2

1.
n 19 r (Sir Issac Newton) ro
n}}oo
o n
n .. 1678 r (Huygens) o
on
19 (Thomas Young and Augus tin
Fresnel) onr
on}
e .. 1873 rr (Maxwell) ono
njn
n rr (Henrich Hertz) onnj
o o
n njn nn (visible
light) } njnono 4.3x1014 Hz
7.5x1014 Hz n 700 nm 400 nm
e .. 1900 r r (Max Plank) o nn
}nonn} e .. 1905 r (Eiestein)
r Photo electric effect) n}o
n (photon)
e .. 1921 m (A.B. Compton) o
nn}o
{n
nn o no} 2
(r) (dr)
oo
}on
o
or rn

 - 2

2. (speed of light)
e 1970 rn (U.S. Bureau of Standards) o
ornnn 299,792,458 / o
1 noo
1/299,792,458 o ( c ) = 3.0x108 n
non
3.
(shadow) o n
2 on 2.1
nnon n
}

()

()

()
2.1 () n} n
() n o
() nnn
o

 - 3

2
(superposition)


(coherent sources) (monochromatic)



10 -8 s

S1 S 2
A P
S1 S 2 r1 r2 S1 S 2

2-2 S1 S 2 P
(2-1)
(2-2)

1 = 0 sin( 1 )
2 = 0 sin( 2 )

1 2 k (angular wave number)

= 2 1 =

(2 1 )

(2-3)

(2 1 ) (path difference)

= 1 + 2

= 0 [sin( 1 ) + sin( 2 )]

sin m sin n 2 sin[

mn
2

]cos[

mn
2

 - 4

= 20cos(2) sin[

(1 +2 )
2

(2-4)

P 20 cos( ) 20**
2

(constructive interference)
2E0

2m

m = 0, 1, 2,

(2-5)

(destructive interference)
0

( 2m 1)

m = 0, 1, 2,

(2-6)

(2-7)

2 1

2 1

= ( + )

1
2

(2-8)

4 -1
.. 1803 (Thomas Young)
2 d
(double slit) 2
2
2-2 P
S1 S 2 OQ S1P S 2 P

2 1 = 1 R =

) S1 S 2

(2-9)

) -

2-3

 - 5

D >> d
P (2-7) (2-8)
P
d sin m
(m 0, 1, 2...)
(2-10)
P
d sin

( m )
2

(m 0, 1, 2...)

(2-11)

Q 0 d sin 0 Q
m Q
( I )
( 2-4)
I

()2

40 2 cos2 ( )

= cos2 (

= 40 2

2-4
= 2

sin tan

x
D

sin

xm

mD
d

(2-12)

xm m Q

m + 1 Q +1 =

(+1)

= +1 =

(2-13)

 - 6

2-1 ( = 5460 A )
0.1 mm
1 10

20 cm

) 1 m 0
d sin

( m )
2

sin

1
9
(0 ) 546 10
2
3
0.1 10

) 10 m 10
d sin

0.16

0.0027

3.13

2-2 5890 A
( d ) 0.02 cm ( D ) 4 cm
10 D >> d (1 A = 10-8 cm)

D >> d

m 10
mD

d
10 4 5890 10

0.11780

cm

0.02

d sin m

sin

(0.02)(

(4 2 + 2

D x2
2

) = (10)( 5890 x 10-8 )

0.117851117

0.117851117 0.11780
0.117851117

cm
x 100

0.043 %

D >> d 0.043 %

 - 7

4 - 2

1 = 0 ()

E0

2- 5 (a) Phasor diagram for the wave disturbance E1 = E0 sin t. The phasor is a vector of length E0 rotating
counterclockwise. (b) Phasor diagram for the wave E2 = E0 sin(t + ). (c) The disturbance ER is the resultant phasor
formed from the phasors of parts (a) and (b).

