Educational Product

National Aeronautics and Educators Grades 5–12

Space Administration & Students
EP-1998-12-384-HQ

NASA’s Great
Observatories

Hubble Space Chandra X-ray Compton Gamma Ray

Telescope Observatory Observatory

P A P E R M O D E L
NASA’s Great Observatories: Paper Model is available
in electronic format through NASA Spacelink—one of
the Agency’s electronic resources specifically devel-
oped for use by the educational community.

The system may be accessed at the following address:

http://spacelink.nasa.gov/products
NASA’s Great
Observatories

Hubble Space Chandra X-ray Compton Gamma Ray

Telescope Observatory Observatory

P A P E R M O D E L

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

This publication is in the Public Domain and is not protected by copyright.

Permission is not requested for duplication.
EP-1998-12-384-HQ
NASA’s Great
Observatories
Why are space observatories important? The answer concerns
twinkling stars in the night sky. To reach telescopes on Earth,
light from distant objects has to penetrate Earth’s atmosphere.
Although the sky may look clear, the gases that make up our
atmosphere cause problems for astronomers. These gases
absorb the majority of radiation emanating from celestial bodies
so that it never reaches the astronomer’s telescope. Radiation
that does make it to the surface is distorted by pockets of warm
and cool air, causing the twinkling effect. In spite of advanced
computer enhancement, the images finally seen by astronomers
are incomplete.

Observatories located in space collect data free from the distor-

tion of Earth’s atmosphere. Space observatories contain
advanced, highly sensitive instruments, such as telescopes (the
Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory)
and detectors (the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and
Chandra X-ray Observatory), that allow scientists to study radia-
tion from neighboring planets and galaxies billions of light years
away. By analyzing the spectrum of radiation emitted or
absorbed by an object, scientists can determine the temperature, determine how stars and galaxies are formed and provide
chemical composition, and motion of an object. The light from insights into the origin and evolution of the universe.
these distant celestial bodies may take billions of years to reach
the observatories, so scientists can actually look into the past NASA, in conjunction with other countries’ space agencies, com-
and learn what was happening in the universe when it was mercial companies, and the international community, has built
young. The data that these observatories gather help scientists observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope, the
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, and the Chandra X-ray
Observatory to find the answers to numerous questions about
the universe. With the capabilities the Space Shuttle provides,
scientist now have the means for deploying these observatories
from the Shuttle’s cargo bay directly into orbit.

Who Are They Named for?

Each of the three spacecraft represented by models here are

named for noted astronomers in the fields of optical and high-
energy astronomy. The Hubble Space Telescope is named for
Edwin Hubble. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory is
named for Arthur Holly Compton, and the Chandra X-ray
Observatory is named for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
“Chandra” was a nickname used by Chandrasekhar. Assign
some students the task of researching these three astronomers
and their accomplishments.

For more information about the NASA Great Observatories, visit

the Office of Space Science web site at
http://spacescience.nasa.gov/missions/index.htm

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 1

Hubble Space
Telescope

N
ASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, the first of the great 48,000 solar cells. The pointing control system aims the tele-
observatories, was deployed from the Space Shuttle scope to a desired position and locks it in place within 0.01 arc
Discovery into Earth orbit in April 1990. It is a product of second through a series of gyroscopes, star trackers, momen-
two decades of research and development by 10,000 sci- tum wheels, electromagnets, and fine guidance sensors. In addi-
entists and engineers at various NASA Centers, private compa- tion, computers, high-gain antennas, and an electrical power
nies, universities, and the European Space Agency. The purpose system allow the Hubble to receive commands and transmit data
of the Hubble, the most complex and sensitive optical telescope back to scientists on Earth.
ever made, is to study the cosmos from low-Earth orbit for
15 years or more. The optical telescope assembly contains two secondary and one
larger primary mirror (2.36 meters) to collect and focus light from
Scientific Objectives selected celestial objects. The mirrors are housed near the cen-
ter of the telescope. Light hits the primary mirror and bounces to
Scientists designed the Hubble Space Telescope to provide fine the secondary mirror—to a focal plane where the scientific
detail imaging, produce ultraviolet images and spectra, and instruments are located.
detect very faint objects. The Hubble is meeting these three
objectives, even though the spacecraft experienced a shaky The scientific instruments include the Wide Field/Planetary
start. Camera, the Faint Object Camera, the Goddard High Resolution
Spectrograph, the Faint Object Spectrograph, and the High
Two months after its deployment in space, scientists detected a Speed Photometer. The find guidance system also performs sci-
2-micron spherical aberration in the primary mirror that affected entific measurements. The instruments are positioned about
the telescope’s ability to focus faint light sources into a precise 1.5 meters behind the primary mirror. The goals of these five
point. This imperfection was very slight, one-fiftieth the width of a instruments are as follows:
human hair.
• The Wide Field/Planetary Camera 2 is designed to investi-
Computer processing overcame much of the defect, but a gate the age of the universe and to search for new plane-
scheduled Space Shuttle servicing mission in 1993 permitted tary systems around young stars. It takes pictures of large
scientists to correct the problem. During four spacewalks, new numbers of galaxies and of closeups of planets in our solar
instruments were installed into the Hubble that had optical cor- system.
rections. A second servicing mission in 1997 further upgraded
the instruments on the telescope. • The Space Telescope Imaging Spectograph will spread out
light into its component colors so that the properties of
Key Features celestial objects, such as chemical composition, radial
velocity, rational velocity, and magnetic fields, can be meas-
The Hubble Space Telescope is approximately the size of a rail- ured. The spectograph is able to record the spectrum of
road car, with two cylinders joined together and wrapped in a sil- many locations in a galaxy simultaneously.
very reflective heat shield blanket. Wing-like solar arrays extend
horizontally from each side of these cylinders, and dish-shaped • The Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer
antennas extend above and below the body of the telescope. is a cryogenically cooled instrument that provides the capa-
The design is modular so the Space Shuttle can easily replace bility of infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of
malfunctioning units. astronomical targets. The instrument detects light with
wavelengths longer than the human eye limit.
The telescope has three major sections: the support systems
module, the optical telescope assembly, and the scientific instru- • The Faint Object Camera, a contribution of the European
ments. The support systems module holds the optical telescope Space Agency, focuses on smaller areas than the other
assembly and scientific instruments in place and insulates them camera and is used for producing sharp images at great
from extreme temperature highs and lows, when the satellite is distances. The data produced from this camera will help
in full light or darkness. determine the distance scale of the universe and peer into
centers of globular star clusters, binary stars, and other faint
The support system includes the European Space Agency’s phenomena.
solar arrays, which consist of two “wings” containing

