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    Nitrogen Cycle Report

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    Dom Gudez
    The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the movement of nitrogen through the biosphere and atmosphere. It involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen gas to ammonia through biological or industrial processes. Ammonification converts organic nitrogen into ammonia through decomposition. Nitrification oxidizes ammonia to nitrites then nitrates. Denitrification converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas. Anammox bacteria can directly convert ammonium and nitrites to nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, completing the cycle.

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    Nitrogen Cycle Report

    Uploaded by

    Dom Gudez
    1K views26 pages
    The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the movement of nitrogen through the biosphere and atmosphere. It involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen gas to ammonia through biological or industrial processes. Ammonification converts organic nitrogen into ammonia through decomposition. Nitrification oxidizes ammonia to nitrites then nitrates. Denitrification converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas. Anammox bacteria can directly convert ammonium and nitrites to nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, completing the cycle.

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    The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the movement of nitrogen through the biosphere and atmosphere. It involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen gas to ammonia through biological or industrial processes. Ammonification converts organic nitrogen into ammonia through decomposition. Nitrification oxidizes ammonia to nitrites then nitrates. Denitrification converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas. Anammox bacteria can directly convert ammonium and nitrites to nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, completing the cycle.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views26 pages

    Nitrogen Cycle Report

    Uploaded by

    Dom Gudez
    The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle, which is the movement of nitrogen through the biosphere and atmosphere. It involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, and anammox. Nitrogen fixation converts nitrogen gas to ammonia through biological or industrial processes. Ammonification converts organic nitrogen into ammonia through decomposition. Nitrification oxidizes ammonia to nitrites then nitrates. Denitrification converts nitrates back to nitrogen gas. Anammox bacteria can directly convert ammonium and nitrites to nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions, completing the cycle.

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    The Biogeochemical Cycles

    Nitrogen Cycle
    Nitrogen

    Nitrogen
    -one of the most essential elements
    -used to produce a number of complex molecules like
    amino acids, nucleic acids and lipids
    - covers 78% of the earth atmosphere
    -cannot be used by most of the living organisms until
    fixed
    Nitrogen

    +
    N2 AMMONIFICATION
    SYNTHESIS
    FIXATION NH
    Amino
    NH43
    Ammonium
    Atmospheric
    Nitrogen
    acids
    Ammonia
    Nitrogen Cycle

    Nitrogen Cycle
    -the movement of nitrogen between the earth and the
    atmosphere
    -consists of a series of processes that convert nitrogen
    gas to organic substances and these back to nitrogen in
    nature
    - nitrogen cycle can be broken down into five types of
    reactions
    Anammox
    Reactions of Nitrogen Cycle
    • Nitrogen fixation
    • Ammonification
    • Nitrification
    • Denitrification
    • Anammox
    Nitrogen Fixation

    Nitrogen Fixation
    N2 FIXATION
    NH3
    Atmospheric Ammonia
    Nitrogen
    -reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
    -requires alot of energy to break the N2 bond
    Nitrogen Fixation

    Ways to Fix Nitrogen


    1. Atmospheric Fixation- using enormous energy of lightning
    to break nitrogen molecules
    2. Industrial Fixation- use of atmospheric nitrogen and
    hydrogen as a catalyst under a great temperature(600°C)
    3. Biological Fixation- fixation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
    Nitrogen Fixation

    Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterias
    -contain an enzyme complex called nitrogenase
    - use at least 16 ATP on each N2
    Nitrogenase
    -catalyst in the nitrogen-fixation
    -it supplies oxygen and ATP
    -consists of two distinct proteins, dinitrogenase and
    dinitrogenase reductase
    Examples of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (*photosynthetic bacterium)

    Nitrogen Cycle
    Free living Symbiotic with plants
    Aerobic Anaerobic Legumes Other plants
    Azotobacter Clostridium (some) Rhizobium Frankia
    Beijerinckia Desulfovibrio Azospirillum
    Klebsiella (some) Purple sulphur bacteria*
    Cyanobacteria (some)* Purple non-sulphur
    bacteria*
    Green sulphur bacteria*

