Chemical Oxygen Demand

World Bank & Government of The Netherlands funded
Training module # WQ - 18
Understanding chemical
oxygen demand test
New Delhi, May 1999

CSMRS Building, 4th Floor, Olof Palme Marg, Hauz Khas, DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS
New Delhi – 11 00 16 India
Tel: 68 61 681 / 84 Fax: (+ 91 11) 68 61 685 with
E-Mail: dhvdelft@del2.vsnl.net.in HALCROW, TAHAL, CES, ORG & JPS
Table of contents
Page
1 Module context 2
2 Module profile 3
3 Session plan 4
4 Overhead/flipchart master 5
5 Evaluation sheets 22
6 Handout 24
7 Additional handout 29
8 Main text 32
Hydrology Project Training Module File: “ 18 Understanding COD test.doc” Version 05/11/02 Page 1
1. Module context
This module deals with significance and chemistry of chemical oxygen demand
measurement. Modules in which prior training is required to complete this module
successfully and other available, related modules in this category are listed in the table
below.
While designing a training course, the relationship between this module and the others, would
be maintained by keeping them close together in the syllabus and place them in a logical
sequence. The actual selection of the topics and the depth of training would, of course,
depend on the training needs of the participants, i.e. their knowledge level and skills
performance upon the start of the course.
No. Module title Code Objectives

1 Basic water quality concepts WQ-01 • Become familiar with the common
water quality parameters
• Appreciate important water quality
issues
2 Basic chemistry conceptsa WQ-02 • Convert units from one to another

• Understand the concepts of
quantitative chemistry
• Report analytical results with correct
number of significant digits
3 How to prepare standard WQ-04 • Recognise different types of

solutionsa glassware
• Use an analytical balance and
maintain it
• Prepare standard solutions
4 Understanding the chemistry WQ - 11 • Appreciate significance of DO

of dissolved oxygen measurement
measurementa • Understand the chemistry of DO
measurement by Winkler method
5 Understanding biochemical WQ - 15 • Understand the significance and

oxygen demand testa theory of BOD test
a – prerequisite
2. Module profile
Title : Understanding chemical oxygen demand test
Target group : HIS function(s): Q1, Q2, Q3, Q5
Duration : 1 session of 90 min
Objectives : After the training the participants will be able to:

• Appreciate significance of COD measurement
• Understand the chemistry of COD measurement
Key concepts : • Significance

• Oxidation number
• Redox reactions
• Chemistry of COD test
Training methods : Lecture, exercises and open discussions
Training tools : OHS

required
Handouts : As provided in this module
Further reading : • Analytical Chemistry: An introduction, D.A. Skoog and D.

and references M. West/1986. Saunders College Publishing
• Chemistry for Environmental Engineering, C.N. Sawyer,
P.L. McCarty and C.F. Parkin. McGraw-Hill, 1994
3. Session plan
No Activities Time Tools
1 Preparations
2 Introduction 10 min OHS
• Ask participants to name a few organic compounds
• Explain the need for measuring aggregate organic
matter
• Describe the content of the lecture
• Discuss the significance of the test
3 Oxidation-reduction reactions 30 min OHS
• Explain oxidation and reduction in terms of electron
transfer
• Explain significance of oxidation number and how to
calculate it
• Explain balancing of redox reactions
• Give exercise on balancing equations. Remove Additional
difficulties handout
4 COD test 30 min OHS
• Describe the COD test
• Explain calculations & formula
• Interferences & precautions
5 Relation with other parameters 10 min OHS
• Explain the relation of COD with BOD
• Differentiate between COD and TOC
• Explain the concept of ThCOD
6 Conclusion 10 min OHS
• Recapitulate the significance of the test
• Wrap up by enumerating the advantages and
limitations of the test
4. Overhead/flipchart master
OHS format guidelines
Type of text Style Setting

Headings: OHS-Title Arial 30-36, with bottom border line (not:
underline)
Text: OHS-lev1 Arial 24-26, maximum two levels

OHS-lev2
Case: Sentence case. Avoid full text in
UPPERCASE.
Italics: Use occasionally and in a consistent way