2 NASA’s Great Observatories EP-1998-12-384-HQ

Compton Gamma
Ray Observatory

T
he Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) is the sec- The Gamma Ray Detectors
ond of the great observatory series of four spacecraft NASA
plans to launch. Launched in 1991, the CGRO is a complex The four different kinds of gamma ray detectors on the CGRO
spacecraft fitted with four different gamma-ray detectors, are the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), the
each of which concentrates on different but overlapping energy Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), the
ranges. The instruments are the largest of their kind that have Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), and the Energetic
ever flown in space; each instrument weighs about 6 tons, and Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET). The following are
three of them are about the size of a subcompact car. Size is brief descriptions of these detectors:
important because gamma rays can only be detected when they
interact with matter. The bigger the masses of the detectors, the • BATSE consists of eight detectors, placed on the corners of
greater the number of gamma rays they can detect. the spacecraft, which monitor as much of the sky as possi-
ble for gamma ray bursts, because gamma-ray bursts are
Outer space is filled with electromagnetic radiation that tells the brief, random events. These bursts are in the lower energy
story of the birth and death of stars and galaxies. A small portion range of gamma rays. However, because BATSE is the
of that radiation is visible to our eyes. The rest can be detected instrument with the widest view range when it detects higher
only with special instruments. In a chart of the electromagnetic range gamma rays, it signals the other instruments.
spectrum, gamma rays fall at the far right end after visible light,
ultraviolet light, and x rays. Gamma rays have very short wave- • OSSE uses four very precise crystal detectors primarily for
lengths and are extremely energetic, but most of them do not plotting radioactive emissions from supernovae, pulsars,
penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. The only way for astronomers to and novae. This experiment provides such information as
view these waves is to send instruments into space. temperature, particle velocities, and magnetic field strength.

The process for gamma-ray detection is similar to the way fluo- • COMPTEL studies gamma rays with a higher energy range
rescent paints convert ultraviolet light to visible light. When than OSSE. COMPTEL is a liquid detector that acts like a
gamma rays interact with crystals, liquids, and other materials, camera. Gamma rays enter through an initial detector,
they produce flashes of light that are recorded by electronic sen- which is similar to a lens, and then pass through a second
sors. Astronomers can determine how energetic a particular ray detector, which acts like film. In this way, COMPTEL recon-
is from the intensity of the flash—the brighter the flash of light structs wide-field-view images of the sky. COMPTEL
from the interaction, the higher the energy of the ray. observes point sources, such as neutron stars, galaxies,
and other diffuse emissions.
Scientific Objectives
• EGRET detects the highest energy gamma rays, which are
The CGRO helps astronomers learn about the most powerful associated with the most energetic processes that occur in
celestial bodies and events in the universe. It observes momen- nature. EGRET was designed to collect data on quasars,
tous gamma-ray bursts, such as those near the large Magellanic black holes, stellar and galactic explosions, matter and anti-
Cloud, which radiate more gamma rays in 0.2 second than our matter annihilation, and high-energy portions of gamma-ray
Sun does in 1,000 years. The CGRO gathers data to test theo- bursts and solar flares. The highly sensitive instruments of
ries on supernovae and the structure and dynamics of galaxies. EGRET can observe fainter sources than previously possi-
The data collected on pulsars will allow scientists to explain how ble and with greater accuracy.
pulsars can produce more energy over their lifetime than the
explosion it took to create them. The CGRO also monitors
quasars, the luminous bodies with unusually high-energy outputs
commonly found in the center of galaxies. In addition, the obser-
vatory views very high-temperature emissions data from black
holes, which will reveal information on the origin of the universe
and matter distribution.

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 3

Chandra X-ray
Observatory

N
ASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) is the most continually monitored and reported back to mission control.
sophisticated x-ray observatory ever built. It observes The electrical power system generates electrical power from the
x-rays from high-energy regions of the universe, such as solar arrays, stores it in three banks of batteries, and distributes
hot gas in the remnants of exploded stars. This observa- it in a carefully regulated manner to the observatory. The solar
tory has three major parts: (1) the x-ray telescope, whose mir- arrays generate approximately 2 kilowatts of power for the
rors will focus x-rays from celestial objects; (2) science instru- heaters, science instruments, computers, transmitters, and so
ments, which record the x-rays so that x-ray images can be pro- forth.
duced and analyzed; and (3) the spacecraft, which provides the
environment necessary for the telescope and the instruments to The communications, control, and data management system is
work. the nerve center of the observatory. It keeps track of the position
of the spacecraft in its orbit, monitors the spacecraft sensors,
CXO will be boosted into an elliptical orbit by a built-in propul- receives and processes commands from the ground for the
sion system. Two firings by an attached Inertial Upper Stage operation of the observatory, and stores and processes the data
(IUS) rocket and three firings of its own onboard rocket motors from the instrument so that they can be transmitted to the
after separating from the IUS will place the observatory into its ground. Typically, the data are transmitted to the ground during
working orbit. The onboard rocket motors, called the Integral contacts with the NASA Deep Space Network about once every
Propulsion System, will also be used to move and aim the 8 hours.
observatory. The orbit will take the spacecraft more than a third
of the way to the Moon before returning to its closest approach The pointing control and aspect of determination system has
to Earth of 10,000 kilometers. The time to complete an orbit will gyros, an aspect camera, Earth and Sun sensors, and reaction
be 64 hours and 18 minutes. wheels to monitor and control to very high accuracy where the
telescope is pointing at any given moment. It is as if one could
The spacecraft will spend 85 percent of its orbit above the belts locate the bull’s eye on a target 1 kilometer away to the precision
of charged particles that surround Earth. The radiation in these of 3 millimeters—about the size of a pinhead. This system can
belts can overwhelm the observatory’s sensitive instruments. also place the observatory into various levels of inactive, quiet
Uninterrupted observations as long as 55 hours will be possible, states, known as “safe modes” of operation, during emergencies.
and the overall percentage of useful observing time will be much
greater than for the low-Earth orbit of a few hundred kilometers Scientific Instruments
used by most satellites.
The function of the science instruments is to record as accurately
CXO’s sensitivity will make it possible for more detailed studies of as possible the number, position, and energy of the incoming x-
black holes, supernovae, and dark matter. It will also increase our rays. This information can be used to make an x-ray image and
understanding of the origin, evolution, and density of the universe. study other properties of the source, such as its temperature.

