Apastamba 

· Baudhayana · Katyayana · Manava · Pāṇini ·

Ancient
Pingala · Yajnavalkya
Aryabhata I · Aryabhata II · Bhāskara I · Bhāskara II ·
Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri · Brahmadeva · Brahmagupta ·
Brihaddeshi · Halayudha · Jyesthadeva · Madhava of
ClassicaSangamagrama · Mahavira · Mahendra Suri · Munishvara ·
lNarayana Pandit · Parameshvara · Achyuta Pisharati ·
Jagannatha Samrat · Nilakantha Somayaji · Sripati · Sridhara ·
Mathematicia Gangesha Upadhyaya · Varahamihira · Sankara Variar ·
ns Virasena
Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar · A. A. Krishnaswami Ayyangar ·
Raj Chandra Bose · Satyendra Nath Bose · Harish-Chandra ·
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar · D. K. Ray-Chaudhuri ·
Sarvadaman Chowla · Narendra Karmarkar · Prasanta Chandra
Modern
Mahalanobis · Jayant Narlikar · Vijay Kumar Patodi · Srinivasa
Ramanujan · Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao · S. N. Roy · S. S.
Shrikhande · Navin M. Singhi · Mathukumalli V. Subbarao · S. R.
Srinivasa Varadhan
Aryabhatiya · Bakhshali manuscript · Brahmasphutasiddhanta ·
Karanapaddhati  · Maha-Siddhanta · Paulisa Siddhanta · Paitamaha
Treatises Siddhanta  · Romaka Siddhanta · Sadratnamala  · Śulba Sūtras · Surya
Siddhanta  · Tantrasamgraha · Vasishtha Siddhanta · Veṇvāroha ·
Yuktibasha · Yavanajataka
Jantar Mantar (Jaipur) · Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics ·
Centers
Ujjain · Yantra Mandir · Yantra Mandir (Delhi)
Influences Babylonian mathematics · Greek mathematics · Islamic mathematics
Influenced Chinese mathematics · Islamic mathematics · European mathematics

Indian mathematics also known as Hindu mathematics[1] refers to the mathematics that
emerged in the Indian subcontinent,[2] from ancient times until the end of the 18th century. In the
classical period of Indian mathematics (400 AD to 1200 AD), important contributions were made
by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. The decimal number system in use
today[3] and the binary number system[4] were first recorded in Indian mathematics.[5] Indian
mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number,[6]
negative numbers,[7] arithmetic, and algebra.[8] In addition, trigonometry [9] was further advanced
in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there.[10]
These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe[8] and led
to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.

Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of
a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in
order to aid memorization by a student. This was followed by a second section consisting of a
prose commentary (sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars) that explained the
problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution. In the prose section, the form
(and therefore its memorization) was not considered as important as the ideas involved.[2][11] All
mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were
transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document
produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscript, discovered in 1881
in the village of Bakhshali, near Peshawar (modern day Pakistan) and is likely from the 7th
century CE.[12][13]

A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for
trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc tangent) by mathematicians of the Kerala school in
the 15th century CE. Their remarkable work, completed two centuries before the invention of
calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart
from geometric series).[14] However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation
and integration, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala.
[15][16][17][18]

Aryabhata (IAST: Āryabhaṭa; Sanskrit: आर्यभटः) (476–550 CE) was the first in the line of
great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian
astronomy. His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and
the Arya-siddhanta.

Name

While there is a tendency to misspell his name as "Aryabhatta" by analogy with other names
having the "bhatta" suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata: every astronomical text spells
his name thus,[1] including Brahmagupta's references to him "in more than a hundred places by
name".[2] Furthermore, in most instances "Aryabhatta" does not fit the metre either.[1]

Birth
Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was composed 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga,
when he was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476 CE.
[1]

