) to maintain gardens after developing Gardens that
are proposed

= ((393*6525) + (3.14*1000000))/ 100000

=57/ Month
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Total amount required (in lakhs) to develop to clear difference as per UDPFI = 1162.5
Total amount required (in lakhs) to maintain after clearing diff. as per UDPFI
=642/ month
Total amount required (in lakhs) to develop to clear diff. for 2021 = 1314
Total amount required (in lakhs) to maintain after clearing diff. for 2021 = 793/month

From the above calculation, it has been found that if all the proposed gardens and open spaces,
proposed in TP schemes are developed, the total present budget for the year 2014-15 would be
used in only 4 months just to maintain the gardens and open spaces. While three times the
budget would be required per month only to maintain gardens if the gardens are developed as
per UDPFI guidelines, which is too huge amount for any ULB to spend for Gardens and open
spaces. Also, the demand will increase day by day. So, the corporation needs to find the
alternate source to arrange for the required funds.

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6 CHAPTER VI: SUGGESTIONS AT PLANNING AND EXECUTION

LEVEL
The reasons, for lack of gardens and open spaces are studied in the previous chapter. Also, the
future population versus space requirement for gardens and open spaces has been studied
along with the men power and finance which is very difficult for VMC to achieve without required
modifications. The following Chapters focus upon the possible suggestions that could be
adopted to achieve the desired goal.

6.1 Changes at Planning Level:

Zoning: While preparing a Town Planning scheme, zoning is most important. Gardens
and open spaces must be planned as a land use in its own right. It should be accessible,
suitable, functional and usable and not merely an area included making up the required
standards.
Skills and capacity of departments: The persons working in the planning department
are should be regularly updated with the current software and techniques that can
complete their work with more accuracy, efficacy and in minimum time.
Influence: Planner should not be pressurized or influenced by any higher authority or
politically and should be provided rights to work in without interference for common
welfare.
Increased benefits: By providing a garden in certain area will increase the land prices
of the surroundings due to easy access to garden. Also, there are greater social benefits
which government needs to look at.
Resource mobilization: Corporation needs to find out the way in which it will generate
financial resource as well as human resource. For financial resource, ULB needs to
carry out exercises for resource mobilization from various sources (central grant, state
grant, CSR activities, PPP mode and incorporation of corporate sectors/ NGOs). If there
financial resources are available, government will be able to pay more to staff.

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6.2 Amendment required in laws and policies

6.2.1 Comparison between GTPUD Act and UDPFI Guidelines

In Gujarat Town planning and Urban Development Act, 1976 Section 40 (JJ),it has
been specified that The allotment of land from the total area covered under the scheme,
to the extent of; 15% for roads, 5% for parks, playgrounds, garden and open space.
5% for social infrastructure, 15% for sale by the Authority for residential, commercial or
industrial use depending upon the nature of development. This percentage of the
allotment of land specified in paragraphs may be altered depending upon the nature of
development and for the reasons.
Details

UDPFI

GTPUD Act

Actual

guidelines
Gardens + Open space

10m2/person 5%

of

total

T.P. area
Gardens and open space 16.67km2

5.45km2

out

total habitated 1.72km2 in TP +

of

Habitated

area

(109km ) as per population

of 0.942km2 existing;

area

non TP areas

5%

1.5%

of 16.67 lakhs
% of total habitated area

15.3%

Comparing UDPFI guidelines with GTPUD Act, the basic difference is at the
planning level itself. According to UDPFI guidelines, gardens and open spaces
should be 16.6km2 of habitated area while according to GTPUD Act, it should be
5.45km2. While actual proposed is just 1.7km2 which is far less than required by
UDPFI guidelines but it is also violation of law, as the proposed area for
gardens and open spaces is 3 times less than required by law.
The whole city is made by the summation of all Town planning schemes and
inner city areas. UDPFI suggests at city level while GTPUD Act is at T.P. scheme
level.
There is no clear definition of gardens and open space either in GTPUD Act or in
UDPFI guidelines which needs to be made clear.

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 Percentage or area per population should be given separately for different heads
of gardens, open space and play grounds.
There should be a common method followed to calculate percentage of open
space (either in percentage or area per population).

6.2.2 Size of gardens and open spaces

According to laws of Parks and Gardens Department, there can be no garden with area
less than 500sqm i.e. less than 1.2acres. More than 50% of gardens fall in this category.
This is due to lack of space provide by VUDA in DP itself or vested interest which need
to be checked and strict actions needs to be taken against it.

6.3 Changes required at Policy Level

Policy of Samagra Sabha: In the year 1999-2000, there was a policy formed named
Samagra Sabha, stating that the garden of a particular area should be maintained by the
people staying in near-by area which will give people a sense of possession and that
feel will increase the attachment of people towards that garden. The policy has to be
referred again and implemented by the corporation. The conditions that are mainly to be
followed in this policy are: Society level maintenance should be there, Gardens should
be open to all and there should not be any built up on the garden site. This policy can
best work for small scale gardens.

Laws for abuse of land need to be incorporated for the change in use of land by
government for different purpose than designated. Same amount of land has to be
provided for the same use in the nearby area or in new developing areas.
If Government requires a particular land for some other purpose and feels it more
appropriate at a particular place, than it should provide same amount of land at some
other place. If there is a particular area where transfer of such type is not possible due to
unavailability of land, it can be proposed in the new TP Scheme coming up in the area
that might be away from that particular area.

Change in UDPFI: The definition of Gardens and open spaces is not clear in UDPFI
guidelines which need to be clearly specified.

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The space provided for gardens in UDPFI guidelines is too large and there is a need to
revise it by checking the actual requirement of citizens of Vadodara city.
If all the spaces designated for gardens and open space are used accordingly then, it
would make 3.759 km2 and the required space for gardens and open space according to
UDPFI guidelines are 16.667km2 (which is 10m2/ person). But the habitated area under
VMC is 109.11 km2 out of 159.95 km2. So calculating, percentage of open space
required in gardens and open space in habituated area is15.3%. Now, for a city of
Vadodara, where residential area is 55% out of which 40% is used, commercial and
industrial area are 3% each, total transportation (roads, railways and airport) are 20%,
River and water bodies are 10% and military campus is 6% and only 3% is existing
designated gardens and open spaces, it is almost impossible to create 15% of total area
for gardens and open space. Also from the case studies of definitions and norms of
other countries, water bodies and natural green areas should be added in open space
which is not clarified in UDPFI guidelines. So, there is a need to revise the UDPFI
guidelines.

6.4 Changes required at Administrative Level

6.4.1 Curative measures

If area already encroached is salvageable than it should be on the highest priority.

First thing that government should do is to protect and fence the spaces allotted for
gardens and open spaces which are not yet acquired by the government or changed the
use or not yet encroached.

There is a rule that no building can be constructed 100m from air force area. Those
areas can me incorporated in bylaws.

6.4.2 Financial Model

If the Parks and Gardens Department want to give gardens for maintenance with or without
labour, against advertisement rights, than to execute it, government takes a fixed amount as
rental from the agencies or institutions.

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Table 12 Rental decided by Vadodara Municipal Corporation, for different types of hoardings and
advertisements are as under

Sr. No.

Detail

Road size

Grade

Rent per year

Boards without lights in

40m or wide

1200/ m2

private land

36m
B

1000/ m2

900/ m2

800/ m2

1200/ m2

1000/ m2

900/ m2

800/ m2

Upto 30m
24m
18m
15m
12m
9m
6m or less wide
2

Neon boards, lollypop

40m or wide

board, board with lights

36m

inside boards box or lit in

Up to 30m

any other way in private

land
24m
18m
15m
12m
9m
6m or less wide
3

Rate of wall painting

40 Rs/ m2/ month

Rate of Fabric banners

40 Rs/ m2/ month

Hoardings in Private

100Rs/ m2/ month

space. Advertisements
for Commercial purpose

Page 69

Sr. No.

