Wavelength Routing Testbeds

Presented By,
Bibi Mohanan
M.Tech, OEC
Roll No :7

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Testbed
 platform for experimentation of large development
projects
 allow for rigorous, transparent, and replicable
testing of scientific theories, computational tools,
and new technologies.

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Wavelength Routing Testbeds
 All Optical Network Consortium (AON)
 NTT Ring
 Optical Network Technology
Consortium(ONTC)
 MONET

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AON
Level 0

End node Combiner

End node
DEC
Level 1
Bypass filter
End node
End node Splitter
AWG
Level 0
Combiner
End node

Bypass filter MIT Campus

End node End node

Splitter

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(a)AON
 All Optical Network Consortium
 Static WRT
 2 level hierarchy-Level 0 & Level 1
 Level 0- LAN
 Level 1- MAN
 Deployed in Boston Area

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AON continued……
 20 wavelengths,50 Ghz(0.4 nm) apart
 Odd no: level 0,even no: level 1
 End node:-Tunable Transmitter &Receiver
 3 types of service

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AON continued…..
 A-Service:
 Provide circuit switched light paths
 Set up by tuning Transmitters or receivers at the
end nodes
 Receiver uses tunable fiber fabry-perot filter(10 ms
tuning time b/w channels)
 Demonstrated at 2.5Gbps & 10 Gbps

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 B- Service:
 Circuit switched service
 Pre assigned time slots on a light path
 Also support packet switching & datagram services
 Uses a coherent optical receiver:-local oscillator
,photodetector

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 Switching time b/w wavelengths = laser tuning
time + time to acquire bit clock (200ns)
 Require the sychronisation off all nodes
 Demonstrated at 1Gbps

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 C-Service
 Datagram service
 Out of band at 1310 nm
 Set up & takedown A-&B-service connections
 Level -1 & level-0 n/w has a centralized sheduler
connected via C-service to each other & the end
nodes

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(b)NTT Ring
 Unidirectional ring:- 1 working fiber & 1 protection fiber
 N/w has 1 hub node(center node) & many access
nodes(remote nodes)
 Hub node sends out signals at N different wavelengths, all
MUXed in to working fiber
 N access nodes
 Hub node communicates with access node i on wavelength
i,& access node i communicates with hub node also on
wavelength i

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NTT Ring
Hub node
λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 λ4λ 4 λ 3 λ2 λ 1

λ2 λ2 λ1 λ1
Access node 1
Access node 2

Protection fiber

Working fiber 12
 Node architecture in NTT testbed
Protection EDFA EDFA
Coupler
Coupler fiber
OADM

Switch Switch

WorkingEDFA EDFA
fiber
OADM
Level equalizer
Loopback Loopback
Receivers Transmitters

Switch
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Protection against link failures
 Two mechanisms
 Only one method at a time
1.Linear protection
 Protection fiber does not carry any traffic
normally
 In the event of a fiber cut, restoration is
accomplished by looping the traffic on the
working fiber on to the protection fiber around the
ring

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2. 1+1 path protection
 Same traffic is sent on both working fiber &
protection fiber in opposite directions
 Receiver in the access node selects one of them

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NTT Ring continued…
 Have 6 wavelengths, spaced 100 GHz apart
 Running over DSF with a distance of 40 km b/w nodes at
622 Mbps
 1 hub node & 2 access nodes
 Each access node include
1. Optical amplifiers
 Compensate for losses
2. Multi channel power equalizer
 Equalize the channel variations due to different component
losses at different wavelengths and due to non flatness of
the amplifiers

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 Test bed distance was limited by four-wave mixing
 To reduce four-wave mixing:-
 At each node, after DeMUXing the wavelengths, each
wavelength was delayed by a different value
 This randomizes the phase relationship b/w the different
wavelengths at each node
 FWM powers at each transmission stage b/w the nodes are
summed, rather than the electric fields being summed in
phase
 Major accomplishments:-
 Demonstration of WDM transmission over DSF
 Demonstration of different protection mechanisms

