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TOPICS TO BE DELT IN THIS SEMINAR

` Frequency Management
` Designating the channels
` Numbering the channels

` Grouping into subsets

` Set-up channels
` Access channels
` Paging channels

` Definition of Channel Assignment

` Channel assignment to the cell sites ² Fixed Channel assignment
` Channel assignment to the travelling mobile units

` Fixed Channel Assignment

` Adjacent channel assignment
` Channel Sharing and Channel Borrowing

` Sectorization

` Underlay-overlay arrangement
TOPICS TO BE DELT IN THIS SEMINAR
` Nonfixed channel assignment algorithms
` Description of different algorithms
` Simulation process and results
FRQUENCY MANAGEMENT
Frequency management refers to
` designating set-up channels and voice channels
(done by FCC )
` numbering the channels (done by FCC ) and

` grouping the voice channels into subsets ( done

by each system according to its preference
DESIGNATING THE CHANNELS
` The total number of channels, as per the data
taken in January 1988, is 832. But most mobile
units and systems are still operating on 666
channels. Therefore we here deal with the 666
channel numbering system.

` A channel consists of two frequency channel

bandwidths, one is the low band for Mobile
transmit and the other is high band for Cell site
transmit.
NUMBERING THE CHANNELS
` ±±±m
The 666 channels are divided into
subsets of 21. The channels from 1-333 constitute Block A
System and the channels from 334-666 constitute Block B
System. The 42 channels assigned in the middle of all the
assigned channels are used to facilitate scanning of the
remaining channels by frequency synthesizer and are
called ¶Set up Channels.·

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NUMBERING THE CHANNELS
` (m
In the new additional
spectrum allocation of 10MHz system, an
additional 166 channels are assigned. Channels
are numbered from 1-799 and 991-1023. No
channel is numbered between 799 and 991.

` Block A : 1-333, 667-716, 991-1023

` Block B : 334-666, 717-799
 832 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT

 $ %

Freq 824 825 835 845 846.5 849 851 MHz

Channel # 991 1 333 666 716 799

1023

m %

Freq 869 870 880 890 891.5 894 896 MHz

Channel # 991 1 333 666 716 799

1023
SET-UP CHANNELS
` Also called Control Channel
` Designated to Set-up calls

` A system can be operated without setup channels

` Reason - 21 Sets in frequency Management Chart

` Classification of Setup Channels

Y Access channels ² for mobile originating calls
Y Paging channels ² for land originating callsReverse
` Reverse setup channel ² using the Lower Band ² Used as
Access channel ² Transmitted at Mobile Unit
` Forward setup channel ² using the Upper Band ² Used as
Paging channel ² Transmitted at Mobile Unit
ACCESS CHANNEL
` Mobile unit scanning & selecting
` Mobile unit detects the system information
transmitted from the cell site (Idle/Busy)

` When mobile unit scans 21 set-up channels in

Block A; two conditions can occur for it to switch
to Block B system
Y No set-up channels of block A are operational
Y If strong set-up signal strength is received but no
message (Idle/Busy bits) is detected
ACCESS CHANNEL - OPERATIONAL
FUNCTIONS

` Power of FOCC
` Set up Channel received level

` Change power at the mobile unit

Y Mobile station control message-DCC, MIN, SCC & VMAX
Y System parameter overhead message-DCC, SID, CMAX
Y Control filler message-CMAC

` Direct call retry

PAGING CHANNEL
` Each cell site has been allocated its own set up channel
` The assigned FOCC of each cell site is used to page the
mobile unit with the same mobile station control
message.
` No simulcast interference

` Simplest way-page from all cell site

-occupies large amount of the traffic load

` The other way-is to page in an area corresponding to

the mobile unit phone number

-if there is no answer, the system tries to
page in other areas
-response time is sometimes too long
-if the mobile unit responds to the page
on reverse set up channel
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
` Channel assignment refers to the allocation of
specific channels to cell sites and mobile unit.
Ideally channel assignment should be based on
causing the least interference in the system.
` Here we deal with
` Channel assignment to the cell sites ² Fixed Channel
assignment
` Channel assignment to the travelling mobile units
CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT TO THE CELL SITES
² FIXED CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
` In a fixed channel assignment, the channels are
usually assigned to the cell site for relatively long
periods. Two types of channels are assigned: set-
up channels and voice channels.

