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    3 D Stress

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    Galuh Intan Rajib Fahlevi
    This document discusses determining principal stresses from a 3D stress tensor. It explains that a 3D stress tensor can be described as having normal stresses in three orthogonal directions (σxx, σyy, σzz) and shear stresses (τxy, τyz, τzx) on each plane. The principal stresses (S1, S2, S3) are the maximum and minimum normal stresses and can be found by solving the cubic equation derived from the stress tensor. For a 2D stress case where one shear stress is zero, this cubic equation reduces to a quadratic that is easier to solve. An example calculates the principal stresses for a given 2D stress tensor. The document also notes methods for solving the cubic equation when all

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    3 D Stress

    Uploaded by

    Galuh Intan Rajib Fahlevi
    113 views3 pages
    This document discusses determining principal stresses from a 3D stress tensor. It explains that a 3D stress tensor can be described as having normal stresses in three orthogonal directions (σxx, σyy, σzz) and shear stresses (τxy, τyz, τzx) on each plane. The principal stresses (S1, S2, S3) are the maximum and minimum normal stresses and can be found by solving the cubic equation derived from the stress tensor. For a 2D stress case where one shear stress is zero, this cubic equation reduces to a quadratic that is easier to solve. An example calculates the principal stresses for a given 2D stress tensor. The document also notes methods for solving the cubic equation when all

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    This document discusses determining principal stresses from a 3D stress tensor. It explains that a 3D stress tensor can be described as having normal stresses in three orthogonal directions (σxx, σyy, σzz) and shear stresses (τxy, τyz, τzx) on each plane. The principal stresses (S1, S2, S3) are the maximum and minimum normal stresses and can be found by solving the cubic equation derived from the stress tensor. For a 2D stress case where one shear stress is zero, this cubic equation reduces to a quadratic that is easier to solve. An example calculates the principal stresses for a given 2D stress tensor. The document also notes methods for solving the cubic equation when all

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    113 views3 pages

    3 D Stress

    Uploaded by

    Galuh Intan Rajib Fahlevi
    This document discusses determining principal stresses from a 3D stress tensor. It explains that a 3D stress tensor can be described as having normal stresses in three orthogonal directions (σxx, σyy, σzz) and shear stresses (τxy, τyz, τzx) on each plane. The principal stresses (S1, S2, S3) are the maximum and minimum normal stresses and can be found by solving the cubic equation derived from the stress tensor. For a 2D stress case where one shear stress is zero, this cubic equation reduces to a quadratic that is easier to solve. An example calculates the principal stresses for a given 2D stress tensor. The document also notes methods for solving the cubic equation when all

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    of 3

    A. K.

    Sengupta MET 301: 3D stress 1/3


    1-21 Stress in three dimensions
    In three dimensions, in each orthogonal direction X, Y & Z, there could be one normal and two
    shear stresses. Thus the most generalized state stress at a point in 3D is as shown below. It is
    also conveniently described by a stress tensor as follows:


    Stress Tensor =
    1
    1
    1
    ]
    1

    zz zy zx
    yz yy xy
    zx xy xx







    It can be proved that if we orient the orthogonal axis system XYZ to a specific orientation,
    denoted by the directions 1, 2 & 3, the shear stress from all faces will vanish and there will be
    only normal stresses. These normal stresses are called principal normal stresses, S
    1
    , S
    2
    & S
    3
    .


    IS

    EQUIVALENT

    TO









    The values of the three principal normal stresses (S
    1
    , S
    2
    & S
    3
    ) can be found from the three real
    roots of S of the following cubic equation:

    0 ) 2 (
    ) ( ) (
    2 2 2
    2 2 2 2 3
    +
    + + + + +
    xy zz zx yy yz xx xy zx yz zz yy xx
    xy zx yz xx zz zz yy yy xx zz yy xx
    S S S


    .................. (1)
    The values of S
    1
    , S
    2
    & S
    3
    should include the maximum and minimum normal stresses.

    Once we know the values of these three principal stresses, then we can consider two of them at a
    time (a 2 D problem) and find the true maximum shear stress
    max
    .

    ( )
    2
    , ,
    1 3 3 2 2 1
    max
    S S S S S S of Max
    .......................................... (2)
    A. K. Sengupta MET 301: 3D stress 2/3
    We can use two at a time, as a 2D stress, because of the fact that a stress does not have any affect
    in its orthogonal plane.

    These S
    1
    , S
    2
    & S
    3
    could be positive, zero or negative. Thus to determine the true
    max
    we need to
    find the largest difference between two Ss and then divide it by 2.

    Example 1: Following example shows an application of the above method .

    Let us assume the stress condition at a point in a part is given by the following tensor:
    1
    1
    1
    ]
    1




    0 0 0
    0 40 20
    0 20 50
    zz zy zx
    yz yy xy
    zx xy xx





    It is a 2D stress condition, because shear stresses in zx and yz planes are zero and the normal
    stress in z plane is also zero.
    zx
    =
    yz
    =
    zz
    =0.

    Putting values in equation (1) we get:
    0 ) 20 40 50 ( ) 40 50 (
    2 2 3
    + + S S S ; Products with zero terms are dropped.
    0 1600 90
    2 3
    + S S S ; this is still a cubic equation.
    0 ) 1600 90 (
    2
    + S S S ; that is S
    1
    = 0 and 0 1600 90
    2
    + S S
    0 1600 90
    2
    + S S is a quadratic equation and has two roots
    4 . 24 , 6 . 65
    2
    1600 4 90 90
    ,
    2
    3 2

    t
    S S
    Thus the three principal stresses are 0, 65.6 & 24.4
    Consequently true maximum shear stress
    ( )
    2
    , ,
    1 3 3 2 2 1
    max
    S S S S S S of Max

    max
    = (65.6-0)/2 = 32.8

    [Notice that (65.6-24.4)/2, or (24.2-0)/2 does not provide true max shear stress
    max
    ]

    Use of equation (1) and (2) to find the principal normal stresses for 2D stress situation is fairly
    easy, because we know one of the principal normal stress is zero and we only solve one quadratic
    equation to obtain the two roots.

    Note: We could have used Mohr circle to find the two principal normal stresses S
    2
    & S
    3
    ,
    knowing that S
    1
    = 0 as no stress in Z direction.

    Center of the circle (average stress) = (
    xx
    +
    yy
    )/2 = (50+40)/2 = 45
    Radius of the circle = 6 . 20 20 5 20
    2
    40 50
    2
    2 2 2
    2
    2
    2
    + +

    ,
    _

    ,
    _


    xy
    yy xx



    A. K. Sengupta MET 301: 3D stress 3/3
    S
    2
    =45+20.6 = 65.6

    S
    3
    =45-20.6 = 24.4

    S
    1
    = 0




    When stress is truly 3D
    When there are either normal or shear stress in yz or zx plane, equation (1) becomes a cubic
    equation with a non-zero constant term (the last term in the expression). Unfortunately, there is
    no direct formula to determine the roots of such a cubic equation. You may try one of the
    following methods:
    (1) Use the web tool in http://www.1728.com/cubic.htm.
    (2) Use Module 1-5 in your textbook.
    (3) Matlab software has a root function which can determine roots of a cubic equation.
    (4) You can graph the value of the left hand side of the equation for many values of S in your
    graphing calculator and can find the three values of S which will cause the value of the
    expression to be zero.


    65.6
    0
    24.4


    32.8

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