United States v. Garcia, 1st Cir. (1997)

USCA1 Opinion
_________________________
No. 95-1908
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v.
CEFERINO CRUZ,
Defendant, Appellant.
__________________________
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Richard G. Stearns, U.S. District Judge]
__________________________
Before
Selya, Acting Chief Judge,*
Bownes, Senior Circuit Judge,

Boudin, Stahl and Lynch,
Circuit Judges.
__________________________
Diana
L.
Maldonado, Federal Defender Office, on brief for
appellant.
Donald
K.
Stern, United States Attorney, Carole
S.
Schwartz
and Kevin P. McGrath, Assistant United States Attorneys, on brief

for appellee.
__________________________
July 28, 1997
__________________________
OPINION EN BANC
__________________________
__________________________
*Chief Judge Torruella did not participate in this proceeding.
SELYA, Acting
Chief
Judge. This appeal involves a
solitary issue: the propriety
vel non of the sentencing court's
decision to enhance the defendant's offense level (and, therefore
increase the ensuing sentence) by reason of what the court deemed

to be the defendant's aggravating role in the offense of
conviction.
See USSG S3B1.1(c).
The appeal was originally argued to a panel of this

court. On April 30, 1997, the panel, by a two-to-one vote,
determined that the sentencing court had committed clear error in

its application of the role-in-the-offense guideline. Because
role-in-the-offense determinations are a frequent source of
appellate litigation, and because the panel decision seemed out o

line with our customary approach to such determinations (and,
therefore, likely to create confusion in future cases), we electe

to reconsider the matter en banc. To that end, we withdrew the
panel opinion and solicited supplemental briefs from the parties.

We now uphold the district court's application of the USSG
S3B1.1(c).
We cull the facts from the plea colloquy, the presenten

investigation report (PSI Report), and the transcript of the
sentencing hearing.
See United States v. Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d
105, 107 (1st Cir. 1995); United States v. Dietz, 950 F.2d 50, 51
(1st Cir. 1991). In conducting this tamisage, we are mindful that
a sentencing court may consider facts contained in the PSI Report

as reliable evidence.
See United
States v. Morillo, 8 F.3d 864,
872 (1st Cir. 1993). Moreover, for sentencing purposes the court
may rely upon evidence adduced at a coconspirator's trial as long

as the defendant receives notice prior to its use and has the
opportunity to challenge its reliability.
See United
States v.
McCarthy, 961 F.2d 972, 979 (1st Cir. 1992);
United
States v.
Berzon, 941 F.2d 8, 19 (1st Cir. 1991). Of course, this court may
also consider facts which have been established by these methods.
On July 28, 1994, the defendant, Ceferino Cruz, greeted

Pam Mersky, an undercover Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
agent, as she entered La Tambora, a restaurant in Lawrence,
Massachusetts, which Cruz owned and operated. The defendant had
met Mersky one week earlier when he sold her 30.7 grams of crack
cocaine and a handgun.
Alejandro Vega, later indicted as a
coconspirator, approached Mersky inside the restaurant. Mersky

told him that she wanted to buy crack cocaine. Vega initially
feigned ignorance, but Mersky persisted. When she stated that the
defendant previously had supplied her with crack, Vega engaged th
defendant in a private conversation and thereafter told Mersky to

come back in 45 minutes.
Mersky returned to La Tambora to find Vega, but not the

defendant, present. A few minutes later Jeanette Marquez joined
Here, as the panel acknowledged, the PSI Report furnished th

defendant the advance notice that our case law requires. At any
rate, the facts which are critical to a proper resolution of this
appeal derive directly from the PSI Report and the proceedings in
which this defendant was personally involved.
This purchase took place at La Tambora, as did several earli

purchases of drugs, firearms, and ammunition effectuated by a
confidential DEA informant.
4
them. Vega introduced Marquez as the defendant's girlfriend.

Marquez (who was 14 years old and pregnant) wore a necklace
showcasing the defendant's first name. Marquez delivered the crac
cocaine to Mersky, and Mersky paid Vega for it. She then told Veg
that she wanted to purchase a gun. Vega replied that "he" didn't
realize that Mersky wanted a gun, too. In context, a factfinder
reasonably could believe that the pronoun "he" referred to Cruz.
In any event, Vega promised to contact Mersky after making furthe

inquiries.
Later that afternoon Vega told Mersky that he would sel

her a gun. Mersky met Vega a few blocks away from the restaurant
and they walked to La Tambora together. Once inside, Vega
conversed privately with the defendant and thereafter handed Mers
a bag containing a gun. The gun was frigid, suggesting that it ha

just been removed from a freezer or other cold storage.
Two subsequent events complete the picture. On August 3
Vega consulted the defendant before providing Mersky with bullets
On August 16, after Mersky expressed an interest in acquiring mor

crack and more firepower, Vega stated that guns were available
immediately but that the crack had to be delivered. The pair
strolled to La Tambora. Vega told Mersky to go behind the food
counter. Marquez hailed the defendant. He appeared, saw Vega and
Mersky, together, walked away without engaging in any conversatio

and returned moments later with a bag containing two guns. The
defendant handed the bag to Vega who, in turn, handed it to Mersk