Listings: OHS-lev1 Big bullets.
OHS-lev1-Numbered Numbers for definite series of steps.
Avoid roman numbers and letters.
Colours: None, as these get lost in photocopying

and some colours do not reproduce at
all.
Formulas/Equat OHS-Equation Use of a table will ease horizontal
ions alignment over more lines (columns)
Use equation editor for advanced
formatting only
Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Significance
• Chemistry of the test
• Interferences
• Relation to other parameters
• Sample handling
Significance
• Measures pollution potential of organic matter
organic matter + oxidant ⇒ CO2 + H2O
• Decomposable organic matter results in consumption of DO
in the receiving streams
• Does not differentiate between biologically degradable &
nondegradable organic matter
Oxidation – reduction reactions
• Comprise two half reactions
− Removal of electrons - oxidation
− Addition of electrons - reduction
• Organic matter is oxidised to CO2 & H2O, electrons are
released
• Oxidising chemical is reduced while accepting the released
electrons
Oxidation number
• Gives oxidation state
• Increases with oxidation or release of electrons
• Decreases with reduction or acceptance of electrons
• Some do not change in most reactions
Ca 2+,Mg 2+, K 1+, H 1+, Na 1+, O 2-
Calculation of oxidation number
• C6H12O6 H~ 12x1+ = 12+
O~ 6x2- = 12-
− Therefore oxidation number of C must be 0, since the molecule
has no net charge
• Cr2O72- O~ 7x2- = 14-
− Therefore oxidation number of Cr must be 6+, since the ion has a
net charge of 2- and there are two atoms of Cr
Balancing reactions (1)
• For oxidation of carbon in glucose by dichromate to carbon
dioxide
• Write the two half reactions separately along with the
appropriate number of electrons to correspond with the
change in oxidation number
− C6H12O6 ⇒ 6CO2 +24e-, the oxidation number of C changes from
0 to 4+
− Cr2O72- + 6e- ⇒ 2Cr3+, the oxidation number of Cr changes from
6+ to 3+
• Add either OH- or H+ to balance charge
− C6H12O6 ⇒ 6CO2 +24e- + 24H+
− Cr2O72- + 6e- + 14 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+
• Add water molecules to balance H an dO
− C6H12O6 + 6H2O ⇒ 6CO2 +24e- + 24H+
− Cr2O72- + 6e- + 14 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
• Multiply by an appropriate number to balance electrons in the
two half reactions and add
C6H12O6 + 6H2O ⇒ 6CO2 +24e- + 24H+
4Cr2O72- + 24e- + 56 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

C6H12O6 + 4Cr2O72- + 32H+ ⇒ 6CO2 + 2Cr3+ + H2O
The COD test (1)
• Sample is refluxed with known amount of excess dichromate
in presence of acid
• AgSO4 catalyst is used for oxidation of low molecular weight
fatty acids
• Remaining dichromate is titrated with FAS to determine that
used for oxidising the organic matter
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ 7H2O
The COD test (2)
• Ferroin indicator gives a sharp change to brown colour on
complete reduction of dichromate
• FAS is a secondary standard, must be standardised
frequently
• Result expressed as mg/L COD
Example
• Calculate COD, if 20 mL sample consumed 1.6 mL of 0.25 N
potassium dichromate
− potassium dichromate used =
1.6 mL x (0.25 meq/mL) = 0.4 meq
− therefore COD of sample =
(0.4 meq/ 20mL) x (1000mL/1 L) = 20 meq/ L
− in terms of oxygen, COD =
(20 meq/L) x (8 mg O2/meq) = 160 mg/ L
Calculation formula
• To compensate for errors a distilled water blank is included
COD, mg/L = (B-A)N x 8000/ sample volume, mL
− B & A are volumes in mL of FAS used in titrating dichromate in