Spacecraft System The High Resolution Camera (HRC) will be one of two instru-
ments used at the focus of CXO, where it will detect x-rays
The spacecraft system provides the support structure and envi- reflected from an assembly of eight mirrors. The unique capabili-
ronment necessary for the telescope and the science instru- ties of the HRC stem from the close match of its imaging capa-
ments to work as an observatory. For example, the sunshade bility to the focusing of the mirrors. When used with the CXO
door is one of most basic and important elements of the space- mirrors, the HRC will make images that reveal detail as small as
craft system. This door remains closed until CXO has achieved one-half an arc second. This is equivalent to the ability to read a
pointing control in orbit. After being opened, it shadows the newspaper at a distance of 1 kilometer.
entrance of the telescope to allow it to point as close as 45
degrees to the Sun. The primary components of the HRC are two Micro-Channel
Plates. They each consist of a 10-centimeter-square cluster of
The thermal control system consists of a cooling radiator, insula- 69 million tiny lead-oxide glass tubes that are about 10 microns
tors, heaters, and thermostats to control the temperatures of criti- in diameter (one-eighth the thickness of a human hair) and
cal components of CXO. It is particularly important that the tem- 1.2 millimeters long. The tubes have a special coating that caus-
perature near the x-ray mirrors be well controlled to keep the mir- es electrons to be released when the tubes are struck by x-rays.
rors in focus. The temperature in many parts of the spacecraft is These electrons are accelerated down the tube by a high volt-

4 NASA’s Great Observatories EP-1998-12-384-HQ

age, releasing more electrons as they bounce off the sides of tively on their energies. When used with either the HRC or ACIS,
the tube. By the time they leave the end of the tube, they have they will allow for the precise determination of the energies of the
created a cloud of 30 million electrons. A crossed grid of wires x-rays. The grating spectrometers, as they are called, will be use-
detects this electron signal and allows the position of the original ful for studying the detailed energy spectrum of strong sources to
x-ray to be determined with high precision. With this information, determine the temperature and chemical composition.
astronomers can create a finely detailed map of a cosmic x-ray
source. The HRC will be especially useful for imaging hot matter The science instruments are mounted on the Science Instrument
in the remnants of exploded stars, in distant galaxies, and in Module, which contains mechanisms to move the science instru-
clusters of galaxies and for identifying very faint sources. ments in and out of the focal plane. This module also has insula-
tion for thermal control and electronics to control the operation of
The CXO CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) is the other focal the science instruments via the communication, command, and
plane instrument. As the name suggests, this instrument is an data management systems of the spacecraft.
array of charged coupled devices (CCD’s) similar to those used
in a camcorder. This instrument will be especially useful The science instruments will be controlled by commands trans-
because it can make x-ray images and measure the energies of mitted from the Operations Control Center at the CXO Science
incoming x-rays. It will be the instrument of choice for studying Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A preplanned sequence of
the temperature variation across x-ray sources, such as vast observations will be uplinked to CXO and stored in the on-board
clouds of hot gas in intergalactic space. computer for later execution. Data collected by observations with
CXO will be stored on a recorder for later transmission to the
In addition to the focal plane instruments, CXO will have two sets ground every 8 hours during the regularly scheduled Deep
of finely ruled gratings, which can be swung into position Space Network contacts. The data will then be transmitted to the
between the mirrors and the focal plane. These gratings change Jet Propulsion Laboratory and then to the Operations Control
the direction of incoming x-rays by amounts that depend sensi- Center for processing and analysis by scientists.