She then inspected both weapons and purchased one of them.
Mersky and Vega then waited for the crack. When the
courier (Sixto Garcia) arrived, he nodded to them, but met

privately with Cruz. Mersky and Vega walked behind the food
counter; Garcia handed Cruz a plastic bag containing the crack
cocaine; Cruz gave the bag to Mersky; and Mersky, in turn, paid
Vega for it.
Cruz was indicted and convicted on charges of conspirac

to possess cocaine base (i.e., crack cocaine) with intent to
distribute, see 21 U.S.C. S 846, and conspiracy to sell firearms
illegally, see 18 U.S.C. S 922(a)(1)(A). The drug offense drove
the sentencing calculus. The PSI Report urged, inter alia, a twolevel upward adjustment for the defendant's leadership role.
See
USSG S3B1.1(c). In calculating the guideline sentencing range
(GSR), the district court accepted this suggestion (overriding th
prosecutor's contrary recommendation) and increased the defendant

offense level accordingly. This adjustment, together with other
computations (none of which is challenged here), yielded a GSR of

135 to 168 months. The lower court then imposed an incarcerative
sentence of 165 months. It is undisputed that, absent the role-in
the-offense adjustment, the GSR (and presumably the sentence) wou

have been less onerous.
The determination of an individual's role in committing

an offense is necessarily fact-specific.
See United
States v.
Graciani, 61 F.3d 70, 75 (1st Cir. 1995). Accordingly, appellate
Under the applicable grouping rules, the counts of convictio

are treated as separate units.
See USSG S3D1.2.

6
review must be conducted with considerable deference. Absent an

error of law
and it is not seriously suggested that such an erro

infected the sentencing process in this case
the sentencing
court's determinations are to be set aside only for clear error.

See id.
Role-in-the-offense adjustments address concerns of
relative responsibility.
See USSG S3B1.1(c), comment. (backg'd).
In this vein, the guideline provides, among other things, that "i
the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in
any criminal activity" involving one to three other participants,

the offense level should be increased by two levels. USSG
S3B1.1(c). Such an increase is justified if the sentencing court
supportably finds that (1) the criminal enterprise involved at
least two complicit participants (of whom the defendant may be
counted as one), and (2) the defendant, in committing the offense
exercised control over, organized, or was otherwise responsible f

superintending the activities of, at least one of those other
persons. See
Morillo, 8 F.3d at 872;
United States
v.
Savoie, 985
F.2d 612, 616 (1st Cir. 1993); United States v. Akitoye, 923 F.2d
221, 227 (1st Cir. 1991). The government bears the burden of
proving that a defendant qualifies for an upward role-in-the-
The fact that the government had agreed not to request the
enhancement, and did not do so, does not compress the district
court's discretion. The sentencing judge has the ultimate

responsibility for the sentence and may decide to pursue matters
the teeth of an agreement by both sides to go in a different
direction.
See United
States v.
Vaknin, 112 F.3d 579, 585 (1st
Cir. 1997).
7
offense adjustment, and must carry that burden by a preponderance

of the evidence.
See
United
States v. Voccola, 99 F.3d 37, 44
(1st Cir. 1996); United

States v.
Ortiz, 966 F.2d 707, 717 (1st
Cir. 1992).
In this instance, we think that the evidence, viewed as

a whole, supports the district court's finding. The record
suggests that Cruz was at the center of a well-organized series o
drug and weapon sales, conducted at or through the restaurant tha

he owned and operated. The evidence also suggests that Cruz
involved various individuals not only as facilitators but also as

go-betweens in an effort to limit his own apparent involvement.
This pattern is familiar in many sophisticated but illegal

transactions.
See, e.g., United

States v. Catlett, 97 F.3d 565,
569-70 (D.C. Cir. 1996);

United States
v.
Evans, 92 F.3d 540, 54142 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 537 (1996).
The district judge made a specific finding that Cruz wa

"the motivating principal in this drug distribution scheme" and
that he was a manager vis-a-vis both Vega and Marquez. Leaving
Vega aside, if Cruz supervised Marquez in connection with the Jul
28 transaction, that incident alone would provide an adequate bas

for the enhancement.
See
Voccola, 99 F.3d at 43-44 (explaining
that a single directed transaction is enough to confer organizer

manager status); see also USSG S3B1.1, comment. (n.2). And the
district court's finding is sustainable in that regard. After all

a defendant's role in the offense can be proved wholly by
circumstantial evidence and the circumstances here adequately
support the inferences that the district court drew from them.
In particular, the court's specific determinations that
Cruz, age 44, "provided the impetus for the crime," "supplied the
product," and, in the bargain, exercised dominance over his 14-
year-old paramour in regard to the July 28 transaction, while not
unarguable, pass muster under the clearly erroneous standard. Cru
had been enmeshed in trafficking with Mersky earlier. He owned La