Aryabhata provides no information about his place of birth. The only information comes from
Bhāskara I, who describes Aryabhata as āśmakīya, "one belonging to the aśmaka country."
While aśmaka was originally situated in the northwest of India, it is widely attested that, during
the Buddha's time, a branch of the Aśmaka people settled in the region between the Narmada and
Godavari rivers, in the South Gujarat–North Maharashtra region of central India. Aryabhata is
believed to have been born there.[1][3] However, early Buddhist texts describe Ashmaka as being
further south, in dakshinapath or the Deccan, while other texts describe the Ashmakas as having
fought Alexander, which would put them further north.[3]

work

It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and that he
lived there for some time.[4] Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well as Bhāskara I (CE 629),
identify Kusumapura as Pāṭaliputra, modern Patna.[1] A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the
head of an institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in
Pataliputra at the time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might
have been the head of the Nalanda university as well.[1] Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up
an observatory at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar.[5]

Other hypotheses

It was suggested that Aryabhata may have been from Kerala, but K. V. Sarma, an authority on
Kerala's astronomical tradition, disagreed[1] and pointed out several errors in this hypothesis.[6]

Aryabhata mentions "Lanka" on several occasions in the Aryabhatiya, but his "Lanka" is an
abstraction, standing for a point on the equator at the same longitude as his Ujjayini.[7]

Works
Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which
are lost. His major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and astronomy, was
extensively referred to in the Indian mathematical literature and has survived to modern times.
The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and
spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power
series, and a table of sines.

The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on astronomical computations, is known through the

writings of Aryabhata's contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and
commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the
older Surya Siddhanta and uses the midnight-day reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in
Aryabhatiya. It also contained a description of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon
(shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring devices,
semicircular and circular (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an
umbrella-shaped device called the chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-
shaped and cylindrical.[3]
A third text, which may have survived in the Arabic translation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It claims that
it is a translation by Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name of this work is not known. Probably dating
from the 9th century, it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of India, Abū Rayhān
al-Bīrūnī.

Aryabhatiya
[3]

Direct details of Aryabhata's work are known only from the Aryabhatiya. The name
"Aryabhatiya" is due to later commentators. Aryabhata himself may not have given it a name.
His disciple Bhaskara I calls it Ashmakatantra (or the treatise from the Ashmaka). It is also
occasionally referred to as Arya-shatas-aShTa (literally, Aryabhata's 108), because there are 108
verses in the text. It is written in the very terse style typical of sutra literature, in which each line
is an aid to memory for a complex system. Thus, the explication of meaning is due to
commentators. The text consists of the 108 verses and 13 introductory verses, and is divided into
four pādas or chapters:

1. Gitikapada: (13 verses): large units of time—kalpa, manvantra, and yuga—which

present a cosmology different from earlier texts such as Lagadha's Vedanga Jyotisha(ca.
1st century BCE). There is also a table of sines (jya), given in a single verse. The duration
of the planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4.32 million years.
2. Ganitapada (33 verses): covering mensuration (kṣetra vyāvahāra), arithmetic and
geometric progressions, gnomon / shadows (shanku-chhAyA), simple, quadratic,
simultaneous, and indeterminate equations (kuTTaka)
3. Kalakriyapada (25 verses): different units of time and a method for determining the
positions of planets for a given day, calculations concerning the intercalary month
(adhikamAsa), kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with names for the days of week.
4. Golapada (50 verses): Geometric/trigonometric aspects of the celestial sphere, features of
the ecliptic, celestial equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night, rising of
zodiacal signs on horizon, etc. In addition, some versions cite a few colophons added at
the end, extolling the virtues of the work, etc.

The Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse

form, which were influential for many centuries. The extreme brevity of the text was elaborated
in commentaries by his disciple Bhaskara I (Bhashya, ca. 600 CE) and by Nilakantha Somayaji
in his Aryabhatiya Bhasya, (1465 CE).

Bhāskara (c. 600 – c. 680) (Marathi: भास्कर commonly called Bhaskara I to avoid
confusion with the 12th century mathematician Bhāskara II) was a 7th century Indian
mathematician, who was apparently the first to write numbers in the Hindu-Arabic decimal
system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation
of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's work.[1] This commentary,
Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya, written in 629 CE, is the oldest known prose work in Sanskrit on
mathematics and astronomy. He also wrote two astronomical works in the line of Aryabhata's
school, the Mahābhāskarīya and the Laghubhāskarīya.[2]
We know little about Bhāskara's life. He was "probably a Marathi astronomer".[3]

His astronomical education was given by his father. Bhaskara is considered the most important
scholar of Aryabhata's astronomical school. He and Brahmagupta are the most renowned Indian
mathematicians who made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.