the blank and sample after refluxing
− N is the normality of FAS
• Note that the normality of dichromate does not appear in the
formula (why?)
Interferences & precautions
• Chloride, present in samples is oxidised. Mercuric sulphate is
used as a complexing agent.
• Nitrite, ferrous iron, sulphide, exert COD. Their concentration
in water samples, however, is low.
• Amino nitrogen is released as ammonia.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons and pyridines are not oxidised.
• Samples for COD may be preserved by acidification to pH 2
or lower
Other parameters for organic matter
• BOD value is always lower than COD value
• For domestic and some industrial wastewater COD is about
2.5 times BOD
• COD can be related to TOC also. TOC, however, does not
account for oxidation state of organic matter
• ThCOD of standard solutions can be calculated. It is used to
standardise the procedure
Calculation of ThCOD
• Calculate ThCOD of 890 mg/L glycine (CH3.NH2.CH.COOH)
solution.
− Write a balanced equation assuming that oxygen participates in
the reaction
CH3.NH2.CH.COOH + 3O2 = 3CO2 + NH3 + 2H2O
− One mole glycine, MW 89g, has a demand of 16x6 = 96g O2
− Therefore ThCOD = 890 x 96/89 = 960 mg/L
In summary
• The COD is a rapid & precise method for determination of
aggregate organic matter
• It does not differentiate between biodegradable and
non-biodegradable organic matter
• It can be related to the BOD value of the sample
5. Evaluation sheets
6. Handout
Chemical Oxygen Demand
• Significance
• Chemistry of the test
• Interferences
• Relation to other parameters
• Sample handling
Significance
• Measures pollution potential of organic matter

organic matter + oxidant ⇒ CO2 + H2O
• Decomposable organic matter results in consumption of DO in the receiving
streams
• Does not differentiate between biologically degradable & nondegradable organic
matter
Oxidation – reduction reactions
• Comprise two half reactions

− Removal of electrons - oxidation
− Addition of electrons - reduction
• Organic matter is oxidised to CO2 & H2O, electrons are released
• Oxidising chemical is reduced while accepting the released electrons
Oxidation number
• Gives oxidation state
• Increases with oxidation or release of electrons
• Decreases with reduction or acceptance of electrons
• Some do not change in most reactions
Ca 2+,Mg 2+, K 1+, H 1+, Na 1+, O 2-
Calculation of oxidation number

C6H12O6 H~ 12x1+ = 12+
O~ 6x2- = 12-
Therefore oxidation number of C must be 0, since the molecule has no net
charge
2-
Cr2O7 O~ 7x2- = 14-
Therefore oxidation number of Cr must be 6+, since the ion has a net charge
of 2- and there are two atoms of Cr

• For oxidation of carbon in glucose by dichromate to carbon dioxide
• Write the two half reactions separately along with the appropriate number of
electrons to correspond with the change in oxidation number
C6H12O6 ⇒ 6CO2 +24e-, the oxidation number of C changes from 0 to 4+
Cr2O72- + 6e- ⇒ 2Cr3+, the oxidation number of Cr changes from 6+ to 3+
• Add either OH- or H+ to balance charge
C6H12O6 ⇒ 6CO2 +24e- + 24H+
Cr2O72- + 6e- + 14 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+
• Add water molecules to balance H an dO

C6H12O6 + 6H2O ⇒ 6CO2 +24e- + 24H+
Cr2O72- + 6e- + 14 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
• Multiply by an appropriate number to balance electrons in the two half reactions

and add
C6H12O6 + 6H2O ⇒ 6CO2 +24e- + 24H+
4Cr2O72- + 24e- + 56 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

C6H12O6 + 4Cr2O72- + 32H+ ⇒ 6CO2 + 2Cr3+ + H2O
The COD test (1)
• Sample is refluxed with known amount of excess dichromate in presence of acid

• AgSO4 catalyst is used for oxidation of low molecular weight fatty acids
• Remaining dichromate is titrated with FAS to determine that used for oxidising
the organic matter
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ 7H2O
The COD test (2)
• Ferroin indicator gives a sharp change to brown colour on complete reduction of

dichromate
• FAS is a secondary standard, must be standardised frequently
• Result expressed as mg/L COD
Example
• Calculate COD, if 20 mL sample consumed 1.6 mL of 0.25 N potassium

dichromate
potassium dichromate used =
1.6 mL x (0.25 meq/mL) = 0.4 meq
therefore COD of sample =
(0.4 meq/ 20mL) x (1000mL/1 L) = 20 meq/ L
in terms of oxygen, COD =
(20 meq/L) x (8 mg O2/meq) = 160 mg/ L
Calculation formula
• To compensate for errors a distilled water blank is included

