Review of Dual Clutch Transmission Systems
Review of Dual Clutch Transmission Systems
Review of Dual Clutch Transmission Systems
MECH5195 Automotive Driveline Engineering
Assignment 2
Review of dual clutch transmission systems
Iain Robertson
200114432
Iain Robertson MECH5195 Assignment 2
Review of dual clutch transmission systems
Traditionally vehicle transmission systems have incorporated either a single clutch or a
torque converter between the engine and the drivetrain. These allow the engine to run
while the vehicle is at rest without the engine stalling. To date the majority of consumer
vehicles have featured either a manual transmission or an epicyclic automatic
transmission, while a small number of vehicles have incorporated continuously variable
transmission (CVT) systems. In recent years, however, a growing number of
manufacturers have been developing and manufacturing dual clutch transmissions
(DCT) for use on consumer vehicles. This type of transmission offers benefits over both
traditional manual transmissions and epicyclic automatic transmissions. This report
investigates the technology employed in DCT systems and the benefits which such
systems provide.
History of the DCT
The original concept behind dual clutch transmissions was introduced in 1940 [1]. This
concept was further developed through motorsport [2]. It is only recently, however, that
the concept was developed to a level suited to high volume production [1]. One of the
first commercial systems to be developed and fitted to a production vehicle was the DSG
(Direct Shift Gearbox) system introduced by Volkswagen group in conjunction with
BorgWarner, as shown in figure 1 [2,3]. This system was released to critical acclaim.
Following on from this success DCT systems are becoming commonplace within the
automotive industry, with commercial systems currently being offered by Porsche,
BMW and Fiat among others [4,5]. Reasons for the increase in popularity of these
systems will be investigated after an introduction in the dual clutch transmission
concept itself.
DCT Transmissions – what, why and how?
The automotive industry is constantly working to improve efficiency throughout the
entire vehicle system. Extensive work has been undertaken into improving the
efficiency of engines, leading to a surge in popularity of modern TDI (turbocharged
direct injection) diesel engines throughout the European sector [1]. Such engines
produce high torques at low speeds, a range in which the torque converters present in
traditional automatic gearboxes are at their least efficient. For this reason most TDI
engines have been mated to traditional manual gearboxes. This choice of gearbox alone
can reduce the fuel consumption of a TDI vehicle by 15‐25% [1]. An alternative solution
was sought which would provide the efficiency of a manual gearbox mated with the
convenience and comfort of a traditional automatic gearbox. This led to a surge in
development of DCT systems which were found to meet this brief very effectively.
A dual clutch transmission system is based on a traditional manual gearbox but features
two separate clutches, a drive clutch and a non‐drive clutch [6]. Similarly there are two
input shafts where a normal manual gearbox would only have one. The setup of a typical
DCT is shown in figure 3. At any point in time the drive clutch is connected to a gear
from the gear train, providing drive to the wheels. At the same time the non‐drive clutch
is connected to the next gear to be used. When the driver wants to change gear the drive
clutch and non drive clutch are swapped over. This ensures that the anticipated next
gear is always pre‐selected [2]. The even numbered gears are mated to one clutch, while
the odd numbered gears are mated to the other [6]. This allows sequential gear shifting
to take place, but means that the driver cannot miss a gear as is possible with a manual
gear box, for example shifting from 4th gear to 2nd gear. The gear change can be initiated
Iain Robertson MECH5195 Assignment 2
On vehicle ignition first gear is already engaged. There is no torque transferred to the
wheels, however, as the first clutch, attached to the odd numbered gears, is open [1].
When motion is initiated by the driver selecting either fully automatic ‘D’ mode or using
the gear selector to engage first gear the electronic controller actuates the hydraulic unit
which closes the first clutch. As the clutch plates come into slipping contact the engine
torque is transferred to the wheels via the gear set and associated synchronisers,
providing drive [1]. Second gear is already preselected and attached to the second
clutch, which is open and not transferring torque. On initiating an upshift the first clutch
disengages as the same speed as the second clutch engages [1]. This allows a seamless
torque shift between the two gear pairs, and allows continuous drive during the gear
change process. This is a stark contrast to a manual gearbox where there is no torque
transfer from the engine to the wheels while gear changes are being performed. As soon
as clutch one is disengaged, third gear can be preselected and attached to the first clutch
which is then ready to swap over with the second clutch to complete the transition from
second gear to third. Software is written to predict which gear will next be required
according to the behaviour of the driver [1].