` This includes
` Set-up channels
` Voice channels
SET-UP CHANNELS
` There are 21 set-up channels assigned each cell
in a K=4, K=7, or K=12 frequency-reuse pattern.
If the set-up channel antenna is omnidirectional,
then each cell only needs one set-up channels.
This leaves many unused set-up channels.
However, the set-up channels of blocks A and B
are adjacent to each other. In order to avoid
interference between two systems, the set-up
channels in the neighborhood of channel 333 (
block A ) and channel 334 ( block B ) are
preferably unused.
VOICE CHANNELS
` The assignment of certain sets of voice channels
in each cell site is based on causing minimum co-
channel and adjacent-channel interference. Co-
channel and adjacent-channel interference can be
ca can be calculated.
SUPERVISORY AUDIO TONE
` The major factor of a Supervisory audio tone
(SAT) is to ensure that a SAT tone is sent out at
the cell site, is received by the mobile unit on a
forward voice channel, and is then sent back to
the cell site within 5 sec. If the time out is more
than 5 sec, the cell site will terminate the call.
Based on the assignment of SAT to each cell, we
can reduce cochannel interference.
 CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT TO TRAVELLING
MOBILE UNIT
` This situation always occur in the morning, when cars travel into
the city, and at night, when the traffic pattern reverses. When the
traffic becomes heavier, the traffic pattern becomes non-uniform
and the sites closest to the city, or in the city, cannot receive the
expected number of calls or hand-offs in the morning because of the
mobile unit antenna pattern. At night, as the cars move out of the
city, the cell site closest to the city would have a hard time handing-
off calls to the sites away from the city.

` To solve these problems, we have to use less transmitted power for

both set-up and voice channels for certain cell sites. We also have to
raise the threshold level for reverse set-up channels and voice
channels at certain cell sites in order to control the acceptance of
incoming calls and hand-off calls. Three methods can be used
` (a)Underlay-overlay (b)Frequency assignment & (c)Tilted Antennas
UNDERLAY-OVERLAY
` The traffic capacity at an omnidirectional cell or
a directional can be increased by using the
underlay-overlay arrangement. The underlay is
the inner circle, and the overlay is the outer ring.
The transmitted powers of the voice channels at
the site are adjusted for these two areas. Then
different voice frequencies are assigned to each
area.
UNDERLAY-OVERLAY
2

` Underlay- ` Underlay- ` Two level hand-

overlay in omni- overlay in off scheme
cell sectorized cell
FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT
` We assign the frequencies by a set of channels or
any part of a set or more than one set of the total
21 sets. Borrowed frequency sets are used when
needed. On the basis of coverage prediction, we
can assign frequencies intelligently at one site or
at one sector without interfering with adjacent
co-channel sectors or co-channel cells.
TILTED ANTENNA
` The tilted directional antenna arrangement can
eliminate interference. Sometimes antenna
tilting is more effective than decreasing antenna
height, especially in areas of tall trees or at high
sites. When the &&$ ' (
&(() (* !(( (
 +(  +),
+ ((( (+(-
FIXED CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT ²
(A) ADJACENT-CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT
` Adjacent channel assignment includes &$ (&
&%&-
` In an omnidirectional-cell system, if one channel is
assigned to the middle cell of seven cells, next channels
cannot be assigned in the same cell. Also, no next channel
(!(+($ &&$ (&) should be
assigned in the six neighboring sites in the same cell
system area.
` In a directional antenna cell system, if one channel is
assigned to a face or to the other two faces in the same cell.
Also, next channels cannot be assigned to the other two
faces at the same cell site. Sometimes the next channels are
assigned in the next sector of the same cell in order to
increase the capacity. Then performance can still be in the
tolerance range if the design is proper.
ADJACENT CHANNEL ALLOCATION

