nqÿ oyu yd isxy, iudch

wd.u ixialD;sfha wdrïNfha isg u udkj l%shdldrï iuÕ ne£ mej;s

uQ,sldx.hls' wd.u ms<sn| yeÕSu mdol fldg f.k iEu ixialD;shlg u wh;a
ck;dj hï hï úYajdi f.dvk.d isákjdla fukau ta Tiafia úúOdldr l%shdldrlïj,
o kshe,S isáñ' fuu úYajdi weoys,s wd§ ish,a,u fmdÿfõ úNd. lrk úg wd.u mq¿,a
iudc iïuq;shla f,i ie,lSug yelsh' iudc úoHd{hskag wkqj wd.u iudc
ixia:djls' wd.fï m%Njh ms<sn| uQ,sl isoaOdka;hla bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa B'î' ghs,¾
(E.B.  Tylor) kï udkj úoHd{hd úisks' Tyq wd.u ks¾jpkh lf<a —fN!;sl jia;+ka
ms<sn| úYajdihla˜ f,isks'

ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmhg wh;a fndfyda rgj,a §¾> YsIagdpdrhlg Wreulï

lshhs' fuu l,dmhg wh;a rgj,aj,ska fndfyda m%udKhla w;S;fha § úYd, ÈhqKqjla
lrd fhduq ù mej;s njg úúO idCIs ;sfí' wdishdkq iudc l%uh ilia ùfï§ b;sydih
;=< .eUqre n,mEula l< idOl 02 la wd¾fkda,aâ fgdhskaí kï iudc úoHd{hd
fmkajd fohs' bka tla idOlhla jkafka wdishdkq wd.ñl iïm%odh hs' fojekak wd.u
u; yev.eiqKq iudc ixialD;sh hs' fuu idOl fol wdishdfõ iudc l%uh yd iudc
jHQyh ilia ùu flfrys fndfyda n,md we;' iïNdjH iduc úoHd{ uelaia fõn¾
(Max  Weber) fmkajd fokafka wdishdfõ iudc yev.eiSu yd brKu ;SrKh ùu
flfrys wd.u yd ixialD;sh iDcq n,mEula lr we;s njhs' ol=Kq wdishdfõ m%Odk
wd.ñl iïm%odhka folla jeo.;a fõ' ta yskaÿ oyu yd nqÿ oyu hs' nqÿ oyu" W;=re nqÿ
oyu yd ol=Kq nqÿ oyu f,i j¾. ùula olakg ;sfí' tkï" uydhdk nqÿ oyu yd
f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu jYfhks' f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu uq,a nqÿ oyfï Ndú;d fõ' uydhdk nqÿ
oyu ld,Sk wjYH;d u; ft;sydislj m%;sixialrKh jQ nqÿ oyu fõ' f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu
iudc fjkiaùïj,g idfmaCIj m%n,j ld,Sk m%;sixialrKj,g ,la jQfha ke;'
uydhdk nqÿ oyu j¾Okh jQ rgj,a ;=< ;;a;ajh óg fndfyda fjkia h' tys§ uydhdk
iïm%odh j¾Okh jQ rgj,a ;=< f:rjd§ iïm%odh jHdma; jQ rgj,aj,g jvd ñksia
Ôú;fha f,!lsl ixj¾Okhla y÷kd .; yelsj ;sfí' WodyrK f,i cmdkh kï l<
yelsh' uydhdk nqÿ oyug wkqj cmdkfha ÈhqKq iudc wd¾Ól j¾Okhla lrd fhduq jQ
w;r ;ukaf.a iudc wd¾Ól j¾Okhg WÑ; f,i wd.fï b.ekaùï rgd by< uÜgñka
Ndú;hg .kq ,eìK'

ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmhg wh;a ,xldfõ nyq;r ckfldgilf.a wd.u nqÿ oyuhs'
th f:rjd§ nqÿ oyu fõ' fï nqÿ oyu Y%S ,xldjg ,enqfKa l%s'mQ' fojeks ishjfia § h'
nqÿ oyu foajjd§ wd.ula fkdfõ' th wfoajjd§ o¾Ykhls' nqÿ oyfï meñKSu;a iuÕ

1 
 
,xldfõ iudc l%uh ;=< w¨;a fjkialï fndfyda m%udKhla u;= úh' th miqj fn!oaO
iudch f,i ye¢kaúK' ,dxlsl iudcfha wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,k iodpdrh nqÿ
oyu uÕska ilia lrk ,§' nqÿ oyu yd ,dxlsl iudch w;r iïnkaO;djh fl;rï
ióm jQfha o h;a —nqÿ oyñka f;dr ,dxlsl iudchla .ek l:d lsÍu wmyiq úh'˜

,xldfõ rdcH wd.u fn!oaO ùu isxy, iudcfha nqÿ oyu Yla;su;a ù iudc l%uh mqrd
u uq,a nei .ekSug fya;= úh' —rcq fn!oaOfhl= úh hq;= h hk ixl,amfhka fuu
;;a;ajh jvd;a ;yjqre úh˜' rcqf.a;a tu merKs wdKavqfõ;a m%Odk j.lSu jQfha nqÿ
oyu" ix>hd wdrCId lsÍu yd Wmia:dk lsÍu úh'

