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    Lattice and Lattice-Ladder Structures For IIR Systems

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    Chris Oreinos
    The document describes lattice and lattice-ladder structures for implementing infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It discusses how modifying a finite impulse response (FIR) lattice structure by reversing arrows and signals results in a recursive or feedback structure that can realize an IIR filter. For an Nth-order IIR system, the transfer function can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials, with the coefficients occurring in reverse order compared to the FIR case. Lattice-ladder networks can add finite zeros to the transfer function. An example demonstrates synthesizing a 2nd-order transfer function using such a structure.

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    Lattice and Lattice-Ladder Structures For IIR Systems

    Uploaded by

    Chris Oreinos
    4K views12 pages
    The document describes lattice and lattice-ladder structures for implementing infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It discusses how modifying a finite impulse response (FIR) lattice structure by reversing arrows and signals results in a recursive or feedback structure that can realize an IIR filter. For an Nth-order IIR system, the transfer function can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials, with the coefficients occurring in reverse order compared to the FIR case. Lattice-ladder networks can add finite zeros to the transfer function. An example demonstrates synthesizing a 2nd-order transfer function using such a structure.

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    Lattice and Lattice-Ladder Structures for IIR Systems

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    The document describes lattice and lattice-ladder structures for implementing infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It discusses how modifying a finite impulse response (FIR) lattice structure by reversing arrows and signals results in a recursive or feedback structure that can realize an IIR filter. For an Nth-order IIR system, the transfer function can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials, with the coefficients occurring in reverse order compared to the FIR case. Lattice-ladder networks can add finite zeros to the transfer function. An example demonstrates synthesizing a 2nd-order transfer function using such a structure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4K views12 pages

    Lattice and Lattice-Ladder Structures For IIR Systems

    Uploaded by

    Chris Oreinos
    The document describes lattice and lattice-ladder structures for implementing infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It discusses how modifying a finite impulse response (FIR) lattice structure by reversing arrows and signals results in a recursive or feedback structure that can realize an IIR filter. For an Nth-order IIR system, the transfer function can be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials, with the coefficients occurring in reverse order compared to the FIR case. Lattice-ladder networks can add finite zeros to the transfer function. An example demonstrates synthesizing a 2nd-order transfer function using such a structure.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The document discusses different types of IIR filter structures including direct form II, lattice, and lattice-ladder structures.

    Direct form II, lattice, and lattice-ladder IIR structures are discussed. A lattice structure can implement an IIR filter with finite poles and zeros at 0. A lattice-ladder structure allows adding finite zeros.

    A lattice-ladder structure implements an IIR filter by modifying the FIR lattice structure. It involves reversing signal directions, applying input to previous output and taking output from previous input with reversed signal signs from the bottom.

    Lattice and Lattice-Ladder

    Structures for IIR Systems


    Lattice IIR Structure
    Consider a system with finite poles and all its zeros at z = 0 whose
    transfer function is of the form
    1
    H(z) =
    ΑN ( z )
    N
    where Α N ( z ) = 1 + ∑ aN [ k ] z − k is an Nth degree polynomial in z.
    k =1

    This system has N finite poles and N zeros at z = 0.


    Lattice IIR Structure

    A Direct Form II system with


    N finite poles and N zeros at
    z = 0.
    Lattice IIR Structure
    Compare the Direct Form II structures for FIR and IIR systems.
    If, in the FIR system, we exchange the roles of X ( z ) and Y ( z ) ,
    change all b's to − a's (with b0 = 1) and let N = M − 1, we get the
    IIR system.

    FIR IIR
    Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
    Modify the FIR lattice structure as illustrated below. Reverse the
    arrows on all the "f" signals. Reverse the lattice and apply x [ n ]
    to the previous output and take y [ n ] from the previous input.
    Also reverse the signs of the signals arriving from the bottom. This
    is now a recursive or feedback structure which can implement an
    IIR filter.
    Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
    Take the case N = 1.
    x [ n ] = f1 [ n ] , f 0 [ n ] = f1 [ n ] − K1 g 0 [ n − 1] , g1 [ n ] = K1 f 0 [ n ] + g 0 [ n − 1]
    and y [ n ] = f 0 [ n ] = g 0 [ n ] = f1 [ n ] − K1 g 0 [ n − 1]
    N 