Representation of numbers
Bhaskara's probably most important mathematical contribution concerns the representation
of numbers in a positional system. The first positional representations were known to Indian
astronomers about 500. However, the numbers were not written in figures, but in words or
allegories, and were organized in verses. For instance, the number 1 was given as moon, since it
exists only once; the number 2 was represented by wings, twins, or eyes, since they always occur
in pairs; the number 5 was given by the (5) senses. Similar to our current decimal system, these
words were aligned such that each number assigns the factor of the power of ten corresponding
to its position, only in reverse order: the higher powers were right from the lower ones.

His system is truly positional, since the same words representing, can also be used to represent
the values 40 or 400.[4] Quite remarkably, he often explains a number given in this system, using
the formula ankair api ("in figures this reads"), by repeating it written with the first nine Brahmi
numerals, using a small circle for the zero . Contrary to his word number system, however, the
figures are written in descending valuedness from left to right, exactly as we do it today.
Therefore, at least since 629 the decimal system is definitely known to the Indian scientists.
Presumably, Bhaskara did not invent it, but he was the first having no compunctions to use the
Brahmi numerals in a scientific contribution in Sanskrit.

Brahmagupta (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मगुप्त; ( listen (help·info)) (598–668) was an Indian

mathematician and astronomer who had written numerous important works on mathematics and
astronomy. His most well known being the Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Correctly Established
Doctrine of Brahma). Written in 628 in Bhinmal, it composed of 25 chapters detailing several

unprecedented mathematical conjectures.

Life and work

Brahmagupta was born in 598 CE(it is believed) in Bhinmal city in the state of Rajasthan
of northwest India. He likely lived most of his life in Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal in Rajasthan)
in the empire of Harsha during the reign (and possibly under the patronage) of King
Vyaghramukha.[1] As a result, Brahmagupta is often referred to as Bhillamalacarya, that is, the
teacher from Bhillamala Bhinmal. He was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain,
and during his tenure there wrote four texts on mathematics and astronomy: the Cadamekela in
624, the Brahmasphutasiddhanta in 628, the Khandakhadyaka in 665, and the Durkeamynarda
in 672. The Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Corrected Treatise of Brahma) is arguably his most
famous work. The historian al-Biruni (c. 1050) in his book Tariq al-Hind states that the Abbasid
caliph al-Ma'mun had an embassy in India and from India a book was brought to Baghdad which
was translated into Arabic as Sindhind. It is generally presumed that Sindhind is none other than
Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuta-siddhanta.[2]

Although Brahmagupta was familiar with the works of astronomers following the tradition of
Aryabhatiya, it is not known if he was familiar with the work of Bhaskara I, a contemporary.[1]
Brahmagupta had a plethora of criticism directed towards the work of rival astronomers, and in
his Brahmasphutasiddhanta is found one of the earliest attested schisms among Indian
mathematicians. The division was primarily about the application of mathematics to the physical
world, rather than about the mathematics itself. In Brahmagupta's case, the disagreements
stemmed largely from the choice of astronomical parameters and theories.[1] Critiques of rival
theories appear throughout the first ten astronomical chapters and the eleventh chapter is entirely
devoted to criticism of these theories, although no criticisms appear in the twelfth and eighteenth
chapters.[1]

Brahmagupta's most famous work is his Brahmasphutasiddhanta. It is composed in elliptic

verse, as was common practice in Indian mathematics, and consequently has a poetic ring to it.
As no proofs are given, it is not known how Brahmagupta's mathematics was derived.[3]

Mahavira was a 9th-century Indian mathematician from Gulbarga who asserted that the
square root of a negative number did not exist. He gave the sum of a series whose terms are
squares of an arithmetical progression and empirical rules for area and perimeter of an ellipse.
He was patronised by the great Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha.[1]

Mahavira was the author of Ganit Saar Sangraha. He separated Astrology from Mathematics.
He expounded on the same subjects on which Aryabhata and Brahmagupta contended, but he
expressed them more clearly. He is highly respected among Indian Mathematicians, because of
his establishment of terminology for concepts such as equilateral, and isosceles triangle;
rhombus; circle and semicircle. Mahavira's eminence spread in all South India and his books
proved inspirational to other Mathematicians in Southern India.[2] It was translated into Telugu
language by Pavuluri Mallana as Saar Sangraha Ganitam.

