January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Tutorial on Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) Technology

IEEE P802.22 Wireless RANs :Authors Name Company
Eli Sofer Runcom Technologies Yossi Segal Runcom Technologies

Date: 2005-01-04 Phone email

elisofer@runcom.co.il yossis@runcom.co.il

Address

2 Hachoma St., 75655 +972 3 9528440 Rishon Lezion, Israel 2, achoma St. 75655 +972 3 952 8440 Rishon Lezion, Israel

Notice: This document has been prepared to assist IEEE 802.22. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor grants a free, irrevocable license to the IEEE to incorporate material contained in this contribution, and any modifications thereof, in the creation of an IEEE Standards publication; to copyright in the IEEEs name any IEEE Standards publication even though it may include portions of this contribution; and at the IEEEs sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part the resulting IEEE Standards publication. The contributor also acknowledges and accepts that this contribution may be made public by IEEE 802.22. Patent Policy and Procedures: The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802 Patent Policy and Procedures http://standards.ieee.org/guides/bylaws/sb-bylaws.pdf including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair Carl R. Stevenson as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802.22 Working Group. If you have questions, contact the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at patcom@iee.org. >

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

1 Slide 1

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Abstract
The contribution presents a tutorial on Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) technology which has been endorsed in leading standards such as- ETSI DVB-RCT and IEEE802.16a,d and 16e. Essential parameters of UpLink and DownLink and simulation results are presented. System capabilities and advantages are also discussed. The tutorial could offer an insight and understanding of OFDMA technology to be considered as a candidate for WRAN system

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

2 Slide 2

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Tutorial on Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) Technology

Eli Sofer Runcom Technologies Ltd

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

3 Slide 3

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Contents
OFDMA System Architecture Illustrated Example OFDMA System Properties Coverage and Capacity

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

4 Slide 4

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

OFDMA System Architecture

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

5 Slide 5

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Duplexing Technique
FDD/TDD

Multiple Access Method

TDMA/OFDMA
OFDM Symbols allocated by TDMA Sub-Carriers within an OFDM Symbol allocated by OFDMA

Diversity
Frequency, Time, Code (CPE and BS), Space Time Coding, Antenna Array
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 6 Slide 6 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Duplexing - Principles
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing ) Uses One Frequency for the DownLink, and a Second Frequency for the UpLink. TDD (time Division Duplexing) Uses the same frequency for the Downlink and the Uplink. In any configuration the access method is OFDMA/TDMA .
D o w n L in k U p L in k

FDD
F 1 - F re q u e n c y b a n d F 2 - F re q u e n c y b a n d

D o w n L in k

U p L in k

TDD
F 1 - F re q u e n c y b a n d F 1 - F re q u e n c y b an d

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

7 Slide 7

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

OFDMA-TDMA Principles
Using OFDMA/TDMA, Sub Channels are allocated in the Frequency Domain, and OFDM Symbols allocated in .the Time Domain
t

TM DA

T M \O D A DA FM

N
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 8 Slide 8 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

DownLink OFDMA Symbol

Symbol Pilots

Sub-Channel Data Carriers

Total Frequency Band

Guard Band Guard Band

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

9 Slide 9

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

DownLink Specification
Burst Structure is defined from one Sub-channel in the Frequency domain and n OFDMA time symbols in the time domain, each burst consists of N data modulated carriers. Adaptive Modulation and Coding per Sub-Channel in the Down-Link Forward APC controlling (+6dB) (-6dB) digital gain on the transmitted Sub-Channel Supporting optional Space Time Coding employing Alamouti STC. Supporting optional Adaptive Array.
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 10 Slide 10 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example- DownLink Specification