Detail

Rent

Hoardings in VMC space. For Religious/ social/

100 Rs/ month (max size of

political purpose

board 6 X 3 Ft.= 2 X 1 m2)

Hoardings in VMC space. Advertisements for

200Rs/ m2/ month

Commercial purpose (6 X 3 Ft.= 2 X 1 m2)

(Ref: Vadodara Municipal Corporation, land and estate department budget 2014-15)
The government gives advertisement rights only after signing a form of conditions that are to be
followed by the company. The sample form, to refer these conditions is given in Appendix 7. To
give a garden on maintenance basis, cost of maintenance with or without labour needs to be
found out to calculate the amount that is required to be obtained by different models. Total
amount required for maintain garden is described below.
1 person can develop

=833m2

wages of each labour for Developing Garden

=6525/person/month

Amount required for wages to develop 1sqm of garden

=3.91/ m2/month

Amount required to lay out a garden: with usual features of lawn,

flower beds, shrubbery, hedge, rockery etc in normal proportion
and maintaining till 1 month

=55.2/ m2/month

Total cost of developing 1sqm garden including labour

=59.1Rs/ m2/ month

Total cost of developing 1acre garden including labour

=238714/ acre/ month

Total cost of developing garden without labour per acre

=222611/ month/ acre

Total cost of labour per acre

=16103/ month/ acre

1 person can maintain

=1667sqm

wages of each labour for maintenance

=6525/person/month

Amount required for wages to maintain 1sqm of garden

=3.91/sqm/month

Amount required to maintain 1sqm of garden

=3.14/sqm/month

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Total cost of maintenance of 1sqm garden including labour

=7Rs/ sqm/ month

Total cost of maintenance of 1acre garden including

labour

=28322/ acre/ month

Total cost of maintenance of garden without labour per acre

=12219/ acre/ month

Total cost of labour per acre

=16103/ acre/ month

(Ref: Parks and Gardens Department)

6.4.2.1 Financial Model 1:

Rates according to advertisements that can be taken by the Government

Area of periphery of 1 acre of garden with height of compound wall
1m(Considering 63m*64m (4032))

=127sqm

Rent of wall painting of compound wall of height 1.5m/ acre

=7620/ acre/ month

Rent of fabric banners of compound wall of height 1.5m/ acre

=7620/ acre/ month

Rent of hoardings on compound of height 1.5m wall/acre

=19050/ acre/ month

Rent of advertising for commercial purpose in VMC land (Garden)

for compound of height 1.5m wall

=38100/ acre/ month

Rent of advertisement along jogging track (50m X 50m for 1 acre

garden)(0.18mX100m of hoardings)

=12200/ month

Lollypop board (50 nos.; 0.6X 0.6m)

=3600

Total

=53900/month

Total cost required to maintain the garden area of 1 acre is Rs. 28,000/- per month. While the
approximate rent that can be generated through advertisements as per rates fixed by

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Government is 53900/- per acre per month, which is almost double than required. So the rest of
the money can be used for maintenance of other smaller gardens.

6.4.2.2 Financial Model 2:

The rent taken by government is quite less than the rent that can be taken at market price. To
know the current market price rental that can be taken from any company or agency, an
advertiser agency is the best source. The rates differ according to area of garden and location
of the place. The rental can range from Rs 30/ ft2 to Rs 45/ft2. According to advertiser agency
Dot2Dot advertisers, the following rates can be taken by the government as rental.

Table 13 Rental that can be collected by Government according to Private Advertisers:

Details

Rate that can be

For Rs 30

For Rs 45

charged as per

(per acre per

(per acre per

location

month)

month)

Rates that can be taken for

30Rs to 45 Rs/ ft2/

advertisements

month as per Area

Hoardings placed along

30Rs to 45 Rs/ ft2/

jogging tracks of 2ft X 4ft

month as per Area

41010

61515

33000

49500

6000

9000

80010

120015

Lollypop boards throughout

garden in tree guards and on

30Rs to 45 Rs/ ft2/

circles created (50 lollypop

month as per Area

boards of 2 X 2 ft)

Total per month

(Ref: dot2dot advertisers)

The amount required for maintenance of 1 acre of garden is Rs 28,000/- per acre per month and
for development of new garden of 1 acre is238714. So, if the garden is located in prime location

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and if the surrounding locality is good, the total cost that can be charged is Rs 120000/ acre/
month (Considering 45Rs per ft2) while if the garden is in the interior in a unprimed location, the
cost that can be charged is Rs 80000/ acre/ month (Considering 30 Rs per ft2). The minimum
amount that can be collected is four times the maintenance cost of garden while the maximum
amount received is about half the development cost of the garden.

6.4.2.3 Financial Model 3:

Vadodara Municipal Corporation has given shops on rent in different part of city which includes
even Gardens. Baroda Dairy shops are there at Suryanarayan Baug, opp. Central Post office
and Sardar Baug. Also, such shops are rented in Sayaji baug.

Table 14 The shops with their rental collected

Sr.
No. Location
1
2

Time duration

Rent

Current Status

17/06/05 to 16/03/13

66000/ year

Taken back

Opp. Station, Bh. Jakatnaka 16/03/10 to 15/03/15

75000/ year

Kamatibaug

Sardarbaug, Vadivdi

16/03/10 to 15/03/15

75000/ year

Sayajibaug, Near
30/07/10 to 29/07/13

3,33,000/ year

Taken Back

station

26/07/10 to 25/07/13

3,33,001/ year

Taken Back

Sayajibaug, Aquarium

24/2/13 to 23/2/16

3,12,001/ year

Sayajibaug, Aquarium

24/2/13 to 23/2/16

3,12,002/ year

Ambavadia
5

Sayajibaug, Nr. Toytrain

The rental collected from the shops can also be one of the sources of generating income for
development of gardens. The average rent taken from each shop given to private customer is
120Rs/ m2/ month, while special discount is given to Baroda Dairy to run their shop.
By providing a space of for shops with conditions of maintaining the whole garden, and an eye
has to be kept so that the prices are not manipulated as well as the cleanliness of the garden
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has to be maintained. For convenience we can consider that 5% of area of garden is given for
shops i.e. 40 m2 of area for 1 acre of garden.
Rent for the shop of area 200m2

= 24000 Rs/ month

The cost taken by Government is too less than the existing market price and government needs
to revise it.

6.4.2.4 Financial Model 4:

The method which can be considered as the best practice for the gardens that are not been laid
yet, is to give gardens on Built Operate Transfer (BOT) basis. There are many cities in India
where these practice is followed where, gardens are given on signing an MOU with the
company/ agency. Few examples of such cities are as under:

Toy train in Kamati baug Garden: The train named Sayaji Express, in Sayajibaug runs
over a 2.3-km stretch and is much bigger than the previous one, Udyanpari, which was
gifted by former king Maharaja Ranjitsinh Gaekwad to the zoo. The new train has been
set up at an investment of Rs 9.5 crore. The four-bogie train has a seating capacity of
144 people of all age group. The train is set up under a public-private partnership (PPP).
An Ahmedabad-based company, Khodal Corporation Private Limited, has set up the
track and the train has been bought from UK-based Severn Lamb at a cost of Rs 5
crore.

PPP model in Surat gardens: The Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) is facing
difficulty in managing its 103 gardens. The civic body has allotted a budget of just Rs2.5
crore which is not enough for the maintenance of 103 gardens. So it has decided to go
for the public-private partnership (PPP) mode to protect the city gardens. The expenses
will be borne by those who agree to maintain the gardens.
The project of preparing new gardens through PPP model is already on, but now SMC
has gone a step further. Under this project, those wanting to adopt a garden have to
maintain everything, including amusement equipment, water-hut, electric facilities and
other aspects, apart from the landscape. In return, SMC will give advertisement rights to
the adopters so that they can earn income by placing advertisement banners and kiosks
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inside the gardens. Many NGOs, social organizations, different communities and
corporate houses have been invited to participate in the initiative.
The civic body has already started getting positive responses. Hare Krishna Exports has
agreed to develop a new garden at Sarthana-Simada, while Land-Mark Group has
decided to maintain Vivekananda Garden at Adajan. Officials are now waiting for more
groups to step forward.

Delhi Tourism set up Wellness Centre at Garden of Five Senses: Delhi Tourism &
Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC) will set up a Wellness Centre at fiveacre land adjoining Garden of Five Senses at Said-ul-Ajab in South Delhi. The facility will
be set up on a Public Private Partnership (PPP) on Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) model
by the corporation. A replica of Labna Arch will be set up at Garden of Five Senses as a
mark of Indo-Mexican friendship.

Barren land at Viman Nagar now a splendorous garden, Pune: Barren and rocky
land in Viman Nagar has been converted into a beautiful garden, due to project between
the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) and Zensar Technologies. The company
approached the PMC and expressed willingness to take up a project in the city. The
company has planted 35 different species of plants and trees in this garden. Even the
rocks have been utilized to add additional beauty to the garden.PMC has not extended
any other benefit to the company still the company also agreed to maintain the garden.
The garden department has appealed to other companies in and around Pune to come
forward and implement similar projects in order to provide additional civic facilities in the
city.