ñys÷ ysñhka ,laÈj nqÿ iiqk msysgqùfuka miqj furg ck Ôú;h iS.%
úm¾hdihlg Ndckh úh' ia;%S mqreI fomCIh ;uka W.;a kj O¾uhg wkqj Ôú;h
ms<sn| we.hSu yd is;=ï me;=ï b;d blauKska yev .id .;ay' nqÿ iuh ,lajeis ckhd
úIfhys fujeks n,mEula we;s lsÍfuys,d fya;=ldrl jQ m%uqL lreK jYfhka
m%;sm;a;s.rel ix> ixia:djla ìys ùu ±laúh yelsh' NsCIQka jykafia,df.a YS,.=K
iïmkak YslaIs; meje;au .sys iudchg wh;a Wjeis Wjeishka wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSug
fya;= úh' wd.u ksid is;g hym; ,efí' mqoa.,hdg ta ksoyi ,nd .; yelsh' ´kEu
Woafõ.lr wjia:djl § wd.fuka iekiSu f.k ths' tu ksid pß;h yev .efihs'
pß; ixj¾Okhg bka uÕ mEfohs' wd.u ksid Ôú;fha ÿl ke;s ù hhs' wúksYaÑ;
wjia:djl wd.u ksid ia:djr njla ,efnhs' wfmaCIdNx. jQ úgl wd.u ñksia is;g
iekiSu ,nd §ug iu;a fjhs' wd.u ksid iudcfha taldnoaO;djh iu.sh yd
wkkH;djh wmg <Õd lr .; yelsh' mqoa.,hka bka tllg hd flf¾' tlu úYajdih
tl yd iudk jákdlï" iudk yeisÍï fmdÿ je÷ï msÿï fï ish,a, mqoa.,hka tl;=
lrhs' ;jo" wd.u mqoa.,hdg wkkH;djhla ,nd fohs' fï wkkH;djh ksid wE;
w;S;hg;a Tyq hd jkafka h' iudc úoHd{dhska ú.%y lrk wdldrhg wkqj iudchl
nrm;, fjkialï isÿ fjoa§ ñksia Ôú;h bka jHdl+, fkdù wdrCId lr iudc.;
lsÍug wd.u úYd, odhl;ajhla olajhs'

,dxlSh iudcfha nqÿ oyu jvd;a jHdma;j we;af;a .eñ iudcfha h' tu nqÿ oyu
.eñ nqÿ oyu f,i iudc úoHdj ;=< ye¢kafõ' .u hkq iïm%odhsl iudcfha Wreuhls'
.eñ iudcfha ,CIKh w;r iuQysl nj" jevjiï iudc rgdjlg wh;a Ndú;hka
mej;Su" lDIs wd¾Ólh" Nla;su;a nj" wê fN!;sl úYajdi flf¾ we;s ±ä keUqrej"
jeäysáhkag .re lsÍu" mS;D uQ,sl iudc l%uh" ióm {d;s in|;d jeo.;a fõ' fuu
,CIKh .eñ iudcfha nqÿ oyu ;=< o úoHdudkjk ,CIKhka njg m;a ù ;sfí' Y%S
,xldfõ .eñ nqÿ oyu ;=< úoHdudk jk m%Odk ,CIKh jkafka jevjiï iudc rgdj
.eñ nqÿ oyu ;=<ska m%ldY ùuhs' nqÿ oyu l=, l%uhg  (Cast  System) úreoaO jqj;a

2 
 
m%dfhda.sl iudc rgdj u; nqÿ oyu .eñ l=, l%uh iuÕ ukd f,i iqixfhda. ù ;sfí'
.eñ nqÿ oyfï iudc Ndú;h ;=< l=, l%uh yev.eiqKq Ndú;hka we;' .%dóh iudcfha
mkaif,a odhlhka yd l%shdldÍ mqoa.,hka m%Odk jYfhka .eñ iudch ;=< ia:rfha úúO
uÜgïj,g wh;a h' tys m%Odk l%shdldÍ odhlhka wkqYdiljre by< l=, ksfhdackh
lrhs' .eñ nqÿ oyfï wfkla ,CIKh kï foú foaj;djka ms<sn| úYajdi moaO;shla o
mej;Su hs' tys§ ol=Kq bka§h øúv foaj úYajdij, iïnkaO;djhla o we;' .eñhd
nqÿka jykafia fukau Ôú;fha iM, yd ÿ¾Nd.H wjia:dj, § tu foújrekaf.a
iyfhda.h wdYs¾jdoh wfmalaId lrhs' ta wkqj isxy, .eñ iudcfha nqÿka iuÕ foaj
uKav,hla o we;' fïjd isxy, .eñ nqÿ oyfï úfYaI ,CIKhla f,i y÷kd .;
yelsh'

,xldfõ weoySï ms<sn| woyia olajk iudc udkj úoHd{fhl= jk .Kkd:

Tfífialr olajkafka uyd iïm%odfha (Grate  Traditional) OQrdj,sfha by<skau isákafka
nqÿka jykafia jk w;r Y=oaO foúfhl= jYfhka o i<lkq ,nk ñksiqkaf.a f,!lsl
lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ke;s Y=oaO jQ Ydia;Djrfhls' wfkla ish¨ weoySï udkj úoHd{
.Kkd: Tfífialrg wkqj pQ, iïm%odhg (Little Traditional) wh;a fõ' Tyq olajk f,i
isxy, nqÿ oyfï jHqyh OQrdj,shla (Hierarchy) f,i my; mßÈ ielfia'

01' nqÿka jykafia

02' kd:" úYaKq" l;r.u" m;a;sKs wd§ wdrCIl foújre

03' m%dfoaYSh foújre

04' hCIhska

05' N+;" fm%a; wd§ my;a wd;au

.Kkd: Tfífialr nqÿ oyfï jHQyh ;=< nqÿka jykafia foúfhl= f,i olajd
we;;a uq,a iufha fyda fjk;a lsisÿ ;ekl Wka jykafia foúfhl= f,i i<ld fkdue;'
fï ksid ,xldfõ nqÿ oyu m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 02 lg j¾. l< yels nj ßp¾â
f.dïíßÉ olajhs' tkï" Y%uK nqÿ oyu (Monistic  Buddhism) yd foaj úYajdij,g
iïnkaO nqÿ oyu (Thiestic Buddhism) hs' flfia fj;;a ,xldfõ .eñ m%cdj w;r foaj
úYajdi iuÕ iïnkaO jQ nqÿ oyu ±lsh yelsh' .eñhkaf.a tÈfkod wjYH;dj,§
uQ,sl nqÿ oyu m%dfhda.sl jYfhka jeo.;a fkdjQ ksidu Tjqka wiajekak ire lr .ekSu"
frda. ìh ÿre lr .ekSu jeks ñksia Ôú;hg n,mE iajNdúl ixisoaëkag foaj;ajhla
wdfrdamkh l<y'

3 
 
 fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldfõ nqÿ oyu §¾> ld,hla wdrCId ù mej;Sug;a .eñhka
w;r nqÿ oyu fndfyda m%p,s; ùug;a n,md ;snqKs' fuu ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j o iudc
úoHd;aul ú.%yhla o bÈßm;a l< yelsh' th kï ´kEu fohla iudch ;=< §¾>
ld,hla mej;Sug kï thska iudcfha m%cdjg hï fufyhla fyj;a iudc lD;Hhla
(Social Function) bgq úh hq;=h' .eñhka w;r ckm%sh jQ fuu foaj úYajdij,g iïnkaO
jQ nqÿ oyu ;=< fuu ,CIKh meyeÈ,sj y÷kd .; yelsh' ta wkqj ,dxlsl iudcfha
mqoa.,hdf.a Wmf;a isg urKh olajdu;a" bka wk;=rej;a foaj úYajdij,g iïnkaO jQ
nqÿ oyu foaYSh fn!oaO m%cdj Wfoid úYd, iudc ld¾hNdrhla isÿ lr we;s nj fuhska
meyeÈ,sj ksÍCIKh fõ'

isxy, fn!oaO m%cdj tÈfkod Ôú;fha § ;uka uqyqK fok isÿùï m%Odk wjia:d
03 la yryd y÷kd .;a nj meyeÈ,s fõ' foúhkaf.a n,mEï" .%y n,mEï" hCIhskaf.a
n,mEï tu wjia:d fõ' fuu n,fõ. uÕska ;ukaf.a ñksia Ôú;hg t,a, l< n,mEï
wju lsÍug úúO wdldrfha mqo mQcd" Ydka;sl¾u" n,s f;dú,a" hka;% uka;%" iQkshï
lsÍug m%cdj fm<Uqks' fuu mQcd úê uQ,sl nqÿ oyu iuÕ nrm;, .eàula fkdue;s
neúkq;a ndOdjla fkdue;s neúkq;a fuu mQcdjka fn!oaO wdrhlska isÿ lsÍug;a tys§ nqÿ
oyug uq,a ;ek § lghq;= lsÍug;a fn!oaO m%cdj fhduq ù we;s whqre fyd¢ka y÷kd
.; yelsh' fuu ;;a;ajh meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug we;s fyd|u WodyrKh jkafka fn!oaO
m%cdj by; lS l=uk wdldrhl m%cdjla jkaokhla l< o ta yeu wjia:djl u
wdrïNfha nqÿka jkaokh fmr±ß lr .ekSu ±laúh yelsh' ta wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO
m%cdj ;ukaf.a iudc Ôú;fha úúO wjia:dj, § .;a úúO l%shdud¾. w;r nqÿ oyu
Yla;su;a mokula f,i iudc.; ù we;s whqre fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fõ'