FFT size : 2048 Guard Intervals : , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 Coding Mandatory: concatenated RS GF(256) and Convolutional coding (k=7,G1=171,G2=133, keeping overall coding rate to = , Coding Optional: Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC), Turbo Product Code (TPC) with coding rates close to = , QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM modulation Modulo 4, Pilot based Symbol Structure. 32 Sub-Channels of 48 data carriers each
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 11 Slide 11 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Downlink Pilot and Data Carriers Allocation Scheme

carrier index symbol index n

L=0 0 12 24 N used -1

n+1

L=2 0 6 18 30 N used -1

n+2

L=1 0 3 15 27 N used -1

n+3

L=3 0 9 21 N used -1

n+4 time

L=0 0 12 Variable Location Pilot 24 Fixed-location Pilot N used -1 Data

Allocation Key:

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

12 Slide 12

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Space Time Coding

IFFT Subcarrier modulation IFFT input packing Tx diversity encoder IFFT Filter DAC RF Filter DAC RF Tx

Rx LogLikelihood ratios

RF

DAC

Filter

FFT

Diversity Combiner

Subchannel demod.

Decoder

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

13 Slide 13

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

UpLink OFDMA Symbol

Pilots Carriers Sub-Channel #1 Data Carriers Sub-Channel #1 Pilots Carriers Sub-Channel #1 Data Carriers Sub-Channel #x

Total Frequency Band

Guard Band Guard Band

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

14 Slide 14

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example of UpLink Specification

Burst Structure is defined from one Sub-channel in the Frequency domain and 3 OFDMA time symbols in the time domain, each burst consists of 144 data modulated carriers. Adaptive Modulation and Coding per User in the UpLink User Can be allocated 1 up to 32 Sub-Channels 2 Sub-Channels are used as the Ranging Sub-Channels for User Ranging and fast Band-Width Request.
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 15 Slide 15 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example of UpLink Specification

FFT size : 2048 Guard Intervals : , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 Coding Mandatory: concatenated RS GF(256) and Convolutional coding (k=7,G1=171,G2=133, keeping overall coding rate to = , Coding Optional: Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC), Turbo Product Code (TPC) with coding rates close to = , QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM modulation Modulo 13, Pilot based Sub-Channel Structure. 32 Sub-Channels of 53 carriers each, 5 carriers used as pilots, 48 carriers used for data
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 16 Slide 16 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example for UpLink Sub-Channel Pilot and Data Carriers Allocation Scheme
frequency symbol index n L=0 0 n+1 L=2 0 2 n+2 L=4 0 4 17 26 30 44 52 15 26 28 42 52 13 26 27 40 52

n+11

L=9 0 9 22 26 36 49 52

n+12

L=11 0 11 24 26 38 51 52

n+13 time

L=0 0 13 26 27 40 52

Allocation Key:

Variable Location Pilot

Fixed-location Pilot

Data

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

17 Slide 17

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Using Special Permutations for carrier allocation

All usable carriers are divided into 32 carrier groups named basic group, each main group contains 53 basic groups.
block 1 1 2 3 30 31 32

Frequency band
1
each group contains 53 carriers

2 3

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

18 Slide 18

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Using Special Permutations for carrier allocation Carriers are allocated by a basic series and its cyclic permutations for example: Basic Series: 0,5,2,10,4,20,8,17,16,11,9,22,18,21,13,19,3,15,6,7,12,14,1 After two cyclic permutations we get: 2,10,4,20,8,17,16,11,9,22,18,21,13,19,3,15,6,7,12,14,1,0,5
U ser #1 U ser #2

10

21

22

T o ta l F re q u e n cy b a n d
G u a rd B a n d
U s e r 1 = 0 ,5 ,2 ,1 0 ,4 ,2 0 ,8 ,1 7 ,1 6 ,1 1 ,9 , U s e r 2 = 2 ,1 0 ,4 ,2 0 ,8 ,1 7 ,1 6 ,1 1 ,9 ,2 2 ,1 8 , 2 2 ,1 8 ,2 1 ,1 3 ,1 9 ,3 ,1 5 ,6 ,7 ,1 2 ,1 4 ,1 2 1 , 1 3 , 1 9 , 3 , 1 5 , 6 , 7 , 1 2 ,1 4 , 1 , 0 , 5

G uard B an d

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

19 Slide 19

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Using Special Permutations for carrier allocation

The Carriers of each Sub-Channel are spread all over the usable frequency for best frequency diversity The allocation by permutation gives an excellent Reuse factor - almost 1. The allocation by permutation give an excellent interference spreading and averaging.

