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    Laser

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    Jisha Mariam Jose
    Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. Bohr introduced his model of the atom, in which electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atomic nucleus without radiating. This explained the stability of atoms and the discrete nature of electrons within atoms.

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    Laser

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    Jisha Mariam Jose
    965 views21 pages
    Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. Bohr introduced his model of the atom, in which electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atomic nucleus without radiating. This explained the stability of atoms and the discrete nature of electrons within atoms.

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    Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. Bohr introduced his model of the atom, in which electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atomic nucleus without radiating. This explained the stability of atoms and the discrete nature of electrons within atoms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    965 views21 pages

    Laser

    Uploaded by

    Jisha Mariam Jose
    Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. Bohr introduced his model of the atom, in which electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atomic nucleus without radiating. This explained the stability of atoms and the discrete nature of electrons within atoms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Niels Henrik David Bohr

    y 7 October 1885_18

    November 1962
    y contributions in

    atomic structure and quantum mechanics


    y Received Nobel Prize

    in 1922
    1

    PRESENTED BY JITTY MARIAM JOSE S8 AEI ROLL NO:24


    2

    INTRODUCTION
    y

    Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation (LASER) is most widely used Tunable laser is a multi functional laser Here laser is tuned to required wave length

    y y

    CONTENTS
    y y y y y y y

    LASER Need for tunable laser Tunable laser Types of tunable laser Advantages Applications Future of tunable laser

    LASER
    y

    Semiconductor materials that give out intense light at one specific colour Electrons in excited spontaneously fall down to ground state Lasers give out energy in the form of photons

    WORKING OF LASER

    NEED FOR TUNABLE LASER


    y In a WDM network we have 128 different lasers

    giving light according to the way in which they are designed


    y 128 spare lasers should be stored for replacement in

    case of failure
    y Tunable laser can serve as a backup for multiple

    channels
    7

    TUNABLE LASER
    y

    Tunable lasers laser whose wavelengths can be tuned There are two methods of tuning laser 1. Mechanically adjusting the cavity length 2. Changing refractive index of the gain medium

    TYPES OF TUNABLE LASER


    y
    y y y

    Distributed Feedback [DFB] laser Distributed Bragg reflector [DBR] laser External Cavity Laser Diode [ECDL] Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser [VCSEL]

    DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK LASER


    y

    Incorporates a diffraction grating directly into the laser chip itself DFB lasers are tuned by controlling the temperature of the laser diode cavity Tuning range is limited to 5nm
    10

    DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTOR LASER


    y y

    DBR has 3 sections-gain , mirror , phase Tuning is accomplished by injecting current which changes refractive index Tuning range is less than 10nm Wider tuning range up to 40nm achieved by sampled grating
    11

    y y

    THE EXTERNAL AVITY DI DE LASER

    12

    Cont
    y It uses a wavelength selective component such as

    grating or prism which is adjusted in a way that produces desired wavelength


    y Wide tuning range of about 40nm y Low tuning rate

    13

    VERTICAL CAVITY DIODE LASER


    y Mirrors are located in top and bottom of

    semiconductor
    y Light resonates vertically in laser chip y Mainly used in telecommunication and other short

    reach application

    14

    Comparison
    LASER DFB ADVANTAGES Wavelength stability Established fabrication process Fast switching speed Established fabrication process Broad tuning range Fast switching speed DISADVANTAGES Low output power Limited tuning range Broad line width Wavelength instability Low output power Broad line width Non continuous tuning Low output power Confined to short wavelengths MARKET APPLICATIONS Narrowly tunable applications Access Switching Access Metro Switching Access Metro

    DBR

    SGDBR

    VCSEL

    Narrow line width(for output) Low power consumption Mode stability Circular beam emitted Test at wafer level

    15

    ADVANTAGES
    y Reducing risk of human error y Better use of expensive network bandwidth y Flexible provisioning y Simplified capacity planning and expansion y Faster , more responsive provisioning
    16

    APPLICATIONS
    y Laser Radar and 3D Imaging y Spectroscopy y Photochemistry y atomic vapour laser isotope separation y optical communications

    17

    FUTURE OF TUNABLE LASER


    y

    Fiber optics is the most emerging technology which accounts for the high speed and accuracy in data transfer Tunable laser provides options of multiple channel from 16 to 160 and at a rate of 40Gb/s

    18

    CONCLUSION
    Due to the ease of fabrication and flexibility , ordinary lasers will pave the way for tunable lasers . And hope this is going to become a revolution in the field of communication and technology , especially in the field of optical network.

    19

    REFERENCE
    1. 2.

    Tunable lasers by Elizabeth Bruce; IEEESpectrum, February 2002. Tunable Laser Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Bacteriorhodopsin by A Lewis, J Spoonhower, RA - Proc. Natl. Acad. , 1974 - National Acad Sciences Tunable laser diode by MC Amann - US Patent 5,325,379, 1994 Google Patents Monolithic Tunable laser diode LA Coldren - IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics, 2000 - 130.83.66.6 Digital phase-measuring interferometry with a tunable laser diode Y Ishii, J Chen, K Murata - Optics letters, 1987 - opticsinfobase.org
    www.blueskyresearch.com www.iolon.com www.opticsjournal.com www.telcordia.co.in
    20

    3. 4. 5.
    6. 7. 8. 9.

    21

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