MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

SYSTEM
Information System is interaction of Man and
Machine.
CBIS:- Computer based information system
categories as.

In today world of ever increasing complexities of

business organization, in order to service and
grow, must have properly planned.
 Today information system play three
vital role for business organization
namely:

 Support the business processes and operation

of an organization.
 Support of decision making by employees and
managers of an organization.
 Support the strategies of an organization for
competitive advantage.
 MIS Definition: Management information
system is a system consisting of people,
machines, procedures, databases and data
models, as its elements.
 The MIS is defined as a system which provides
information support for decision making in the
organization.
 The MIS is defined as a computer based information
system.
 The MIS defined as a system based on the database
of the organization evolved for the purpose of
providing information to the people in the
organization.
Decision making concept: Decision making
has been taken from the word ‘decide’ ,Which is a
Latin word meaning to ‘cutoff’ or to come to
conclusion.
 A decision maker come to conclusion about given
situation.
 A decision represents a course of behavior selected
from the number of( more then one) possible
alternatives.
 The decision should not be mistaken here as an end in
itself, rather it is regarded as a means for action.
 Decision are not static and have to responsive to
varying situations.
 Model of decision making: Decision –
making, in organization, is regard as a rational
process. The model comprises of three major
phase
 Intelligence: In this phase, the decision-
maker scan the environment and identified the
problem or opportunity.
A production manager review the daily scrap
report to check for problem relating to equality
control.
Intelligence phase of the decision making process
involves:
(a) Problem searching

(b) Problem formulation

 Problem searching: Problem is defined as the
difference between something that is expected and reality
Desired/Expected –Actual/ Reality=Difference (problem)

 We have take the example of the sales

manager who has set a sales target of Rs 5
Lakh in one particular month (standard or a
model), and he could achieve only Rs 4 Lakh
worth of sale for that particular month(Reality).
Thus the difference between a standard/ model
and reality, i.e. of Rs one Lakh is a problem
which worries the manager.
 Problem Formulation
 When the problem is defined, there is always a
risk of solving the wrong problem.
 It is very important that the problem is well-
understood and clearly stated.
 In problem formulation, establishing relations
with some problem solved earlier or analogy
proves quite useful.
 Conti…
 Design Phase:

The decision-maker identifies alternative courses of

action to solve problem. Developing alternatives is
creative activity which can be enhanced by various aids
such as brain-storming, checklist, analogies etc.

 Choice phase:
One of the alternatives developed in design phase is
selected and is called decision. For example The
decision maker in the choice phase may reject all
alternative and return to the design phase for
developing more alternatives.
 Type of decisions: They also affect the
design of information system support for
decision activities.
 Purpose of decision making: Robert B.
Anthony(1965) has differentiated organizational
decision into three category
 Strategic Planning decisions are those decision in
which the decision-maker develops objectives and
allocates resources to achieve these objectives.
 Management control decisions are taken by
management control level (middle level) mangers and
deal with the use of resources in the organization.
 Operation control decisions deal with the day to day
problem that affect the operation of the organization.
For example, production scheduling decision.
Level of programmability: Simon(1965) on the
basis of the level of the programmability of
decision, proposed two types of decision:
Programmed and non programmed, also known
as structured and unstructured decisions
 Programmed/Structured Decisions Programmed or
structured decisions are those decision, which are well defined and
some specified procedure. More modern techniques for making such
decision involve operations research (OR), Mathematical analysis etc.
 Non- programmed/ unstructured decisions: decisions which
are not well defined and have no pre-specified procedure or decision
rule are known as unstructured or non programmed decisions.
Unstructured decisions tend to solved through judgment. Modern
approaches to such decisions include special data analysis on
computers.
 Structure of MIS
Organization and
Management
1. Behavioral Science Technique
Technique of Management 2. Quantitative Technique
3. Decision Technique
Function of
4. Experience Rule
Management