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

20 Slide 20

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Using CDMA like modulation for Ranging

The CDMA like synchronization is achieved by allocating several of the usable Sub-Channels for the Ranging process, the logic unit they consist is called a Ranging Sub-Channel. Onto the Ranging Sub-Channel users modulate a Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence using BPSK modulation The Base Station detects the different sequences and uses the CIR that he derives from the sequences for: Time and power synchronization Decide on the user modulation and coding
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. Eli Sofer, Runcom

21 Slide 21

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

DVB-RCT MAC Performance

2.5 Sucessful BW requests per slot 2

1.5

0.5

4 5 Collisionex pectation v e alu

10

Aloha vs. CDMA BW request (32 codes)

CDMA efficiency is better by a factor of six CDMA latency is better by a factor of four
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 22 Slide 22 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Illustrated Example

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

23 Slide 23

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example
Subscriber Units at the Current OFDMA Symbol = 3 Sub-Channels Allocated to Subscriber-Unit #1 = 12 Sub-Channels Allocated to Subscriber-Unit #2 = 9 Sub-Channels Allocated to Subscriber-Unit #3 = 6 Number Of New Subscriber-Units Requesting Services = 3 All Subscriber-Units Suffer Different Multi-Paths and different Attenuation's

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

24 Slide 24

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example Constellation at the Base Station

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

25 Slide 25

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example Users Separation

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

26 Slide 26

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Example - Results User Estimation

C o n s t e lla tio n t o E s t ia m t e 2 2 E s t im a t e d ve c

1.5

1.5

0.5

0.5

-0 . 5

-0 . 5

-1

-1

-1 . 5

-1 . 5

-2 -2 -1 . 5 -1 -0 . 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-2 -2 -1 . 5 -1 -0 . 5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

27 Slide 27

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Results User Estimation

C n lla n to E m o ste tio stia te 2 1 .5 1 0 .5 0 -0 .5 -1 -1 .5 -2 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2

E a dv c stim te e 2 1 .5 1 0 .5 0 -0 .5 -1 -1 .5 -2 -2 -1 .5 -1 -0 .5 0 0 .5 1 1 .5 2

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

28 Slide 28

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Results User Estimation

Constellation to Estiamte 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Estimated vec

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

29 Slide 29

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Finding New Subscriber-Units Requesting Services, Using the Ranging Pilots (CDMA/OFDM Techniques)
Ds r a in o A Ues e pe d g n ll s r 30 0

Results

20 5

20 0

10 5

10 0

5 0

0 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

10 0

10 2

10 4

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

30 Slide 30

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

OFDMA System Properties

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

31 Slide 31

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Interference Rejection/Avoidance
Narrowband Interference Rejection Easy to Avoid/Reject Narrowband Dominant Interference . Less Interfered Part of the Carrier Can Still Be Used .
U s e r S u b C a r r ie r s A l lo c a t io n I n t e r fe r e n c e

S u b C a r r ie r s

I n t e r fe r e n c e

N u ll e d S u b C a r r ie r s S u b C a r r ie r s

T o ta l F re q u e n c y b a n d
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 32 Slide 32 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

PAPR Reduction

Using shaping on the signal peaks Limiting the PAPR to a constant value by vector reduction

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

33 Slide 33

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Spectrum Properties Rectangular Spectrum Shape (Brick Wall) Small Frequency Guard band
dB

O FD M S in g le C a r r ie r S chem e
-8 0

4 M H z

F re q u e n cy (M H z )

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

34 Slide 34

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Spectrum Properties

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

35 Slide 35

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Group Delay In OFDM, channel impairment are solved in the same way Group Delays are solved, by Channel estimation