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 5

NASA Hubble
Space Telescope Model
Materials and Tools The seam of the cylinder should align with the word
“SMALL” on the INNER RING. Reach in with a finger and
Sharp paper scissors press each tab to the inside wall of the cylinder. You will
Razor blade knife need to support the outer wall of the cylinder with another
Dull knife finger to achieve a good bond.
Sharp punch (such as an ice pick or nail) 5. Fold the tabs of the END CAP downward, and coat each
Cutting surfaces (such as a wooden board) with glue. Place the END CAP upside down on a flat sur-
Glue stick or rubber cement face, and place the other end of the cylinder over it. Press
Cellophane tape the tabs in place. If you have trouble reaching the tabs, use
5- by 5-centimeter-square piece of aluminum foil the eraser end of a pencil in place of your finger.
Two 20-centimeter pieces of 1/8-inch dowel rods 6. The AFT SHROUD is completed. Set it aside.
Colored sharp point marker pens (yellow and red)
Blue and orange highlighter pens #2 Assembling the FORWARD SHELL
and LIGHT SHIELD
General Assembly Tips
1. Carefully cut out the FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT
• Copy all model pieces on heavy weight paper. SHIELD assembly. Use the razor blade to cut the slits for
• Color all pieces as indicated before cutting any parts out. the insertion of the assembly tab.
• Cut out only those pieces needed for the section being 2. Shape the tube by pulling the paper over the edge of a
assembled at the time. table or desk.
• Use a cutting surface such as a wooden board to protect 3. Curl the paper to form a tube and insert the tabs into the
the table or desk from scratches or gouges. slit. Use tape to hold the tube together.
• Cut out pieces along the solid exterior lines.
• Using the dull knife, lightly score all dashed fold lines to #3 Joining the AFT SHROUD and the
make accurate folds possible. FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT SHIELD
• Apply glue to the insertion tabs on the pieces and flaps
where the slots are located. If using rubber cement, apply 1. Bend the four glue tabs at the lower end of the FORWARD
cement to both surfaces to be joined and permit them to dry SHELL and LIGHT SHIELD inward, and cover with glue.
before assembling. Using a double coating of rubber 2. Place the AFT SHROUD on a flat surface with the INNER
cement makes a stronger bond. After the pieces are assem- RING pointed up. Insert the FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT
bled, lightly rub pieces to remove excess. SHIELD with the glue tab end down. Align the seam of the
• Some pieces may require small holes to be punched through two cylinders.
them. Those places are indicated with the ⊕ symbol. 3. Make sure the FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT SHIELD are
standing straight up. Use a long piece of dowel rod to reach
#1 Assembling the AFT SHROUD inside the tube, and press the tabs to the END CAP so that
they will bond to the inside of the END CAP.
1. Carefully cut out the following pieces: AFT SHROUD cylin-
der, END CAP, and INNER RING. Use the razor blade to #4 Assembling the
cut small slits for the insertion of the assembly tabs of the OTA EQUIPMENT SECTION
cylinder.
2. Shape the AFT SHROUD cylinder by curling the paper 1. Carefully cut out the OTA EQUIPMENT SECTION. Cut the
around the edge of a table or desk. This will permit the slots for tab insertion with the razor blade knife.
paper to be easily rolled into a cylinder. 2. Curl the bay section to form a semicircle.
3. Curl the paper to form a tube, and insert the tabs of the 3. Fold the tabs downward and the curved sections downward.
cylinder into the slits cut in step 1. Hold the cylinder togeth- 4. Apply glue to the tabs, and insert them into the slots to join
er with a piece of tape pressed to the inside. the segments as indicated in the diagram.
4. Fold the tabs of the INNER RING downward. Dashed lines
indicate where the folds should be. Coat each tab with glue,
and lay the ring upside down on a flat surface. Place the
cylinder over the INNER RING so that all tabs are inside.

6 NASA’s Great Observatories EP-1998-12-384-HQ

#5 Joining the OTA EQUIPMENT SECTION #9 Assembling the SOLAR ARRAYS
to the AFT SHROUD
1. Cut out each SOLAR ARRAY. Punch out the small circular
1. Apply glue to the OTA EQUIPMENT SECTION where indi- holes in the two tabs. When the front and back sides of the
cated. arrays are together, both tabs should stick out. You will slide
2. Press the OTA EQUIPMENT SECTION to the INNER RING the tabs over the ends of the SOLAR ARRAY rod you insert-
where indicated. ed into the FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT SHIELD in the
previous step.
#6 Assembling the BARREL INSERT 2. Fold the two back side panels of each array along the dot-
ted line. Coat the inside of the front array with glue, and
1. Cut out the BARREL INSERT, MIRROR SUPPORT, and press the back panels to it. When the glue is dry, slip the
SECONDARY MIRROR SUPPORT. SOLAR ARRAY rod through the holes in the two tabs for
2. Trace the circle of the MIRROR SUPPORT on the alu- each array.
minum foil, and cut out the circle. Glue the foil to the MIR-
ROR SUPPORT. #10 Assembling the ANTENNAS
3. Glue the SECONDARY MIRROR SUPPORT onto the alu-
minum foil. 1. Cut out the ANTENNAS.
4. Cut the slits for the assembly tabs on the BARREL INSERT. 2. Glue the back side of each ANTENNA assembly. Fold the
Curl the paper to form a tube by dragging it over the edge front and back of each ANTENNA over the ends of the
of a table or desk. ANTENNA rod. Press the front and back together. Then,
5. Form the BARREL INSERT by rolling the paper, with the fold the reinforcing strips around the back of each ANTEN-
black side inward, and inserting the tabs into the slits. Hold NA to help hold the pieces together.
the tube together by applying tape to the outside.
6. Fold the glue tabs of the MIRROR SUPPORT inward toward #11 Inserting the BARREL INSERT
the foil side. Coat the tabs with glue. Bond the MIRROR
SUPPORT to the end of the BARREL INSERT with the glue 1. Insert the BARREL INSERT into the FORWARD SHELL and
tabs to the outside. LIGHT SHIELD so that the APERTURE DOOR is opposite
the seam of the cylinder.
#7 Joining the APERTURE DOOR
to the BARREL INSERT The NASA Hubble Space Telescope model is now complete.
You can display it by suspending it from the ceiling by a piece of
1. Cut out the APERTURE DOOR. thread or monofilament fishing line or by creating a base for it.
2. Apply glue to the back side of the middle glue tab and to the Antennas Aperture Door
front side of the remaining two tabs.
3. Spread the glue tabs, and attach the APERTURE DOOR to Forward Shell and
Light Shield
one end of the BARREL INSERT over the seam. The mid-
dle tab should be on the inside and the other tabs on the
outside. Press the tabs to the tube.

