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    Gears Presentation

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    Naveen Yadav
    The document discusses various topics related to gear design including: 1. The main types of gears - spur, helical, bevel, and worm gears. 2. Key gear terminology like pitch circle, diametral pitch, pressure angle, addendum and other profile parameters. 3. Forces transmitted by gears and equations to calculate torque and power. 4. Factors that influence gear strength like dynamic load, reliability, and geometry per the AGMA standard. 5. Material properties that determine gear bending strength and factors to adjust for operating conditions.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    Gears Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Yadav
    372 views33 pages
    The document discusses various topics related to gear design including: 1. The main types of gears - spur, helical, bevel, and worm gears. 2. Key gear terminology like pitch circle, diametral pitch, pressure angle, addendum and other profile parameters. 3. Forces transmitted by gears and equations to calculate torque and power. 4. Factors that influence gear strength like dynamic load, reliability, and geometry per the AGMA standard. 5. Material properties that determine gear bending strength and factors to adjust for operating conditions.

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    The document discusses various topics related to gear design including: 1. The main types of gears - spur, helical, bevel, and worm gears. 2. Key gear terminology like pitch circle, diametral pitch, pressure angle, addendum and other profile parameters. 3. Forces transmitted by gears and equations to calculate torque and power. 4. Factors that influence gear strength like dynamic load, reliability, and geometry per the AGMA standard. 5. Material properties that determine gear bending strength and factors to adjust for operating conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    372 views33 pages

    Gears Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Naveen Yadav
    The document discusses various topics related to gear design including: 1. The main types of gears - spur, helical, bevel, and worm gears. 2. Key gear terminology like pitch circle, diametral pitch, pressure angle, addendum and other profile parameters. 3. Forces transmitted by gears and equations to calculate torque and power. 4. Factors that influence gear strength like dynamic load, reliability, and geometry per the AGMA standard. 5. Material properties that determine gear bending strength and factors to adjust for operating conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    At a glance
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    The document discusses different types of gears like spur, helical, bevel and worm gears. It also covers gear terminology, design considerations and how to calculate load transmission.

    The main types of gears discussed are spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears. Each is used to transmit motion between different configurations of shafts.

    Common gear terminology includes pinion, gear, pitch circle, circular pitch, module, diametral pitch, addendum, dedendum, clearance, working depth, and whole depth.

    Gears

    What we need to Know about them.


    1. Type of gears
    2. Terminologies or nomenclatures
    3. Forces transmitted
    4. Design of a gear box
    Type of Gears

    • Spurs
    • Helical
    • Bevel
    • And Worm Gears
    Spur Gears

    Are used in transmitting torque between parallel shafts


    Helical Gears

    Are used in transmitting torques between parallel or non


    parallel shafts, they are not as noisy as spur gears
    Fig. 13.2
    Bevel Gears
    • Are used to transmit
    rotary motion
    between intersecting
    shafts

    Teeth are formed on conical


    surfaces, the teeth could be
    straight or spiral.
    Worm Gears

    Are used for transmitting motion between non parallel


    and non transmitting shafts, Depending on the number of
    teeth engaged called single or double. Worm gear
    mostly used when speed ratio is quiet high, 3 or more
    Nomenclature

    Smaller Gear is Pinion and Larger one is the gear


    In most application the pinion is the driver, This reduces
    speed but it increases torque.
    Internal Spur Gear System
    pitch circle, theoretical circle upon which all calculation is based
    p, Circular pitch, p the distance from one teeth to the next, along
    the pitch circle. p=πd/N
    m, module=d/N pitch circle/number of teeth
    p= πm
    P, Diametral Pitch P=N/d
    pP= π
    Angle Φ has the values of 20 or 25 degrees. Angle 14.5
    have been also used.
    Gear profile is constructed from the base circle. Then
    additional clearance are given.
    How Gear Profile is constructed

    A1B1=A1A0, A2B2=2 A1A0 , etc


    Standard Gear Teeth
    Item 20o full depth 20o Stub 25o full depth
    Addendum a 1/P 0.8/P 1/P
    Dedendum 1.25/P 1/P 1.25/P
    Clearance f 0.25/P 0.2/P 0.25/P
    Working depth 2/P 1.6/P 2/P
    Whole depth 2.25/P 1.8/P 2.25/P
    Tooth thickness 1.571/P 1.571/P 1.571/P
    Face width 9/P<b<13/P 9/P<b<13/P 9/P<b<13/P
    Gear Trains

    n5 N1 N3 N4
     ( )( )( )
    n1 N2 N4 N5
    Planetary Gear train
    You can get high torque ratio in a smaller space

    There are two inputs to the planetary gears, RPM of sun and Ring,
    The out put is the speed of the arm.
    Example of planetary Gear train