Planning Organization Directing Staffing Controlling

Resource Flows
Man Power Money Material M/c Facilities

MIS
 Structure of MIS:
Structure of MIS is a difficult concept to understand
because there is no standard or universally accepted
framework for describing management information
system. For example , A car may be perceived in a
number of different way; by describe the physical
characteristics, i.e. its shapes, colour, seating capacity,
door etc. MIS structure be described by following a
variety of different approaches:
 Physical components,
 Information system processing functions,
 Decision support
 Levels of management activities
 Organizational functions
MIS Structure Based on Physical components:
Structure of MIS may be understood by looking at the
physical components of the information system in an
organization.
 Hardware: Hardware refers the physical data
processing equipment and peripheral devices.
 Software: software is broad term given to the
instruction or program that direct the operation
of the hardware.
 Database: the data base consist of all data
utilized by application software.
 Input and output: various physical input and
output from the information system, existing in
the form like printout, report etc.
 Information system processing functions:
Information system structure can also be understood in
term of its processing functions. The main processing
functions of information system are described below:

 To Process Transactions: Information systems process

transaction may be defined as an activity taking place in an
organization.
 To Maintain Master files: Information systems create and
maintain master files in the organisation. A master file stores
the historical data about the organizational.
 To Produce Reports: Reports are significant products of an
information system. Many reports are produces on a regular
basis, which are called scheduled reports. reports on a
 To Process Interactive Support Applications
 Decision Support: Decision vary with respect to the
structure that can be provided for making them. A highly
structured decision can be pre-planned. A structured
decision, because of its well defined nature can be said
to be programmable.
 Level of management activities:
activities The structure of an
information system can be categorized in terms of level of the
management activities.
 strategic planning deals with long-range considerations. The
decisions include the choice of business directions, market
strategy, product etc.
 Management control level includes acquisition and organization
of resource, structuring of work and training of personnel.
 Operational control is related to short-term decision for current
operations. Pricing, ,inventory level etc.
 Organizational functions: The structure of
management information system can also be described in
 Activities terms of the organizational functions.
Organizational functions

production
personnel
MIS etc.

Strategic planning

Management control

Operational control

Transaction processing
Information: Definition
The word ‘information’ is used commonly in in our
day to day working.
”Information is necessary and vital input in any
decision- making process in an organization”.
Information in its unprocessed form is called data,
which generated as a by product of transaction
taking place in the organization.

DATA PROCESSING INFORMATION

TYPE OF INFORMATION: information could
be classified on the basis of the purpose for
which it is utilized, into main three categories
 Strategic information: This relates to long-term planning
policies of the organization as a whole. For example:
information pertaining to new technologies, new products etc.
 Tactical Information: Information in this category is used in
short-term planning and of use at management control level.
For example, for sale analyses and forecasts, production
resource requirements, annual financial statement etc.
 Operational Information: Operational information applies to
short periods which may vary from an hour to a few days. For
Examples of operational information may include current stock-
in-hand, work in progress level, outstanding order from
customers etc.
 Information presentation:
Presentation of the information is an art. The data
may be collected in the best possible manner and
processed and processed analytically, brining lot
of value in the information.
Key of the Focus of Example
summarization information
Management position Responsibility General Manage,
Divisional head
Management functions Marketing, Materials
Levels in the Performance,
organization selective Goals, Targets Production top, Middle
on condition Relevance to Operations. Only those
the level products where sale is
Exceptions below the budget.
 Methods to Avoid Misuse of Information
Method Reason Example
Delay Delivery of A Possibility of Sales report to the
information immediate action or sales representative
decision is reduced.
Provide only that Sales information to
Change in the format information which operations
and content of the may be needed, management, sales
report. hence the misuse is versus target for the
averted. middle management.
Filtering of the
information of The Misuse of The price. the cost
confidential and information for of information,
sensitive nature achieving the design information
undesirable goals
 Information Quality:
Quality of information refers to its fitness for use, or its reliability.
Some of the attribute of information, which influence the quality of
information are discussed as follows
 Timeliness: Timeliness mean that information must reach the
recipients within the prescribed timeframe. Timely information
does not mean in time information only rather it means timely
as well as up-to-date information.
 Accuracy: Accuracy is another key-attribute of management
information. Accuracy means more than just one plus one
equal two. MIS supplies accurate information, the confidence of
the managers will be strengthened and as a result, system
implementation will be success.
 Completeness:
Completeness The information which is provided to a
manager must be complete and should meet all his needs.
Incomplete information may result in wrong decision and thus
may prove costly to the organization.
 Decision Support systems These system are help where
the decision maker calls for complex manipulation of these data
and use of several method to reach an acceptable solution using
different analysis approach. These system have become
necessary for today’s manager because of following reasons:

 Fast computation: a decision maker can maker can perform

large number of computation very quickly.
 Enhanced productivity: support systems can enhance the
productivity of support staff and also enable the group
members to discuss the problems among themselves at a
distance.
 Data Transmission: Some time the data, which may be
stored different locations, may be required to be transmitted
quickly from distant location.
 Better Decisions: Computer support systems can help a
decision-maker in arriving at a better decision.
Attribute of decision support system
:
 Flexibility: The system are flexible so that any semi-
structured or unstructured decision making situation
can be tackled with ease and speed.

 Simple Models: The only change is that a different

set of information is sought for the use of different
models.

 Database: The decision support system needs

database. The system calls for several inputs from
database for decision making.
 Characteristics and capability of DSS:
Given below are the major DSS characteristics and
capabilities:
 DSS provide support for decision-maker mainly in semi-
unstructured and unstructured situation by brining together
human judgment comprised information.
 Support is provided for various managerial levels, ranging from
top executives to line managers.
 Support is provide to individual as well as to groups.
 DSS provide support to several interdependent or sequential
decision.
 DSS support all phase of the decision-making process.
 DSS support a variety of decision-making processes and styles.
 DSS are flexible and so user can add, delete or rearrange basic
element.
 The decision-maker has complete control over all steps of the
decision-making in solving a problem.
 The Ideal Characteristic and Capabilities of DSS
1 Managers at 2
Semi-structured
Integration Different Levels
14 programs
Web Connection
Group and
Individuals 3

13
Data Access Interdependent
or Sequential 4
decision
12 Modeling and DSS
Analysis Support
Intelligence 5
Ease of Design
11
construction
by End Uses Support Variety of 6
Decision styles
10 and processes
Humans Control
the Machine
Interactive Adaptability 7
Ease of Use 8
9 Effectiveness and Flexibility
not Efficiency
 Type of decision support system
System Input Source System Hardware User
1.Inquiry (a) Database Query PC Servers Clerk,
(b) Conventional System and Clients Assistants

2. Data Database and Package of Mainframe or Operations

Analysis Other files system server Managers
Analysis
programmes.

3.Informatio Processed Data Transaction Mainframe,Mi Middle Level

nAnalysis Processing ni,Super Manager
Files. System

4.Accounting Transactions Mini, Middle and

Mainframe, Top
Master Files sever.
5.Model Management
Based Business Mainframe Middle and
External Data Model ,Mini Top
Control
 Executive support system
Executive support system (ESS) is an
extension of the management information
system, which is a special kind of DSS and
provides critical information from various
inter and intra-sources in easy to use display.

ESS is a comprehensive information system

which includes various type of decision-
support system, but it is more specific and
persons-oriented.
 Business Expert systems:
Business expert system, which are based on artificial
intelligence (AI), are advanced information system.
Artificial intelligence may be referred to as the capability
that makes commputers display intelligent, human like
behavior. For example problem solving are such acts of
intelligence. A business expert system (BES) is
knowledge-based information system that uses its
knowledge about a specific, complex application area to
act as an expert.
The main advantage of using expert system
 The knowledge/capabilities of many expert can be

used to build a single expert system.

