Musculoskeletal Anatomy: IME 549 Industrial Ergonomics Spring 2011 Dr. Michael Jorgensen

Musculoskeletal
Anatomy
IME 549
Industrial Ergonomics
Spring 2011
Dr. Michael Jorgensen

Industrial
Ergonomics
Productivity Quality Safety Regulation
How does an understanding of

Musculoskeletal anatomy help us
reduce costs?
Musculoskeletal Anatomy
• Chapter 2, pgs 18-26
• Interacting with health care professionals
• Understanding structures that are injured in
musculoskeletal disorders
• Participating in an ergonomics team
– Job analyses
– Understanding causes of injuries
– Developing solutions
• Other reasons?
Anatomical and Biomechanical Issues
• Different soft tissues provide
support, transmit forces, and
maintain the structural integrity of
body parts
– Muscle – Provide the active force
generation to provide motion about
the joints
– Bones – Provide an internal
framework for the whole body
– Ligaments – Connect bone to bone
and provide stability at the joint
– Tendons – attach muscle to bone
and transmit muscle force to bone
– Nerves – transmit signals to and
from the central nervous system
• Skeletal Muscles – Provide the
active force generation to provide
motion about the joints
• Composed of muscle fibers
– Red (Type I): endurance
– White (Type II): strength and speed
• Attachments
– Origin: toward the body center (proximal)
– Insertion: away from the body center
(distal)
– Many muscles attached to tendinous
attachments
• Muscle fibers
– Muscle fibers are innervated by nerve
action potentials through the motor
neuron axon
• Bones – Provide an internal
framework for the whole
body
• Ligaments – Connect bone to
bone and provide stability at
the joint
– Upper extremity: transverse
carpal ligament
– Spine: spinal ligaments
• Viscoelastic structures
– Stretch at low slow loading
– High resistance with fast loading
• Tendons – attach muscle to bone
and transmit muscle force to bone
• Very high tensile strength
• Poor blood supply – heal very slowly
• Synovial sheaths
– Surround some tendons where tendon
movement is common
– Contains lubricant called synovial fluid,
aids in gliding of tendon
• Nerves – transmit signals to and from
the central nervous system for motor,
sensory and autonomic functions
• Central nervous system: brain and
spinal cord
• Peripheral nerves: supply
communication within the body
• Motor nerves: send messages (efferent
signals) from the brain to the muscles
– Muscle contraction
• Sensory nerves: send messages
(afferent signals) from body to the brain
– Muscle length/force, pain, pressure, etc.
• Autonomic nerves: control functions such
as sweat production
Spine
• Spinal column
– Protects the spinal cord
– Five regions
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
– Curvature
• Lordosis (cervical and lumbar
• Kyphosis (thoracic)
Spine – Forward Bending
Neutral 15 Degrees
30 Degrees 45 Degrees
• Vertebral Body
–
Spine
Facet joint – Cartilage joints that connect
vertebral bodies together – limit motion,
location of nociceptors (e.g., pain
sensors)
– Vertebral foramen – The spinal cord
passes through this opening
– Intervertebral foramen – Spinal nerve
roots branching from the spinal cord pass
through this opening
Vertebral Foramen
• Intervertebral disc Spine
– Absorb loading forces along the spine
– Anulus fibrosis – outer layers of the disc
(concentric rings)
– Nucleus pulposus – gel-like incompressive
load bearing fluid inside the disc
Spine
• Intervertebral disc Healthy disc
– Disc degeneration due to:
• Normal aging
• Repeated, cumulative loading
– Herniated disc
• Nucleus pulposus escapes outside the disc,
presses on a nerve root in the intervertebral
foramen
Degenerated disc
Spine
Upper Extremity
• Shoulder
– Designed for mobility instead of stability
– Bones: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus
– Tendons and Muscles
• Motion of shoulder joint from rotator cuff
– Infraspinatus
– Supraspinatus
– Subscapularis
– Teres minor
• Arm Upper Extremity
– Bones
• Upper arm: Humerus
• Lower arm: Radius and ulna
– Muscles
• Upper arm
– Biceps (bend elbow)
– Triceps (straighten elbow)
– Nerves
• Ulnar, Median, Radial
Upper Extremity
• Arm
– Lower Arm Muscles
– Extend the wrist
• Extensor carpi radialis longus
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis
• Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extend
Flex
Upper Extremity
• Arm
– Lower Arm Muscles
– Flex the wrist
• Flexor carpi radialis
• Flexor carpi ulnaris
• Palmaris longus
Extend
Flex
• Hand
– Bones
Upper Extremity
• Carpals (8)
• Metacarpals (5)
• Phalanges (for fingers)
– Proximal
– Middle
– Distal
• Phalanges (for thumb)
– Proximal
– Distal
– Nerves
• Radial, Median, Ulnar
Upper Extremity
• Hand
– Flex the fingers
• Flexor digitorum superficialias
• Flexor digitorum profundus
• Flexor pollicis longus
Fingers extended
Fingers flexed
Upper Extremity
• Hand
– Extend the fingers
• Extensor digitorum
• Extensor indicis
• Extensor digiti minimi
Fingers extended
Fingers flexed
Lower Extremity
• Occupational musculoskeletal issues
– Knees and ankles/feet becoming more of
an issue
• Obesity
• Aging in the workplace
• Standing jobs
• Bones
– Upper leg
• femur
– Lower leg
• tibia, fibula
– Foot
• Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Lower Extremity
The Musculoskeletal System
• Joints
– Motion of body parts
– Description of joint motion
– Cardinal planes
• Sagittal (median)
• Coronal (frontal)
• Transverse (horizontal)
• Terms
– Sagittal plane – flexion, extension
– Coronal plane – abduction,
adduction
– Transverse plane – medial or
lateral rotation
Wrist and Forearm Postures
Back and Neck Postures
Shoulder and Elbow Postures
Shoulder Flexion Shoulder Extension
Shoulder Abduction Shoulder Adduction
Elbow Flexion Elbow Extension

Hip, Knee and Ankle Postures
Knee Hip

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Musculoskeletal

Dr. Michael Jorgensen

Productivity Quality Safety Regulation

How does an understanding of

Shoulder Flexion Shoulder Extension

Shoulder Abduction Shoulder Adduction

Elbow Flexion Elbow Extension

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