Types of DCT
The first commercial DCT system to hit the market, DSG, and many of the subsequent
competing designs featured twin wet clutches. This original system was capable of
transmitting torques up to 350Nm, making it suitable for the Volkswagen Group’s entire
range of diesel engines [1]. The DCT concept has been further developed since this time,
with newer generations being able to handle 550Nm [7] (unit shown in figure 2),
750Nm [8] and even 1250Nm in the Bugatti Veyron [1,10]. Development in other areas
has led to the creation of seven speed DCTs for high performance vehicles, as well as low
cost DCT solutions for emerging markets [3]. The greatest variation from the design of
the DSG system, however, is the development of the Ford dry dual clutch system for
North America. Using dual dry clutches rather than wet clutches provides increased
efficiency, however, the torque capacity of the system is reduced [9]. This makes such
systems unsuitable for use with diesel engines which typically have high torque outputs.
With a torque capacity of 280Nm this system is suited to the company’s mid range
petrol vehicles and is hoped to help encourage US buyers to move away from popular
but inefficient traditional automatic transmissions.
Benefits of DCTs
A traditional automatic offers ease of use, particularly for those not familiar with the
operation of manual transmissions, coupled with exceptional comfort levels provided by
very smooth gear shifts [1,6]. This has led to such systems being frequently employed on
larger, luxury cars. The downside of this type of transmission however is that they
provide a comparatively poor mechanical efficiency when compared to most other types
Iain Robertson MECH5195 Assignment 2
of transmission [2]. Existing designs of automatic transmission are capable of handling
very high levels of torque output. For this reason cars with high levels of torque, for
example the Audi 4.2 V8 TDI, have only been offered with traditional automatic
transmissions. More discerning drivers may be put off by the notion of be required to
accept an automatic transmission and would stay away from models in which this is the
case. Furthermore such systems are costly and time consuming to design.
Traditional manual transmissions have long been considered the true drivers choice of
transmission as the process of changing gear is left entirely to the driver. These systems
are cheaper to manufacture than automatics and have been shown to be significantly
more mechanically efficient. Manual systems do not possess the ability, however, to
transfer torque during the gear change process. This torque interrupt leads to
deterioration in ride quality and comfort for the driver. Furthermore in developing
countries manual transmissions are rarely adopted due to their steeper learning curve
[3].
Dual clutch transmissions offer benefits over both manual and automatic single clutch
transmissions. Firstly they are significantly more mechanically efficient that epicyclic
automatic transmissions. Tests of a low cost DCT system designed for emerging markets
demonstrated a 13% increase in fuel efficiency over an identical vehicle fitted with an
epicyclic automatic transmission [3]. This is largely due to the decrease in mass and
inertia which is possible through not requiring a torque converter [1]. Furthermore this
system is both compact and low cost, making it a truly viable alternative to standard
automatics. DCT systems do not require the driver to alter their driving style, and can be
entirely electronically controlled. For those drivers who prefer a manual transmission
however, DCTs can be set up to work in the same way as an automated (or clutchless)
manual transmission. Here the driver has full control over when to change gear, but the
changes themselves are handled electronically to maximise efficiency. The benefit of a
DCT over a traditional manual transmission is that there is no torque interrupt, which in
turn can improve performance. When the Porsche Carrera S was fitted with a seven
speed DCT system its 0‐100kph sprint time fell from 4.7 seconds with a manual
transmission to 4.3 seconds in DCT sports mode [4]. In this example the fuel
consumption of the vehicle also fell by 0.1 litres, although this comparison was made
between a seven speed DCT and a six speed manual. A further DCT benefit is their
flexibility; such systems can be fitted to both high torque diesel engines and high
revving petrol engines without any modification, something which is untrue of any other
type of transmission [1].