Options given by Government to any agency or institution for maintenance and

development of gardens:
Institutions/ agency can take the responsibility of development and maintenance of gardens,
following the terms and conditions of government, which mainly includes: Free entry to the
gardens, free excess to all the amenities to each person visiting the gardens, maintaining all the
amenities and keeping the garden clean.

Page 75

The agency/ company/ institution purchasing the advertisement rights of a garden can
take responsibility to maintain the garden by themselves with their manpower,
following terms and conditions given by Parks and Gardens Department and paying
extra money (if any), to be paid to the department as per the type of advertisements
used by them.

The agency/ company/ institution purchasing the advertisement rights of a garden can
only pay the costs of advertisements without maintaining the garden and without
taking any responsibility regarding maintenance or development of garden. The money
thus collected, can be used for maintenance of gardens by the Parks and Gardens
department by using their own resources.

The agency/ company/ institution purchasing the advertisement rights of a garden can
take responsibility to develop as well as maintain a particular garden, following
terms and conditions given by Parks and Gardens Department. To make such type of
contract possible, the Department can give garden on Built Operate Transfer (BOT)
basis and has to sign Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the company/
institution and single company is involved in such case. This type of method can be used
only for gardens which are yet to be developed.

6.5 Changes at Institutional and implementation level

VUDA Acquire land and VMC implementation

Marketing Department: A separate department under Parks and Gardens Department

has to be formed, especially for marketing of gardens and open spaces whose
responsibilities would be to form strategies to bring in new industries/ agencies/ NGOs to
develop and maintain gardens and open spaces, to collect revenues generated, assess
market rates and update the rates and rentals at different periods and contact different
agencies associated with the department.

Technology and men power: To overcome the problem of lack of technology and men
power, the corporation should hire any other institution that is capable of doing the
desired work efficiently. Also, corporation should give training to employees for capacity
building.
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Increasing powers of Government officials: Government needs more powers to take

certain decisions and take larger percentage of land where required for common good..

Misuse of open space: Strict enforcement of laws has to be made on the people and
the government to develop gardens within certain time of making TP scheme.

Abuse of open space: Use other than gardens and open spaces in the space allotted
for them should be stopped.

6.6 Summing up:

The issues of insufficient gardens and open spaces can be resolved by the joint efforts of
people of community, institutions and government. Gardens of smaller scale can be can be
taken care by the people living nearby, while larger gardens can be given on BOT basis by
signing an MOU or on CSR to one or more companies and to encourage them, arrangement for
marketing has to be provided. Strict enforcement policies/ laws have to be formed to develop
gardens and for protection against encroachments and change in land use.

Page 77

7 CHAPTER VII: APPENDIX

7.1 Appendix 1:
Table 15 Proposed Gardens in Town Planning schemes with present status

Sr.

Admin

No.

ward

TP

Final

Plot Type

Area

Plot no

proposed gardens

TP1 final

67

Garden

22340

TP1 final

234

Children

3114

Playground
3

TP1 final

249

Present status of

Children

TP1 final

285

Playground

TP1 final

280

Open Space

Garden (Public private

participation)

1344

Playground
4

Garden

Open
35408
3355

Garden ( Public private

participation)

10

TP2 final

35

Garden

5714

Garden

10

TP2 final

265

Open Space

720

Hut, cabin, part Temple

10

TP2 final

294

Open Space

742

Garden (Public private

participation)

10

TP2 final

303

Open Space

925

Garden (Public private

participation)

10

10

TP2 final

405

Open Space

353

11

10

TP2 final

408

Open Space

1088

Open
Garden (Public private
participation)

12

10

TP2 final

486

Open Space

1912

Garden

13

TP3 final

961

Open Space

474

14

TP3 final

1017

Open Space

1282

Temple

15

TP3 final

904

Open Space

1300

Open

16

TP3 final

855

Open Space

166

Temple

17

TP3 final

912

Open Space

300

encroachment of compound wall

18

TP3 final

1069

Open Space

2054

Open

19

TP3 final

1024

Open Space

2953

slum

20

TP3 final

700

Open Space

584

21

TP3 final

719

Open Space

1398

open

Cattle shed
open

Page 78

22

TP3 final

725

Open Space

305

open

23

TP3 final

907

Open Space

1440

open

24

TP3 final

751

Open Space

892

Parking

25

TP3 final

867

Open Space

568

Open

26

TP3 final

868

Open Space

54

Open

27

TP3 final

866

Open Space

60

Open

28

TP3 final

644

Open Space

731

Open

29

TP3 final

645

Open Space

236

Huts and transformer

30

TP3 final

765

Open Space

502

Huts

31

TP3 final

726

Open Space

108

open

32

TP3 final

991

Open Space

1412

open

33

TP3 final

989

Open Space

4057

open (public private participation)

34

TP3 final

1009

Open Space

2620

open

35

TP3 final

1065

Open Space

6435

open

36

TP3 final

780

Garden

2118

open

37

TP3 final

951

Garden

1102

open

38

TP3 final

779

Garden

1735

open

39

TP3 final

778

Garden

2152

open

40

TP3 final

805

Garden

2329

open

41

TP3 final

742

Garden

1986

open

42

TP3 final

Open Space

3300

Encroachment (Workshops)

43

TP3 final

Open Space

240

open

44

TP3 final

12

Open Space

621

open

45

TP3 final

133

Open Space

1235

Huts

46

TP3 final

154

Open Space

1836

Huts

47

TP3 final

118

Open Space

1185

open

48

TP3 final

183

Open Space

800

49

TP3 final

345

Open Space

1413

Hut
Compound wall (public private
participation)

50

TP3 final

242

Open Space

350

encroachment of compound wall

51

TP3 final

243

Open Space

595

open

52

TP3 final

248

Open Space

1179

encroachment of compound wall

53

TP3 final

428/1

Open Space

1295

Garden (Public private

participation)

Page 79

54

TP3 final

Open Space

585

428/2

Garden (Public private

participation)

55

TP3 final

467

Open Space

1498

Garden

56

TP3 final

447

Open Space

872

open

58

TP3 final

420

Open Space

485

open

59

TP3 final

459

Open Space

191

open

60

TP3 final

510

Open Space

995

Temple

61

TP3 final

493

Open Space

2004

Garden

62

TP3 final

572

Open Space

8265

Huts

63

TP3 final

401

Open Space

564

Garden (Public private

participation)

64

TP3 final

564

Open Space

8275

Stabilization

65

TP3 final

97

Open Space

611

66

TP3 final

591

Open Space

2028

Open

67

TP3 final

585

Open Space

525

Open

68

TP3 final

605

Open Space

1242

Temple

69

TP3 final

609

Open Space

5262

Open

70

TP3 final

45

Open Space

4498

Huts

71

TP3 final

387

Playground

35579

Open

72

TP4 final

Open Space

4115

Huts

73

TP4 final

Open Space

1006

Open

74

TP4 final

11

Open Space

1224

Garden

75

TP4 final

10

Open Space

884

Roads

76

TP4 final

19

Open Space

914

Fire station

77

TP4 final

22

Open Space

239

Roads

78

TP4 final

416

Open Space

795

Open

79

TP4 final

100

Open Space

469

Temple

80

TP4 final

99

Open Space

493

Open

81

TP4 final

90

Open Space

231

cabin and road

82

TP4 final

107

Open Space

1945

Huts

83

TP4 final

375

Green Strip

1191

Huts

84

TP4 final

428

Green Strip

302

Open

85

TP4 final

430

Green Strip

263

Open

86

TP4 final

364

Green Strip

1998

Huts

Temple

Page 80

87

TP4 final

362

Open Space

461

Huts

88

TP4 final

361

Open Space

544

Huts

89

TP4 final

420

Open Space

896

Open

90

TP4 final

421

Green Strip

328

encroachment of compound wall

91

TP4 final

423

Green Strip

375

Open

92

TP4 final

407

Green Strip

146

encroachment of compound wall

93

TP4 final

411

Green Strip

109

encroachment of compound wall

94

TP4 final

418

Green Strip

143

encroachment of compound wall

95

TP4 final

120

Green Strip

199

Open

96

TP4 final

125

Open Space

233

Open

97

TP4 final

130

Open Space

223

House

98

TP4 final

127

Open Space

379

Garden

99

TP4 final

373

Open Space

1121

House

100

TP4 final

194

Open Space

1180

Huts

101

TP4 final

221

Green Strip

2936

Huts

102

TP4 final

213

Open Space

1787

Garden (Public private

participation)

