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    AP Human Geography Unit 3 Study Guide

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    The study guide covers the following topics for the AP Human Geography exam: - Culture including definitions of culture, cultural complexes, local vs popular culture, cultural diffusion and cultural landscapes. - Religion including definitions, types of religions, major religious hearths, and the diffusion and landscapes of various religions. - Language including definitions, language divergence and convergence, official languages, and language and place names. - Identity including definitions of identity, concepts of identity around ethnicity, race and gender, and how identities are reflected in cultural landscapes.

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    AP Human Geography Unit 3 Study Guide

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    api-320457630
    246 views5 pages
    The study guide covers the following topics for the AP Human Geography exam: - Culture including definitions of culture, cultural complexes, local vs popular culture, cultural diffusion and cultural landscapes. - Religion including definitions, types of religions, major religious hearths, and the diffusion and landscapes of various religions. - Language including definitions, language divergence and convergence, official languages, and language and place names. - Identity including definitions of identity, concepts of identity around ethnicity, race and gender, and how identities are reflected in cultural landscapes.

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    The study guide covers the following topics for the AP Human Geography exam: - Culture including definitions of culture, cultural complexes, local vs popular culture, cultural diffusion and cultural landscapes. - Religion including definitions, types of religions, major religious hearths, and the diffusion and landscapes of various religions. - Language including definitions, language divergence and convergence, official languages, and language and place names. - Identity including definitions of identity, concepts of identity around ethnicity, race and gender, and how identities are reflected in cultural landscapes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    246 views5 pages

    AP Human Geography Unit 3 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    api-320457630
    The study guide covers the following topics for the AP Human Geography exam: - Culture including definitions of culture, cultural complexes, local vs popular culture, cultural diffusion and cultural landscapes. - Religion including definitions, types of religions, major religious hearths, and the diffusion and landscapes of various religions. - Language including definitions, language divergence and convergence, official languages, and language and place names. - Identity including definitions of identity, concepts of identity around ethnicity, race and gender, and how identities are reflected in cultural landscapes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    AP Human Geography

    Unit 3 Study Guide

    Use this study guide as a manual for your study process.


    Point Value __________________________________________________________________________
    40 points
    Format_______________________________________________________________________________
    30 Objective questions: multiple choice (20 minutes)
    1 Free Response question (25 minutes)
    Topic Guide__________________________________________________________________________
    Culture
    o Definition: involves a particular set of (learned) skills, values and meanings. A shared set of
    meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life
    o Culture is a combination of cultural complexes, each made up of cultural traits.
    o Local v. Popular Culture
    Differences between Material and Non-material Culture of the two forms of culture
    Think about our artifact analysis activity. What was different between the local
    cultural artifacts and the images of popular culture?
    Relative Location of Local Culture
    Found over small, remote areas, but very stable and unchanging
    Relative Location of Popular Culture
    Found over large, connected areas, but constantly changing
    How are Local Cultures Sustained
    Avoid cultural appropriation or assimilation by remaining largely in remote,
    isolated areas.
    Urban local cultures are also maintained through the growth of ethnic
    neighborhoods that can keep outsiders out, but the potential for appropriation is
    higher.
    Local Cultures and Cultural Appropriation
    The commodification of local culture can lead to questions of authenticity.
    Cultural Diffusion
    Distance Decay and Time-Space Compression
    Forms of diffusion
    o Contagious
    o Hierarchical
    o Stimulus
    o Relocation
    Local and Popular Culture do not exist in isolation, but rather are constantly interacting
    and being negotiated by people inhabiting spaces. Processes involved in the
    negotiation of cultural exchange.
    Syncretism-the blending of global culture with local culture.
    Reterritorialization-where an aspect of popular culture is imparted with and
    changed by the connection to local culture (i.e. Algerian Hip Hop, French Hip
    Hop, West Indian Hip Hip)
    Glocalization-where an aspect of local culture is exported into global or popular
    culture (i.e. the canals of Venice v. the Venetian Hotels in Las Vegas and
    Macau.)