#8 Inserting the SOLAR ARRAY

and ANTENNA Rods
Solar Arrays

1. Use the punch to make four small holes in the side of the
FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT SHIELD at the places indi-
cated. (Look for the ⊕.)
2. Carefully insert the two dowel rods into the holes so that each
extends through to the opposite side. The ANTENNA rod is
Aft
inserted through the holes closest to the AFT SHROUD. The Shroud
SOLAR ARRAY rod is inserted through the holes closest to the OTA
APERTURE end of the FORWARD SHELL and LIGHT SHIELD. Equipment Section

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 7

 INNER RING
AFT SHROUD

Tab Slots

BAY 3
Cut out circle

BAY 4

Glue Small Bay

FSG 3

Section here.
BAY 5
AXIAL S1

Color these
features yellow
BAY 6
End cap attaches here

Inner ring attaches here

BAY 7
FSG 2

BAY 8

END CAP
BAY 9
AXIAL S2

BAY 10
FSG 1

BAY 1
BAY 2

Assembly tabs
 FORWARD SHELL AND LIGHT SHIELD

Assembly tabs
Tab slots

Color NASA red

Color these
features yellow

Glue tabs
 BARREL INSERT

Assembly tabs
Tab Slots

APERTURE DOOR SECONDARY MIRROR

SUPPORT

MIRROR SUPPORT

Glue aluminum
foil here

Glue Tabs
 SOLAR ARRAYS

Color blue
Front
Back

Cut sides to Color orange

free support tab

Color blue
Front
Back

Color orange
 ANTENNAS
Back Back

Reinforcing
tabs

Front Front

OTA EQUIPMENT
SECTION

Tab slots

BAY A BAY B BAY C BAY D BAY F BAY G BAY H BAY J

BAY E

Color these
features yellow

OTA ASSEMBLED
Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory Model
Materials and Tools #3 Assembling the OSSE

Sharp paper scissors 1. Punch out the two holes indicated in the OSSE cradle.
Razor blade knife (Look for the ⊕.)
Dull knife 2. Begin joining each cradle by inserting tabs into the corre-
Straight edge sponding slots nearest the center folds. Work your way
Sharp punch (such as an ice pick or nail) toward the upper end of the “U” shape.
Glue stick or rubber cement 3. Slide the cradles into their proper positions on the BUS. To
Cellophane tape make this easier, bend the assembly tabs upward, and gen-
Cutting surface (such as a wooden board) tly push them into the corresponding slots. The tip of the
Silver paint or gray, yellow, and blue marker pens razor blade knife can be used to assist in the insertion.
Dowel rod (1/16-inch diameter) 4. To provide extra strength to the model, glue the surfaces of
Two Ping-Pong balls the cradles and the PROPELLANT TANKS that touch
together.
General Assembly Tips 5. It is easiest to assemble the OSSE by folding around the
curved side pieces before folding in the bottom.
• Copy all model pieces on heavy weight paper.
• Color all pieces as indicated before cutting any parts out. #4 Assembling the COMPTEL and EGRET
• Cut out only those pieces needed for the section being
assembled at the time. 1. After joining each cylinder, glue and insert a Ping-Pong ball
• Use a cutting surface such as a wooden board to protect into the upper end of each. The Ping-Pong balls should
the table or desk from scratches or gouges. form a dome at the upper end of each cylinder.
• Cut out pieces along the solid exterior lines. 2. Insert the EGRET cylinder into the model first. Use a short
• Using the dull knife, lightly score all dashed fold lines to piece of cellophane tape to anchor it in place. Insert the
make accurate folds possible. tape through the COMPTEL hole. Next, insert the COMP-
• Apply glue to the insertion tabs on the pieces and flaps TEL cylinder. Bend the assembly tabs on the BUS upward,
where the slots are located. If using rubber cement, apply and slip them into the cylinder slots as it is pushed down-
cement to both surfaces to be joined, and permit them to ward. For a better looking model, have the cylinder seams
dry before assembling. Using a double coating of rubber face each other.
cement makes a stronger bond. After the pieces are assem-
bled, lightly rub pieces to remove excess cement. #5 Assembling the BATSE
• Some pieces may require small holes to be punched through
them. These places are indicated with the ⊕ symbol. 1. Score the fold lines before cutting out the pieces. After mak-
ing all eight BATSE pieces, glue each to the model in the
#1 Assembling the Bus places indicated in the completed model diagram.

1. Be sure to punch out the holes for the SOLAR ARRAY rod #6 Assembling the Solar Arrays
out of the side of the BUS (look for the two ⊕ symbols), and
cut out the holes for the OSSE, COMPTEL, and EGRET. 1. Be sure to punch the holes indicated in each array before
2. This component is easiest to assemble by joining edge A to cutting them out. (Look for the ⊕.)
edge B. Follow with the assembly of the other sides. 2. Coat the back side of each array with glue, and fold them
3. Try to keep the joints square at all times, and smooth out together along the dashed fold lines.
any curves that might be produced. 3. Cut one piece of dowel rod 45-centimeters long.
4. Slip the rod through the holes in the BUS.
#2 Assembling the Propellant Tanks 5. Carefully slide one array onto each end of the rod. The rod
is inserted through the holes cut open in step 6-1.
1. After forming the PROPELLANT TANKS, slip the four
assembly tabs into the four slots in the bottom of the BUS.
The notched end of the piece should be aligned with the
OSSE end of the model. The ANTENNA rod will slide
through this notch.

18 NASA’s Great Observatories EP-1998-12-384-HQ

 COMPLETED MODEL

OSSE COMPTEL EGRET

BATSE BATSE

BUS

Solar Array BATSE

BATSE

Propellant Tanks

Cradle Cradle
Antenna

#7 Assembling the ANTENNA 4. Cut a 14-centimeter piece from the remaining dowel rod.
Slide the ANTENNA onto one end of the rod. Slip the other
1. Cut out both forms. Be sure to punch the holes first. (Look end of the rod through the holes in the bottom of the cradle
for the ⊕.) on the OSSE end of the spacecraft.
2. Curl and glue the large form onto itself to form a shallow
cone. Hold this piece together until the glue starts drying. The NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory model is now
3. Coat the inside of the center of the cone and the back side complete. You can display it by suspending it from the ceiling by
of the smaller circle with glue. When dry, press the smaller a piece of thread or monofilament fishing line or by creating a
circle into the center of the cone. base for it.