103

TP4 final

446

Green Strip

1065

Open

104

TP4 final

465

Open Space

608

Open

105

TP4 final

464

Green Strip

3127

Open

106

TP4 final

467

Open Space

386

Open

107

TP4 final

451

Open Space

476

Temple

108

TP4 final

521

Open Space

1167

Open

109

TP4 final

524

Green Strip

415

Roads

110

TP4 final

529

Green Strip

166

Roads

111

TP4 final

534

Green Strip

226

Roads

112

TP4 final

358

Open Space

10390

113

TP4 final

363

Open Space

5366

Huts

114

TP4 final

354

Green Strip

437

Open

115

TP4 final

288

Green Strip

447

Open

116

TP4 final

263

Green Strip

863

Open

117

TP4 final

245

Green Strip

568

Open

118

TP4 final

239

Green Strip

237

Open

119

TP4 final

247

Green Strip

313

Open

Temple and Garden

Page 81

120

2/9

TP5 final

Open Space

501

Huts

121

2/10

TP5 final

Open Space

758

Huts

122

2/11

TP5 final

Open Space

735

Huts

123

2/12

TP5 final

Green Strip

166

Huts

124

2/13

TP5 final

12

Green Strip

295

Open

125

2/14

TP5 final

15

Open Space

498

Temple

126

2/15

TP5 final

17

Open Space

338

Open

127

2/16

TP5 final

23

Open Space

1400

128

2/17

TP5 final

40

Green Strip

245

Garden

129

2/18

TP5 final

44

Green Strip

250

Open

130

2/19

TP5 final

49

Green Strip

203

Open

131

2/20

TP5 final

50

Open Space

1188

132

2/21

TP5 final

53

Green Strip

147

Open

133

2/22

TP5 final

63

Open Space

5439

Open

134

2/23

TP5 final

68

Open Space

553

Open

135

2/24

TP5 final

83

Open Space

4396

Open

136

2/25

TP5 final

97

Open Space

2070

Open

137

2/26

TP5 final

103

Open Space

821

Garden

138

2/27

TP5 final

106

Green Strip

242

encroachment of compound wall

139

2/28

TP5 final

108

Green Strip

375

encroachment of compound wall

140

2/29

TP5 final

121

Open Space

849

huts

141

2/30

TP5 final

129

Green Strip

209

encroachment of compound wall

142

2/31

TP5 final

131

Green Strip

330

Temple

143

2/32

TP5 final

134

Green Strip

221

Open

144

2/33

TP5 final

137

Green Strip

187

encroachment of compound wall

145

2/34

TP5 final

140

Open Space

756

Temple

146

2/35

TP5 final

145

Green Strip

501

encroachment of compound wall

147

2/36

TP5 final

153

Open Space

1081

148

2/37

TP5 final

167

Green Strip

195

Roads

149

2/38

TP5 final

176

Green Strip

248

encroachment of compound wall

150

2/39

TP5 final

179

Open Space

412

Open

151

2/40

TP5 final

180

Green Strip

5378

152

2/41

TP5 final

185

Green Strip

523

encroachment of compound wall

153

2/42

TP5 final

190

Green Strip

465

encroachment of compound wall

encroachment of compound wall

Temple

Huts

Compound wall and toilets

Page 82

154

2/43

TP5 final

193

Green Strip

248

encroachment of compound wall

155

2/44

TP5 final

195

Open Space

928

Open

156

2/45

TP5 final

198

Green Strip

257

encroachment of compound wall

157

2/46

TP5 final

203

Green Strip

248

encroachment of compound wall

158

2/47

TP5 final

210

Green Strip

698

Open

159

2/48

TP5 final

223

Green Strip

259

Roads

160

2/49

TP5 final

230

Green Strip

510

shed

161

2/50

TP5 final

234

Green Strip

649

huts

162

2/51

TP5 final

235

Green Strip

253

open

163

2/52

TP5 final

236

Green Strip

254

open

164

2/53

TP5 final

239

Green Strip

348

Temple

165

2/54

TP5 final

247

Green Strip

269

Huts

166

2/55

TP5 final

251

Green Strip

229

encroachment of compound wall

167

2/56

TP5 final

255

Green Strip

1410

168

2/57

TP5 final

256

Open Space

338

Shed

169

2/58

TP5 final

259

Green Strip

197

encroachment of compound wall

170

2/59

TP5 final

262

Green Strip

181

Toilets

171

2/60

TP5 final

274

Green Strip

355

open

172

2/61

TP5 final

276

Green Strip

1042

encroachment of compound wall

173

2/62

TP5 final

281

Open Space

1766

open

174

2/63

TP5 final

288

Green Strip

673

Roads

175

2/64

TP5 final

303

Open Space

205

open

176

2/65

TP5 final

304

Open Space

80

open

177

2/66

TP5 final

309

Open Space

371

178

2/67

TP5 final

329

Green Strip

2908

179

2/68

TP5 final

333

Open Space

445

180

2/69

TP5 final

341

Open Space

2682

181

2/70

TP5 final

349

Open Space

712

encroachment of compound wall

182

2/71

TP5 final

397

Open Space

153

shed

183

2/72

TP5 final

410

Open Space

2840

184

2/73

TP5 final

414

Open Space

105

open

185

2/74

TP5 final

420

Green Strip

8196

huts

186

2/75

TP5 final

459

Green Strip

234

open

187

2/76

TP5 final

463

Open Space

805

encroachment of compound wall

Toilets

pumping station
Garden
open
Stabilization

Garden

Page 83

188

2/77

TP5 final

470

Green Strip

256

Roads

189

2/78

TP5 final

471

Open Space

626

sanitary office

190

2/79

TP5 final

477

Open Space

627

huts

191

2/80

TP5 final

546

Open Space

1219

huts

192

2/81

TP5 final

554

Open Space

903

huts

193

2/82

TP5 final

556

Green Strip

401

encroachment by quarters

194

2/83

TP5 final

559

Green Strip

216

huts

195

2/84

TP5 final

563

Green Strip

239

huts

196

2/85

TP5 final

570

Green Strip

823

shed

197

2/86

TP5 final

582

Green Strip

527

huts

198

2/87

TP5 final

585

Green Strip

239

huts

199

2/88

TP5 final

597

Green Strip

379

Roads

200

2/89

TP5 final

614

Open Space

820

huts

201

2/90

TP5 final

625

Green Strip

1183

202

2/91

TP5 final

636

Open Space

321

open

203

2/92

TP5 final

639

Open Space

518

encroachment

204

2/93

TP5 final

660

Open Space

332

Temple

205

2/94

TP5 final

662

Open Space

180

encroachment of compound wall

206

2/95

TP5 final

707

Open Space

1143

Open

207

2/96

TP5 final

708

Green Strip

3602

shed

208

2/97

TP5 final

710

Open Space

282

open

209

2/98

TP5 final

724

Open Space

3566

210

2/99

TP5 final

732

Open Space

744

open

211

2/100

TP5 final

733

Open Space

479

open

212

2/101

TP5 final

741

Open Space

860

temple

213

2/102

TP5 final

749

Green Strip

253

huts

214

2/103

TP5 final

760

Green Strip

518

open

215

2/104

TP5 final

763

Green Strip

258

open

216

2/105

TP5 final

766

Green Strip

249

open

217

2/106

TP5 final

769

Green Strip

229

temple

218

2/107

TP5 final

771

Green Strip

265

Toilets

219

2/108

TP5 final

780

Green Strip

216

encroachment of compound wall

220

2/109

TP5 final

784

Green Strip

240

encroachment of compound wall

221

2/110

TP5 final

788

Green Strip

250

open

Roads

temple

Page 84

222

2/111

TP5 final

793

Green Strip

253

open

223

2/112

TP5 final

797

Green Strip

255

open

224

2/113

TP5 final

801

Green Strip

340

open

225

2/114

TP5 final

804

Open Space

322

open

226

2/115

TP5 final

745

Open Space

512

encroachment of compound wall

227

TP7 final

Green Space

456

open

228

TP7 final

50

Green Space

929

garden

229

TP7 final

99

Playground and

15425

Garden

garden

230

TP7 final

107

Green Space

780

temple

231

TP7 final

137

Green Space

180

Roads

232

TP9 final

Open Space

1864

garden

233

TP9 final

33

Open Space

1160

garden

234

TP9 final

36

Open Space

2368

garden

235

TP9 final

39

Open Space

1246

temple

236

TP9 final

52

Play Ground

3362

237

TP9 final

75

Open Space

767

238

TP9 final

78

Open Space