 Decision-making in critical times can be more reliable

 Multiple hypotheses can be considered simultaneously

 The main component of an expert system
 Knowledge base
 Inference engine

 User inference

Knowledge base contains the facts about the

specific expert area.
Inference engine contains the logic of reaching
an inference from the stored data.
Expert system may be developed by suiting
either programming language such as c &c++
by using expert system packages.
Main components of expert system

Rules, Facts Logic

Knowledge Base Inference Engine

User Interface
Knowledge Management Systems
Knowledge management system are information
systems that are knowledge based and, thus,
support the creation, organization and
dissemination of business knowledge to
managers. For example Intranet access to the
best practices and solution various business
problems.
They are developed to provided quick feedback
to knowledge workers, encourage behavior
change by employees and improve business
performance
 COMPUTER BASED
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Top Management Decision Supporting System
DSS

Middle Management Management information System

MIS

First Line Management TPS Transaction Processing System

Clerical Person OAS

Office automation system
OAS:-Relates to Clerical Persons, Max work is done in
this system.
 TPS:- Knows as first Line Management.
 MIS:- Middle Management
 DSS:- Top Management

An Information System can be Simply Defined as the Interaction of Man and

Machine Under Man’s Control Which Gather data and Information to its user.
To accomplish this data must be evaluated analyzed and processed to produce
meaningful and useful information on which management can take correct
decision for future growth of the organization.
Information system plays very important role in modern economy. There
information use the opportunity and Problem well advance on process data
and facts are simple data but not the information. An information system is
the basic for interaction between the user and analyst also. It provides
introduction instruction and feed back also.
It also determined the nature of relationship among decision makers. Infect it
may be viewed as a decision centre for the management at different labels
from the basic information system now a day it may defined as set of device
,procedures and operating system around which the meaningful information
may be created.
S.A. developed several different type of information system to meet a variety of
business needs. These information system are called C.B.I.S (Computer
based information system)
 CBIS may consist the following DSS,
MIS,TPS,OAS
Information systems hierarchy of CBIS
as follows

DSS

MIS

TPS

OAS
 CBIS in an organization context
 Planning controlling / Decision making
 Decision making

DSS
MIS

APPLICATION
DATA COMPUTER PROGRAM

Sales
Receipts TPS OAS Clerical
bills etc Task
OAS:-OAS is most rapidity expanding CBIS.
They are being used in most of the organization with expectation that
the will increased the efficiency and productivity of office workers.

OAS consist of installation of word processing system to facilitate the

typing work, storing, editing and printing of text materials .
OAS may also consist the e-mail services that is to communication in
electronic mode in the single way.
OAS is a multifunction computer based system that allows office
activities to be perform in electronic mode.

TPS:- It refers to the traditional application of computer like

invoicing , billing, order, entry, inventory etc.
A transaction is suppose to be completed if all the relative data
bases , that are effected by this transaction are updated and all the
updation are completed.
MIS:-MIS may be describe as an information in the form of
standard reports and displays to managers.

MIS is a broad class of information system that are designed to provide

information system that are design to provide- information needed for
effective design making by managers, so the term MIS may be used in
many organization as the title of their computer services.

MIS is design to provide accurate timely and relevant information

needed for effecting design making by managers.

In other words MIS is a general purpose integrated system that

monitor and control the internal operation of an organization.

MIS provides vital information to middle managers to take the tactical

design for the daily operations as well as for the long rang goal of the
company.

The input to the MIS comes from TPS and may come from the other
source also( different changes in environment).
Conti….
The out of MIS is in two forms
1. summary reports
2. Special reports.
A summary report accumulates data from several transaction and presents
the result in compact form.
For Ex. A bank manger may get a summary report listing the total money
deposited and withdraw made on the previous day.
A special report is a report that outline any deviator from expected results.
The primary purpose of these special report is to draw the attention to any
significance difference between actual performance ad expect performance.
Summery report
Transaction Data TPS MIS
Special report
There are three major difference between TPS and MIS.

1. The primary goal of T.P.S is to record and process transaction

that takes, that takes place in the company while the primary goal
of MIS is to produce summary and special report used in tactical
design making.

2. Output of TPS becomes the input to the MIS although TPS is

not only the one source for the MIS.

