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When should I use 308L, 309L or 316L filler metal?
308L (including ER308LSi) is predominately used on austenitic stainless steels, such as types
301, 302, 304, 305 and cast alloys CF-8 and CF-3. For high temperature applications such as in
the electrical power industry, the high carbon 308H electrode provides better creep resistance
than does 308L.
316L (including ER316LSi) filler metal should be used with 316L and 316 base metals. CF-8M
and CF-3M are the cast equivalents of 316 and 316L, respectively.
Use 309L (including ER309LSi) when joining mild steel or low alloy steel to stainless steels, for
joining dissimilar stainless steels such as 409 to itself or to 304L stainless, as well as for joining
309 base metal. CG-12 is the cast equivalent of 309. Some 308L applications may be substituted
with 309L filler metal, but 316L or 316 applications generally require molybdenum and 309L
contains no molybdenum.
Type 347 stainless steel filler metal is ideal for 347 and 321 base materials because it matches
these stabilized grades. CF-8C is the cast equivalent of 347. Type 347 filler metal is also suitable
most 308L filler metal applications.
YANG BARU :
Introduction
Welding austenitic stainless steels to carbon and low alloy steels are established methods in the
process and construction industries.
Dissimilar metal welds involving stainless steels can be done using most full fusion weld methods,
including TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas) and MIG (Metal Inert Gas).
Weld procedures using filler (consumable) enable better control of joint corrosion resistance and
mechanical properties. In selecting the weld filler, the joint is considered as being stainless, rather
than the carbon steel. Over-alloyed fillers are used to avoid dilution of the alloying elements in the
fusion zone of the parent stainless steel.
Dissimilar metal combinations

The most common combinations of dissimilar steels involving stainless steel are plain carbon or low
alloy structural grades and austenitic stainless steel grades such as 1.4301 (304) or 1.4401 (316).
Welding conditions
Carbon and alloy steels containing less than 0.20%C do not normally need any preheat when being
welded to austenitic stainless steels. Carbon and alloy steels with carbon levels over 0.20% may
require preheat. High restraint joints, where material thickness is over 30mm, should also be
preheated. Temperatures of 150 C are usually adequate.
Carbon steels may be more prone to hydrogen associated defects than austenitic stainless steels
and so careful drying of welding consumables is advisable.
When welding stainless steels to galvanised steel, the zinc coating around the area to be joined
should be removed before welding. Molten zinc if present in the weld fusion zone can result in
embrittlement or reduced corrosion resistance of the finished weld.
Selection of welding consumables (filler)

Ambient service temperatures
Although a standard 308 type filler can be used for joining a 304 type stainless steel to carbon steel,
more highly alloyed fillers, such as the 309 type (23 12L to BS EN 12072) are preferable.
This is should help avoid cracking in the weld dilution zone that can be a problem if a 308 type (19
9L to BS EN 12072) filler is used, where there can be too low a ferrite level and martensite may also
be formed on cooling.
Elevated temperature services temperatures (over 425C)
If the welded parts are for higher temperature service, then the differences in thermal expansion
rates of the steels and filler can lead to thermal fatigue cracking. Long exposure times at these
temperatures of welds with enhanced ferrite levels can result in embrittlement due to sigma phase
formation.
Nickel based fillers (Inconel) produce welds with lower thermal expansion rates than the stainless
steel fillers and so may be preferable.
Risk of bimetallic corrosion at welds between carbon and

stainless steel
Unprotected welds subject to aggressive environments such as immersion in seawater could result in
sacrificial corrosion to the less noble carbon steel part. However, post weld surface coating repair
would normally be needed to the carbon steel to 'restore' the corrosion protection.
If this re-coating / painting is allowed to lap over onto the weld bead then the joint should not be at
risk to bimetallic corrosion in any environment so long as the coating is sound. Ideally the weld bead
should be covered so that only the 'parent' stainless steel is ultimately exposed. This ensures that
galvanic corrosion cells cannot be set up across the joint, where there is a composition 'gradient'.

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Dissimilar metal combinations

Selection of welding consumables (filler)

Risk of bimetallic corrosion at welds between carbon and

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