Pavuluri Mallana, who followed Adikavi Nannaya is a mathematician of 11th century. He

composed 'Ganitam' is the first Telugu rendering of an original Sanskrit work on mathematics.[1]

He was contemporary of king Rajaraja Narendra (1022–1063 AD). He has translated Ganitasara,
a mathematical treatise of Mahivaracharya into Telugu language as Sara Sangraha Ganitamu.[2]
He also wrote Bhadradri Rama Satakamu published by Vavilla Ramaswamy Sastrulu and Sons
in 1916.[3]

Rajaraja Narendra has donated Navakhandavada agraharam near Pithapuram to a Brahmin

named Mallana. His grandson also named Mallana is the famous writer. This Pavuluru village is
presently in Parchuru Mandal of Prakasam district.

Daivajna Varāhamihira (Devanagari: वराहमिहिर; 505 – 587), also called Varaha, or Mihira
was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain. He is considered
to be one of the nine jewels (Navaratnas) of the court of legendary king Vikramaditya (thought to
be the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II Vikramaditya).

Works
Pancha-Siddhantika

Varahamihira's main work is the book Pañcasiddhāntikā (or Pancha-Siddhantika, "[Treatise]

on the Five [Astronomical] Canons) dated ca. 575 CE gives us information about older Indian
texts which are now lost. The work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy and it summarises
five earlier astronomical treatises, namely the Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa
Siddhanta, Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhantas. It is a compendium of native Indian
as well as Hellenistic astronomy (including Greek, Egyptian and Roman elements).[1]
The 11th century Arabian scholar Alberuni also described the details of "The Five Astronomical
Canons":

"They [the Indians] have 5 Siddhāntas:

 Sūrya-Siddhānta, ie. the Siddhānta of the Sun, composed by Lāṭadeva,

 Vasishtha-siddhānta, so called from one of the stars of the Great Bear, composed
by Vishnucandra,
 Pulisa-siddhānta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra,
which is supposed to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
 Romaka-siddhānta, so called from the Rūm, ie. the subjects of the Roman Empire,
composed by Śrīsheṇa.
 Brahma-siddhānta, so called from Brahman, composed by Brahmagupta, the son
of Jishṇu, from the town of Bhillamāla between Multān and Anhilwāra, 16
yojanas from the latter place."[2]

===Brihat-Samhita=== saurabh

Main article: Brihat-Samhita

Varahamihira's other most important contribution is the encyclopedic Brihat-Samhita.

Varahamihira also made important contributions to mathematics. He was also an astrologer. He

wrote on all the three main branches of Jyotisha astrology:

 Brihat Jataka - is considered as one the five main treatises on Hindu astrology on
horoscopy.
 Daivaigya Vallabha
 Laghu Jataka
 Yoga Yatra
 Vivaha Patal
 His son Prithuyasas also contributed in the Hindu astrology; his book "Hora Saara" is a
famous book on horoscopy.

Narayana Pandita (Sanskrit: नारायण पण्डित) (1340–1400) was a major mathematician of the
Kerala school. He wrote the Ganita Kaumudi in 1356 about mathematical operations. The work
anticipated many developments in combinatorics.