3. The TPS helps managers day to day operation, while the MIS
help managers to make tactical design over a large period of time
such as year or six month
DSS (Decision Supporting
system):-
DSS are interactive computer based information system that use
designing modules and specialized data bases to assist the
designing making process of managerial ad users.

A DSS provides analytics modeling data retrieval and

information presentation capabilities that allow managers to
generate the information that they need to take decisions.
TYPE OF INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT USERS EXAMPLE
SYSTEM

OAS Data and Formatting Document Clerical workers Fax,

information summarizing displaying Graphics multimedia,
multimedia video
conferencing

TPS Transaction related Procedures and rules Summary of Low level Monthly
data transaction Managers reports,
monthly
billing

MIS Output from TPS Measures and monitors Summary Middle Planning
and external For operations reports special Managers reports for
performance reports month , Year

DSS Internal ad External Interaction with Alternatives Top Managers Investment

data and models Reporting Plant
Knowledge of Experience
experience
MIS and Decision Making:-

Despite the fact that decision making can be treated as a central

aspect of managing, the literature and teaching surrounding decision
making have generally focused on the movement of decision rather
than on the whole lengthy complex processes of defining and exploring
the many alternative in a decision that precedes the final act of
deciding.

The system analyst ad for the Managers who participate in an

utilize the M.I.S to assist in the decision making process, the step
problem solving and system design are extremely important.

The ultimate purpose of the MIS

is to make decision at all level based upon the information flow.
The decision making through MIS improves the ability of managers.
The decision are of two types
1. Program decision
2. Non program decision
Program decision:-
Program decision are if they are repeated and routine, o add-hoc. Decisions
are treated I new situation at every time it arises.
The Ex of program decision are available in almost I all organization. The
most familiars are the pay accordance with the union agreement, company
policy regulation, pricing orders etc.

Non programs:- Decision which are non program are unstructured

may be new, may be complex or may be involve major commitments. the Ex of
o program decision are advertisement budgets, new product decision ,bound
member selection etc.

General business planning:- The Ist step to MIS planning is

related to general business planning no.
MIS department can be decide that what they should do or how they should do
without the ground work provided by the objectives and plan of the company.
MIS objectives:- M.I.S objectives are derived from the company’s
objectives. Each company objectives should be reflected In MIS objectives.
The MIS objective calla for a supporting contribution to need the company
goal. Let us take a Example, Suppose a company wants to increase its market
share I market segment from 10 to 14 percent in the ext year.
In this example a great deal of information will l be required.
1. How the market currently allocated.
2. What product did offer to get and hold its share of the market
3. What type of customers does each of these product appeal.

MIS Planning:-The following will be key step in the MIS Planning.

1. The problem statement:- The problem statement must be made clear to
those who will design and implement the MIS. The problem statement will first
determine the user need I specific terms.
The statement of the problem may be give to a computer specialist, specialist
for analysis (Expert Analysis) etc.
2.Input:- From where the input will come and how human and
machine will interacts.

3. How:- How means what process to be used.

4.Output:- The result from the system but they should be

detailed.

5.Budget:- Financial assistance required by MIS planner.

6.schedule:- A time table for performing these tasks.

 MIS Planning Cycle:- M.I.S is a cycle
process the cycle is as follows

General needs Specific needs High level Low level

+ Objectives +Objectives Planning Planning

Very Refine
Plan
Conti…..
We will develop a MIS according to very refined plan.
MIS Planning is iterative process.

