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    Experiment 6 Oral Report

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    Hans Jesper Del Mundo
    The document describes an experiment to determine the pH of unknown solutions colorimetrically using different pH indicators and buffer solutions. It involves preparing a set of McIlvaine buffers of known pH values labeled with the appropriate indicators. The pH of four unknown solutions is then approximated using pH paper and confirmed by comparing their colors to the standards. Calculations are shown to determine the ionization constant of acetic acid using the colorimetric data and to calculate the pH of mixtures using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, matching the observed values.

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    Experiment 6 Oral Report

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    Hans Jesper Del Mundo
    732 views42 pages
    The document describes an experiment to determine the pH of unknown solutions colorimetrically using different pH indicators and buffer solutions. It involves preparing a set of McIlvaine buffers of known pH values labeled with the appropriate indicators. The pH of four unknown solutions is then approximated using pH paper and confirmed by comparing their colors to the standards. Calculations are shown to determine the ionization constant of acetic acid using the colorimetric data and to calculate the pH of mixtures using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, matching the observed values.

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    The document describes an experiment to determine the pH of unknown solutions colorimetrically using different pH indicators and buffer solutions. It involves preparing a set of McIlvaine buffers of known pH values labeled with the appropriate indicators. The pH of four unknown solutions is then approximated using pH paper and confirmed by comparing their colors to the standards. Calculations are shown to determine the ionization constant of acetic acid using the colorimetric data and to calculate the pH of mixtures using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, matching the observed values.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    732 views42 pages

    Experiment 6 Oral Report

    Uploaded by

    Hans Jesper Del Mundo
    The document describes an experiment to determine the pH of unknown solutions colorimetrically using different pH indicators and buffer solutions. It involves preparing a set of McIlvaine buffers of known pH values labeled with the appropriate indicators. The pH of four unknown solutions is then approximated using pH paper and confirmed by comparing their colors to the standards. Calculations are shown to determine the ionization constant of acetic acid using the colorimetric data and to calculate the pH of mixtures using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, matching the observed values.

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    You are on page 1of 42

    EXPERIMENT 6

    Colorimetric
    Determination of pH

    DEL MUNDO
    LARIN
    SEE
    INTRODUCTION
    Colorimetry
    • any technique by which an
    unknown color is evaluated in
    terms of standard colors
    • the technique may be visual,
    photoelectric, or indirect by
    means of spectrophotometry

     http://www.answers.com/topic/colorimetry#ixzz1MK1Yv3Sl
    pH Indicators
    • also called acid-base indicators
    • pH indicators are usually weak
    acids or weak bases that change
    their color depending on their
    dissociation (protonation) state
    • pH indicators can be used to
    check pH of the solution

    http://www.ph-meter.info/pH-measurements-indicators
    Indicator Lower pH pH Range Higher pH
    color (transition color
    interval)
    Thymol blue Red 1.2 – 2.8 Yellow

    Bromophenol blue Yellow 3.0 – 4.6 Purple

    Chlorophenol red Yellow 4.8 – 6.4 Violet

    Bromothymol blue Yellow 6.0 – 7.6 Blue

    Phenol red Yellow 6.8 – 8.4 Red


    Buffer Solutions
    • A buffer solution is one in which
    the pH of the solution is "resistant"
    to small additions of either a strong
    acid or strong base. 
    • Buffers consist of a weak acid and
    its conjugate base or vice versa, in
    relatively equal and "large"
    quantities. 

    http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/equilibrium/buffers.htm
    McIlvaine Buffer System
    • A citrate/phosphate buffer system
    that can be volumetrically set for
    pH in a wide range (2.2 to 8)

    http://www.biochemlab.cn/shiji/peizhi/20993.html
    Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
    • An equation expressing the pH of
    a buffer solution as a function of
    the concentration of the weak acid
    or base and the salt components
    of the buffer.

    http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Henderson-Hasselbalch+equation
    Colorimetric Analysis
    • Uses the variation as a means of
    determining the pH since the
    intensity of the color of a solution
    changes with its concentration or
    pH

    http://www.inc.bme.hu/en/subjects/genchem/phdet2.pdf
    • By comparing the intensity of the
    colour of a solution of unknown
    concentration (or pH) with the
    intensities of solutions of known
    concentrations (or pH), the
    concentration of an unknown
    solution may be determined

    http://www.inc.bme.hu/en/subjects/genchem/phdet2.pdf
    EXPERIMENT
    Objective
    • To be able to determine the pH of
    an unknown solution
    colorimetrically
    • To be able to calculate the
    ionization constant of a weak acid
    PART A: Preparation of Buffer Solutions

    A set of McIlvaine buffers were accurately


    prepared in test tubes of uniform sizes labeled
    according to their respective pH levels.