Narayana Pandit had written two works, an arithmetical treatise called Ganita Kaumudi and an
algebraic treatise called Bijganita Vatamsa. Narayanan is also thought to be the author of an
elaborate commentary of Bhaskara II's Lilavathi, titled Karmapradipika (or Karma-Paddhati).[1]
Although the Karmapradipika contains little original work, it contains seven different methods
for squaring numbers, a contribution that is wholly original to the author, as well as contributions
to algebra and magic squares.[1]

Narayanan's other major works contain a variety of mathematical developments, including a rule
to calculate approximate values of square roots, investigations into the second order
indeterminate equation nq2 + 1 = p2 (Pell's equation), solutions of indeterminate higher-order
equations, mathematical operations with zero, several geometrical rules, and a discussion of
magic squares and similar figures.[1] Evidence also exists that Narayana made minor
contributions to the ideas of differential calculus found in Bhaskara II's work. Narayana has also
made contributions to the topic of cyclic quadrilaterals.[2] Narayana is also credited with
developing a method for systematic generation of all permutations of a given sequence.

Vatasseri Paramesvara (Malayalam: വടശ്ശേരി പരമേശ്വരന്‍)' (ca.1380–1460)[1] was a major

Indian mathematician and astronomer of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama. He was also an astrologer. Paramesvara was a
proponent of observational astronomy in medieval India and he himself had made a series of
eclipse observations to verify the accuracy of the computational methods then in use. Based on
his eclipse observations, Paramesvara proposed several corrections to the astronomical
parameters which had been in use since the times of Aryabhata. The computational scheme
based on the revised set of parameters has come to be known as the Drgganita system.
Paramesvara was also a prolific writer on matters relating to astronomy. At least 25 manuscripts
have been identified as being authored by Paramesvara.[1]

Srīnivāsa Aiyangār Rāmānujan FRS, better known as Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan (Tamil:
சீனிவாச இராமானுஜன் or ஸ்ரீனிவாஸ ஐயங்கார் ராமானுஜன்) (22 December
1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with almost no formal
training in pure mathematics, made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number
theory, infinite series and continued fractions. Rāmānujan's talent was said, by the prominent
English mathematician G.H. Hardy, to be in the same league as legendary mathematicians such
as Euler, Gauss, Newton and Archimedes [1].

Born and raised in Erode, Tamil Nadu, India, Ramanujan first encountered formal mathematics
at age 10. He demonstrated a natural ability, and was given books on advanced trigonometry
written by S. L. Loney.[2] He had mastered them by age 12, and even discovered theorems of his
own. He demonstrated unusual mathematical skills at school, winning accolades and awards. By
17, Ramanujan conducted his own mathematical research on Bernoulli numbers and the Euler–
Mascheroni constant. He received a scholarship to study at Government College in
Kumbakonam, but lost it when he failed his non-mathematical coursework. He joined another
college to pursue independent mathematical research, working as a clerk in the Accountant-
General's office at the Madras Port Trust Office to support himself.[3] In 1912–1913, he sent
samples of his theorems to three academics at the University of Cambridge. Only G. H. Hardy
recognized the brilliance of his work, subsequently inviting Ramanujan to visit and work with
him at Cambridge. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge, dying of illness, malnutrition and possibly liver infection in 1920 at the age of 32.

Biographical details
Paramesvara was a Namputiri Brahmin of Bhrgugotra following the Ashvalayanasutra of
the Rgveda. Paramesvara's family name (Illam) was Vatasseri (also called Vatasreni) and his
family resided in in the village of Alattur (Sanskritised as Asvatthagrama) in Kerala. Alattur is
situated on the northern bank of the river Nila (river Bharathappuzha) at its mouth in Kerala. He
was a grandson of a disciple of Govinda Bhattathiri (1237 – 1295 CE), a legendary figure in the
astrological traditions of Kerala.

Paramesvara studied under teachers Rudra and Narayana, and also under Sangamagrama
Madhava (c. 1350 – c. 1425) the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.
Damodara, another prominent member of the Kerala school, was his son and also his pupil.
Paramesvara was also a teacher of Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544) the author of the celebrated
Tantrasamgraha.

Sridhara (c. 870 Bengal?, India – c. 930 India) was an Indian mathematician known for two
treatises: Trisatika (sometimes called the Patiganitasara) and the Patiganita. He wrote on
practical applications of algebra and was one of the first to give a formula for solving quadratic
equations.