Y%S ,dxlSh .eñ fn!oaO Ôú;h flfrys nqÿ oyu isÿ l< iudc n,mEï ms<sn|j
y÷kd .ekSfï § O¾u foaYkd meje;aùug o úfYaI ;ekla ysñ ù ;sfí' uy±,shd
uydkd> rcq ,laÈj ish¨ úydrhkays O¾udik lrùug fm<öfuka O¾u foaYkd
meje;aùfuka wkqrdOmqr hq.fha mgka ;snQ keUqre;djh fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fõ' ful,
W;aijdldrfhka mj;ajk ,o we;eï O¾u foaYkd ,lajeis ckhd w;r fnfyúka
ckm%sh úh' wdßhjxY iQ;%h foaYkd lsÍu ksñ;sfldg f.k meje;ajqKq wdßhjxY
W;aijh fï i|yd ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yelsh' ;uka úiska lDIsl¾udka;fhka ksIamdÈ;
OdkH wd§ foa fj<| wdh;khl ;ekam;a fldg ,enqKq fmd<sh wdßhjxY W;aijh
i|yd ,enqKq f;daks., fi,a ,smsfha i|yka fõ' fuu O¾u foaYkdj,g ijka §u i|yd
iajNdúl ndOdjka fkd;ld fn!oaO .eñ m%cdj tla jQ whqre f;areï .; yelsh' fuys§
ienE jYfhka isÿ ù we;af;a nqÿ oyu uÕska úúO m%foaYj, Ôj;a jQ .eñ m%cdj wd.ñl
idOl yd ms<s.ekSï uÕska iudcdkqfhdackh lsÍu yd iudc wkqlrKhka we;s lsÍuhs'
uyje,s .Õ winv fiareú,g kqÿrej msysá uydldrlkao keu;s .fï Okj;a mjq,lg

4 
 
wh;a ñksiaiq Wÿïnr.sß úydrfha uilg jrla meje;afjk wdßhxjY foaYkdj Y%jKh
lsÍfï wNs,dYfhka yd,a" uia" ud¿" úúO ri leú,s /f.k wd nj;a" ;reK ìßh
muKla ksjfia kj;d we;s nj;a iyiaijia;=fjys i|yka fõ' rEmjdysksfha tk tla
l:djlska mejfikafka tla ldka;djla uy.u ueKsla fjfyf¾ uyfodr wi, ms<sfh<
l< nK uvqjl fl<jrl isg nK wik úg kqÿßka fi,a,ï lrñka isá wehf.a orejd
kfhl=f.a oIaG lsÍug ,la jQ kuq;a th .eg¿jla lr fkdf.k nK wik wka wh
l,n,hg m;a fkdlr È.gu nK weiQ njhs' ;jo" rEmjdysksfha olajk wdldrhg úI
uq¾cd jqka orejd Wjeishkaf.a i;H l%shd n,fhka iqjm;a jQ nj i|yka lrhs' m%cdj nqÿ
oyu iuÕ fldf;la iïnkaO ù ;snqfKa o hkak fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ' tu iïnkaO;djh
;uka Ôj;a jQ iudcfha iudc wkql+,kh j¾Okh lsÍu olajd .uka lr we;' th
fujeks f;dr;=rej,ska f.dvkef.k iudc yrh hs'

fn!oaO m%cdj iudcdkqfhdackhg ,la l< yd fn!oaO iudc wkql,khla f.dv

ke.Sug fya;= jQ ;j;a fn!oaOd.ñl W;aijhla jkafka .sßNkav mQcdjhs' uyd±,shdudk
uyd kd> rcq wïnia;=< úydrh yd fiiq ish¨ úydrhka ys .sßNkav .yk kï uyd
mQcdjla mj;ajd we;s nj §m jxYfha i|yka fõ' —rcq i|.sßhdjg fhdÿkla ;eka irijd
uÕ fomi i,ams,a lrjd ;eka ;ekaj, f;drK bÈ lr jgmsgdj mykaj,ska wdf,dalu;a
lrñka fuu W;aijh meje;ajQ nj i|yka fõ'˜ úúO kegqï" ix.S;h" kdgH fï
W;aijh yd iu.dój mej;s nj i|yka fõ' iS' o tia' l=,;s,l uy;d olajkafka
fujeks Wiia W;aijhla wkqrdOmqr b;sydifha u olakg fkd;snQ njhs' fuu W;aijfha
úúO wjia:d m%cdjf.a iudc N+ñldj iuÕ ne£ ;sfí' m%N+jre yd idudkH ck;dj o
fï yryd i;=gla yd wd.ñl iudc.; lsÍug fuu ;;a;ajh fya;=jkakg we;'
,xldfõ w;S; rdcH hq.j, mej;s fuu W;aijhka ms<sn| f,aLk mÍCId lsÍfï §
meyeÈ,s jkafka iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,k hk wxYj, fuu wd.ñl
W;aijh iuÕ tlaj ne£ we;s wdldrhhs' tfiau tla W;aijhlska iudc ld¾hhka
.Kkdjla bgq ù we;s wdldrhhs' kuq;a ta ish,a, tlg ne£ug iu;a ù we;af;a nqÿ
oyu hs' thska lshfjkafka uOH.; iudc lD;Hhla fjñka isxy, iudch ;=<
ksrka;rfhka l%shd;aul ù we;s njhs'