1370

open

239

TP9 final

111

Open Space

2691

huts

240

TP9 final

126

Open Space

317

huts

241

TP9 final

137

Open Space

1339

huts

242

TP9 final

146

Open Space

1036

garden

243

TP9 final

153

Open Space

1376

Roads

244

TP9 final

177

Open Space

494

garden

245

TP9 final

209

Open Space

1200

encroachment of compound wall

246

TP9 final

217

Open Space

730

encroachment of compound wall

247

TP9 final

237

Open Space

461

open

248

TP9 final

285

Open Space

656

pumping station

249

TP9 final

298

Open Space

814

Temple

250

TP9 final

302

Open Space

930

open

251

TP9 final

322

Open Space

573

Temple

252

TP9 final

353

Open Space

1253

garden

253

TP9 final

356

Open Space

811

254

TP9 final

373

Garden

8980

temple

encroachment of compound wall

garden

Page 85

255

TP9 final

374

Garden

9084

garden

256

TP9 final

392

Open Space

272

257

TP9 final

397

Open Space

3481

258

TP9 final

404

Open Space

364

allotted commercial cabin

259

TP9 final

430

Open Space

454

huts

260

TP11 final

298

Open Space

100

261

TP11 final

20

Open Space

615

encroachment by shed

262

TP11 final

83

Open Space

141

Roads

263

TP11 final

100

Open Space

111

roads

264

TP11 final

104

Open Space

114

Roads

265

TP11 final

113

Open Space

152

open

266

TP11 final

193

Garden

267

TP11 final

195

268

TP11 final

269

TP11 final

270

TP11 final

271

TP11 final

232

272

TP11 final

273

274

allotted commercial cabin

encroachment of compound wall

10039

garden

Open Space

1166

temple

201

Open Space

635

223

Open Space

1567

230/1 Green Strip

open
temple

264

encroachment of compound wall

Open Space

725

Community hall

250

Open Space

1012

TP11 final

269

Open Space

68

Roads

TP11 final

294

Open Space

81

Roads

275

TP11 final

487

Open Space

170

open

276

TP11 final

507

Green Strip

838

encroachment of compound wall

277

TP11 final

542

Open Space

6146

garden

278

TP11 final

544

Open Space

1453

temple

279

TP11 final

576

Open Space

6218

garden

280

TP11 final

577

Garden

4269

garden

281

TP11FV

81

Open Space

653

30

Open Space

992

41

Open Space

902

73

Garden

open

Ext final
282

TP11FV
Ext final

283

TP11FV
Ext final

284

TP11FV

2341

Ext final

Page 86

285

TP12 final

14

Green Space

180

286

TP12 final

45

Green Space

2981

garage

287

TP12 final

46

Green Space

221

Roads

288

TP12 final

51

Garden

3504

garden

289

TP12 final

55/1

Green Space

263

open

290

TP12 final

59

Green Space

686

open

291

TP12 final

68

Garden

292

TP12 final

75

Green Space

575

PWD staff compound wall

293

TP12 final

80/2

Green Space

234

temple

294

TP12 final

82

Green Space

717

open

295

TP12 final

89

Green Space

628

open

296

TP12 final

103/1

Green Space

355

open

297

TP12 final

147

Green Space

574

huts

298

TP12 final

148

Green Space

293

open

299

TP12 final

149

Green Space

938

encroachment of compound wall

300

TP12 final

174

Green Space

326

compound wall

301

TP12 final

202

Green Space

1302

huts

302

TP12 final

203

Green Space

548

huts

303

TP12 final

210

Green Space

635

temple

304

TP12 final

243

Green Space

763

Garden

305

TP12 final

276

Green Space

4196

306

TP12 final

278

Green Space

479

open

307

TP12 final

354

Green Space

902

encroachment of compound wall

308

TP12 final

372

Garden

309

TP12 final

373

Green Space

573

encroachment of compound wall

310

TP12 final

374

Green Space

792

Roads

311

TP12 final

449

Green Space

856

open

312

TP12 final

485

Green Space

105

open

313

TP13 final

56

Garden and

2050

2124

open

Temple

Garden

8533

Open space

open

314

TP13 final

195

Open Space

374

House

315

TP13 final

174

Open Space

3127

garden

316

TP13 final

234

Open Space

1617

open

317

TP13 final

193

Open Space

1330

House

Page 87

318

TP13 final

226

Open Space

349

House

319

TP13 final

42

Open Space

2558

garage

320

TP13 final

45

Open Space

3402

huts

321

TP13 final

183

Open Space

604

huts

322

TP13 final

Green Strip

323

TP14 final

Garden

1092

324

TP14 final

29

Garden

881

TP15 final

Open Space

351

325

32848

garden
open
garden

326

TP18 final

55

Playground

955

327

TP18 final

144

Playground

1103

328

TP18 final

189

Playground

13524

329

TP18 final

309

Playground

3152

330

TP18 final

37

Playground

878

331

TP18 final

134

Playground

1051

332

TP18 final

29

Garden

3043

open

333

TP18 final

362

Garden

4375

garden

334

TP18 final

292

Garden

525

335

TP18 final

45

Waterworks

open

2446

and Garden

Temple

336

TP18 final

Open Space

1387

open

337

TP18 final

157

Open Space

749

open

338

TP18 final

74

Open Space

135

open

339

TP18 final

142

Open Space

945

compound wall

340

TP18 final

Open Space

941

open

341

TP18 final

20

Open Space

575

encroachment of compound wall

342

TP18 final

376

Open Space

2982

Kaans

343

TP18 final

300

Open Space

4540

Kaans

344

TP18 final

281

Open Space

2004

open

345

TP18 final

293

Open Space

1966

Kaans

346

TP18 final

294

Open Space

3861

Kaans

347

TP18 final

127

Open Space

430

open

348

TP18 final

130

Open Space

787

open

349

TP18 final

250

Open Space

867

compound wall

350

TP18 final

361

Open Space

5859

Kaans

Page 88

351

TP18 final

128

Open Space

2308

Kaans

352

TP18 final

245

Open Space

500

huts

353

TP18 final

315

Open Space

699

garden

354

TP19 final

Open Space

990

open

355

TP19 final

42

Garden

5221

open

356

TP19 final

71

Open Space

1992

Temple

357

TP19 final

84

Garden

2990

open

358

TP19 final

91

Playground

4147

temple

359

TP19 final

122

Open Space

1071

encroachment of compound wall

360

TP19 final

133

Open Space

3352

open

361

TP19 final

153

Open Space

2211

open

362

TP19 final

176

Open Space

1266

huts

363

TP19 final

184

Garden

364

TP19 final

195

Cremation

16826
2840

Ground and
Garden
365

TP19 final

221

Open Space

366

TP19 final

234

367

TP19 final

368

369
370

Cremation Ground
863

open

Garden

1526

open

244

Playground

3756

TP19 final

272

Garden

3201

Garden

TP19 final

327

Open Space

1733

open

TP19 final

353

Recreation

52530

Ground and
Garden

temple

371

TP19 final

403

Playground

6830

372

TP19 final

481

Open Space

4603

shed

373

TP19 final

482

Open Space

1193

shed

374

TP19 final

483

Open Space

770

375

TP19 final

484

Open Space

505

376

TP20 final

94

Garden

3953

open

377

TP20 final

103

Garden

2326

open

378

TP20 final

100

Garden and

10436

Playground
379

TP21 final

111

Garden

Garden

garden
394

open

Page 89

380

TP21 final

120

Garden

2526

open

381

TP23 final

73

Garden

160

open

382

TP23 final

77

Garden

2197

open

383

TP23 final

78

Play Ground

2435

384

TP23 final

80

Garden

310

open

385

TP23 final

89

Garden

488

open

386

TP23 final

90

Garden

854

open

387

TP23 final

92

Garden

510

open

388

TP23 final

94

Garden

1621

154

Garden

1203

389

TP 16
Prelim

390

TP 16

compound wall

temple
157

Play Ground

2858

163

Open Space

125

Prelim
391

TP 16
Prelim

392

TP 16

compound wall
165

Garden

4025

24

Garden

640

Prelim
