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    Techniques in Immunology

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    Hassan.shehri
    Techniques in Immunology can be divided into two categories: humoral and cellular. Humoral techniques measure antibodies, complement, and soluble mediators in the immune response using precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, and labeled immunoassays. Cellular techniques measure the number and function of immune cells. Precipitation reactions detect immune complexes, agglutination reactions use insoluble antigens or antibodies, and labeled immunoassays involve fluorescence, radioactivity, or enzymes to detect binding.

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    Techniques in Immunology

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    Hassan.shehri
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    Techniques in Immunology can be divided into two categories: humoral and cellular. Humoral techniques measure antibodies, complement, and soluble mediators in the immune response using precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, and labeled immunoassays. Cellular techniques measure the number and function of immune cells. Precipitation reactions detect immune complexes, agglutination reactions use insoluble antigens or antibodies, and labeled immunoassays involve fluorescence, radioactivity, or enzymes to detect binding.

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    Techniques in Immunology can be divided into two categories: humoral and cellular. Humoral techniques measure antibodies, complement, and soluble mediators in the immune response using precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, and labeled immunoassays. Cellular techniques measure the number and function of immune cells. Precipitation reactions detect immune complexes, agglutination reactions use insoluble antigens or antibodies, and labeled immunoassays involve fluorescence, radioactivity, or enzymes to detect binding.

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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    8K views2 pages

    Techniques in Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Hassan.shehri
    Techniques in Immunology can be divided into two categories: humoral and cellular. Humoral techniques measure antibodies, complement, and soluble mediators in the immune response using precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions, and labeled immunoassays. Cellular techniques measure the number and function of immune cells. Precipitation reactions detect immune complexes, agglutination reactions use insoluble antigens or antibodies, and labeled immunoassays involve fluorescence, radioactivity, or enzymes to detect binding.

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    Techniques in Immunology

    Techniques in Immunology are divided into 2 major categories


    1- Humoral
    2- Cellular

    • Humoral technique: is used to measure


    o Anti-body
    o complement
    o acute phase protein except C-reactive protein
    o soluble mediators of immune response
    For example, if I suspected a disease that affects the complement system, I can
    measure C2, C4...Etc.

     Humoral Tech are divided into 4


    1- Precipitation reaction
     It is based on antigen-antibody reaction in Solution.
     Both antigen & antibody are soluble.
     It is the simplest, easiest & least sensitive.
     It is based on precipitation curve
     If I have fixed amount of AB and I keep increasing the
    amount of AG with I will form immune complex which
    will precipitate.
     We have 3 zones:
    First  zone of AB excess.
    Middle zone of equilibrium.
    Last zone of AG excess.

    o A kind of precipitation reaction is double gel diffusion, which is


    a precipitation reaction that takes place in gel like the one we
    saw in lab on agars. It is used in identifying relationship
    between different antigens.

    o RID (radial immuno-diffusion) It is used in measuring


    Immunoglobulin concentration in serum; Quantitaion of AG or
    AB.

    o Immuno electrophoresis used to study gamma region. To


    diagnose hypo or hyper-gamma globulinemia or multiple
    myloma. I expect from immune electrophoresis presence or
    absence of the following: monoclonal band, class of
    immunoglobulin, type of light chain.

    Done By: Heaven Silk


    2- Agglutination reaction
     It is antigen-antibody reaction BUT
     Either AB or AG are INSOLUBLE
     More early, more widely used than precipitation, and is
    more sensitive.
     Examples of clinical uses of agglutination:
    • RPR ( rapid plasma reaging) for screenings for
    syphilis
    • Diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia(old
    agglutination)
    • Diagnosis of certain bacterial infections e.g.
    prosilosis
    • Measure Rheumatoid factor
    • ASO (anti-streptolysin)
    • CRP( c-reactive proteinacute phase protein)

    3- Labeled immunoassay these include:


     Florescence immunoassay (FIA)
     Radio immunoassay (RIA)
     Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)

    (For details ... refer to the original tafree'3 ... this is just an outline)

    4- Compliment fixation assay


     Antibody + antigen=activation of complement. The
    indicator system is usually sheep RBC.

     Cellular technique: to measure the


    o Number of cells of immune system.
    o Function of cells of immune system.

    Done By: Heaven Silk

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