` For Omnidirectional antenna ` For Directional antenna

CHANNEL SHARING
` Channel sharing is a  (((++(+
- When the cell needs more channel, the
channel of another face at the same cell site can be
shared to handle the short-term overload. The
sharing is always cyclic. Sharing always (
( &++of channels.
` In channel-sharing systems, the channel combiner
should be flexible in order to combine upto 32
channels in one face in real time. An alternative
method is to install a stand by antenna.
CHANNEL SHARING FOR A 7-CELL-3-FACE
SYSTEM
` We cannot allow
adjacent channels to
share with the nominal
channels in the same
cell, channel sets 4 and 5
cannot both be shared
with channel sets 12 and
18, as indicated by the
grid mark. Many grid
marks are indicated in
Figure 5 for the same
reason. However, the
upper subset of set 4 can
be shared with the lower
subset of set5 with no
interference.
CHANNEL BORROWING
` Channel borrowing is usually  
 &($. The extent of borrowing more
available channels from other cells depend on the
(++(, channel borrowing
can be implemented from one cell-site face to the
another face at the same cell-site.

` In addition, the central cell site can borrow

channels from neighboring cells. The channel-
borrowing scheme is used primarily for slowly-
growing systems.
SECTORIZATION
` The total number of available channels can be
divided into sets (sub-groups) depending on the
sectorization of cell configuration: the '  (
)±'  ()"# 
 (-

` Sectorization serves the same purpose as the

channel-borrowing scheme &
!&. In addition, channel coordination  
.  (+( ( in
sectorization than in cell splitting. Given the same
number of channels, trunking efficiency decreases in
sectorization.
SECTORIZED-CELLS

There are three basic types :

` The '  (  is used for $ (&

(.&-

` The ±'  (is used for $ (&

(.&-

` The '  (±'  (is used for (.&

only. In this case, (&
( -
UNDERLAY-OVERLAY ARRANGEMENT
` Underlaid and overlaid cells
` Implementation

` Reuse partition :

If one K is used for the underlaid

cells, then this multiple-K system can have an
additional 20% more spectrum efficiency than the
single K system with an equivalent voice quality
REUSE PARTTION
NONFIXED CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT-
DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT ALGORITHMS

` Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA)

` Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA)

` Hybrid Channel Assignment (HCA)

` Borrowing Channel Assignment (BCA)

` Forcible- Borrowing Channel Assignment (FBCA)

SIMULATION PROCESS AND RESULTS
` On the basis of the FBCA, FCA, and BCA
algorithms, a seven-cell reuse pattern with an
average blocking of 3 percent is assumed and the
total traffic service in an area is 250 erlangs. The
traffic distributions are

` Uniform traffic distribution-11 channels per cell

` A non-uniform traffic distribution-the number of
channels in each cell is dependent on the vehicle
distribution
NON-UNIFORM TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION
SIMULATION MODEL
` The simulation model is described as follows:

` Randomly select the cell

` Determine the state of the vehicle in the cell
(idle, off-hook, on-hook, handoff)
` In off-hook or handoff state, search for an idle
channel. The average number of handoffs is
assumed to be 0.2 times per call. However, FBCA
will increase the number of handoffs.
 AVERAGE BLOCKING
` In a uniform traffic condition the 3 percent blocking of
both BCA and FBCA will result in a load increase of 28
percent, compared to 3 percent of blocking of FCA.
There is no difference between BCA and FBCA when a
uniform traffic condition exists.
` In a nonuniform traffic distribution, the load increase in
BCA drops to 23 percent and that of FBCA increases to
33 percent, as at an average blocking of 3 percent. The
load increase can be utilized in another way by reducing
the number of channels. The percent increase in load is
the same as the percent reduction in the number of
channels.
AVERAGE BLOCKING
HANDOFF BLOCKING
` Handoff blocking is not considered as the regular
cell blocking which can occur at the call set-up
stage. In both BCA and FBCA, load is increased
almost equally to 30 percent, as compared to FCA
at 3 percent handoff blocking in uniform traffic.
` For a nonuniform traffic distribution, the load
increase of both BCA and FBCA at 4 percent
blocking is about 50 percent , which is a big
improvement, considering the reduction in
interference and blocking. Otherwise, there
would be multiple effects from interference in
several neighboring cells.
HANDOFF BLOCKING
REMAINING THINGS WILL BE COVERED IN NEXT
SEMINAR
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