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 19

 SPACECRAFT
MODULE
A
Glue

Assembly slot

Color silver or
gray within
this grid
Color silver or
gray within
Glue this grid
Glue

Glue Glue
Glue

Glue
Cut out square Cut out hole Cut out hole

Hole for OSSE Hole for COMPTEL Hole for EGRET

Glue
Glue

Glue Glue
Color silver or
gray within
this grid
Color silver or
gray within
this grid

Assembly slot

Glue Glue

Assembly slot

B Glue Glue
 PROPELLANT TANKS

Glue
Glue

OSSE end of spacecraft

Glue
Color rectangle and Glue
sides silver
or grey

BATSE ANTENNA

Glue Glue Glue Glue

tabs tabs tabs tabs

Glue and
overlap

Color center
trapezoid
silver or grey
Glue Glue Glue Glue
tabs tabs tabs tabs
 OSSE
Bus Tab Slot

Color silver or
gray within
Fold around curve this rectangle
before folding bottom

Cradle Tab Slot Cradle Tab Slot

Cradle Tab Slot

Bottom rear
 COMPTEL EGRET

Tab Tab Tab

Cut out hole

Tab Slot
Cut out hole

Tab Slot

Tab Slot Tab Slot Tab Slot Tab Slot Tab Slot
Glue
Glue
 Color circle
and partial
circle yellow

EGRET end
CRADLES

Color circle
and partial
circle yellow

Color circle
and partial
circle yellow

OSSE end

Color circle
and partial
circle yellow
 SOLAR ARRAYS

Color grid blue

Fold
line

Fold
Line

Color grid blue

Chandra X-ray
Observatory
Materials and Tools 2# Assembling the SPACECRAFT MODULE

Sharp paper scissors 1. Cut out the SPACECRAFT MODULE, and score the fold
Razor blade knife lines for the module. Also cut out the assembly slots.
Dull knife Remember to cut the 16 assembly slots in the front end.
Straight edge 2. Punch out the holes (⊕).
Sharp punch (such as an ice pick or nail) 3. Fold the module into a box shape. Use glue wherever pos-
Glue stick or rubber cement and white glue sible to strengthen the structure.
Cellophane tape
Cutting surface (such as a wooden board) #3 Joining the TELESCOPE and
Silver paint or gold and blue marker pens SPACECRAFT MODULE
Dowel rod (1/16-inch diameter)—if a 1/16-inch dowel is not
available, use a piece of thin wire coat hanger 1. Slip the narrow end the TELESCOPE through the large hole
Round toothpick in the front end of the SPACECRAFT MODULE.
2. Align the tabs in the module with the four slots in the TELE-
General Assembly Tips SCOPE. The holes in the module should be in a straight
line with the holes in the TELESCOPE. A dowel will be
• Copy all model pieces on heavy weight paper. inserted through both model pieces. The tip of the razor
• Color all pieces as indicated before cutting any parts out. blade knife is a useful aid in slipping the tabs into the slots.
• Cut out only those pieces needed for the section being
assembled at the time. #4 Assembling the INTEGRATED
• Use a cutting surface such as a wooden board to protect SCIENCE INSTRUMENT MODULE
the table or desk from scratches or gouges.
• Cut out pieces along the solid exterior lines. 1. Cut out the INTEGRATED SCIENCE INSTRUMENT MOD-
• Using the dull knife, lightly score all dashed fold lines to ULE, open the six slots with the razor blade knife, and score
make accurate folds possible. the fold lines.
• Apply glue to the insertion tabs on the pieces and flaps 2. Fold the box together. The “arrowhead”-shaped ends will
where the slots are located. If using rubber cement, apply stick out from the completed part.
cement to both surfaces to be joined, and permit them to 3. Cut the toothpick into two 1-centimeter-long pieces. Put a
dry before assembling. Using a double coating of rubber dab of white glue on each end of the pieces, and stand
cement makes a stronger bond. After the pieces are assem- them up inside the “arrowhead” ends, as shown in the “ISIM
bled, lightly rub pieces to remove excess cement. COMPLETED” diagram. Set the part aside to dry.
• Some pieces may require small holes to be punched through
them. These places are indicated with the ⊕ symbol. #5 Assembling the HIGH RESOLUTION
MIRROR ASSEMBLY and joining it
#1 Assembling the TELESCOPE Tube to the TELESCOPE

1. Color the tube gold where indicated. 1. Cut out the HIGH RESOLUTION MIRROR ASSEMBLY.
2. Punch out the holes (⊕). One hole is lined up on the seam. Lightly fold downward the small triangles that extend to the
3. Cut out the part, and use the razor blade to open the five sides of the small squares.
slots along the left side, six slots at the wide end of the 2. Coat the edge of the open end of the TELESCOPE with
TELESCOPE, and the slot in the piece marked “1.” glue.
4. Score the fold lines with the dull knife. 3. Push the mirror assembly onto the end of the TELESCOPE.
5. Curl the tube in your hands to shape it. Inset the tabs into Align the assembly so that the small black circle is at the
the slots. position corresponding to 2:00 on a clock while the seam of
6. Close off the small end of the tube by folding inward piece the TELESCOPE is at the position corresponding to 6:00 on
1, and insert the tab from piece 2 into the slot. a clock.
4. Set the piece aside to dry. Check it occasionally to make
sure the pieces are together.

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 33

#6 Assembling the SUNSHADE DOOR and
joining it to the HIGH RESOLUTION
MIRROR ASSEMBLY

1. Cut out the SUNSHADE DOOR, and glue the back sides
together.
2. Fold the door where indicated.
3. When this piece is dry, glue it to the HIGH RESOLUTION
MIRROR ASSEMBLY at the position corresponding to 12:00
on a clock.