The MIS plan will be cycle considering general needs ad

objectives then high level plan as well as the project will a head
lower level plan and finding a very refined plan will be available.
So this activity is cyclic.
 What Item to be kept I Planning of the MIS:-
The following item to be kept in planning of the MIS

 A summary statement of the problem being solved by project is

required.
 The break down of structure (work) to be done.
 A list of dependent outside group, with target dates (External
Factors).
 The list of outside groups that depend on this project.
 The skill needed to complete this project.
 The resources needed to complete this project must be
identified .
 A Budget which must be the part of plan.
 A Statement of reporting and tracing system.
 A Schedule of activities
 A Backup Plan may be the part of a plan.
 WBS (Work Break Down Structure)

The following Work Down Structure

System to Sub-System
Sub-System to task
Task to sub-task
sub-task to work package
WBS is the structure which consists of project management to work which
starts with a total and result desired

MPS(Master Plan Schedule/Master Programe Schedule)

This is a time table for each activity. It may be consist of time for the work
package
The master plan schedule provides the calendar dates for each major tasks as
well as minor tasks, for a small MIS Project this may be a very small chart,
consist of date and allotted time.
If a big MIS Project is there that may be a network structure.
 Budgeting
Budgeting is the most important for any project development, the
two things must be made clear about the budgeting the project
(1) Resources:- From where the budget will be available
(2) Cost of Individual item:- (A) Reporting and Controlling:- The
basic for reporting and controlling must be on the basic P\C\T
(Performance, Cost, and Time). These all three elements must
reported in such way that they provides the information together,
which makes reporting useful.
 MIS Development

Management System
Conceptual
Needs Requirement Planning
design
+Objectives and Objectives

Development Development
Schedule Cost

Detailed
Evaluation Implementation Design
 Conti…………….
If we securitizes this picture conceptual Design is the centre point
in the MIS development. Once the conceptual design has been
made, The answer of question that how successful The MIS
project will be can be answered.

The most important aspect is that what are the key task performed
in the conceptual design.

1. Define the problem in more detail.

2. Refining the management objectives to set system objectives
3.Estabilishing system constraints.
4. Determining information needs and sources.
5. Document the system conceptual design.
Establishing system constraints
Constraints provides the designer to stipulate the condition
under which objectives may be obtained and to consider the
limitations that restrict the design.
Although constraints may be viewed as a negative limitation on
system design but there is a positive benefit as well as but It is
more useful.
Constraints may be classified either internal or external.
 Conti………………
External
Constraints

Customer Government Customer

Constraints on system Design

Top Objectives Top Top

Man Cost and
Management and Management Management
Power Resources
Support Policy Support Support

Internal
Constraints
Internal constraints
Internal constraints are those constraint which are in the origination. The
following are the internal constraints.
1.Top Management Support
A good environment for information system must be setup and there is a one
essential things is the approval and support of the top management. These
constraints definitely influences the kind of the system which will be used by the
managers.
2. objective and policy The organizational and policy The
organizational and policy considuration frequently set limit on the objectives
and modify the aapproach to design a system.
The structure of the organization and managers occupying the various
positions influences the information flow and the use of system output.
The organization polices frequently define and limits the approach to system
design.
The policy may be about the service, R & D( Research and Development)
marketing, finance, personal etc.
3. Man Power The personal needs and the personal and personal
availability is a major limiting factor in both the design and utilization of the
information system.

Computer and system skill is most critical. The automation , the computer
system and system design after change the people, responsibilities and their
facilities, organization changes etc.

4. Cost and resources cost a major resource limitation. The cost to

achieve the objectives should be compared with the benefits to be desired.
The computer capacity and other facilities relating to operation of data
processing should be utilized in an optimum way.

5. Acceptance acceptance is a limitation to the designer itself. He\She

always be aware about the success of the new system. So it is easily accepted.

6. Self Imposed The self imposed restrictions are those which are
placed on the design by designer itself.
These limitation may also be imposed by the manager to get the objectives.
External Constraints
External constraints are those constraints which are outside of the organization.
There are three possibilities from where the external constraints may apply on
the designer during the designing of the information system.

(1) customer
The most important external constraints is the customer.
The interface of the customer to system must be in the mind of the designer.
It’s demand, It’s acceptance to the output must be considered.

(2) Govt. and legal A variety of limitation and constraints are always imposed
by the government. They must be consider always.

(3) Other The other may consist of social environment constraint. They may be
considered also.