    *Examples of nitrogen-fixing bacteria (*photosynthetic bacterium)


    Red nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots of a black alder
    tree. The nodules contain symbiotic Frankia sp. bacteria

    Nodules on the roots


    of soybean plants
    containing
    Rhizobium sp. bacteria
    Desulfovibrio sapovorans

    Desulfovibrio vulgaris

    Desulfovibrio desulfuricans
    Ammonification

    Ammonification
    -decomposition process that converts organic nitrogen
    into ammonia (NH3) or ammonium in neutral environment
    -performed by a large variety of organism, aerobes and
    anaerobes as well as fungi(decomposers)
    Ammonification

    Ammonification Process
    1. Initially done through the action of extracellular
    proteolytic enzymes
    2. The breakdown products goes into the cell
    3. Release of ammonium
    Streptomyces coelicolor colonies

    Bacillus cereus colonies on
    sheep blood agar plate
    Nitrification

    Nitrification
    -oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrate
    -done by a group of bacteria collectively known as nitrifiers
    -a cooperative two-step process
    Nitrification

    Nitrification Process
    1. Nitrosomonas (ammonia-oxidizing bacteria), oxidizes
    ammonia to nitrite(Nitritation)
    2. Nitrospira (nitrite-oxidizing bacteria) oxidizes nitrite to
    nitrate (Nitratation)
    - -
    NH3 NITRITATION
    NO 2
    NITRATATION
    NO 3
    Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate
    Nitrosomonas sp. bacteria
    Uptake of Pyruvate by
    Nitrosomonas(green) and Nitrospira(red).
    Taken via microautoradiography
    Denitrification

    Denitrification
    -conversion of nitrates into primarily nitrogen gas but also
    nitrous oxide
    -done by denitrifying bacterias

    - N2 + N2O
    NO 3
    NITRITATION

    Nitrate Atmospheric Nitrous


    Nitrogen Oxide
    Denitrification

    Environmental Consequences of Denitrification


    -N2O can be photochemically oxidized to NO in the
    atmosphere. NO reacts with the ozone (O 3) in the to form
    nitrite (NO2-), and this returns to Earth as nitric acid
    (HNO2).
    thinning of ozone layer
    formation of acid rain
    Pseudomonas aeruginosa (XLD)Xylose Paracoccus denitrificans
    lysine deoxycholate agar plate
    Annamox

    Annamox
    -oxidation of ammonium under anaerobic conditions to
    form atmospheric nitrogen(N2)
    -bacteria capable of this process possess a special
    membrane-bound organelle called annamoxosomes
    + N2 +2H2O
    NH + NO2-
    4
    ANNAMOX

    Ammonium Atmospheric water


    Nitrate
    Nitrogen
    Groups of annamox bacteria
    • Brocadia
    • Kuenenia
    • Anammoxoglobus
    • Jettenia (all fresh water species)
    • Scalindua(marine species)
    Reaction Microorganism Conditions Process
    Nitrogen Nitrogen-fixing Aerobic/ The first step in the synthesis of virtually all
    fixation bacteria e.g. anaerobic nitrogenous compounds. Nitrogen gas is fixed into
    Rhizobium forms other organisms can use.

    Ammonification Ammonifying bacteria Aerobic/ The decomposers, certain soil bacteria and fungi,
    (decay) (decomposers) anaerobic break down proteins in dead organisms and animal
    wastes, releasing ammonium ions which can be
    converted to other nitrogen compounds.

    Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Aerobic Nitrification Nitrifying bacteria Aerobic Nitrification


    (e.g. Nitrosomonas, is a two-step process. Ammonia or ammonium ions
    Nitrobacter) are oxidized first to nitrites and then to nitrates,
    which is the form most usable by plants.

    Denitrification Denitrifying bacteria Anaerobic Nitrates are reduced to nitrogen gas, returning
    nitrogen to the air and completing the cycle.

    Annamox Bacterias with Anaerobic Ammonium ions are oxidize to nitrogen gas, thus
    annamoxosomes returning the nitrogen in the atmosphere
    Anammox

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