2
2 = 0 ( + ) E1
ER
2-5 (c)
y Ep , E1 E2 Ep = E1 + E2
(t=0) 2-6

2-6 ER t=0 =

0 =

= 20

= 20 cos( )

ER

= sin( + )

= 20 cos( ) [sin ( + )]
2

(2-14)

= sin ( + )

Em 2E0cos()

2-4 **

 - 8

2 2-7
E1 = E0sin , E2 = E0sin ( + ) , E2 = E0sin ( + 2) ,

(a)

(b)

2-7 ER

4-3



(N) 10,000 1
1
1 102
(d) d = 1 = 10,000 = 10,000 = 106

(b)

(a)

2 - 8 ( a)
(b)

r
d sin T

nO

d sin T
n

 - 9

nno 2-7(b)

sin T

d sin T

D2  x

d sin T

n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,

nO

(2-15)

dx

D x
nO

sin T

nO
d

n nn onn o
n o o
D >> d on

x
D

nO

d sin T
n
dx
O
nD

n oo
o} (diffraction gratings) on
n }n
on o
5.

2- 9

2 - 9

 - 10

2-10

5-1 n
nonnn n
onno n
oo 2-11
n
no d
2-11 n
(n)
non
nnon o
on
n no
nnno 2-12

2-12 no

 - 11

2-13
o a

onn 2-13 n
o}n nn
on
T r
n}nn

1 3 nn
n a/2 1 on 3
n a

sin T

n 2 4 =

a
sin T
2

ono} 2 4 n (n 180q)
a
sin T
2
a sin T

O
2

o
O
onno d } 4 nn o nn
d/4 on O/2
a
sin T
4
a sin T

O
2
2O

}n 2
onno d } 6 , 8 , 10 , o a sin T 3O , 4 O , 5 O ,
on (node) n
Q }n n n
o
n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,. (2-16)
a sin T n n O
n = 1 n 1 n
nnnn o on
nn n T 0 n onn d } 3 , 5 , 7 , n
non
P }nn n n

a sin T n (n  12 ) O
n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,. (2-17)
n = 1 nn 1 n

 - 12

nn ( 'x ) o
non

'x

2 OD
a

OD
a

2-14

2-15

2-3

a (6500 A )

20 a

a sin

m 1 , 20 , 6500 A

m
1 6500 10

sin 20

10

190, 005.84 A

 - 13

6.
2

S (real source)
S (virtual source)
(Lloyd's mirror)
P

S S 180

2-16

2-17

2-17

180

2-18
= d
n , n
nn

 - 14

2-18

( d << )
2d
1 2
(constructive interference)
1

2 = ( + 2)

( m 0,1, 2,...)

2nd

( m )
2

(2-18)

(destructive interference)
2 nd

( m 0,1, 2,...)

(2-19)

1.

2
|( reflection phase shift of ray 2 + ) ( reflection phase shift of ray 1 )| = m

2.

2
|( reflection phase shift of ray 2 + ) ( reflection phase shift of ray 1 )| = (m+1/2)

 - 15

2-4 0.410-6m
( 1.5)

=
m 0
( 2-18)

2nd

( m )
2

4 1.5 0.4 10-6

2.4 m

( m )

2nd

2-19

nf

na ng

(2-20)

na ng n f
1.5 1.22
(MgF2) 1.38 (cryolite)
1.36


550 nm
m 0 1.5
(1/2)(1/2)(550/1.38) = 100 nm

 - 16

2-5

(SiO, n =1.45)
3.5
550 nm

1
2

m 0
d

2 nd

4n

( m )
2

550 10

4 (1.45)

94.8 nm

2-20
SiO

30% 10%

n 2-6 drn n = 1.33

oo o
O 600 nm n dro
(o) dr
o

2d

1
( m  ) On
2

m = 0 dr

drn
m = 1 odr

O
4 n(

(m  12 ) O
n
nm
600
=
) 4 1 . 33

3O
4n

3 x 600 nm
4 x 1 . 33 .