,xldfõ fjila W;aijh ms<sn|j mj;sk fn!oaO keUqrej .eUqßka úuid n,kúg
fmfkkafka ta ;=< iudc wkql,kh f.dvke.+ idOl úYd, m%udKhla ±l .; yels
njhs' fjila Wf<, ksid isxy, fn!oaO iudcfhys l%shd;aul jk ld¾hNdrhka
.Kkdjla fõ' wd.ñl isoaOdka; je| mqod .ekSug hdu yd fjila isß keröug
k.rhg hdu ta w;r m%Odk h' isxy, w¨;a wjqreoafoa ld î ;=gq mygq jQ .eñhd
wd.udkql+,j is;g i;=gla ,nd .ekSug fuu wjia:dj Wmfhda.S lr f.k we;' okai,a
meje;aùu fjila W;aijfha jeo.;a wjia:djls' odkh fyj;a §u fyd| .=Khls'

5 
 
is,aj;=kag mska /ia lr .ekSug o u.ls' okaif,ka wdydr .;a miqj ta wh ,jd mska
,nd .ekSu o lemS fmfka' wfkla w;g okai, iduQysl;ajfha ixfla;hla o fõ'
w;S;fha § okai,g iïudoka jQfjda bka wdydr fkd.;a nj i|yka fõ' okai, .fï
mkaif,a yduqÿrejkaf.a nKlska wdrïN jk w;r th wjidk jkafka fn!oaO NsCIQka
Wfoid msßkefuk odkhlsks'

flfia fj;;a wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajdu m%cdjf.a iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh yd

iyNd.S;ajh okai,a l%uh ;=<ska f.dvkef.a' wd.u ta ish¨ wjia:dj, ukd
iïnkaO;djh yd kshuqjd fõ' kQ;k iudcfha fjkiaùïj,g idfmaCIj fuu fjila
W;aijfha úúO wjia:d o jdKsclrKh ù we;' thska woyia jkafka iudcfha tla
fldgilf.a wd¾Ól wruqK ,nd fok tla ud¾.hla nj h' nqÿka jykafia flakaølr
.ksñka o O¾uh yd ix>hd flakaø lr .ksñka o tlS wd¾Ól idOl u;= ù we;' kùk
fj<| Wml%u fjila W;aijh wd¾Ól wxYhg keUqre lsÍug fya;= ù we;' kuq;a tlS
ish¨ idOl mokï ù we;af;a nqÿ oyu yd fn!oaO o¾Ykh hs' th iudc úoHd;aul
wka;fhka n,kúg úYd, iudc .eg¿jla fkdfõ' kQ;k f,dalh f.da,ShlrK l%shdoduh
;=< fõ.j;a kùlrKhg ,lafjoa§ fjila W;aijh jeks fohlg fkdfjkiaj isáh
fkdyels h' nqÿ oyu yd o¾Ykh ixialD;sl idOlhls' kuq;a kQ;k m%cdj fjkiaùug
,lajk wd¾Ól idOl u; mokï jk jHQyhls' wd¾Ól idOl yd nqÿ oyu we;eï
wxYj,g iïnkaO ùug fkdyels ùu nqÿ oyfï ì| jeàulg fya;= úh yelsh' ta wkqj
j¾;udk fjila W;aijh yryd f.dvkef.k kj ixialD;sl iudc wd¾Ól idOlj,
mßj¾;kfha tla wjia:djla muKla fõ' tfia jqjo wjidkfha nqÿ oyu yd o¾Ykh ta
;=< wka;¾.; ù we;' ta uÕska fn!oaO iudcfha m%cdj ;ju;a tla;eka lrñka isà' th
fndfyda jeo.;a h'

isxy, fn!oaO m%cdj iudchSh jYfhka iuQy.; l< ;j;a tla wjia:djla
jkafka msß; hs' msßf;a wdÈ;u wjia:djka m%d.a fn!oaO hq.h olajd iïnkaO fõ' —
mß;a;˜ hk jpkh m%d.a fn!oaO hq.fha Ndú; jQ l%u w;r olakg ,efí' msß;a w;r
fudar msß;" ^fudar msßf;a n%yau jkaokdj yd nqoaO jkaokdj we;=<;aj we;& r;k
iQ;%h jeo.;a fõ' fn!oaOhka yd iïnkaO úúO msß;a uÕska iudc wdrCIdjla yd
/ljrKhla uQ,slj wruqKq lrf.k we;' Wmf;a isg urKh olajd úúO iudc"
wd¾Ól .eg¿j,g uqyqKfok m%cdj fuu msß;a foaYkd uÕska úúO iykhla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' msß;a meka" msß;a kQ,a ne£u yd tajd m%cdj w;r ixirKh ;=<ska
fulS ;;a;ajh fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s fõ' nqÿ oyu ;=< fujeks ,laIK fkdmej;shdkï th
.sys iudcfhka wE;aùug fya;=jla úh yelsh' ta wkqj f,!lsl Ôú;h i|yd wjYH
úúO l%shdjka nqÿ oyu ;=< wka;¾.; ùu fuys§ úfYaI ,CIKhla f,i kï l< yelsh'
úfYaIfhkau .%dóh iudcfha;a k.rh ;=<;a ixúOdkh jk úúO msß;a yd foaYk

