Basics of Exchange Rates
Basics of Exchange Rates
Basics of Exchange Rates
- Hundreds of billions of s and $s are traded in the dealing rooms each day. The market is open 24 hours a day for people, companies and governments needing foreign exchange to finance their transactions. Money now moves round the international financial system at tremendous speed (aided by the spread of computer technology and the gradual abolition of exchange controls between countries). Speculative activity in the market is a major determinant of a currency's value. Short and long-term movements in the exchange rate, like any price, are caused by changes in market demand and supply conditions Demand for Sterling The demand for sterling (pounds) in the FOREX markets comes from four main sources:
An export increases the demand for the currency increases (as the value of the goods exported u has to pay in that currency). foreign investment flows into the UK economy market speculators decide they want to purchase pounds in the expectation of making a profit official buying of the currency by the central bank
An outward shift in the demand for sterling will cause an appreciation in the currency
Goods and services are imported (domestic consumers and firms sell currency to buy the imports hence the supply of currency in the forex markets increases) therefore the currency depreciates. speculators sell pounds for another currency investment capital flows out of the UK seeking a better rate of return central banks go into the market and sell pounds to buy other foreign currencies
As figured from the figure as the supply curve shifts the currency depreciates.
Fundamental factors that drive an exchange rate INTEREST RATES Interest rates have a large effect in a world where financial capital can move freely between countries. When a country's interest rates are high relative to elsewhere this attracts inflows of money into a country seeking to take advantage of the high interest rates. This "interest differential" boosts the demand for the currency and can cause its value to rise. ECONOMIC GROWTH Countries experiencing a deep recession often find that their exchange rate is weakening. Traders in the currency markets may take the slow growth to be a sign of general economic weakness and "mark down" the value of the currency as a result. On the other hand, economies with strong "export-led" growth may see their currency's rise in value. Japan is a good example of this in recent years. The Euro was weak during the first six months of its existence in part because the financial markets were worried about the slow growth of the European economy and the persistently high level of unemployment. INFLATION In the long run, those countries with higher than average inflation see their exchange rate fall. When inflation is high, a country becomes less competitive in international markets causing a fall in exports (a demand for a currency) and a rise in imports (a supply of currency overseas). A fall in the exchange rate may be needed to restore a country's competitiveness in overseas MARKET SPECULATORS Special factors (such as political events, changing commodity prices etc.) can have an effect on a currency. In addition the power of market speculators has grown. When speculators decide that a currency is going to fall in value, they sell that currency and buy ones they anticipate will rise in value.
It is difficult for government's to offset the power of speculators because their reserves of foreign currencies are very small compared to daily turnover in the market. We saw in 1997 and 1998 speculative attacks on currencies in Asia and seven years ago, the pound was forced out of the European exchange rate mechanism because of speculative selling of the pound.
Macro-economic effects of currency movements Inflation Suppose for easy consider Indian currency depreciates (i.e. Its value in terms of dollar decreases): IT will make imports (now for the same good more rupees has to be paid) expensive. Producers may pass on higher costs of imported components and raw materials onto consumers. This depends on the price elasticity of demand for the product Wages may rise in response to this triggering off the possibility of a wage-price spiral Exports Exporters should benefit from a lower rupee. It makes Indian goods cheaper when priced in a foreign currency - demand for Indian exports should rise The foreign elasticity of demand for Indian goods and the level of income overseas determine the effect on the demand for exports. Hopefully the demand for Indian goods will be relatively elastic Exporting firms may decide to hold export prices constant and take higher profits Imports Demand for imports should fall as imports become more expensive
Some imports are essential for production or cannot be made in the Indian and have an inelastic demand - we will end up spending more on these Balance of Payments (Export Imports). Normally, depreciation improves the balance of payments by reducing demand for imports and increasing demand for exports. However in the short term there may be a J curve effect, which causes the balance of trade in goods and services to deteriorate Economic Growth Higher exports and falling imports lead to rising GDP levels A lower exchange rate might be accompanied by lower interest rates which will stimulate consumer spending
the j curve effect In the short term a devaluation or depreciation of the exchange rate may not improve the current account deficit of the balance of payments. This is due to the low price elasticity of demand for imports and exports in the immediate aftermath of an exchange rate change. The diagram below shows this possibility.
Assuming that the economy begins at position A with a substantial current account deficit there is then a fall in the value of the exchange rate. Initially the volume of imports will remain steady partly because contracts for imported goods will have been signed. However, the depreciation raises the sterling price of imports causing total spending on imports to rise. Export demand will also be inelastic in response to the exchange rate change in the short term, therefore the earnings from exports may be insufficient to compensate for higher spending on imports. The current account deficit may worsen for some months. This is shown by the movement from A to B on the diagram.