Nilakantha Somayaji (Malayalam: നീലകണ്ഠ സോമയാജി, Hindi: नीलकण्ठ सोमयाजि) (1444–

1544) (also referred to as Nilakantha Somayajin, Nilakantha Somasutvan and Kelallur
Comatiri[1]) was a major mathematician and astronomer of theKerala school of astronomy and
mathematics. One of his most influential works was the comprehensive astronomical treatise
Tantrasamgraha completed in 1501. He had also composed an elaborate commentary on
Aryabhatiya called the Aryabhatiya Bhasya. In this Bhasya, Nilakantha had discussed infinite
series expansions of trigonometric functions and problems of algebra and spherical geometry.
Grahapareeksakrama is a manual on making observations in astronomy based on instruments of
the time.

Nilakantha Somayaji was one of the very few authors of the scholarly traditions of India
who had cared to record details about his own life and times. So fortunately a few accurate
particulars about Nilakantha Somayaji are known.[2][3]

In one of his works titled Siddhanta-darpana and also in his own commentary on Siddhanta-
darpana, Nilakantha Somayaji has stated that he was born on Kali-day 1,660,181 which works
out to 14 th June 1444 CE. A contemporary reference to Nilakantha Somayaji in a Malayalam
work on astrology implies that Somayaji lived to a ripe old age even to become a centenarian.
Sankara Variar, a pupil of Nilakantha Somayaji, in his commentary on Tantrasamgraha titled
Tantrasamgraha-vyakhya, points out that the first and last verses of Tantrasamgraha contain
chronograms specifying the Kali-days of the commencement (1,680,548) and of completion
(1,680,553) of Somayaji's magnum opus Tantrasamgraha. Both these days occur in 1500 CE.

In Aryabhatiya-bhashya, Nilakantha Somayaji has stated that he was the son of Jatavedas and he
had a brother named Sankara. Somayaji has further stated that he was a Bhatta belonging to the
Gargya-gotra and was a follower of Asvalayana-sutra of Rgveda. References in his own
Laghuramayana indicate that Nilakantha Somayaji was a member of the Kelallur family
(Sanskritised as Kerala-sad-grama) residing at Kundagrama, now known as Trikkandiyur near
modern Tirur in Kerala. His wife was named Arya and he had two sons Rama and
Dakshinamurti.

Nilakantha Somayaji studied vedanta and some aspects of astronomy under one Ravi.
However, It was Damodara, son of Kerala-drgganita author Paramesvara, who initiated him into
the science of astronomy and instructed him in the basic principles of mathematical
computations. The great Malayalam poet Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan is said to have
been a student of Nilakantha Somayaji.

The epithet Somayaji is a title assigned to or assumed by a Namputiri who has performed the
vedic ritual of Somayajna.[4] So it could be surmised that Nilakantha Somayaji had also
performed a Somayajna ritual and assumed the title of a Somayaji in later life. In colloquial
Malayalam usage the word Somayaji has been corrupted to Comatiri.

Mādhavan of Sangamagrāmam (born as Irińńaŗappiļļy or Iriññinavaļļi Mādhavan

Namboodiri. He had written that his house name was related to the Vihar where a plant called
"bakuļam" was planted. According to Achyuta Pisharati , (who wrote a commentary on
Veņwarõham written by Mādhavan) bakuļam was locally known as "iraňňi". Dr. K.V. Sarma, an
authority on Mādhavan has the opinion that the house name is either Irińńāŗappiļļy or
Iriññinavaļļy') (c. 1350 – c. 1425) was a prominent Kerala mathematician-astronomer from the
town of Irińńālakkuţa, which was once known as 'Irińńāţikuţal' near Cochin, Kerala, India.
Sangamagrāmam (lit. sangamam = union, grāmam = village) is a rough translation to Sanskrit
from Dravidian word 'Irińńāţikuţal', which means 'iru (two) ańńāţi (market) kǖţal (union)' or the
union of two markets. He is considered the founder of the Kerala School of Astronomy and
Mathematics. He was the first to have developed infinite series approximations for a range of
trigonometric functions, which has been called the "decisive step onward from the finite
procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit-passage to infinity".[1] His discoveries
opened the doors to what has today come to be known as Mathematical Analysis.[2] One of the
greatest mathematician-astronomers of the Middle Ages, Mādhavan contributed to infinite series,
calculus, trigonometry, geometry and algebra.