6 
 
Y%jKh lsÍug;a Bg iïnkaO ùug;a úYd, msßila iuQy.; fõ' fndfyda wjia:dj,
fuu msß;a foaYkd úÑ;%j;a W;aijhl iajNdjhla o .kS' flfia fj;;a {d;Ska muKla
fkdj jgmsg wfkl=;a m%cdj o fï yd iïnkaO fõ' th iduc taldnoaO;djh ks¾udKh
lrk levm;la fõ'

nqÿ oyu iuÕ ne÷Kq fn!oaO m%cdj taldnoaO l< yd iuQy.; l< ;j;a jeo.;a
wjia:djla jkafka fndaê mQcdj hs' fndaê mQcdj" nqÿ oyu fõ.fhka m%cdj w;rg f.k
hdfuys,d m%n, n,mEula lrk udOHls' fuu fndaê mQcdjka yd ne÷kq iudc úoHd;aul
,CIK fndfyda m%udKhla we;' wdrïNfha § fndaêh jkaokd lf<a fndaêhg wrla.;a
foaj;djl= we;ehs hk úYajdih u;hs' wk;=rejh tu woDYHudk foaj n, fjkqjg
fl<skau nqÿ rcdKka jykafia iïnkaO lr we;af;a' fn!oaO m%cdj nqÿka jykafiaf.a
pß;fha úúO wjia:djka jk udr mrdch lsÍu" nqÿ ùu" weismsys fkdfy<d n,d isàu
jeks Woafõ.lr wjia:d iïnkaO lrñka nqyquka ,nhs' fndfyda úg fuu mQcdjkag
fn!oaOhka fndfyda wdid lrkafka ksjk ,nd .ekSug fkdj ;ukaf.a tÈfkod Ôú;fha
úúO f,!lsl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu wruqKq fldg f.k h' fï fndaê mQcdj yd ta yd
taldnoaO jQ úYd, fn!oaO iudchla ks¾udKh ùug m%n,j fya;= ù we;' ;jo" frda.
iqj ùu" úNd. ìh" újdyh" .%y wm, ÿre lr .ekSu" foaYmd,k ch.%yKh"
woDYHudk n,fõ.j,ska jk ydks j<lajd .ekSu" ukqIHhkaf.ka we;s jk iudÔh
ndOdjka ch .ekSu i|yd o wo fn!oaOhka fndaê mQcdj yd iïnkaO fõ' w;S;fha
mkai,g tla jQ fn!oaOhka" jkaokdlrejka ;uka úiska l< wd.ñl lghq;= ;ks ;ksj
lr msgj .shy' Tjqkaf.a iduQysl tl;= ùu;a tlu wruqKla hgf;a tla jQfha
l,d;=rlsks' kuq;a kQ;k mkaif,a fndaê mQcdjg ish,a,kagu iyNd.Sùug l%u ilid
we;' c,h biSu" u,a úisr ùu" w;ska w; u,a n÷ka heùu" u,a ud,d me<|ùu" c,fhka
fndaê fodajkh" wjidkfha O¾u foaYkdj i|yd iuQyhu tlg iïnkaO ùu bka m%Odk
fõ' ;j;a w;lska fuu fndaê mQcdfõ j¾;udk j;dj;a yd mqoa., l%shdj, mßj¾;kh
mqoa.,hd i|yka .eUqre O¾u fldgiaj,g jvd mqoa.,dNsjdokhg f.!rjdkaú; weo
.ekSula lr we;' tys§ m<uqfldg nqÿka jykafiag ióm ùug W;aidy ±Íu;a isÿ fõ'
fojkqj fndaê mQcdj fufyhjk NsCIQka jykafiaf.a uOqr foaYkh yd .dhkh ms<sn|j
wdl¾YkSh ne£ula o we;s fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh iudc úoHdkql+,j ú.%y jkafka —
leßiaudj˜ hk jpkfhks' fuu ;;a;ajhka f.da,Sh fjkialï yuqfõ idudkH
;;a;ajhka fõ' tajd uÕska kQ;k iudcfha fn!oaOhka wd.udkql+, lr we;' th fn!oaO
m%cdj w;r iudc ne£ula ks¾udKh lsÍug;a mkai, nqÿ oyu iuÕ ióm njla we;s ù
;sfí'

,xldfõ nqÿ oyu ms<sn|j ú.%y lsÍfï § th k.rh ;=< l%shd;aul ùfï
úfYaI;ajhla we;' k.rh hkq thg u wdfõKslj jevqKq yd yev.eiqKq iudc jHQyhls'

7 
 
tu iduch ;=< ia:dms; nqÿ oyu kd.ßl nqÿ oyu f,i ye¢kafõ' kd.ßl iudcfha
úfYaI ,CIKhla kï iudc mka;s wkqj kd.ßl iudch yev .eiS ;sîuhs' tfukau
jdKscjd§ jákdlï kd.ßl Ôú;fha iEu wxYhlgu noaO ù ;sîuhs'