5 x 600 nm
4 x 1 . 33

m = 2 odr

5O
4n

m = 3 odr

7O
4n

7 x 600 nm
4 x 1 . 33

113 nm

538 nm

564 nm
789 nm

dro = 113 nm
drn o 338 nm , 564 nm ,
789 nm ,

 - 17

7. (Polarization)
n
j }
no nn
nn n}njr
jn
2-22n nn}r
(unpolarized light) rnjo
j n n } nr

2-21 nj

2-22 rjnr

oonro
(polarized light) x y ron
x y o rnro 2-23

2-23 rnr

onrr
1. ro onro
no(n)nr(n
} 2 r j
nr rjon
jn

 - 18

2-24 rj
nr 1 n

2-25 rj
nr 2 n

onr}nr (polarizer) n
r (analyzer)

2-26 nrnr

(dichroric) r (tourmaline)
rjn oonrnn
rjrnr
jr 2-27 nroo}
r}nr

2-27 onnr

 - 19

(Malus , s law) nn onnro}

rnnrnrr
oornnnr(polarizer) n
nrnoj E nnnn
r (analyzer) : T rn r E nn
ro EcosT nr EsinT nr
nno
rnnr (polarizer) oj E
nrr (analyzer) T nr
oj Ep
E p E cos T
..(2-21)
2

Ep
E 2 cos 2 T
2
k
..(2-22)
kE p
kE 2 cos 2 T
o I D E 2 o I p kE p2
(nnr)

I kE 2
(nnnr)
o I }onnnr
Ip }onnr
(2-22) o onnr
Ip

(2-23)

I cos 2 T

oo I0 }onr (nr)
I0 = 2I I }onnnr
n 2-7 nr A0r 30q r nr n

nr = A0 r
T 30 q nr

A'

A0 cos T

A'

A0 cos 30 $

3 A0
2

0 . 866 A0

 - 20

2. roo onro }
n n no onn
o}r 100 %
- nrnr (Brewster angle)
- no = 90q
rn Tp n tan T p

n2
n1

3.15
90 $

T p  T2

90 $  T p

T2

n2
n1
n2
n1

n2
n1

sin T p
sin T 2
sin T p
sin( 90 $  T p )

sin T p
cos T p

tan T p

2-28 nro

. nro or
n
. n TP ornr
jo rnn
rrooonro
o n}rn nroron
n

2-8

58

tan 58 n
n 1.6

 - 21

3. r n r(calcite )
r (quartz) nn nn n
nn (double refracting crystal) n
(birefringent crystal)

2-29 nr n
rn

2-30 o E

nror }
2-29n}r onn nr
n o (ordinary ray) n
no nn r} 2-29
E (extraordinary ray) onn
nE 2-29 o}
nn no = nE n

oro
oo no
}o oo n
on nnrn
}n ron
ooo
4. r
nno rnon r
oonn r r
n (scattering)

 - 22

2-31 rr
n o
o
oo

r
n

2-31 nro
rn

8. rn
8.1 nnn
n
n nn non
n nnnn o
n }
onn
n}n 7 n

2-32 n

2-33 (T)

(D) }
nno n

n o (nn!n)

 - 23

n o Dn !D)
on
no(T!Tn)
8.2 o no nn
oo oo
o o 2

. o

. o

. o

3.23 o

o oo o
oo on
o oon
o 2 on
o 40q- 42q no nnon
o 51q - 54q nno non

 - 24

8.3 (scattering of light)

}r n
n on
n }n
}rn n i
}no n
o nn o n
ron 7 on n
o o
o o oj}
oj
on n n oj
nnoo n} i
er on
nj o}j
roo j
noj}j
o ro j
no o oj} o
8.4
8-4-1 nr

2-35 n

2-36 no

 - 25

n} ooonr o
}n(iris) n ndnn(pupil)o
oo o}r
o or r oo
nn
ro 25 cm
no no nn

- r onr
oroor oo
nnoro (f) n (D)
f = -D 2-37

()

()

2-37 o
() nnoro
( ) n

- rn nro
oroo or
25 cm n
oornr r

D ( 25 )
D  25

2-38

()

()