COD, mg/L = (B-A)N x 8000/ sample volume, mL
B & A are volumes in mL of FAS used in titrating dichromate in the blank and
sample after refluxing
N is the normality of FAS
• Note that the normality of dichromate does not appear in the formula (why?)
Interferences & precautions
• Chloride, present in samples is oxidised. Mercuric sulphate is used as a

complexing agent.
• Nitrite, ferrous iron, sulphide, exert COD. Their concentration in water samples,
however, is low.
• Amino nitrogen is released as ammonia.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons and pyridines are not oxidised.
• Samples for COD may be preserved by acidification to pH 2 or lower
Other parameters for organic matter
• BOD value is always lower than COD value

• For domestic and some industrial wastewater COD is about 2.5 times BOD
• COD can be related to TOC also. TOC, however, does not account for oxidation
state of organic matter
• ThCOD of standard solutions can be calculated. It is used to standardise the
procedure
Calculation of ThCOD
• Calculate ThCOD of 890 mg/L glycine (CH3.NH2.CH.COOH) solution.
Write a balanced equation assuming that oxygen participates in the reaction
CH3.NH2.CH.COOH + 3O2 = 3CO2 + NH3 + 2H2O
One mole glycine, MW 89g, has a demand of 16x6 = 96g O2
Therefore ThCOD = 890 x 96/89 = 960 mg/L
In summary
• The COD is a rapid & precise method for determination of aggregate organic
matter
• It does not differentiate between biodegradable and
• non-biodegradable organic matter
• It can be related to the BOD value of the sample
Add copy of Main text in chapter 8, for all participants.
7. Additional handout
1. Calculate the oxidation number of Mn in Mn(OH)2, MnO4-, MnO2
2. Balance the half reactions:
(i) Cl2 = Cl-
(ii) Mn2+ = MnO2
1. Calculate the oxidation number of Mn in Mn(OH)2, MnO4-, MnO2
Mn(OH)2 2OH = 2-, therefore Mn = 2+

MnO4- 4O = 8-, therefore Mn = 7+, since there is one negative
charge on the ion
MnO2 2O = 4-, therefore Mn = 4+
2. Balance the half reactions:
(i) Cl2 = Cl-
The change in oxidation number is 1, from 0 to –1. Add one chloride ion on
R. H. S. to balance chlorine atoms. Add two electrons on L. H. S. for the two
chlorine atoms since chlorine is getting reduced to chloride ion. No other
adjustment is needed.
Cl2 + 2e- = 2Cl-
(ii) Mn2+ = MnO2
The change in oxidation number is 2, from 2+ to 4+. Add 2 electrons to R. H. S.

since manganese dioxide has a higher oxidation number and is the oxidised form.
Add 4H+ to R. H. S. to balance the charge. Finally add 2H2O to L. H. S. to balance H
and O atoms.
Mn2+ + 2H2O = MnO2 + 2e- + 4H+
8. Main text
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Chemistry of COD test 1
3. Interferences 3
4. Relationship of COD to Other Water

Quality Parameters 4
5. Sample Handling and Storage 4
6. Problems 5
Understanding chemical oxygen demand test
1. Introduction
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis is designed to measure the maximum amount
of oxygen that can be consumed by the organic matter in a sample of water. This is
important because when organic polluting matter is discharged to the aquatic environment it
will normally take up dissolved oxygen during its subsequent degradation thus reducing the
amount of oxygen available for the respiration of fish and other aquatic life. The test is based
upon the fact that all organic compounds, with a few exceptions, can be oxidised by the
action of strong oxidising agents under acidic conditions.
One of the limitations of the COD test is its inability to differentiate between biologically
oxidisable and biologically inert organic matter. In addition it does not provide any evidence
of the rate at which the biologically active material would be stabilised under conditions that
exist in nature. As a result COD values are greater than BOD values and may be much
greater when significant amounts of biologically resistant organic matter, such as lignin, is
present. Nevertheless, the COD test, in comparison to the BOD test gives a rapid indication
of the amount of oxygen a sample will demand when released to the aquatic environment.
2. Chemistry of COD test