#7 Assembling the SPACECRAFT MODULE

EXTENSIONS and joining them to the
SPACECRAFT MODULE

1. Cut out the two SPACECRAFT MODULE EXTENSIONS,

open the slots with the razor blade knife, and score the fold
lines.
2. Fold the pieces together.
3. Insert the lower two assembly tabs into the SPACECRAFT
MODULE. Insert the third tab into the slot in the TELE- 3. Fold over, and glue the back to the front. There will be a
SCOPE. white gap running lengthwise on the back of each array.
4. Cut a 38-centimeter-long piece of the dowel.
#8 Assembling and joining the 5. Insert the dowel through the holes in the SPACECRAFT
SMALL THRUSTERS to the MODULE.
SPACECRAFT MODULE 6. With the dowel centered, glue the SOLAR ARRAYS to the
dowel. Glue them along the white gap on the array back
1. Cut out the smallest SMALL THRUSTERS, and fold them sides. The arrays should face the same direction.
where indicated.
2. Insert the thrusters into the SPACECRAFT MODULE #11 Making the LOW GAIN ANTENNA
EXTENSIONS.
3. Cut out the larger thrusters, and fold them where indicated. 1. Cut an 8-centimeter piece of the dowel. Using the razor
4. Insert these thrusters into the SPACECRAFT MODULE at blade knife, sharpen each end to a point.
the positions corresponding to 2:30 and 7:30 on a clock. 2. Insert the dowel through the remaining holes of the TELE-
SCOPE.
#9 Assembling and joining the
LARGE THRUSTERS to the #12 Completing CXO
SPACECRAFT MODULE
1. Join the INTEGRATED SCIENCE INSTRUMENT MODULE
1. Cut out the four LARGE THRUSTERS. to the small end of the TELESCOPE by inserting the two
2. Curl the paper, and insert the tab into the slot. Fold the tabs from the TELESCOPE into the slots of the module.
upper end down, and insert the tab into the slot. When com- 2. Add some glue here to hold the module securely.
pleted, the LARGE THRUSTER should look like the dia-
gram. The NASA Chandra X-ray Observatory model is now complete.
3. Insert the remaining two tabs of each thruster into the You can display it by suspending it from the ceiling by a piece of
remaining slots of the SPACECRAFT MODULE. thread or monofilament fishing line or by creating a base for it.

#10 Assembling the SOLAR ARRAYS Model Builder Note: NASA is planning a fourth great observatory
to study infrared wavelengths. When the Space Infrared
1. Color the SOLAR ARRAYS blue and gold where indicated. Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is near launch, a model of this space-
2. Cut out and score the two arrays for folding. craft will be added to the set.

34 NASA’s Great Observatories EP-1998-12-384-HQ

 Color
white
areas
gold

TELESCOPE

1 2
SPACECRAFT MODULE

Punch small holes

for Solar Array
support rod

Cut out Circle

except for Tabs

Back End

Cut out Circle

except for Tabs

Front End
INTEGRATED SCIENCE
INSTRUMENT MODULE
COMPLETED

Toothpicks

INTEGRATED SCIENCE
INSTRUMENT MODULE
 HIGH RESOLUTION
MIRROR ASSEMBLY
Fold
Lines

Cover Outside

SUNSHADE
DOOR
Fold Halves
Together
and Glue

Fold Glued
Pieces Along
This Line

Sunshade Door
looks like this
when finished

Cover Inside
 SPACECRAFT MODULE EXTENSIONS

Fold
Line

Fold
Line

LARGE THRUSTERS
Fold
Line

Fold
Line

LARGE THRUSTER
COMPLETE

SMALL THRUSTERS

Fold
Line

Fold
Line
 SOLAR ARRAYS

Color inside
white areas
blue

Color gold
Color gold
NASA Resources
for Educators

N
ASA’s Central Operation of Resources for Educators FL, GA, PR, VI
(CORE) was established for the national and international NASA Educator Resource Laboratory
distribution of NASA-produced educational materials in Mail Code ERL
audiovisual format. Educators can obtain a catalog and an NASA Kennedy Space Center
order form by one of the following methods: Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899-0001
• NASA CORE Phone: (407) 867-4090
Lorain County Joint Vocational School
15181 State Route 58 KY, NC, SC, VA, WV
Oberlin, OH 44074-9799 Virginia Air and Space Museum
• Phone: (440) 774-1051, ext. 235 or 249 NASA Educator Resource Center for
• Fax: (440) 774-2144 NASA Langley Research Center
• E-mail: nasaco@leeca.esu.k12.oh.us 600 Settler’s Landing Road
• Home Page: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/CORE Hampton, VA 23669-4033
Phone: (757) 727-0900, ext. 757

Educator Resource Center Network IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, WI

To make additional information available to the education com- NASA Educator Resource Center
munity, the NASA Education Division has created the NASA Mail Stop 8-1
Educator Resource Center (ERC) Network. ERCs contain a NASA Lewis Research Center
wealth of information for educators: publications, reference 21000 Brookpark Road
books, slide sets, audio cassettes, videotapes, telelecture pro- Cleveland, OH 44135-3191
grams, computer programs, lesson plans, and teacher guides Phone: (216) 433-2017
with activities. Educators may preview, copy, or receive NASA
materials at these sites. Because each NASA Field Center has AL, AR, IA, LA, MO,TN
its own areas of expertise, no two ERCs are exactly alike. U.S. Space and Rocket Center
Phone calls are welcome if you are unable to visit the ERC that NASA Educator Resource Center for
serves your geographic area. A list of the centers and the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
regions they serve includes: P.O. Box 070015
Huntsville, AL 35807-7015
AK, AZ, CA, HI, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY Phone: (205) 544-5812
NASA Educator Resource Center
Mail Stop 253-2 MS
NASA Ames Research Center NASA Educator Resource Center
Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 Building 1200
Phone: (650) 604-3574 NASA John C. Stennis Space Center
Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-6000
CT, DE, DC, ME, MD, MA, NH, NJ, NY, PA, RI, VT Phone: (228) 688-3338
NASA Educator Resource Laboratory
Mail Code 130.3 NASA Educator Resource Center
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center JPL Educational Outreach
Greenbelt, MD 20771-0001 Mail Stop 601-107
Phone: (301) 286-8570 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Drive
CO, KS, NE, NM, ND, OK, SD, TX Pasadena, CA 91109-8099
JSC Educator Resource Center Phone: (818) 354-6916
Space Center Houston
NASA Johnson Space Center
1601 NASA Road One
Houston, TX 77058-3696
Phone: (281) 483-8696