393

TP22
Prelim

394

TP22

open
59

Garden

1122

Prelim
395

TP22

temple
85

Garden

9093

Prelim
396

TP22

encroachment of compound wall

95

Garden

592

Prelim
397

TP22

huts
113

Garden

589

Prelim
398

TP22

mazjid
146

Garden

1698

Prelim
399

TP22

open
231

Garden

786

Prelim
400

401

open

TP22

262+

Prelim

302

TP22

10

Garden

768
garden

Play Ground

2766

Page 90

Prelim
402

TP22

169

Play Ground

1090

201

Play Ground

798

38

Open Space

217

Prelim
403

TP22
Prelim

404

TP22
Prelim

405

TP22

open
283

Open Space

186

Prelim
406

TP22

open
305

Open Space

270

Prelim
407

TP22

open
308

Open Space

3023

Prelim
408

TP24

garden
48

Open Space

402

Prelim
409

TP24

open
53

Open Space

258

Prelim
410

TP24

open
57

Garden

1657

Prelim
411

TP24

open
58

Open Space

3658

Prelim
412

TP24

Roads
59

Open Space

1639

Prelim
413

Sayajipura

open
41

Open Space

1690

2 Prelim
414

Sayajipura

open
42

Open Space

1662

2 Prelim
415

Sayajipura

compound wall
49

Garden

14362

2 Prelim
416

TP 4 Ext

compound wall
105

Garden

1340

110

Garden

780

117

Garden

2400

Draft
417

TP 4 Ext
Draft

418

TP 4 Ext
Draft

Page 91

419

TP6 Draft

163

Garden

6453

420

TP6 Draft

174

Open Space

512

421

TP6 Draft

179

Open Space

1048

422

TP6 Draft

182

Open Space

422

423

TP6 Draft

183

Garden

6506

424

TP6 Draft

193

Open Space

1584

425

TP6 Draft

194

Open Space

546

426

TP6 Draft

196

Open Space

454

427

TP17 Draft

97

Garden

760

428

TP17 Draft

101

Play Ground

2948

429

TP17 Draft

114

Garden

1647

430

TP17 Draft

116

Garden

660

431

TP 60

122

Garden

8340

128

play Ground

132

Garden

134

Open Space

428

135

Open Space

580

139

Open Space

952

5510

Draft
432

TP 60

43880

Draft
433

TP 60

8652

Draft
434

TP 60
Draft

435

TP 60
Draft

436

TP 60
Draft

437

TP61 Draft

178

Play Ground

438

TP61 Draft

182

Garden

11500

439

TP61 Draft

220

Garden

1625

440

TP61 Draft

224

Garden

1180

441

TP61 Draft

229/1

Garden and

520

Open Space
442

1068 TP61

229/2

Draft

Garden and

1300

Open Space

443

TP63 Draft

121

Open Space

800

444

TP63 Draft

122

Play Ground

1238

Page 92

445

TP63 Draft

126

Open Space

360

446

TP63 Draft

128

Play Ground

1805

447

TP63 Draft

138

Garden

880

448

TP63 Draft

139

Garden

2500

449

Harni 1

133

Garden

4200

143

Garden

3380

139

play Ground

5500

99

Garden

7440

105

Garden

1380

Draft
450

Harni 1
Draft

451

Harni 1
Draft

452

Harni 2
Draft

453

Harni 2
Draft

454

Sama-2

83

Open Space

260

88

Open Space

1290

101

Open Space

722

79

Garden and

1400

Draft
455

Sama-2
Draft

456

Sama-2
Draft

457

Sama-2
Draft

458

Sama-2

Open Space
81

Draft
459

Sama-2

Sama-2

89

Sama-2
Draft

Garden and

1400

Open Space
102

Draft
461

3840

Open Space

Draft
460

Garden and

Garden and

720

Open Space
103

Garden and

880

Open Space

Page 93

7.2 Appendix 2:
Sr

Location

No
1

Area Character of land and potentials/ hazards for development

(Hec.)

Land abutting to River

155

The Viswamitri river has a meandering character & the river

Viswamitri referred as

embankments are fragile. Also it has limited capacity to handle

river front open space,

the water there by flooding is a recurring phenomenon. The

covering part of Vemali,

fragile embankments are prone to erosion. Also development

Sama, Harni,

too close to rives increases probabilities of river pollution. The

Nagarwada,

floods endanger the life and property of the habitation in its

Nizampura, Vadodara

vicinity. Also the development close proximate to the river

Kasba, Akota, Vadsar,

would pollute the river. In the development plan; to safeguard

Atladara, Kotali, Talsat

the river from pollution and to ensure the safety of the

& Maneja.

prospective users, such land is designated as river front open

space.

Land surrounding

40

This is part of Viswamitri river front open space. The

Rajmahal palace (part

embankments are fragile and are subjected to erosion. Also

of river front)

development close to the river front would pollute the river and
therefore for safety of the river embankments and for the safety
of the life and property of the habitation in its vicinity, such
lands in the development are designated as open space.

Land abutting to river

108

These lands along the river Jambua are undulating and

Jambua covering

possess immense value for its natural scenery and landscape.

villages Makarpura,

Also the river gets flooded and would endanger any

Jambua and Maneja.

development close to the river. Parts of these lands are

privately owned lands where cultivation is being done by the
owners. In some of the privately lands the owners are inspired
by the scenic beauty and have constructed farm houses. In
the development plan this land is designated as open space.
The area requires appropriate development which shall
preserve/conserve the natural scenery and landscape. Also
necessary development measures are to be undertaken which
shall prevention & control of floods & pollution of river.

Land surrounding

63

Areas in the vicinity of airport if developed without appropriate

Airport of village

controls & facilities can endangers the aircrafts landing & take

Sayajipura.

off because of interference in funnels or on account of birds

Page 94

menace. This buffer land between the airport area & the
developing fringe areas is primarily for the safety of people
staying close to these developments.
5

Miscellaneous (Land

30

These lands are buffers around defense installations, national

abutting to National

highways and canal. Primarily for safely of people staying

Highway between

close to these development. However alternative mechanisms

Narmada branch

can be built on the roads and canals which can ensure

canal)

equivalent safety. However for safety of defense installations

buffers are required.

Land surrounding

220

The Rajmahal Palace is locates in the land in question. The

Rajmahal Palace(land

palace has architectural value and is of historical importance

around palace)

which requires:
Preserve, conserve and development of the area for
natural scenery and landscape.
Preserve features, structures or place as historical,
natural, architectural or scientific interest and of
educational value.

Sayaji Park

280

These lands are owned by specific institutions constituted

under law and are expected to carry out development in
accordance to law.

Land of Agriculture
Research Center

22

These lands are owned by specific institutions constituted

under law and are expected to carry out development in
accordance to law.

Page 95

7.3 Appendix 3:
Sr.

Location

no.

Present

Area

gardens

(acre)

Facilities Available

Name

Admin

Election

TP

Ward

ward

scheme

17

FP no. Location

Pl Jog fount law Other

Area

ay track ain

NUCLE NUCLEO jubelibaug Mahatma

OUS

US

Y Y

n
Y

Gandhinagar

Bench
stand

gruh
2

Fatehgun Near
g

3.1

Y N

Bench

Baadsvaad

stand,

Quarters

Drinking
water

Samagaa smasaanbau
m

KASBA KASBA near

N N

sarasiyabaug 0.12

N N

N Cabin

Saint cover

Y Y

sarassiyat
alav
5

KASBA KASBA near

0.9

Bench

Varsiatala baug

stand,

store
room

KASBA KASBA Varasia

Swami

1.27

Y Y

Bench

communit Tevramudya

stand,

y hall

Music

system,
Drinking
water
7

18

493

Vrundava Nr.