Some scholars have also suggested that Mādhava's work, through the writings of the Kerala
school, may have been transmitted to Europe via Jesuit missionaries and traders who were active
around the ancient port of Kochi at the time. As a result, it may have had an influence on later
European developments in analysis and calculus.[3] This is due to wrong understanding of the
authors concerned. It was almost impossible for the Jesuits in the sixteenth century, who are
experts with the eminence of Mādhavan or his disciples, to study Sanskrit and Malayalam and to
transmit them to European Mathematicians, instead of they themselves claiming the credit for the
discovery.

Mahendra Suri is the 14th century Jain astronomer who wrote the Yantraraja, the first
Indian treatise on the astrolabe.[1] He was a pupil of Madana Suri.

Sankara Variar (circa. 1500 - 1560 CE) was an astronomer-mathematician of the Kerala
school of astronomy and mathematics who lived during the sixteenth century CE. His family
were employed as temple-assistants in the Shiva-temple at Trkkutaveli near modern Ottapalam.
[1]
Mathematical lineage
He was taught mainly by Nilakantha Somayaji (1444-1544), the author of the celebrated
Tantrasamgraha and Jyesthadeva (1500 – 1575), the author of Yuktibhasa. Other teachers of
Sankara Variar include Netranarayana, the patron of Nilakantha Somayaji and Chitrabhanu, the
author of an astronomical treaties dated to 1530 and of a small work with solutions and proofs
for algebraic equations

Vedic
 Baudhayana
 Katyayana
 Panini, ca. 5th c. BC, Algebraic grammarian
 Yajnavalkya, credited with authorship of the Shatapatha Brahmana, which contains
calculations related to altar construction.

Classical
Post-Vedic Sanskrit to Pala period mathematicians (5th c. BC to 11th c. AD)

 Aryabhata - Astronomer who gave accurate calculations for astronomical constants, 476-
520
 Aryabhata II
 Bhaskara I
 Bhaskara II
 Brahmagupta - Helped bring the concept of zero into arithmetic
 Mahavira
 Pavuluri Mallana - the first Telugu Mathematician
 Varahamihira
 Shridhara (between 650-850) - Gave a good rule for finding the volume of a sphere.

Medieval to Mughal period

13th century to 1800.13th century, Logician, mithila school

 Ayush, son of Gangehsa, Logician, Mithila school

 Shankara Mishra, Logician, Mithila school
 Narayana Pandit
 Madhava of Sangamagrama some elements of Calculus hi
 Parameshvara (1360–1455), discovered drk-ganita, a mode of astronomy based on
observations, Madhava's Kerala school
 Nilakantha Somayaji,1444-1545 - Mathematician and Astronomer, Madhava's Kerala
school
 Mahendra Suri (14th century)
 Shankara Variyar (c. 1530)
 Vasudeva Sarvabhauma, 1450–1525, Logician, Navadvipa school
 Raghunatha Shiromani, (1475–1550), Logician, Navadvipa school
 Jyeshtadeva , 1500–1610, Author of Yuktibhasa, Madhava's Kerala school
 Achyuta Pisharati, 1550–1621, Astronomer/mathematician, Madhava's Kerala school
 Mathuranatha Tarkavagisha, c. 1575, Logician, Navadvipa school
 Jagadisha Tarkalankara, c. 1625, Logician, Navadvipa school
 Gadadhara Bhattacharya, c. 1650, Logician, Navadvipa school
 Munishvara (17th century)
 Kamalakara (1657)
 Jagannatha Samrat (1730)
 Srinivasa Ramanujan

22 December 1887
Born
Erode, Indian Empire

26 April 1920 (aged 32)

Died
Chetput, (Madras), Indian Empire

Residence Tamil Nadu, India

Fields Mathematics

Government Arts College,

Pachaiyappa's College,
Alma mater
Trinity College, Cambridge

Academic advisors G. H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood

Landau–Ramanujan constant
Mock theta functions
Ramanujan conjecture
Ramanujan prime
Known for Ramanujan–Soldner constant
Ramanujan theta function
Ramanujan's sum

Rogers–Ramanujan identities
]