Potassium dichromate has been found to be the most suitable oxidant1. It is capable of
oxidising a wide variety of organic substances almost completely to carbon dioxide and
water. Certain organic compounds, particularly low molecular weight fatty acids are not
oxidised unless silver sulphate catalyst is present. Aromatic hydrocarbons and pyridine are
not oxidised under any circumstances.
In the chemical reaction electrons are released by the organic molecule (glucose) being
oxidised, such as
C6H12O6 + 6H2O = 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e- (1)
The electrons are accepted by hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) which is reduced to trivalent
chromium (Cr3+):
Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (2)

The two half reactions can be added after multiplying Equation 1 by 4 for balancing of
electrons to yield:
4Cr2O72- + 32H+ + C6H12O6 + = 8Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 22H2O (3)
The following steps may be followed to balance redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions.
Write the two half reactions separately showing the chemical species undergoing the change
in oxidation state, for each case. Recognise the change in the oxidation numbers of
species undergoing redox reactions. In Equation 1, the oxidation number of carbon
atoms in glucose molecule is 0. It changes to +4 in carbon dioxide. In Equation 2, the
oxidation number of chromium changes from +6 to +3.
1
Oxidation is defined as a loss of electrons, reduction as a gain of electrons. The term oxidation originates from a
‘reaction with oxygen’ (where the substance that was oxidised loses electrons to oxygen).
The oxidation numbers for chemical species may be determined in most cases by first
assigning oxidation numbers1+ to H, 2- to O and 0 to whole molecules (other oxidation
numbers which do not change and may be of use are: Ca & Mg 2+, K & Na 1+).Then
summing the charges after taking into account the number of atoms in the specie and
assigning an oxidation number to the element of interest to obtain the net charge on the
specie.
Thus for the carbon atom in glucose: H~(12x1+) + O~(6x2-)=0, therefore oxidation
number for carbon is 0, since the molecule has no net charge. Similarly for the chromium
atom in dichromate ion: O~(7x2-)=14-, therefore the oxidation number for chromium
atom is 6+ since there are two atoms and the net charge on the specie is 2-.
Add appropriate number of electrons to balance the change in the oxidation numbers in the
two half reactions. Thus electrons were added to the right hand side of Equation 1, since
carbon is oxidised releasing electrons and to the left hand side of Equation 2, since
chromium is reduced while accepting electrons.
Add appropriate number of either H+ or OH- ions to the left or right hand side of the two half
reactions to balance the charges on the ionic species and the electrons.
Add water molecules to balance H and O atoms in the two half equations.
Multiply the half equations by suitable numbers to obtain the same number of electrons in
each case.
Add the two half equations.
In the laboratory the COD test is carried out by digesting the sample with excess potassium
dichromate and silver sulphate catalyst in strong sulphuric acid solution at an elevated
temperature. In order to ensure that volatile compounds present in the sample and those
formed during the digestion reaction do not escape, the digestion flask is fitted with a reflux
condenser. Organic matter in the sample reduces part of the potassium dichromate and the
remaining excess dichromate is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS).
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (4)
FAS is a secondary standard and must be standardised against a primary standard such as
potassium dichromate.
Note that Equations 1 and 2 are half equations while Equations 3 and 4, are complete
oxidation - reduction equations. All four equations are balanced in terms of charges and
elements participating in the reaction.
Example 1
Calculate the normality of 0.1M potassium dichromate solution used for oxidation of
organic matter in COD test.
From Equation 1 it is seen that hexavalent chromium in one mole of dichromate ion is
reduced to trivalent chromium by accepting 6 electrons. Therefore each mole of
dichromate has 6 equivalents and 0.1 M solution will be 0.6 N
The oxidiseable organic matter in the sample is reported in terms of oxygen equivalent.
Example 2
Calculate COD of a sample of water if 20 mL of the sample consumed 1.6 mL of 0.25 N
potassium dichromate solution.
Potassium dichromate consumed = 1.6 mL X 0.25 meq/mL = 0.4 meq