(4) Determined information needs A clear statement of information need is

fundamental and necessary for a good system design. There are several
companies which spend a lot of money on H/W and S/W for the existing system
and makes a big databank without knowing the real information need of
management.
Project management of detailed system
design or Project Management of M.I.S

Once the project manager and the project personal have been designated the
two important aspect of project management comes ie project planning and
project control.
The amount of efforts in each step will depend on the MIS project.

Project Planning

The following step will be the part of project planning.

1. Established the project objectives.

2. Define the project task.
3. Plan the logical development of sequential and concurrent task activities.
4.Schedule the work as required by the management
5. Estimate labor, equipment devices and other cost of the project.
6. Established a budget for the project by allocating funds to each task.
7. Planned the staffing of the project organization over its life.
Project control

The following step may be considered for project control.

1. Determined whether project objectives are being meet

as the project progresses.

2. Maintain a control over the schedule. So required task

may be completed within the allocated time.

3.Evaluate expenditure of fund in terms of work

progress.

5. Evaluate cost, time and work performance as whole .

Define the subsystem
The process is started by defining the subsystem with two principal block of
information.

1. the conceptual design.

2. The dominant and trade of criteria.

Although the conceptual design requires some assumptions concerning the

subsystem.
It is necessary new to review these subsystem and redefine them. Based upon
the conceptual design investigation of detailed activity of each major of activity
must be undertaken.

The subsystem may consist simply of the activities corresponding to a major

activity. The activities may be transferred from one group to another to make
the network of the subsystem.
Information for Defining the subsystem

The objective of the design is to find a set of sub system that satisfies the
performance requirement specified by conceptual design.
The such information consist of
1. Dominant and tradeoff criteria for the operation of MIS as a whole system.
2.Available resources.
3. Required activates.
4.Necesary controlled position in the system
5.Management decision points.
6. specific output required by system.

Obtaining information

The designer utilizes four major source for the design of MIS.
1. Task Force Meeting
2. Personal Interview.
3. Observation of operation and communication.
4. There may be another source in term of external and internal documents.
1.Task Force Meeting
For the design of large system, The task meeting are very important. The task
force for the major activities should consist of the managers and designers as
well as specialist in term of area. The designer should chair the task of once
meeting. The designer function is to draw idea and information from their
decisions. The task force meeting bring out the groups information, The
operation need etc.
After several meeting the design of the subsystem may be created.
2.Personal Interview
Beside the task force meeting the designer should conduct interviews the
designer should conduct interview with key manager of top level and a simple
operating peoples.
In the interview with managers the designer should seek information about the
objective of the organization, major policies, category of information, speed
getting the information, style of decision, degree of managers, involved in the
decision etc.
3. Internal and External documents These may be several
internal document by which the information can obtain and depending upon
these information is available.
The internal document may be organization policy guides, processor manuals,
account structure, marketing, purchasing employees etc.
Search the detailed of operational subsystem and
information flow
The development in the detailed design first carry out for the subsystem. In MIS
design the scratches are flow chart. Generally there are three type of flow
chart.

1. Task oriented chart

These are block diagram showing the relationship among the various task or
activities.

2. Form oriented chart

These are prepared by people who give instruction to the computer. These
show logical sequence of the program.

3. Program flow Chart

These are prepared by people who give instruction to the computer. These
show logical sequence of the program.
Input output Form
Each subsystem has requirement for information count and produce outgoing
information to be used another subsystem by end user.
Early system Testing
As soon as the designed the detailed structure of the proposed MIS on the
basis conceptual design, prior to implementation. It is advisable that early
system testing should be conducted.
During the design effort the system have qualified and quantified as much as
possible. Now attempt should be made determined quantitative range for input
and outputs, the functions time for operation in the system decision for
operation in the system decision models which may be developed either in the
form of mathematical equations or in the form of decision table.
The purpose of modeling at this state is to define the system more precisely
and to improve it.
Logical tables may be developed for decision models, such decision tables
may include both quantitative and qualitative basis for decision making.
For every small system the best may be conversion into online operation. In
very large system simulation may be too complex and costly.
Simulation has advantage in permitting evaluation of the system against the
criteria of the conceptual design performance specifications.
Hardware and Software and Tools

The software design should be done in proper attention and it should be done
prior the implementation phase and when the actual implementation take place.
The software are ready. There are some step which are necessary for s / w
development and they are

1. Develop standard procedures for programming.

2. Develop the data processing logic and also make the flow chart.
3.Study the conceptual design specification and work on that. Similarly the
system designer should be consider idly H/ W configuration.