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

36 Slide 36

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Phase Noise Effects

Phase Noise Effect on OFDM

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 37 Slide 37

Phase Noise Effect on S.C

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Timing Sensitivity
Low timing sensitivity is needed, and simple phase and channel .estimators solve timing problems

Frequency Sensitivity
solved by locking onto the Base-Station transmission and deriving .the Subscriber Units clocks from it

Equalization
No Equalizers are needed, channel impairment and timing problems are both solved with simple phase and channel estimators
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. Eli Sofer, Runcom

38 Slide 38

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

System Coverage and Capacity

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

39 Slide 39

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Using Reuse Factor of 1

By allocating different Sub-Channels to different sectors we can reach reuse factor of 1 with up to 12 sectors )(changing the polarity enhances the performance

Horizontal Sub-hannel s Set 2 F1 Vertical Sub-hannel s Set 1 F1

Horizontal Sub-hannel s Set 1 F1 Vertical Sub-hannel s Set 2 F1

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

40 Slide 40

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Capacity
Use modulations with various Bit/Hz capabilities as Adaptive N-QAM. Use Adaptive FEC (Convolutional & Reed-Solomon or Turbo code) Maximal frequency reuse between cells/sectors (close to 1). Maximum sectors allocation. The use of statistical Multiplexing and concentration. Adaptive Carrier Allocations. Adaptive Power Control
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 41 Slide 41 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

OFDM Cells (64 mode)

Coverage

OFDMA Cell (2k mode)

64QAM users 16QAM users QPSK users

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 42 Slide 42 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Coverage - Simulations

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

43 Slide 43

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Coverage - Simulations

Multi Sector Coverage, 3 Sectors, 3 Frequencies, achieves 2.8Bits/s/Hz/Cell, 22.5Mbps/Sector

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 44 Slide 44 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

Coverage - Simulations

Multi Sector Coverage, 6 Sectors, 6 Frequencies, achieves 2.8Bits/s/Hz/Cell, 22.5Mbps/Sector

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. 45 Slide 45 Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

(OFDMA Advantages- Summary (1

Averaging interference's from neighboring cells, by using different basic carrier permutations between users in different cells. Interferences within the cell are averaged by using allocation with cyclic permutations. Enables orthogonality in the uplink by synchronizing users in time and frequency. Enables Multipath mitigation without using Equalizers and training sequences. Enables Single Frequency Network coverage, where coverage problem exists and gives excellent coverage.

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

46 Slide 46

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

(OFDMA Advantages - Summary (2

Enables spatial diversity by using antenna diversity at the Base Station and possible at the Subscriber Unit. Enables adaptive modulation for every user QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 256QAM. Enables adaptive carrier allocation in multiplication of 23 carriers = nX23 carriers up to 1587 carriers (all data carriers). Offers Frequency diversity by spreading the carriers all over the used spectrum. Offers Time diversity by optional interleaving of carrier groups in time.

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

47 Slide 47

Eli Sofer, Runcom

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

(OFDMA Advantages - Summary (3

Using the cell capacity to the utmost by adaptively using the highest modulation a user can use, this is allowed by the gain added when less carriers are allocated (up to 18dB gain for 23 carrier allocation instead of 1587 carriers), therefore gaining in overall cell capacity. The power gain can be translated to distance - 3 times the distance for R4 and 8 time for R2 for LOS conditions. Enabling the usage of Indoor Omni Directional antennas for the users. MAC complexity is the same as for TDMA systems.
Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd. Eli Sofer, Runcom

48 Slide 48

January 2005

Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0

(OFDMA Advantages - Summary (4

Allocating carrier by OFDMA/TDMA strategy. Minimal delay per OFDMA symbol of 300sec. Using Small burst per user of about 100 symbols for better statistical multiplexing and smaller jitter. User symbol is several times longer then for TDMA systems. Using the FEC to the outmost by error detection of disturbed frequencies.

Submission Runcom Technologies Ltd.

49 Slide 49

Eli Sofer, Runcom