    Cultural Subsystems-be able to identify


    Technology
    Ideology
    Institutions
    o Cultural Landscapes
    How is culture read on the landscape?
    Different perspectives of the landscape, D.W. Meinig 10 Perspectives on the Same
    Scene.
    Religion
    o Definition: A system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally
    perceived ultimate priorities
    o While part of the ideological subsystem of culture, religion manifests itself in each of the cultural
    subsystem.
    o Concepts of Divinity
    Monotheism
    Polytheism
    Animism
    o Types of Religions
    Universalizing Religions
    Ethnic Religions
    Indigenous Religions
    Secularism
    Sectarianism
    o Three Major Hearths of Religion
    Indus River Valley-Hinduism, Buddhism
    Yellow River-Taoism, Confucianism
    Eastern Mediterranean-Judaism, Christianity, Islam
    o

    Diffusion of Hinduism
    Hearth: Indus River Valley
    Ethnic Religion
    3rd Largest in the World
    Diffusion Type: Contagious
    Regions: South Asia, Southeast Asia
    Diffusion of Buddhism
    Hearth: Indus River Valley
    Universalizing Religion; splintered off of Hinduism
    Diffusion Types: Contagious, Stimulus
    Regions: East Asia, Southeast Asia
    Extremely syncretic with local cultures; i.e. Zen Buddhism v. Theravada Buddhism
    Diffusion of Confucianism

    Hearth: Yellow River


    Indigenous Religion
    Diffusion Type: Contagious
    Regions: East Asia
    Diffusion of Taoism

    Hearth: Yellow River


    Indigenous Religion
    Diffusion Type: Contagious
    Regions: East Asia
    o Diffusion of Judaism
    Hearth: Eastern Mediterranean
    Ethnic Religion
    Diffusion Type: Relocation, diasporic communities
    Regions: Europe, North America, Israel
    o Diffusion of Christianity
    Hearth: Eastern Mediterranean
    Universalizing Religion
    Largest Religion in the World; broken into various denominations
    Diffusion Type: Relocation, contagious
    Regions: Found throughout the world
    o Diffusion of Islam
    Hearth: Eastern Mediterranean
    Universalizing Religion
    Second Largest Religion in the World; division between Sunnis and Shiites
    Diffusion Type: Contagious
    Regions: Middle East, North Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, parts of eastern
    Europe
    o Religion in the Cultural Landscape
    Be able to identify how the following religions can be seen in the religious landscape:
    Hinduism
    Islam
    Christianity
    Judaism
    Theravada Buddhism
    Zen Buddhism
    o Religious Conflict
    Know the difference between interfaith boundaries (Jews and Muslims in Israel/Palestine)
    and intrafaith boundaries (Sunnis and Shiites in Iraq)
    Explain how religious fundamentalism and religious extremism cause religious conflict
    Recall the root causes of violence between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland
    through each of three following periods:
    Protestant Reformation to 19th Century
    19th Century to Irish Independence
    The Troubles
    Recall how the Good Friday Agreement attempted to mediate between the two groups
    in Northern Ireland.
    Language
    o The ability to communicate and understand ideas: mutual intelligibility
    o Standard Language and non-standard variants
    Dialects
    Accents
    o Language is an extremely important tool for asserting identity
    o Isoglosses: A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
    o Diffusion of language
    Language Divergence- Breakup of a language into dialects and then new languages
    from lack of interaction among speakers
    Factors promoting language divergence
    o Spatial isolation
    o Physical barriers to contact; i.e. islands, forests, mountains, deserts
    o Distance
    Linguists can figure out how languages diverged by using backwards
    reconstruction
    Language Divergence and the case of Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