0.29

N N

Waghodia MahaPrabhuj 0.41

Y Y

Y Y

n char

Vrundavan

rasta

char
rastaudyan

18

467

iudyan
9

19

947

Waghodia Palikaudyan, 1.48

Store

Page 96

road
10

19

649

reva park

Mohamm Sastribaug

room
2.74

Y Y

udtalav

Store
room

11

19

KASBA KASBA Gajrawadi sewage plant

12

21

KASBA KASBA Manjalpur Near

2.2

N N

9.31

Y N

Store

lalbaugphata

room,

Bench
stand

13

21

19

91

Manjalpur Saiudyan

1.02

Y Y

14

22

18

29

Manjalpur shankarbaug

N N

15

22

19

184

Manjalpur Kanchanbau 2.12

Y N

g,

Bench
stand

near
Bhathujiman
dir
16

22

18

315

Near

Swami

0.55

N Y

Manjalpur Palikaudyan, 0.86

Y Y

13.6

Y Y

0.5

Y N

0.5

Y N

0.5

N N

0.5

N N

0.5

N N

0.5

N N

akashvani vivekanandu
,

dyan

Makarpur
a
17

22

18

362

Near deep
chamber
18

22

19

23

18

23

23

23

23

23

Area

Non TP Non TP Tarsali

Area

24

Area

Non TP Non TP Tarsali

Area

23

Area

Non TP Non TP Tarsali

Area

22

Area

Non TP Non TP Tarsali

Area

21

Manjalpur Shantidham

Non TP Non TP Tarsali

Area

20

217

Area

Non TP Non TP Tarsali

Shanti nagar
plot-1
Shanti nagar
plot-2
Sharadnagar
plot-1
Sharadnagar
plot-2
Sharadnagar
plot-3
Sharadnagar

Page 97

Area
25

Area

plot-4

23

Denteshwarb

N N

2.2

N N

Badamdibau 1.24

Y Y

aug
26

23

27

16

39

433

Tarsali

NUCLE NUCLEO Dandiya

OUS

US

bazar

sewage plant

Drinking
water,
Public
toilet

28

16

NUCLE NUCLEO Ravpura

OUS

US

Suryanaraya 0.36

Y Y

nbaug

Public
toilet,
Store
room,
Drinking
water

29

20

NUCLE NUCLEO Khendera Khanderao

OUS

30

20

US

o market

KASBA KASBA

0.33

N N

Azad deepak 0.92

N N

N N

market baug

open theatre
31

20

NUCLE NUCLEO KevdaBau Kevdabaug

OUS

32

20

33

20

US

0.26

Store
room

KASBA KASBA MotiBaug Motibaug

Nava pura Nava

0.1

N N

0.06

N N

Y Y

purabaug
34

14

67

Water

Akotabaug/

Public

tank,

Radhakrishn

toilet,

akota

abaug

Store
room,
Library,
Music
system

35

14

Ward-6

DayawadiBa 0.75

Y Y

ug
36

37

14

14

14

34

28

odhavpur Harinagarba
a

ug

T.P.- 14

Natubhai

Bench
stand

0.18

N N

0.5

N N

Public

Page 98

center baug

toilet,
Library

38

15

14

29

Atladra

Atladra

N N

N Y

compost
baug
39

15

Gamtal Gamtal Akota

Palikaudyan

gam
40

12

166

stand

Nizampur Paragvatika

1.02

Y Y

a
41

42

13

11/2

174

576

Bench

Bench
stand

Navayard, T.P. 13
T.P-13

udyan

T.P.-11/2

T.P.-11/2

Y Y

Y Y

baugvirsavar

Drinking
water

kar
43

11/3

577

T.P.-11/3

T.P.-11/3

N Y

0.33

Y Y

Y Y

Y Y

2.2

Y Y

113

Y Y

baugvirsavar
kar
44

12

51

T.P.-12

Dr.
Dindayalupa
dhyay
udyan

45

11

193

Sama

Dr.
Hedgovarudy
an

46

47

11

Sama

Swati Baug

NUCLE NUCLEO Fatehgun MaharshiArvi

OUS

48

39

NODE

US

ndBaug

NODE Sayajigunj Sayajibaug

Music
system,
Bench
stand,
Floral
clock

49

373,374 Karelibau Dr.

g

KeshavUdya

Y Y

Bench
stand,

Page 99

Drinking
water

50

Karelibau V.I.P.
g

51

N N

4.18

N Y

Trikonbaug

KASBA KASBA Karelibau Khaswadiba

g

0.2

ug, Smashan

Bench
stand,
Drinking
water

52

53

10

10

NUCLE NUCLEO Golwad

OUS

US

59/1

Navidhartiba 0.03

N N

Y Y

Y N

ug
Subhanpu Opp.
ra

Atmajyoti
Ashram

54

358

Waghodia Shrimadvalla 0.75

road

bhacharyaud
yan

55

Shrikevlanan 0.73
djimaharajud
yan

56

10

10

Gorva

Gorvabaug

1.25

N N

SardarBaug

6.06

Y Y

Gam
58

10

10

KASBA KASBA Vadivadi,

Bench

Fire

stand,

station

Drinking
water,
Public
toilet

59

10

10

KASBA KASBA Alkapuri

Alkapuriudya

0.5

N N

0.5

Y Y

n
60

10

10

486

Subhanpu Palikaudyan,
ra

Opp.

Bench
stand

Kathyawadi
hotel
61

10

10

NODE

NODE Pratapgun Pratapgunj

j

0.1

N N

statue baug

Page 100

62

10

10

NODE

NODE Railway

hirakbaug

0.11

N N

N Y

Y Y

Subhanpu Palikaudyan, 0.81

Y Y

station
63

10

11

Nr. Ward- Hariomnagar

10

64

10

11

585

baug

Subhanpu Palikaudyan,
ra, T.P.-2 Archi ground

65

10

11

703

ra

sitaram

Bench
stand

complex
66

11

12

15

87

Diwadipur Avichadudya 1.95

a

Y Y

Bench
stand,
Music
system,
Bench
stand

67

11

13

15

184

Gotri

Palikaudyan, 0.49

Y Y

Y Y

besides
swami
narayan
temple
68

23

Behind

Palikaudyan, 0.33

Warasia

T.P-5

Bench
stand

RTO
69

639

Opp.

Palikaudyan,

0.1

Y N

Y N

1.06

Y N

aug

Vadsar

PalikaUdyan 0.14

N N

Y Y

0.6

Y Y

Parivarvid T.P-5
yalaya
70

12

25

18

45

Jambuva

Jambuvabau
g

71

12

25

72

12

25

73

Makarpur MakarpuraB

36

Karelibau Palikaudyan,
g

nr sanskruti
flats

74

Sama1

103

Harni

vijaynagar

Page 101

road
75

---

---

Ajwa

Ajwasarovar

120

Y Y

baug

Store
room,
Public
toilet,
Drinking
water

76

---

---

Nimeta

NimetaBaug

15

Y Y

Office
store
room

77

78

13

56

353

Chani,

Shrihomaivyr 2.02

T.P.- 13

awalaudyan

79

10

10

405

80

Store

Y Y

0.18

Y Y

1.05

Y Y

R.R. Park

Saimi society

732, 723 Kishanwa Nr.

di

Y Y

Subhanpu Palikaudyan, 0.24

ra

room

Karelibau Palikaudyan, 0.34

g

Y Y

Kishanwadi
Police station

14

20

94

Atladra

Atal garden

Bench
stand

KASBA KASBA Nagar

wada

Palikaudyan

0.55

Y Y

Nagarwada,
Navidharti

7.4 Appendix 4:
Gardens taken care by trusts/ NGO and other societies:
Sr. No.

TP no.

F.P.

Taken care by

no.
1

11

194

Area

Facilities available

(sqm)
Lady club

673

Under development

135, Gayatrinagar society,

New sama road

Page 102

19

272

Shree Vallabh foundation trust

3201

Vrajdhamspritual center,

Stage, lawn,
fountain

Manjalpur
3

401

Senior citizen association,

564

library, lawn, shed

763

community hall,

Kaladarshan Char rasta,

opp. Nalanda Water tank,
Waghodia road
4

12

243

North zone Senior citizen welfare

associaion,

trees

13, Bhanyata park,

Nr. Kadamnagar
Nizampura
5

97

Paras co-operative housing society

2070

jogging track

1841

lawn

3114

jogging track, play

limited,
81 Paras Society,
Behind R.T.O.
6

428

Rajiv lochan memorial Trust

Bethakmandir- kevdabaug
madanjampa road

234

SBI Officer's colony,

behind Vidyutnagar colony,

area, lawn, plants

O.P. Road
8

303

Dada dadiudyan,

library, lawn, shed,

behind INOX

toilet, pla area,

fountain

113

Manavseva foundation,

shed, music

Nr, Atmajyoti ashram,

system,

subhanpura Vadodara

library, health
centre,
lawn

10

GEB,

solar children park

Rajnagar society,
Beside IOC nagar,
Akota

Page 103

7.5 Appendix 5:

Schedule of rates of office of director of parks and garden

department Gujarat state Gandhinagar
Sr.

