Differential Amplifier Using BJT

Expt. No.
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

Objective: 1)The aim of the experiment is to study the operation of differential amplifiers using
BJT and obtain CMRR and input resistance.
Components and equipments required:
1. Oscilloscope (Scope/CRO).
2. Function Generators (FG).
3. DC power supply.
4. Project Breadboard.
5. Resistors.
6. Capacitors
7. BC 107 or SL100 BJTs
8. Connection Wires.
9. Oscilloscope Probes.
Circuit diagram:
a) Differential Amplifier using BJT:

i) Differential Mode, Balanced Output (for differential gain)
Fig. 1
ii) Common mode, balanced output (for common mode gain)
Fig. 2
Different Modes:
a) Dual input balanced output
The circuit is same as shown in Fig. 1
b) Dual input unbalanced output
The input is same as above, but output is taking across any

of the transistor’s collector and ground.
c) Single input balanced output.
One of the inputs set to ground and output is same as first

mode.
d) Single input unbalanced output.
One of the inputs set to ground and output is same as second mode.
Power Supply Arrangement for Dual Voltage Source:
Fig. 3
Note: For unbalanced output use coupling capacitor at the output
Theory:
The differential amplifier, or differential pair, is an essential building block in all

integrated amplifiers. In general, the input stage of any analog integrated circuit with more than
one input consists of a differential pair or differential amplifier. The basic differential pair circuit
consists of two-matched transistors Q1and Q2 , whose emitters are joined together and biased by
the constant current source circuit. Q1, D1, D2, R2 and RE acts as current source, which introduce
constant current IEE to the differential amplifier with high ac source resistance, since ac
equivalent of this dc current source is ideally open circuit.
The important characteristics of the differential amplifier are: the common-mode rejection
ratio CMRR, the input differential resistance R id, and the differential-mode gain Ad.
V od
Differential gain: Ad = , where Vid is differential input voltage,
V id
V id =V 1−V 2 and Vod is differential output. For a perfectly matched pair transistor differential gain
should be infinite.
Ad
CMRR: Common Mode Rejection Ratio,CMRR= , where Ac is common mode gain
Ac
V oc V +V
and it is Ac = , where Vcm is common mode input voltage, V cm = 1 2 and Voc is common
V cm 2
mode output. For perfectly matched pair transistor common mode gain should be zero, and then
CMRR should be infinite.
Differential input resistance: The resistance between the differential input and ideally it
should be infinite.
DC Analysis:
V EE−V BE
I CQ =
2 R EE
V CEQ =V CC +V BE−RC I CQ
I E3
I E 1=I E 2=
2
For constant current source circuit:
VD
I E3=
RE
V EE−2V D
I 2=
R2
AC Analysis:
Balanced output Mode:
Differential gain Ad =−g m RC
−R C
Common mode gain Acm =
2 R EE
CMRR ¿ 2 g m R EE
Differential mode input resistance Rid =2r π
Output resistance Ro =RC
Unbalanced output Mode:
−g R
Differential gain Ad = m C
2
−R C
Common mode gain Acm =
2 R EE
CMRR m EE
¿ g R
Differential mode input resistance Rid =2r π
Output resistance Ro =RC
Resistance of current source circuit:

R EE=¿ ¿
Design:
Given that |V CC|=|V EE|=15V , I CQ =2mA , A d=50
From data sheet of BC 107, h oe=60 μS ,β=150

R E=?
R2=?
gm =?
RC =?
I B=?
r π=?
R EE=?
From the above design: | A c|=? , CMRR=?=? (¿ dB)
Pre-lab Assignments:
1. Define CMRR.
2. Draw the basic circuit of differential amplifier using BJT. Give the significance of R C
and REE
3. Design differential amplifier with current source circuit using BJT using the
following specifications
|V CC|=|V EE|=10V , I CQ =10 mA ,h oe=80 μS , β=200 , A cm=0.001 , CMRR=10000
4. Give the use of current mirror circuit in differential amplifier.
5. Give the advantages of MOSFET differential amplifier.
6. Design differential amplifier with current source circuit using MOSFET using the
following specifications
|V DD|=|V SS|=5 V , I D =1 mA , A cm=0.001, CMRR=80 dB
7. Draw the differential amplifier circuit using BJT with active load.
8.
Model Waveforms:
Differential Input and Balanced Output

Differential Input and Unbalanced Output
Common Mode Input Unbalanced Output
Simulated Results:
Differential Gain:
For balanced output:
v ¿=0.5 mV −0V , v o=25.8 mV
¿ Ad ∨¿ 51.6
For unbalanced output:
v ¿=0.5 mV −0V , v o1 =−12.9 mV , v o 2=12.9 mV
¿ Ad ∨¿ 51.6
Common Mode Gain:
v ¿=1 V , v o 1=964 μV , v o 2 =964 μV
¿ Acm ∨¿ 0.00964
CMRR=74.57 dB
For input resistance measurement use the following setup:

Measure vin and iin using DMM and then
v¿
R¿ =
i¿
Viva Questions:
1) Define differential amplifier and give its application
2) Draw a current mirror circuit. Differentiate it with constant current source.
3) In a differential amplifier |VCC| ≠ |VEE|, list out the problems
4) Differentiate different configurations of differential amplifiers. Which one is
commonly used?
5) Give the main advantage of constant current bias over emitter bias.
6)

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Expt. No.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER USING BJT

a) Differential Amplifier using BJT:

a) Dual input balanced output

The circuit is same as shown in Fig. 1

b) Dual input unbalanced output

The input is same as above, but output is taking across any

c) Single input balanced output.

One of the inputs set to ground and output is same as first

d) Single input unbalanced output.

Power Supply Arrangement for Dual Voltage Source:

Note: For unbalanced output use coupling capacitor at the output

The differential amplifier, or differential pair, is an essential building block in all

For constant current source circuit:

Resistance of current source circuit:

Given that |V CC|=|V EE|=15V , I CQ =2mA , A d=50

From data sheet of BC 107, h oe=60 μS ,β=150

Differential Input and Balanced Output

For unbalanced output:

v ¿=0.5 mV −0V , v o1 =−12.9 mV , v o 2=12.9 mV

v ¿=1 V , v o 1=964 μV , v o 2 =964 μV

For input resistance measurement use the following setup:

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