The following item should be guide the designer in their hardware selections.

1. Buy enough computing power to do the whole job.

2. Buy enough external storage to hold the required database and backup.
3. Buy some other peripheral device according to need.
4.Buy computer stationary as needed.
5. Buy the best documentation.
6. Buy sufficient maintain support software.
MIS Implementation
There are four basic method for implementing the MIS.

1. Install a system in a new organization just being formed.

2. Cut of the old system and install the new one This produces a time gap
during which no system is in operation. This practical only for small system,
where installation required one two way.
3. Cut Over by segments This method is prepared for big one also small
system are substituted by old one.
4. Operate In parallel and cut over The new system is installed and operate
it in parallel with the current system until it has been checked out then the
current system is cut over. This method is expensive.

Plan the implementation

There are three main phase in implementation that takes place in series and
they are

1. Initial Installation
2. Test a system as a whole.
3. Maintains and control of a system.
Control and Maintain of the system
Control and Maintain of the system are the responsibility of the line managers.
Control of the system means ,We control the system and makes the system
operational. Some people make the unauthorized change to improve the
system i.e. the change that are not approved or documented.
It is the duty of the management at reach level in the organization to provide
spot checks of system for control purposes. The maintains is closely related to
control.
In other words maintain of MIS is directed towards reducing errors due to
design reducing error environment and improving the system scope and
services.
These activities are classified in four categories.
1.Emergency maintains.
2. Route maintains
3.Request for special maintains.
4.System improvements.
Maintenance may be applied to the following activities.
1. Change in policy statements
2. Change in reports.
3. Change in forms.
4. Change in operating system.
5.system control and security needs.
Internal Problems related to MIS Maintains
Several problem may arise in the area of maintain also. They may
be summarized as follows.

1. No plan for maintains.

2. No resources allocation for maintains.
3. Lack of management understanding interest and commitment.
4.Lack of qualified persons.

Responsibility for Maintains

The specific responsibility for the maintains of the system should
be sign to a supervisors and a team of MIS Analyst, Programmers
and for specialist.
The fragmentation of responsibility for the MIS Maintains should
be given individually for their related areas. After certain period
time by a combined meeting, they can evaluated as whole they
system maintains.
ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning):
“The business information systems that integrate
various functions of business are called Enterprise
Resource Planning”.

ERP systems originally evolved from manufacturing

resource Planning (MRP) system. ERP systems
integrate many common applications into one system.
ERP system is an information system that supports
several areas of business by common applications into
one system.
For Example: The finance department might want to cut
down the advertising budget, whereas the marketing
department might want more money for advertising.
DEFINITION OF ERP: ERP system are computer based
system designed to process an organization transaction and
facilitate integrated and real-time planning, production and
customer response.

Characteristics of ERP:

(a) ERP system integrate the various processes in the

organization.
(b) ERP system support multiple currencies and languages.
(c) ERP system have the ability to customize without
programming.
(d) ERP system have support for specific industries.
(e) ERP system is flexible to accommodate the changing needs of

an enterprise.
(f) ERP has many features like security, authorization,
referencing, responsibility and the implementation business of
Benefits of ERP :
(a) ERP systems employ best practice business
processes.
(b) ERP enables organizational standardization
across different location.
(c) ERP eliminates information asymmetries
because all the information is put into the
same underlying database.
(d) ERP systems reduce the delivery cycle,
customer satisfaction increases. They also to
maintain closer contact with customers.
(e) ERP system make the business operation
transparent between business partners