Items

Units

Rate

Rate

Rate 12- Rate 13-

09-10

10-11

13

14

Cu. M

55

55

84.95

84.95

Cu. M

108.7

137.15 131.78

Cu. M

droppe droppe dropped dropped

No
.
1

Escavation in the soil upto 30cm depth,

brackling clods, removing un wanted stuff
such as brick bats, stones, grass roots
etc,refilling the same, preplanting watering,
weeding, top digging,releveling and bringing
the earth to a fine tilth, ready for sawing or
planting

Providing loam or clay soilof approved quality

168.3

on site
3

Providing river silt of approved soil quality

Labour for spreading and mixing loam or clay

Cu. M

44

44

67.96

67.96

Cu. M

24

24

37.38

37.38

Cu. M

246.84

276.4

298.65

358.6

Cu. M

44

44

67.96

67.96

Sq. M

13.4

13.4

21.51

21.51

soil or river silt evenly over the

excavated area and leveling the same after
breaking the clods etc. (rate 1cum of soil)
5

Labour for spreading and leveling of loamor

clay or river silt

Providing farm yard manure of approved

quality

labour for mixing and spreading manure

evenly with top 8 to 10 cm both ways and
maintaining the same till well established
(about 45 days)

Providing pure doob (Dharo) grass suckers

and planting the same at a distance of 8 to
10 cm both ways and maintaining the same till
it get well established (about 45 days)

Page 104

Providing well grown seedings of anuals of

Sq. M

12.4

12.4

16.5

16.5

Sq. M

20.5

20.5

61.5

61.5

Sq. M

16.65

16.65

29.1

29.1

Rm

6.45

6.45

10

10

Cu. M

150.75

150.75 192.5

192.5

Rockery II : Providing rubbles or burnt bricks

Cu. M

641.30

641.30 724.75

724.75

(khengar) of required size and arranging the

Cu. M

616.50

616.50 764.75

764.75

same over the prepared mounds as directed

Cu. M

369.10

369.11 421.70

421.71

Rockery III : Providing well grown plants of

no. of

233.85

233.85 316.15

316.15

specified species at the rate of 350 no. per

plants

specified varities and planting the same at a

suitable distance as directed and maintaining
the same till well established (about 45 days)
10

Providing bulbs of choice Canna varieties and

planting the same at a distance of 60cm X
60cm and maintaining the same till well
established (about 45 days)

11

Providing well grown shrubs of specified

species and planting the same as directed
at a distance of roughly 1.5M X 1.5M and
maintaining the same till it gets well
established

12

Providing cuttings of clerodendron and

planting the same in two rows in 30cm width
roughly at a distance of 18cm18cm and
maintaining till well established (about 45
days)

13

Rockery I : Removing top 10 to 15 cm of soil

providing Loam or clay of approved quality at
the rate of 30 CuM per 100 sq.m of rockery
area and arranging removed soil and earth
mounds as directed

14

(quantity of rubbles etc. roughly 8 Cum per

100sqm)
Black rubbles
White rubbles
khengar
15

100 sqm of area, planting the same over the

rockery area and maintaining till well

Page 105

established (about 45 days)

16

Trees I: excavation pits of 60cm X 60cm X

No.

12.1

12.1

18.69

18.69

Trees II : Providing well rotten F.Y.M. at the

no. of

17.45

17.45

20.4

20.4

rate of 0.06cum per pit, mixing the same

pits

No.

38.4

38.4

64.75

64.75

Sq. M

45.3

45.3

65.3

65.3

Sq. M

45.3

45.3

65.3

65.3

Sq. M

52.55

52.55

105.3

105.3

60cm size at specified spots

17

throughly with the excavated soil and filling

the pit with earth manure mixture
18

Trees III: Providing well grown saplings of

specified species and planting the same as
directed and maintaining till well established
(about 45 days)

19

Laying out lawn: After excavation of soil upto

30 cm of depth,preparing soil for planting by
supplying and mixingfarm yard manure at the
rate of 5 cumper 100 sqmarea, providing and
planting suckers of pure dharo (doob)
grassroughly at 10cm X10 cmdistance and
maintaining till well established (about 45
days)

20

Raising flowerbeds or live edging: after

excavating soil upto 30 cm, preparing soil for
planting by supplying and mixing F.y.M. at the
rate of 5 cum per 100 sqm area, providing and
planting well grown seedings of specified
varities at proper distance and maintaining it
till well established (about 45 days)

21

Raising Canna beds: after excavating the soil

upto 30 cm, preparing soil for planting by
supply and mixing of F.Y.M. at the rate of 5
cum per 100 sqm are providing and planting
canna bulbs of specified varieties at 60cm X
60cm distance and maintaining it till well
established (about 45 days)

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22

Raising shrubbery: after excavating the soil

Sq. M

47.7

47.7

73.85

73.85

Rm

15.8

15.8

23.1

23.1

Sq. M

925.2

925.2

1239.1

1239.1

No.

68

68

103.85

103.85

Maintaing the newly laid garden: (in one

per

30842

30842 46628.4 46628.4

piece) upto 6 months (without cost of water)

hectare

2.50/

2.50/

per

sqm

sqm

upto 30 cm, preparing soil for planting by

supply and mixing of F.Y.M. at the rate of 5
cum per 100 sqm are providing and planting
well grown shrubs of specified species at
1.5m X 1.5m distance and maintaining it till
well established (about 45 days)
23

Raising hedge: fter excavating the soil upto 30

cm in depth and 30 cm in width, preparing soil
for planting by supply and mixing of F.Y.M. at
the rate of 5 cum per 100 sqm are providing
and planting cutting of cleredendron
(kadvimendi) in two rows at around 18cm X
18cm distance and maintaining it till well
established (about 45 days)

24

Raising rockery: After excavating and refilling

the soil upto 30cm providing 5 cum F.Y.M.
30cum of good soil, 8cum amixture of black
rubble, white rubble and khengar (roughly
equal proportion) and 350 plants of specified
species, all per 100 sqm of ground area ,
arranging and planting as directed and
maintaining till well established (about 45
days)

25

Planting trees and shrubs: After excavating

pits of size 60cm X 60 cm X 60 cm, refilling
the same by providing and mixing F.Y.M. at
the rate of 0.036cum per pit, providing and
planting well grown sapling of specified variety
and maintaining till well established (about 45
days)

26

month

Page 107

27

Laying out a garden: with usual features of

Sqm

64.74

64.74

83.64

83.64

per hour 338.8

338.8

450

450

lawn, flower beds, shrubbery, hedge, rockery

etc in normal proportion and maintaining till
well established (about 45 days) without cost
of water
28

Ploughing land upto 20cm to 30 cm depth and

levelling the land by using tractor

Page 108

7.6 Appendix 6:
Maintenance of the different garden in Vadodara city at parks and
garden
Quantity item
1

Maintenance of garden with condition mentioned below

Amount
3.14/sqm/month

1. Lawn: Maintenance of lawn in garden including regular

watering weeding, and time to time cutting of the lawn as per
instruction of the garden department
2. Flower bed: Maintenance of flower bed will include loosening
soil, regular watering, weeding, appling fertilizer, spraying of
insecticides/ pesticides regular trimming as per instruction of the
garden department
3. Hedge: Maintenance of hedge include loosining of soil, regular
watering, weeding, application of fertilizer, spraying of
insecticides/pesticides, regular trimming/ cutting pruning with all
kinds of tools as per instructions given by garden department
4. Plants: Maintenance of plants, shrubs and trees including
loosing of soil, watering, weeding, mixing FYM and fertilizer in the
soi, spraying with insecticide, fungicide, trimming and cutting as
per instructions of garden department
5. Cleaning of the garden
6. Triming and cutting the excess growth of any tree in the
garden
7. Clean of existing structure in the garden
8.Maintenance: up keep of play area, Garden maintenance and
all the responsibility of the contractor and any other work as per
instruction of the department.
Rate analysis: Material/ input will be provided by Municipal
Corporation

Page 109

Supply of the labour for maintenance of the garden space for

217.5/person/day

work
1. Cleaninig of the Garden
2. Removal of unwanted growth from the lawn
3. Trimming and cutting excess growth of any tree in the garden
4. Watering the entire garden including lawn and Plantation
5. Clean of existing structure in the garden
6. Maintenance up keep of play area. Above mention all activity
and other work as per instruction of the garden department (as
per government rate)
3

5% contigency charge

2% supervision charge

7%

Page 110

7.7 Appendix 7:

Page 111

Page 112

Page 113

Page 114

8 CHAPTER VIII: BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bhagwat, Prabhakar B. The Gardens of India.
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