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(c) ONTC
 Optical Network Technology Consortium
 Reconfigurable wavelength routing architecture
 Consists of two interconnected unidirectional rings
 Each ring has two nodes with one additional common mode
 Has four wavelengths, spaced 4 nm apart
 Running over standard SM fiber,distance of 150 km at
155Mbps
 Carries ATM traffic
 One of the wavelengths also used to carry four analog
subcarrier MUXed video channels
 Uses an EDFA after each optical node to compensate for
fiber & component losses
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ONTC
Access node Access node

OADM OADM

OXC

OADM OADM

Access node Access node

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ONTC continued…
 Wavelength crossconnects & add/drop MUXes are
made by combining wavelength MUX/DeMUXes
with optical switches
 The MUX/DeMUX units are made with dielectric
thin film –based filters
 Switches are relay activated mechanical switches
 Each end node has a four-wavelength DFB laser
array as a transmitter & a four –wavelentgh
integrated receiver
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 Switches within the nodes are controlled by a central
controller
 Central controller communicate to the controllers within the
nodes via in-band ATM connections
 Each node has a 10-dB coupler at its output
 A small portion of the power is tapped off, and the
wavelength and power of each channel were monitored by a
wavelength/power meter
 Major emphasis was to develop commercial-quality acousto
optic filters (AOTFs) for wavelength routers
 But the AOTFs showed excessive crosstalk

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An OADM and an access node in ONTC
λ1
Switch
λ2 Switch
λ3 Switch
λ4
Switch

Receiver Transmitter
Array Array

ATM Switch
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ONTC continued….
 ONTC demonstrated several key technologies
 Demonstrated ,
 ATM virtual topology over the optical layer
 Trasparency aspect of WDM by transmitting
several forms of data over different light paths
concurrently

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(d)MONET
 To develop field-hardened testbeds of wavelength-routed
networks to bring them closer to commercial deployment
 Field trial consists of a local ring n/w with OADMs
interconnected to a long-distance n/w via an OXC
 Uses 8 wavelengths spaced 200 GHz apart
 Data transmitted at 2.5 Gbps per wavelength
 Over 2000km of dispersion- managed fiber(std. single
mode fiber along with dispersion compensating fiber at
appropriate intervals)
 Also includes a local ring n/w with several OADMs & a
4×4 OXC to interconnect the local ring n/w to the long-
distance testbed

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MONET
Bellcore local-exchange testbed
OADM OADM

OADM OADM

OADM OADM

OADM OADM
AT &T/Lucent long –distance testbed

OXC OADM
Amplifiers
Transmitters 2080 km fiber OADM

Receivers OADM

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 Advances:-
 Handling monitoring and management
 Robust against outages
 Developing field-ready optical components
such as LiNbO3 -based optical crossconnects
 Understanding the economics of WDM n/w
versus other alternatives

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Summary
 All-optical testbed demonstrations were mostly
transmission oriented and concerned with the physical
layer issues
 Also demonstrated the use of specific types of
switches,MUX/DeMUXes, filters &amplifiers
 Dielectric thin film-based filters:-
 Good MUX/DeMUXes
 Have flat passbands
 Low loss
 Polarization insensitive

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 Optomechanical switches:-
 Have slow switching times(10s of ms)
 Low loss
 Very low crosstalk
 AOTF:-
 Can simultaneously switch many channels
 High crosstalk and loss

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 LiNbO3 & semiconductor amplifier-based switches:-
 Faster than optomechanical switches(µs to ns)
 More amenable to integration
 Simultaneously switch many channels
 High crosstalk and loss
 OXC and OADM nodes suffer from large losses(10
dB)
 Need EDFA to compensate losses

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REFERENCE
 Optical Networks:A practical Persepective
Rajiv Ramaswamy,Kumar.N.Sivarajan

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