    Renfrew Hypothesis: PIE spoken somewhere in the Fertile Crescent and then
    diffused outwardly along three routes
    o South and west through the Arabian peninsula and North Africa: Arabic,
    Hebrew, Aramaic
    o East through Central and South Asia: Hindi, Farsi, and Urdu
    o Westward through Europe: broke further into primary European language
    families such as Germanic, Romance, and Slavic
    Additions made to the Renfrew Hypothesis
    o Dispersal Theory: PIE diffused through Europe not by traveling directly
    west, but curving around the Caspian Sea and then heading west into
    Europe
    o Conquest Theory: PIE diffused through military conquest by warriors on
    horseback from the Caucuses, subjugating older European populations.
    o Agriculture Theory: PIE diffused spread along with the adoption of
    agricultural practices by the people of Europe. Farming techniques
    became the medium through which language spread. This theory
    supports why the Basque language (Euskera) remained untouched by the
    spread of PIE.
    Languages of Subsaharan Africa
    o The local and isolated nature of African cultures promoted large amounts
    of language divergence within African language families.
    o Hence many African nations have superimposed boundaries that brought
    different ethnic and linguistic groups together (i.e. Nigeria).
    Language Convergence- when peoples with different languages have consistent
    interaction and their languages blend into one
    Factors promoting language convergence
    o Contact
    o Forced Assimilation (i.e. Native American Boarding School Movement,
    Russification)
    o Imperialism (rise of pidgin an creole languages)
    o Commerce (lingua franca)
    o Technology (rise of global popular culture)
    Official Languages
    Monolingual Countries-countries with one official language (i.e. France, Spain,
    Japan); usually done to assert one, dominant national or ethnic identity
    Bilingual Countries-countries with two official languages (i.e. Belgium, Canada);
    usually done to make a compromise between two ethnic groups vying for
    dominance in a nation
    Multilingual Countries-countries with more than two official languages (i.e. India,
    South Africa, Nigeria); usually done in postcolonial nations to assert a pluralistic
    identity and to acknowledge peoples of different ethnic backgrounds.
    Global Language-the global language today is English and it seems that it will
    remain dominant as long as it remains the language of the computer revolution.
    Even as English is exported as the global language, it is influence by local culture,
    as well.
    Language and the Creation of Place
    Toponyms
    o Toponyms can reflect various physical and human characteristics of a
    place.
    Flora and fauna
    Linguistic differences
    Ethnic Heritage
    Economic Activity
    Ideology

    Identity
    o Definition: how we make sense of ourselves.
    o Identity is
    Inwardly and outwardly imposed

    Fluid and constantly changing


    Variable at different scales
    Developed by identifying against
    Concepts of Identity
    Ethnicity

    Constructed identity that is tied to a particular place.


    Creates a shared sense of identity through language, religion, customs, etc.
    Race
    Categorization of humans on the basis of physical characteristics
    Usually outwardly imposed and has been used to justify social status in society
    Gender
    As opposed to the biologically-related identity of sex, gender is a constructed
    identity of the learned or cultural significance of sex.
    Gender includes the accepted roles, behaviors, and customs for individuals of
    a certain sex by the prevailing culture.
    Identities and the Cultural Landscape
    Places can reflect the identity of the inhabitants (i.e. Chinatown, Devon Street in
    Chicago)
    The presence of ethnic neighborhoods in cities and gendered or sexualized spaces
    reflect this process.
    Places constantly change due to the identities of the current inhabitants. This leads to
    succession or sequent occupance changes. (i.e. former synagogues on the South Side
    becoming African American churches.)
    Power Relationships in Space
    Spaces may reflect different power relations between dominant and subservient groups.
    Examples of how power relationships affect a space:
    Undercounting of minority and vulnerable populations
    Undercounting of the activity of female or domestic work coupled with laws or
    practices that disenfranchise women.
    Residential segregation and underserved communities
    Competition between ethnic and racial groups within an underserved area

    Suggestions for studying_______________________________________________________________


    Start now
    Look over old notes
    Form a study group! You can work with anyone from this class and study together. Choose a
    comfortable meeting spot and DIVIDE and CONQUER the information. Quiz each other, make outlines,
    make flashcards, check IDs.

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