—ßp¾â f.dïíÍɘ úiska fmkajd fokafka Y%S ,xldfõ b;d meyeÈ,sj k.rh
flakaø lr .;a nqÿ oyula mj;sk njhs' ßp¾â f.dïíÍÉg wkqj ,xldfõ m%Odk k.r
flakaø fldgf.k kd.ßl mka;suh nqÿ oyula f.dvke.S we;s w;r k.rfha ;rÕldÍ
jdKsc ,CIKj,g wkqj kd.ßl nqÿ oyu yev .eiS we; hkakhs' kd.ßl ñksiqka
.eñhkag jvd úpdrYS,S fõ' fï .;s ,CIK ,xldfõ kd.ßl nqÿ oyu ;=< o jeã we;'
ta wkqj fld<U" .d,a," uykqjr n÷ k.r wdY%s;j kd.ßlhkaf.a nqÿ oyfï mka;suh
iajNdjhla f.k we;' kd.ßl mka;sh ;=< m%n, by< Okm;s" uOHu mdka;sl yd
lïlre fyda È<s÷ mdka;sl fldgia yev .eiS we;s w;r mka;s ,CIK nqÿ oyfï iudc
ia:r njg m;aj we;' fld<U m%Odk fn!oaO úydrj, odhl odhsldjka jkafka m%N+
mka;s fldgia h' .%dóh iudcfha ñksiqka nqÿ oyu iuÕ iïnkaOjkjdg jvd fjkia
wdldrfhka k.rfha úúO mka;Skaj,g wh;a ñksiqka nqÿ oyu iuÕ iïnkaO fõ'
wd.ñl j;dj;a bgq lsÍfï iajrEmh w;ska" wd.ñl lghq;= yd odkuh lghq;= i|yd
uqo,a úhoï lsÍu w;ska" mkai, iuÕ mj;ajk wNHka;r yd cd;Hka;r in|;d w;ska
fuu ;;a;ajh ksjerÈj y÷kd .; yelsh' fuu ;;a;ajh kd.ßl iudcfha ñksiqkaf.a
wd.u wdY%s; iudc yeisÍïj, úúO fjkialï we;s lsÍug n,md we;' fuu kd.ßl
fn!oaO m%cdjf.ka we;eï wh Ôú;fha tla;rd fudaia;rhla f,i o wd.u iuÕ
iïnkaO jk nj o fyd¢ka ±k .; yelsh' fï ksid wks;H fufkys lsÍu fyda
ks¾jdKh mila lr .ekSu kd.ßl iudcfha nqÿ oyu woyk m%cdjf.a wfmaCIdj o
fkdjk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

nqÿ oyu ms<sn|j wOHhkh l< yd ú.%y l< iudc úoHd{hka ckm%sh nqÿ oyu
ms<sn|j idlÉPd lr ;sfí' ckm%sh nqÿ oyu hkq fjkiajk nqÿ oyfï Ndú;j we;s
kùlrKHhkaf.a yd tys,d iudcfha m%p,s; ckm%sh wx. ñY% ùu ;=<ska f.dvkef.k
nqÿ oyu hs' nqÿ oyu ;=< wOHd;añl jYfhka ±lsh yels bf.kqï moaO;shla we;' fuu
moaO;sh jevjiï iudc moaO;sh iuÕ b;d fyd¢ka iïnkaO úh' kuq;a iudc l%uh
l%ufhka fjkiajk úg § fuu wOHd;añl jYfhka jeo.;a jk wd.ñl bf.kqï
moaO;shg iudch yd iïnkaO ùfï§ .eg¿ u;= fõ' iïNdjH iudc úoHd{ —tñ,a
v¾lhsï˜ meyeÈ,s l< wdldrhg iudch fõ.fhka f,!lsl;ajh yev.efik úg
wOHd;añl jYfhka jeo.;a jk wd.ñl O¾u;djhka iudcfhka wE;a ùu isÿ fõ' fuys
m%;sM,hla jkafka tu wd.ñl wdh;k yd b.ekaùïj,ska ck;dj bj;a ùu h' fjkia jQ
iudch wfmaCId lrkq ,nk wruqKq bgq lsÍug mj;sk wd.ñl iïm%odh wfmdfydi;a
ùu o fï ;;a;ajhg fya;=jls' fujeks .egqïldÍ wjia:dfõ § wd.ñl wdh;k yd