Therefore COD of the sample = 0.4 meq/ 20 mL X 1000 mL/ L = 20 meq/L
In terms of oxygen, COD = 20 meq/L X 8 mg O2/meq = 160 mg/L.
It is important that organic matter from outside sources is not included in the COD value.
Therefore, a distilled water blank is run along with the sample and an adjustment is made in
calculations accordingly.
A very marked change in oxidation - reduction potential occurs at the end point of the
titration with ferrous ammonium sulphate. Ferroin, 1,10 phenanthroline sulphate, is used as
an indicator. It gives a very sharp change to brown colour on complete reduction of the
dichromate by ferrous ammonium sulphate.
Example 3
Derive a formula for calculating COD value from the following information:
N1 = normality of ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS)
N2 = potassium dichromate,
V = mL volume of potassium dichromate taken for reaction for sample and blank,
A = mL volume of FAS used in titration for sample after digestion,
B = mL volume of FAS used in titration for blank after digestion,
S = mL volume of sample and blank
meq of oxidant taken

= N2.V,
meq of oxidant remaining in the sample and blank flasks after digestion
= N1.A and N1.B, respectively.
Therefore meq of oxidant consumed in the sample and blank flasks
= (N2.V - N1.A) and (N2.V - N1.B), respectively,
and meq of oxidant consumed by the organic matter in the sample
= (N2.V - N1.A) - (N2.V - N1.B) = (B -A).N1.
Hence COD of sample
= (B - A).N1 X 1000/S, meq/L = (B - A).N1 X 8000/S, mg O2/L
3. Interferences
Certain reduced inorganic compounds can be oxidised under the conditions of the test and
thus can cause erroneously high results. Chlorides cause the most serious problem because
of their normally high concentration in water and wastewater samples. This interference can
be eliminated by the addition of mercuric sulphate to the sample, prior to addition of other
chemicals. The mercuric ion combines with the chloride ion to form a poorly ionised mercuric
chloride complex.
The amino nitrogen in organic compounds is converted to ammonia. Nitrite, however, is
oxidised to nitrates. But nitrite seldom occurs in significant amounts in natural water. This
also holds true for other possible interference such as ferrous iron and sulphides.
4. Relationship of COD to Other Water Quality Parameters

As mentioned earlier the COD value of a sample is always higher than its BOD value. This is
due to the fact that the COD test measures both the biologically degradable and biologically
non-degradable organic matter. Further, COD test measures the total oxygen equivalents of
the organic matter while the BOD test measures oxygen equivalents of organic matter which
is degraded in 3 days. This 3 day value is about 70 % of the ultimate BOD. However COD
data can be interpreted in terms of BOD values after sufficient experience has been
accumulated to establish reliable correlation factors. For domestic wastewaters and many
decomposable industrial wastes, COD is about 2.5 times the BOD. For unpolluted surface
and ground waters this ratio is higher.
COD value can be related to total organic carbon (TOC) value also which is a measure of
organic carbon atoms in a sample. However it should be noted that two compounds might
have the same TOC value but different COD values. This is because the COD value
depends on the oxidation state of the carbon atoms in the compound.
Where formula of the organic compounds present in the waste is known, the COD value can
be related to the theoretical chemical oxygen demand (ThCOD) which is the oxygen required
to completely oxidise the organic matter to carbon dioxide and water.
Example 4
Calculate the theoretical chemical oxygen demand of a sample of wastewater from an
industry containing 890 mg/L of glycine, CH3.NH2.CH.COOH.
Write a balanced equation for oxidation, taking amino nitrogen to be converted to

ammonia and carbon atoms to carbon dioxide.
Balance hydrogen atoms by adding required number of water molecules to the right side
of the equation. Count number of oxygen atoms needed for balancing and add them to
the left side as oxygen demand.
C3H7O2N + 3O2 = 3CO2 + NH3 + 2H2O
Therefore one mole of glycine ( 89 g ) has a theoretical chemical oxygen demand of 3

moles of oxygen ( 96 g ) or the waste will have a demand of (96/ 89) X 890 = 960 mg/L.
Standard solutions of pure organic compounds are often used to evaluate the accuracy of
laboratory measurements.
5. Sample Handling and Storage