Disadvantages of DCTs
While dual clutch transmissions offer significant advantages in many areas they are still
a relatively new technology and still offer certain disadvantages. Direct comparisons
between DCTs and manual transmissions have yielded different results with regard to
fuel efficiency. The VW DSG system was tested on release and found to offer a 7% higher
fuel consumption over the manual version in the Golf TDi [2]. A similar test focusing on
the Golf R32, however, found that the DCT system provided a 10% decrease in fuel
consumption [1]. It is clear therefore that the efficiency of such systems is dependent on
the application, and while their efficiency is always close to that of a manual
transmission, it is not always on a par or better. Fine tuning of DCT systems takes place
entirely within software embedded into the control system. This requires highly
complex algorithms to be able to accurately predict which gear is going to be selected
next, and to ensure that the engine constantly runs within its most efficient speed range
[4,1]. The creation of such algorithms is highly complex and it takes time to compile and
test successful software. A further disadvantage of DCT systems is their inability to
undertake multiple downshifts, i.e. changing from 5th gear to 3rd gear. This cannot be
Iain Robertson MECH5195 Assignment 2
carried out due to 5th gear and 3rd gear both being connected to the same clutch, so 4th
gear must be engaged before shifting down into 3rd. This is an area in which manual
gearboxes are very flexible and offer the driver an increased level of control. Work
completed by Porsche is helping to negate this issue through complex control strategies
[4]. Although DCT systems have been shown to be very flexible, suited to both diesel and
petrol engines without modification, this has only been made possible through extensive
lubricant development. Development in this area has led to the increase in torque
capacity of DCT systems, from an initial 350Nm up to as high as 750Nm [8]. Mainstream
DCT systems, the system used in the exceptional Bugatti Veyron aside, are yet to reach
the torque capacity of torque converter automatics [8]. It is expected that further work
on DCT lubricants will close this gap, but this will take time and require costly research
and development work.
Conclusions
Dual clutch transmission systems have been widely adopted since their introduction,
and expectations are that their popularity will continue to surge given the benefits they
offer. These systems offer the efficiency of a traditional manual transmission, in many
cases actually offering a significant increase in mechanical efficiency. They also offer the
smoothness and convenience of a traditional automatic transmission, with torque
capacities which are starting to rival such torque converter based systems. DCT
development costs are already lower than those for an epicyclic automatic, and the
systems are very flexible being equally suited to petrol and diesel engines. There is still
work to be done in developing the DCT concept, and effective software is required to
maximise the potential of these systems. Dual clutch transmissions have already had a
real impact on the automotive industry and have the potential to replace manual
transmissions as the transmission of choice in Europe and automatics in North America.
Figure 1 – Schematic of VW DSG system [2]
Iain Robertson MECH5195 Assignment 2
Figure 2 – Audi 7 speed 550Nm DCT [7]
Figure 3 ‐ Setup of a typical DCT system [1]
Iain Robertson MECH5195 Assignment 2
References
[1] – ‘Dual Clutch Transmissions – Lessons Learned and Future Potential’, B. Matthes,
SAE Technical Paper Series 2005‐01‐1021, 2005
[2] – ‘Technology on Test: DSG – VW launches the Automatic GTi’, P. de Nayer,
Automotive Engineer vol. 29 issue 7, p. 35‐36, 2004
[3] – ‘BorgWarner cuts dual‐clutch cost’, Automotive Engineer vol. 33 issue 4, p. 43
[4] – ‘Porsche 911 sports car gets dual‐clutch gearbox’, Automotive Engineer vol. 33
issue 7, p. 44
[5] – ‘Fiat builds dual clutch capacity’, Automotive Engineer vol. 33 issue 2, p.45
[6] – ‘Development of a Dual‐Clutch Transmission System for ATVs’, K. Mizuno, S.
Hamaoka, E. Kittaka, M. Kobayashi, SAE Technical Paper Series 2009‐01‐0514, 2009
[7] – ‘Audi gearbox adds an extra shift’, Automotive Engineer vol. 33 issue 4, p. 46, 2008
[8] – ‘Better lubricants work with high‐torque DCTs’, Automotive Engineer vol. 34 issue
1, p.49, 2009
[9] – ‘Dry dual clutches propel Ford’s US strategy’, Automotive Engineer vol. 34 issue 2,
p. 50, 2009
[10] ‐ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/driving/new_car_reviews
/article578444.ece, accessed 08/05/09