    Gear 1, sun , RPM 1200, Number of teeth 20,


    Planet Gear , Number of teeth 30
    Ring Gear, Rotates RPM 120, and teeth of 80,
    ¼ horse power, find the speed of the arm and torque on the ring.
    Alternatively you may have Certain Out put Torque
    requirements
    Transmitted Load
    • With a pair of gears or gear sets, Power is
    transmitted by the force developed between
    contacting Teeth
    Ft  Fn cos 
    Fr  Fn sin  These forces
    2RPM have to be
    V  d / 2  d * d in, RPM rev./min, V
    60
    in/sec corrected for
    dn dynamic effects ,
    V  d in, n rpm, V fpm
    12 we discuss later,
    Tn considering
    hp 
    63000 Toque lb-in AGMA factors
    33000hp
    Ft 
    V V fpm
    FV Tn
    KW  t 
    1000 9549 T= N.m, V m/s, F Newton
    Some Useful Relations
    • F=33000hp/V V fpm English system

    • Metric System
    • KW=(FV)/1000=Tn/9549
    • F newton, V m/s, n rpm, T, N.m
    • hp= FV/745.7=Tn/7121
    Bending Strength of the a Gear Tooth
    Mc ( Ft L)t / 2 6 Ft
      3  2
    I bt / 12 bt

    Earlier Stress Analysis of the Gear Tooth was based on


    A full load is applied to the tip of a single tooth
    The radial load is negligible
    The load is uniform across the width
    Neglect frictional forces
    The stress concentration is negligible

    This equation does not consider stress concentration,


    dynamic effects, etc.
    Design for the Bending Strength of a Gear
    Tooth: The AGMA Method
    P Ks Km
      Ft K 0 K v U.S. Customary
    b J
    1.0 K s K m
      Ft K 0 K v SI units
    bm J
     Bending stress at the root of the tooth
    Ft  Transmitted tangential load
    K0  Overload factor
    Kv  Velocity factor
    P Diameteral pitch, P
    b Face width
    m Metric modue
    Ks  Size factor
    Km  Mounting factor
    J Geometry factor
    Your stress should not exceed
    allowable stress
    St K L
     all 
    KT K R
     all  Allowable bending stress
    S t  Bending Strength
    KL  Life factor

    KT  Temperature factor

    KR  Reliability factor
    Overload Factor - Ko
    Dynamic Factor - Kv

    -Even with steady loads tooth impact can cause shock loading
    -Impact strength depends on quality of the gear and the speed of
    gear teeth (pitch line velocity)
    -Gears are classified with respect to manufacturing tolerances:
    -Qv 3 – 7, commercial quality
    -Qv 8 – 12, precision
    -Graphs are available which chart Kv for different quality factors
    Load Distribution Factor - Km

    -Failure greatly depends on how load is distributed across face


    -Accurate mounting helps ensure even distribution
    -For larger face widths even distribution is difficult to attain
    -Note formula depends on face width which has to be estimated for initial iteration
    -Form goal: b < Dp; 6 < b*P < 16
    Reliability Factor - KR

    -Adjusts for reliability other than 99%


    - KR = 0.658 – 0.0759 ln (1-R) 0.5 < R <0.99
    - KR = 0.50 – 0.109 ln (1-R) 0.99 < R < 0.9999
    AGMA Geometry Factor - J

    -Updated Lewis Form Factor includes effect of stress concentration at fillet


    -Different charts for different pressure angles
    -Available for Precision Gears where we can assume load sharing (upper curves)
    -HPSTC – highest point of single tooth contact
    -Account for meshing gear and load sharing (contact ratio > 1)
    -Single tooth contact conservative assumption (bottom curve)
    -J = 0.311 ln N + 0.15 (20 degree)
    -J = 0.367 ln N + 0.2016 (25 degree)
    Bending Strength No. – St,
    Fatigue bending strength

    -Tabulated Data similar to fatigue strength


    -Range given because value depends on Grade
    -Based on life of 107 cycles and 99% reliability
    St – Analytical Estimate

    -Through hardened steel gears


    -Different charts for different manufacturing methods
    -Grade 1 – good quality
    St = 77.3 HB + 12,800
    -Grade 2 – premium quality
    St = 102 HB + 16,400
    Bending Strength Life Factor- KL

    -Adjusts for life goals other


    than 107 cycles
    -Fatigue effects vary with
    material properties and surface
    finishes
    -KL = 1.6831 N -0.0323 N>3E6

    Note: @ 2000 rpm reach 3


    million cycles in 1 day of
    service
    Example:
    A conveyor drive involving heavy-shock torsional loading is operated by an
    electric motor, the speed ratio is 1:2 and the pinion has Diameteral pitch P=10
    in-1, and number of teeth N=18 and face width of b=1.5 in. The gear has Brinnel
    hardness of 300 Bhn. Find the maximum horspower that can be transmitted,
    using AGMA formula.
    Gear Box Design

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