8 
 
iuQyhdg ;u b.ekaùï f,!lsl n,fõ.hkag WÑ; f,i ñY% lr yev.iajd .ekSug isÿ
fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ nqÿ oyu o fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK ÿka w;r tys§ iudcfha
wdfmaCIdjkag wkqj wd.ñl b.ekaùu yd wdh;k iliaùu furg nqÿ oyu úIfhys o
n,mdk ,§' wd.ñl wdh;k jk mkai, fï wkqj kùlrKhg ,la fõ' tys tf;la
mej;s ir, nj yd wOHd;añl iajNdjh fjkiaùulg ,la fõ' mkai, ;=< uq,ald,Skj
Ndú;d jQ wd.ñl ms<sfj;a w;rg ckm%sh ixialD;sfha ,CIK Ndú;hg meñfKa' lú
nK" fndaê mQcd" u,a fjkafoais wd§ jevigyka Yío úldYk hka;% Ndú;fhka m%pdrh
lr thska mkai, fj; ck;dj weo .ekSug W;aidy f.k we;' fjila fmdfidka
Èkj, úúO ;rÕ meje;aùu" ta i|yd ;Hd. msßkeóu" wdOdr /ia lsÍu wdÈh o fuys§
jeo.;a fõ' mkaif,a idïm%odhsl ixfoaYk ffY,Sh fjkilg n÷ka ù we;' ta i|yd
ckm%sh wx. wdfoaY ù we;' tys§ NsCIQka nK foaYkd lsÍfï § ta i|yd idïm%odhsl
cd;l l:d WodyrK f,i .kakjd fjkqjg ld,Sk iudc isoaê foaYkdfõ wu;r
WodyrK yd meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrhs' fïjd mkaif,ka wE;afjk .%dóh m%cdj
kej; mkai, lrd iómlr .ekSug n,mdk fya;= ù ;sfí' uE;l Y%S ,xldfõ ckm%sh jQ
fn!oaO wd.ñl isoaOia:dkhla jk fod¨lkao hk ia:dk ckm%%sh jQfha tu uOHia:dkj,
wd.ñl jevigyka ;=< wka;¾.;j mej;s f,!lsl keUqrej ksid h'

fndaê mQcd meje;aùu yd tys wx. ckm%sh nqÿ oyu ms<sn|j l:d lsÍfï §
fndfyda jeo.;a fõ' fndaê mQcdj f,!lsl Ôú;fha wruqKq iïmQ¾K lr .ekSfï
W;aidyhla f,i wd.u ;=< mßj¾;kh ù ;sfí' wo fndaê mQcd meje;aùfï § wm, ÿre
lr .ekSu" újdy wjia:d Wod lr .ekSu' oreM, wfmaCIdj" frda. ksjdrKh" hqoaOhg
hk fin¿kaf.a wdrCIdj" /lshdfõ ÈhqKqj uQ,sl ù ;sfí' fndaê mQcdj wo ckm%sh nqÿ
oyfï jeo.;au l%shdj,shla njg m;aù ;sfí' ck;dj ta lrd fõ.fhka fhduq fjñka
we;' fmdfyda Èkj, § ks¾udKd;aul wdldrfhka úúO wd.ñl jevigyka rEmjdyskS
yd .=jka úÿ,s kd,sld uÕska m%pdrh lsÍu ta i|yd fj<÷kaf.a wkq.%y ,eîu wd.ñl
ia:dkj,g fkdf.dia f.or isáñka tajd keröug ñksiqka yqre ù isàu ckm%sh nqÿ
oyfï jeo.;a wjia:djla ù we;'

ckm%sh nqÿ oyu ;=< mkai, fN!;sl jYfhka ,nd .kakd ÈhqKqj o lemS fmfka'
wo .%dóh iudcfha;a kd.ßl iudcfha;a ñksiqka wd.ñl ia:dk lrd .uka lrkq
,nkafka ta wd.ñl ia:dkfha we;s úYd, fN!;sl ixialD;sl ks¾udK flfrys o
wjOdkh fhduq lrjñks' tys§ úYd, nqÿf.h" úYd, ffp;Hh' rka jeg" ish¨
foúhkaf.a foajd," ta foajd,j, fjk fjku hd;sld lrk lmq uy;a;=re" md¾i,a
fifrmamq wdrCId lrk ia:dk" c,mjyk moaO;sj, ÈhqKqj" ud¾. myiqlï" m%jdyk
myiqlï" meñfKk ñksiqkag kjd;eka yd wdydr ,nd fok lv wdÈh o jeo.;a ù ;sfí'

9 
 
 Y%S ,xldfõ ckm%sh nqÿ oyu ms<sn|j fï wdldrfhka ú.%y lsÍug yelshdj ;sfí'
flfia fj;;a fjkiajk iudchg WÑ; f,i nqÿ oyfï we;s jk fuu fjkiaùu ckm%sh
nqÿ oyu f,i ye¢kafõ' Wiia o¾Ykhla f,i nqÿ oyfï meje;au i|yd;a" ñksiqka
;jÿrg;a nqÿ oyu ;=< fujeks f,!lsl;ajhg yd fjkiajk iudchg .e,fmk kjH;d
,CIK mej;=k o wjidk ú.%yfha § ta ;=< nqÿka jykafiaf.a O¾uh yd o¾Ykh
ñksiqkag jgyd §fï W;aidyh we;' iudc úoHd{hka f,i wm th olskafka iudc
l%ufha yd nqÿ iiqfka meje;aug th jeo.;a ;;a;ajhla jk njhs'

ieliqu - tia'î'tÉ' m%Ndoa bkaÈl fmf¾rd ^iudÔh úoHdm;s&

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" ndysr lÓldpd¾h ^iudc úoHd wOHhk

wxYh& le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

mß.Kl.; lsÍu - Ô'ví'mS' k§ld pdkaokS

10