    Five drops of the appropriate indicators to


    use for each pH level were added to each of
    the buffer solutions.
    Indicator: THYMOL BLUE (1.2 – 2.8)
    pH 0.2M Na2HPO4 (mL) 0.1M Citric Acid (mL)

    2.2 0.20 9.80

    2.4 0.62 9.38

    2.6 1.06 8.91

    2.8 1.58 8.42


    Indicator: BROMOPHENOL BLUE (3.0 – 4.6)
    pH 0.2M Na2HPO4 (mL) 0.1M Citric Acid (mL)
    3.0 2.05 7.95
    3.2 2.47 7.53
    3.4 2.85 7.15
    3.6 3.22 6.78
    3.8 3.55 6.45
    4.0 3.25 6.15
    4.2 4.14 5.86
    4.4 4.41 5.59
    4.6 4.67 5.33
    Indicator: CHLOROPHENOL RED (4.8 – 6.4)
    pH 0.2M Na2HPO4 (mL) 0.1M Citric Acid (mL)
    4.8 4.93 5.07
    5.0 5.15 4.85
    5.2 5.20 4.80
    5.4 5.58 4.42
    5.6 5.80 4.20
    5.8 6.05 3.95
    6.0 6.31 3.69
    6.2 6.61 3.39
    6.4 6.92 3.08
    Indicator: BROMOTHYMOL BLUE (6.0 – 7.6)
    pH 0.2M Na2HPO4 (mL) 0.1M Citric Acid (mL)
    6.0 6.31 3.69
    6.2 6.61 3.39
    6.4 6.92 3.08
    6.6 7.34 2.66
    6.8 7.72 2.28
    7.0 8.24 1.76
    7.2 8.69 1.31
    7.4 9.08 0.92
    7.6 9.37 0.63
    Indicator: PHENOL RED (6.8 – 8.0)
    pH 0.2M Na2HPO4 (mL) 0.1M Citric Acid (mL)
    6.8 7.72 2.28
    7.0 8.24 1.76
    7.2 8.69 1.31
    7.4 9.08 0.92
    7.6 9.37 0.63
    7.8 9.57 0.43
    8.0 9.72 0.28
    PART B: Colorimetric Determination of pH
    The pH of the following solutions were
    approximated using pH papers, then applied them
    with the appropriate indicator/s.

    The pH of each solutions were then confirmed by


    comparing their colors to standards (from part A)
    applied with the same indicator.
    Results
    Solution Observed
    pH
    A 0.01M HOAc 5
    B 1mL 0.1M HOAc + 1mL 0.1M NaOAc + 4.8
    8mL H20
    C 1mL 0.1M HOAc + 0.1mL 0.1M NaOAc 3.2
    + 8.9mL H2O
    D 0.1mL 0.1M HOAc + 1mL 0.1M NaOAc 6.8
    + 8.9mL H2O
    Discussion
    • In the preparation of the buffer
    solutions in part A, it is important to
    use the appropriate indicators for
    each buffer solutions because in
    colorimetric determination of pH, the
    indicators in buffered solutions are
    most effective when it is within the
    specific pH ranges mentioned in the
    table. It is at these pH ranges that
    the indicators show a significant
    change in color.
    • For test tubes B, C and D, using the
    Henderson-Hasselbach equation, it
    can be inferred that as the ratio of
    the molarity OAc- (from NaOAc) to
    that of HOAc increases, the pH also
    increases thus making the solution
    less acidic.

    • pH = pKa + log [OAc-]


    [HOAc]
    • Because it has the highest ratio of OAc-
    to HOAc, the solution in test tube D is
    expected to be the least acidic while
    the solution in test tube C as the most
    acidic.
    • Common ion effect can also account for
    these. Because of the presence of the
    common ion, OAc-, there will be a
    suppression in the ionization of the acid
    thus decreasing hydrogen ion
    concentration and increasing the pH.
    Solution Observed
    pH
    A 0.01M HOAc 5
    B 1mL 0.1M HOAc + 1mL 0.1M NaOAc + 4.8
    8mL H20
    C 1mL 0.1M HOAc + 0.1mL 0.1M NaOAc 3.2
    + 8.9mL H2O
    D 0.1mL 0.1M HOAc + 1mL 0.1M NaOAc 6.8
    + 8.9mL H2O

    • Therefore, our observations are correct!


    GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
    ANSWERS
    1.) Calculate the ionization constant of acetic acid using
    colorimetric data.

    pH of 0.01 M HOAc 5

    pH = - log [H3O+]
    5 = - log [H3O+]
    [H3O+]= 10-5

    [H3O+] of 0.01 M HOAc 1.00x10-5 M


    [H3O+] of 0.01 M HOAc 1.00x10-5 M

    To get Ka:
    [H3O+] of 0.01 M HOAc 1.00x10-5 M

    To get Ka:
    HOAc → H+ + OAc-
    Initial 0.01 0 0
    Change - 1.00x10-5 + 1.00x10-5 + 1.00x10-5
    Equilibrium 9.99x10-3 1.00x10-5 1.00x10-5
    [H3O+] of 0.01 M HOAc 1.00x10-5 M

    To get Ka:
    HOAc → H+ + OAc-
    Initial 0.01 0 0
    Change - 1.00x10-5 + 1.00x10-5 + 1.00x10-5
    Equilibrium 9.99x10-3 1.00x10-5 1.00x10-5

    Ka = [H+][OAc-] = (1.00x10-5 )( 1.00x10-5 )= 1.00x10-8


    [HOAc] 9.99x10-3
    2.) Calculate the pH of three mixtures of HOAc and NaOAc
    (solutions A, B and C) using the Henderson-
    Hasselbalch equation and compare with the observed
    pH. (Use the value of ionization constant of HOAc at
    25°C.) Support your answers with computations.

    B 1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M NaOAc


    + 8 mL H2O
    C 1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 0.1 mL 0.1 M NaOAc
    + 8.9 mL H2O
    D 0.1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M NaOAc
    + 8.9 mL H2O
    Ka of HOAc at 25°C = 1.8x10-5
    pKa = -log Ka = - log (1.8x10-5) = 4.74

    pH = pKa + log [conjugate base]


    [acid]

    The acid is HOAc and its conjugate base is OAc-.


    For solution B:
    1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M NaOAc
    + 8 mL H2O
    MA1 VA1 = MA2 VA2
    (0.1M) (1mL) = [HOAc] (10mL)
    [HOAc] = 0.01M

    [NaOAc] = [OAc-]
    MB1 VB1 = MB2 VB2
    (0.1M) (1mL) = [OAc-](10mL)
    [OAc-] = 0.01M
    For solution B:
    1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M NaOAc
    + 8 mL H2O

    pH = pKa + log [conjugate base]


    [acid]
    = 4.74 + log 0.01 M
    0.01 M
    = 4.74 + 0
    pH = 4.74
    For solution C:
    1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 0.1 mL 0.1 M
    NaOAc + 8.9 mL H2O
    MA1 VA1 = MA2 VA2
    (0.1M) (1mL) = [HOAc] (10mL)
    [HOAc] = 0.01M

    [NaOAc] = [OAc-]
    MB1 VB1 = MB2 VB2
    (0.1M) (0.1mL) = [OAc-](10mL)
    [OAc-] = 0.001M
    For solution C:
    1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 0.1 mL 0.1 M
    NaOAc + 8.9 mL H2O

    pH = pKa + log [conjugate base]


    [acid]
    = 4.74 + log 0.001 M
    0.01 M
    = 4.74 + (-1)
    pH = 3.74
    For solution D:
    0.1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M
    NaOAc + 8.9 mL H2O
    MA1 VA1 = MA2 VA2
    (0.1M) (0.1mL) = [HOAc] (10mL)
    [HOAc] = 0.001M

    [NaOAc] = [OAc-]
    MB1 VB1 = MB2 VB2
    (0.1M) (1mL) = [OAc-](10mL)
    [OAc-] = 0.01M
    For solution D:
    0.1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M
    NaOAc + 8.9 mL H2O

    pH = pKa + log [conjugate base]


    [acid]
    = 4.74 + log 0.01 M
    0.001 M
    = 4.74 + 1
    pH = 5.74
    pH
    Solution
    observed calculated
    0.01 M HOAc 5 ----
    A 1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1 M
    NaOAc + 8 mL H2O (A) 4.8 4.74

    B 1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 0.1 mL


    NaOAc + 8.9 mL H2O (B) 3.2 3.74

    C 0.1 mL 0.1 M HOAc + 1 mL 0.1


    6.8 5.74
    M NaOAc + 8.9 mL H2O (C)

    D
    Conclusion
    • The pH of a solution can be
    approximated with the use of
    colorimetry and pH indicators. But it
    is also important to have to have
    proper knowledge on which
    indicator to be used on certain pH
    ranges and their color transitions for
    a successful colorimetric analysis.
    Recommendation
    • It is strongly advised to have
    accurate measurements for the
    preparation of buffer solutions to
    have an efficient standard and also
    for the solutions that will be used for
    colorimetric analysis.
    References
    • Lemay, H., Brown, T., Bursten, B., & Burdge, J. (2004).
    Chemistry: The Central Science. New Jersey: Pearson
    Education South Asia Pte Ltd.
    •  http://www.answers.com/topic/colorimetry#ixzz1MK1Yv3Sl
    • http://www.ph-meter.info/pH-measurements-indicators
    • http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/equilibriu
    m/buffers.htm
    • http://www.biochemlab.cn/shiji/peizhi/20993.html
    • http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Henderson-
    Hasselbalch+equation
    • http://www.inc.bme.hu/en/subjects/genchem/phdet2.pdf

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