After a sample of water containing organic matter has been collected there is the possibility
that natural biochemical reactions within the sample will act to reduce the COD. Samples
should therefore be tested without delay. If delay in analysing the sample is unavoidable the
sample should be preserved by acidification to pH = 2 or below.
6. Problems
1. Why do BOD and COD values for the same water sample are always different? Give two
reasons.
2. What general groups of organic compounds are not oxidised in the COD test ?
3. Write a balanced oxidation reduction equation for oxidation of chloride ion by potassium
dichromate in absence of mercuric sulphate.
4. What is the normality of 0.1 molar ferrous ammonium sulphate when used for titrating
potassium dichromate ?
5. Estimate the COD of a 500 mg/L solution of glucose. What will be its BOD-3 value if it is
assumed that it is readily biodegradable?
6. Calculate and compare the theoretical oxygen demand and TOC values of 0.2 M
solutions of acetic acid, CH3COOH, and ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH.

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World Bank & Government of The Netherlands funded

New Delhi, May 1999

No. Module title Code Objectives

2 Basic chemistry conceptsa WQ-02 • Convert units from one to another

3 How to prepare standard WQ-04 • Recognise different types of

4 Understanding the chemistry WQ - 11 • Appreciate significance of DO

5 Understanding biochemical WQ - 15 • Understand the significance and

Target group : HIS function(s): Q1, Q2, Q3, Q5

Duration : 1 session of 90 min

Objectives : After the training the participants will be able to:

Key concepts : • Significance

Training methods : Lecture, exercises and open discussions

Training tools : OHS

Handouts : As provided in this module

Further reading : • Analytical Chemistry: An introduction, D.A. Skoog and D.

Type of text Style Setting

Text: OHS-lev1 Arial 24-26, maximum two levels

Italics: Use occasionally and in a consistent way

Colours: None, as these get lost in photocopying

4Cr2O72- + 24e- + 56 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ 7H2O

− B & A are volumes in mL of FAS used in titrating dichromate in

• Measures pollution potential of organic matter

Oxidation – reduction reactions

• Comprise two half reactions

Calculation of oxidation number

Balancing reactions (1)

• Add water molecules to balance H an dO

Balancing reactions (3)

• Multiply by an appropriate number to balance electrons in the two half reactions

4Cr2O72- + 24e- + 56 H+ ⇒ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

The COD test (1)

• Sample is refluxed with known amount of excess dichromate in presence of acid

6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ 7H2O

The COD test (2)

• Ferroin indicator gives a sharp change to brown colour on complete reduction of

• Calculate COD, if 20 mL sample consumed 1.6 mL of 0.25 N potassium

• To compensate for errors a distilled water blank is included

Interferences & precautions

• Chloride, present in samples is oxidised. Mercuric sulphate is used as a

Other parameters for organic matter

• BOD value is always lower than COD value

One mole glycine, MW 89g, has a demand of 16x6 = 96g O2

Therefore ThCOD = 890 x 96/89 = 960 mg/L

2. Balance the half reactions:

(i) Cl2 = Cl-

(ii) Mn2+ = MnO2

Mn(OH)2 2OH = 2-, therefore Mn = 2+

2. Balance the half reactions:

(i) Cl2 = Cl-

Cl2 + 2e- = 2Cl-

(ii) Mn2+ = MnO2

The change in oxidation number is 2, from 2+ to 4+. Add 2 electrons to R. H. S.

Mn2+ + 2H2O = MnO2 + 2e- + 4H+

2. Chemistry of COD test 1

4. Relationship of COD to Other Water

5. Sample Handling and Storage 4

2. Chemistry of COD test

C6H12O6 + 6H2O = 6CO2 + 24H+ + 24e- (1)

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- = 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (2)