2-38 o
() on () nnor o 25 cm

 - 26

- }
nn orn
no onono
oonro noo
8-4-2 nnrn 2

- rn }rnoon
o
- r }rno n
o
r 3 nnn
n n n
n no r n o
nnn}o
o o r
n 1 o o o o
nno
onnr
o} n n
}nr n
n o
r noo
( , , ) }
o ( , j , n) or
2-41 n } } n}
o () o
8-4-3
nno
- n }non}
no on o
- n }non onj

 - 27

- }nno
o nno
}n
1. o o o
2. (pigment) ooo
no 3 on
n (j)
o ( )

2-39

n
j

,
,
,
, ,
-

o
, ,
n , ,
j , ,

, ,

3. 2 oo
3 n nn
(color substraction) o
= n + j
= j +
= n +
4. noo n
no}
o nn (complementary color) 3.28
+
=
=
n +
j() + =
noo
o

 - 28

1. (primary colour) noo

3
2.nn (addition of colored light)
o
+ =
+ = n
+ = (j)
3.noo n
o o
2-40 2-41

2-40

2-41 r
Red ( R ) , Green (G) , Blue (B) , Magenta(M) ,
Cyan (C )

+ =
+ j =
+ n =
n (filter)}noo
no non
on

 - 29

8.5 n (Illuminance)
1. nn nn
}on n} (lumen ; lm)
2. n (E) (F)
n nn}r (lx) , 1 r = 1 /
3. onn (I) (F) nn
1 n (Z) onnn} (cd)
I

onn

no o

on no

Z
F
4S
F
A

F
4SR 2

4SR 2

I
R2

I1
I2

(2-24)

R 12
R 22

n A o
E normal

E max

I
RA

n A

B
2-42 B
A

EA

E max cos T

EA

I
cos T
R A2

1. (Solid angle) o o
r n} (steradian) on Sr. o

(2-25)

A =
r =

 - 30

1
o
1 o 1 Sr. o
nn
4 2 non n
2
n 42 n 4

2-43 1 Sr

2. rnn (Luminous Flux) rnn

n solid angle or n} lumen o
n lm.
1 n solid angle 1 Sr. o Point
source onnn 1 candela
n Point source 1 candela 1
n 1
**** Point source n }o
n r , , r}o
2-44 n}

}o

(2-26)

= n n} lumen
I = onnn n} candela
= solid angle n n} steradian

r onn on
nn , nn , n}o

 - 31

3. onnn (Luminous intensity) n

solid angle o oo
non nn or I n
} candela on cd. o

................... (2-27)

1 cd = 1 lm/Sr.
4. nn (illuminance) nrnn ()
or E

...................

...................

(2-28)

(2-29)

1 }nn
2 }nn

2-45 n1 m2

nnno 2
n} foot - candle n fc.

 - 32

SI n} lux n lx
1 fc = 10.76 lux
5. n (luminance) on n
} n SI } foot - lambert (fl.)
nn o
n r n n o
n
6. nn (luminous efficacy) nnrn
n () ornn n} lumen / watt
n lm/w
n }onrj
nrnon no 40
W 11 lm/W nr 36 W 72 lm/W n
ono 6 n r
no 6 n onnrr
nnn oo on n
noo

 - 33

2-9 1 2500
4 5

( )

2000
2-10 64 36
144

,

0.50
2-11 1020
18
250
18 %

3.34

 - 34

2-12 1
6,400 20%

,
,

( )
(

56 %
2-13 25 500

()
()
()
15
120
750
40
500
2,700

- 15
- 40

- 15

- 40
40 200 W

200

 - 35

1. 500 nm
1.5 m 2 5 mm
[ 0.15 mm]
2.
d D
[

2 d

3.

500 nm 0.01 cm
1 1.5 m
[ 1.5 10-2 m]
4.

[

5
2

5. a
) a (650 nm) 300 [ 1,300 nm]
) 300 [ 433 nm]
6.
1.33 [ 37 ]
7. I m
I m
[ 45 135 ]
8. 590 nm
250 m
50 cm x
mm [ 1.18 mm]