Tambora, the locus around which the illicit activity pirouetted.
Moreover, Cruz was probably the "he" referred to by Vega as not
knowing that Mersky wanted a gun "too." The preponderance standar
obtains during the sentencing phase of a criminal case and the od

are certainly better than even that Marquez, 14 years old and
pregnant, was acting at someone else's direction in serving as th
transporter in a multi-party drug transaction. We think that most

people would say that, as between Cruz and Vega, the strong
likelihood is that Marquez acted at the direction of her much old

boyfriend. Surely, a reasonable trier could conclude that this
deduction is more likely true than not. Thus, the district court'
appraisal that Cruz oversaw Marquez meets the preponderance test
because of its logical force and inherent probability.
Despite the lessened burden of proof
preponderance" rather than "beyond reasonable doubt"
"fair
and the
deferential standard of review which pertain here, we recognize
Even if Vega and Cruz jointly controlled Marquez, Cruz would

still be a manager under the guidelines.
See USSG S3B1.1, comment.

(n.4).
9
that whether Cruz might be deemed an organizer or manager is a

close question. Yet it would not profit us to dwell on the
inferences that the defendant would have us draw from the predica
facts. While those inferences are rational and the scenario to
which they lead is possible, the trial judge eschewed them in fav
of different, equally permissible inferences, leading to a
different scenario
a scenario that depicts the defendant as a
manager. In sentencing, as elsewhere in the law, when competing

inferences plausibly can be drawn from a set of facts, the
factfinder's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous. See

United States v. Ruiz, 905 F.2d 499, 508 (1st Cir. 1990).
We need go no further. In the circumstances at bar, the

determination of the defendant's role in the offense is fact-
specific, and the facts of record reasonably can be interpreted t

attribute managerial status, more likely than not, to him. That
ends the matter: close, factbound questions are grist for the
district court's mill, not for second-guessing by appellate judge

perusing a cold record.
Affirmed.
Bownes, Senior
Circuit
Judge. (dissenting). I dissent
from the en banc opinion because I continue to think that the
original panel opinion was correct.
10

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USCA1 Opinion

Bownes, Senior Circuit Judge,

and Kevin P. McGrath, Assistant United States Attorneys, on brief

*Chief Judge Torruella did not participate in this proceeding.

vel non of the sentencing court's

decision to enhance the defendant's offense level (and, therefore

increase the ensuing sentence) by reason of what the court deemed

See USSG S3B1.1(c).

The appeal was originally argued to a panel of this

determined that the sentencing court had committed clear error in

appellate litigation, and because the panel decision seemed out o

therefore, likely to create confusion in future cases), we electe

panel opinion and solicited supplemental briefs from the parties.

We cull the facts from the plea colloquy, the presenten

See United States v. Tejada-Beltran, 50 F.3d

(1st Cir. 1991). In conducting this tamisage, we are mindful that

a sentencing court may consider facts contained in the PSI Report

may rely upon evidence adduced at a coconspirator's trial as long

McCarthy, 961 F.2d 972, 979 (1st Cir. 1992);

also consider facts which have been established by these methods.

On July 28, 1994, the defendant, Ceferino Cruz, greeted

Alejandro Vega, later indicted as a

coconspirator, approached Mersky inside the restaurant. Mersky

defendant previously had supplied her with crack, Vega engaged th

defendant in a private conversation and thereafter told Mersky to

Mersky returned to La Tambora to find Vega, but not the

Here, as the panel acknowledged, the PSI Report furnished th

rate, the facts which are critical to a proper resolution of this

This purchase took place at La Tambora, as did several earli

them. Vega introduced Marquez as the defendant's girlfriend.

showcasing the defendant's first name. Marquez delivered the crac

In any event, Vega promised to contact Mersky after making furthe

Later that afternoon Vega told Mersky that he would sel

conversed privately with the defendant and thereafter handed Mers

a bag containing a gun. The gun was frigid, suggesting that it ha

Two subsequent events complete the picture. On August 3

Vega consulted the defendant before providing Mersky with bullets

On August 16, after Mersky expressed an interest in acquiring mor

Mersky, together, walked away without engaging in any conversatio

defendant handed the bag to Vega who, in turn, handed it to Mersk

courier (Sixto Garcia) arrived, he nodded to them, but met

Cruz was indicted and convicted on charges of conspirac

USSG S3B1.1(c). In calculating the guideline sentencing range

(GSR), the district court accepted this suggestion (overriding th

prosecutor's contrary recommendation) and increased the defendant

computations (none of which is challenged here), yielded a GSR of

sentence of 165 months. It is undisputed that, absent the role-in

the-offense adjustment, the GSR (and presumably the sentence) wou

The determination of an individual's role in committing

Graciani, 61 F.3d 70, 75 (1st Cir. 1995). Accordingly, appellate

Under the applicable grouping rules, the counts of convictio

See USSG S3D1.2.

review must be conducted with considerable deference. Absent an

and it is not seriously suggested that such an erro

court's determinations are to be set aside only for clear error.

See USSG S3B1.1(c), comment. (backg'd).

the defendant was an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor in

any criminal activity" involving one to three other participants,

counted as one), and (2) the defendant, in committing the offense