    = x[ n ] = y[ n −1]

    z transforming
    1 z
    Y ( z ) + K1 z Y ( z ) = X ( z ) ⇒ H1 ( z ) =
    −1
    −1
    =
    1 + z K1 z + K1
    Single pole at z = − K1 and a zero at z = 0.
    Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
    Also, for the N = 1 case
    g1 [ n ] = K1 y [ n ] + y [ n − 1]
    G1 ( z ) z + 1/ K1
    G1 ( z ) = K1 Y ( z ) + z Y ( z ) ⇒
    −1 −1
    = K1 + z = K1
    Y(z) z
    G1 ( z )
    is the transfer function of a system with a single zero at
    Y(z)
    z = −1/ K1 and a pole at zero.
    Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
    For the N = 2 case, it can be shown that
    Y(z) 1 z2
    H2 ( z ) = = = 2
    X ( z ) 1 + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z + K 2 z
    −1 −2
    z + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z + K 2
    and
    G2 ( z ) z 2 + K1 (1 + 1/ K 2 ) z + 1/ K 2
    = K 2 + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z −1 + z −2 = K 2
    Y(z) z2
    Notice that the coefficients for the FIR and IIR systems occur in reverse
    order as before.
    Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
    For any m,
    Y( z) 1 Gm ( z )
    Hm ( z ) = = and = Β m ( z ) = z − m Α m (1/ z )
    X( z) Αm ( z ) Y(z)
    and the previous relations for FIR lattices still hold.
    Α 0 ( z ) = Β0 ( z ) = 1 , Α m ( z ) = Α m−1 ( z ) + K m z −1Β m−1 ( z )
    Βm ( z ) = z − m Α m (1/ z ) , K m = α m [ m ]
    Αm ( z ) − K mΒm ( z )
    Α m−1 ( z ) =
    1 − K m2
    Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure
    If we want to add finite zeros to H m ( z ) we can add a ladder network
    to the lattice. Then the transfer function will be of the form
    γ N ( 0 ) + γ N (1) z −1 + " + γ N ( N ) z − N ΓN ( z )
    H(z) = =
    1 + α N (1) z + α N ( 2 ) z + " + α N ( N ) z
    −1 −2 −N
    ΑN ( z )
    N N
    y [ n ] = ∑ vm g m [ n ] ⇒ Y ( z ) = ∑ vm G m ( z )
    m =0 m =0
    Lattice-Ladder Example
    Synthesize the transfer function
    1 − z −1 + 0.5 z −2 z 2 − z + 0.5
    H(z) = −1 −2
    = 2
    1 + 0.2 z − 0.15 z z + 0.2 z − 0.15
    using a lattice-ladder network.
    Α 2 ( z ) = 1 + 0.2 z −1 − 0.15 z −2
    K 2 = −0.15 and Β 2 ( z ) = −0.15 + 0.2 z −1 + z −2
    2
    Γ 2 ( z ) = ∑ vm Β m ( z ) = 1 − z −1 + 0.5 z −2 ⇒ v2 = 0.5
    m =0

    Γ1 ( z ) = Γ 2 ( z ) − v2 Β 2 ( z ) = 1 − z −1 + 0.5 z −2 − 0.5 ( −0.15 + 0.2 z −1 + z −2 )


    Γ1 ( z ) = 1.075 − 1.1z −1 ⇒ v1 = −1.1
    Γ 0 ( z ) = Γ1 ( z ) − v1Β1 ( z )
    Lattice-Ladder Example
    Α m ( z ) − K m Βm ( z )
    Using Α m−1 ( z ) =
    1 − K m2
    1 + 0.2 z −1 − 0.15 z −2 − ( −0.15 ) ( −0.15 + 0.2 z −1 + z −2 )
    Α1 ( z ) =
    1 − ( −0.15 )
    2

    0.9775 + 0.23 z −1
    Α1 ( z ) = = 1 + 0.23529 z −1
    0.9775
    K1 = 0.23529 and Β1 ( z ) = 0.23529 + z −1
    Γ 0 ( z ) = 1.075 − 1.1z −1 − ( −1.1) ( 0.23529 + z −1 ) = 1.3382 ⇒ v0 = 1.3382

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