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 47

CA cities near the center Using the Spacelink search engine, educators can search this
NASA Educator Resource Center virtual library to find information regardless of its location within
NASA Dryden Flight Research Center NASA. Special events, missions, and intriguing NASA web sites
45108 N. 3rd Street East are featured in Spacelink’s “Hot Topics” and “Cool Picks” areas.
Lancaster, CA 93535
Phone: (805) 948-7347 Spacelink is the official home to electronic versions of NASA’s
Educational Products. NASA educator guides, educational
VA and MD’s Eastern Shores briefs, lithographs, and other materials are cross-referenced
NASA Educator Resource Lab throughout Spacelink with related topics and events. Spacelink
Education Complex - Visitor Center Building J-1 is also host to the NASA Television Education File schedule.
NASA Wallops Flight Facility NASA Educational Products can be accessed at the following
Wallops Island, VA 23337-5099 address: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/products
Phone: (757) 824-2297/2298
Educators can learn about new NASA Educational Products by
Regional Educator Resource Centers (RERCs) offer more subscribing to Spacelink EXPRESS. Spacelink EXPRESS is an
educators access to NASA educational materials. NASA has electronic mailing list that informs subscribers quickly by e-mail
formed partnerships with universities, museums, and other edu- when new NASA educational publications become available on
cational institutions to serve as RERCs in many states. A com- Spacelink.
plete list of RERCs is available through CORE, or electronically
via NASA Spacelink at http://spacelink.nasa.gov Spacelink may be accessed at the following address:
http://spacelink.nasa.gov

NASA’s Education Home Page Join the NASA Spacelink EXPRESS mailing list to receive
NASA’s Education Home Page serves as a cyber-gateway to announcements of new NASA materials and opportunities for
information regarding educational programs and services offered educators. Our goal is to inform you as quickly as possible when
by NASA for educators and students across the United States. new NASA educational publications become available on
This high-level directory of information provides specific details Spacelink: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/xh/express.html
and points of contact for all of NASA’s educational efforts and
Field Center offices.
NASA Television (NTV)
Educators and students utilizing this site will have access to a NASA Television (NTV) features Space Shuttle mission cover-
comprehensive overview of NASA’s educational programs and age, live special events, interactive educational live shows, elec-
services, along with a searchable program inventory that has tronic field trips, aviation and space news, and historical NASA
cataloged NASA’s educational programs. NASA’s on-line footage. Programming has a 3-hour block—Video (News) File,
resources specifically designed for the educational community NASA Gallery, and Education File—beginning at noon Eastern
are highlighted, as well as home pages offered by NASA’s four and repeated three more times throughout the day.
areas of research and development (including the Aero-Space
Technology, Earth Science, Human Exploration and The Education File features programming for teachers and stu-
Development of Space, and Space Science Enterprises). dents on science, mathematics, and technology, including
NASA. . . On the Cutting Edge, a series of educational live
Visit this resource at the following address: shows. Spacelink is also host to the NTV Education File sched-
http://education.nasa.gov ule at: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/NASA.News/

These interactive live shows let viewers electronically explore

NASA Spacelink the NASA Centers and laboratories or anywhere scientists,
NASA Spacelink is one of NASA’s electronic resources specifi- astronauts, and researchers are using cutting-edge aerospace
cally developed for the educational community. Spacelink is a technology. The series is free to registered educational institu-
“virtual library” in which local files and hundreds of NASA World tions. The live shows and all other NTV programming may be
Wide Web links are arranged in a manner familiar to educators. taped for later use.

48 NASA’s Great Observatories EP-1998-12-384-HQ

NTV Weekday Programming Schedules (Eastern Times) For more information on the Educational Live Shows, contact:
NASA. . . On the Cutting Edge
Video File NASA Gallery Education File NASA Teaching From Space Program
12–1 p.m. 1–2 p.m. 2–3 p.m. 308-A, Watkins CITD Building
3–4 p.m. 4–5 p.m. 5–6 p.m. Oklahoma State University
6–7 p.m. 7–8 p.m. 8–9 p.m. Stillwater, OK 74078-8089
9–10 p.m. 10–11 p.m. 11–12 p.m. E-mail: edge@aesp.nasa.okstate.edu

Live feeds preempt regularly scheduled programming. Check the

Internet for program listings at: How to Access NASA’s Education
http://www.nasa.gov/ntv/ — NTV Home Page Materials and Services, EP-1998-03-345-HQ
http://www.nasa.gov/ — Select “Today at NASA” and “What’s This brochure serves as a guide to accessing a variety of NASA
New on NASA TV?” materials and services for educators. Copies are available
http://spacelink.nasa.gov/NASA.News/ — Select “TV Schedules” through the ERC network, or electronically via NASA Spacelink.
NASA Spacelink can be accessed at the following address:
Via satellite—GE-2 Satellite, Transponder 9C at 85 degrees http://spacelink.nasa.gov
West longitude, vertical polarization, with a frequency of 3880.0
megahertz (MHz) and audio of 6.8 MHz—or through collaborat-
ing distance learning networks and local cable providers.

For more information on NTV, contact:

NASA TV
NASA Headquarters
Code P-2
Washington, DC 20546-0001
Phone: (202) 358-3572

EP-1998-12-384-HQ NASA’s Great Observatories 49

 NASA’s Great Observatories 5. What kind of recommendation would you make to someone who asks about this
paper model?
Paper Model
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Otherwise, please return the reply card by mail. Thank you.

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EP-1998-12-384-HQ
 Please Place
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Without Proper
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