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    Lecture 2 V-N Diagram and Gust Diagram (Compatibility Mode)

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    Sabine Brosch
    This document discusses V-n diagrams and gust diagrams, which are used to represent the performance limits and operating envelope of an aircraft. It provides definitions of key speeds like stall speed and explains how to construct a V-n diagram by plotting lines for maximum load factors and structural limits. The document also defines gust velocity and how it affects angle of attack and load factor. It gives the equations to calculate load factor increase due to gusts and describes how to draw the gust diagram by plotting lines for different speeds and gust conditions.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 2 V-N Diagram and Gust Diagram (Compatibility Mode)

    Uploaded by

    Sabine Brosch
    3K views21 pages
    This document discusses V-n diagrams and gust diagrams, which are used to represent the performance limits and operating envelope of an aircraft. It provides definitions of key speeds like stall speed and explains how to construct a V-n diagram by plotting lines for maximum load factors and structural limits. The document also defines gust velocity and how it affects angle of attack and load factor. It gives the equations to calculate load factor increase due to gusts and describes how to draw the gust diagram by plotting lines for different speeds and gust conditions.

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    Lecture 2 v-n Diagram and Gust Diagram [Compatibility Mode]

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    This document discusses V-n diagrams and gust diagrams, which are used to represent the performance limits and operating envelope of an aircraft. It provides definitions of key speeds like stall speed and explains how to construct a V-n diagram by plotting lines for maximum load factors and structural limits. The document also defines gust velocity and how it affects angle of attack and load factor. It gives the equations to calculate load factor increase due to gusts and describes how to draw the gust diagram by plotting lines for different speeds and gust conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3K views21 pages

    Lecture 2 V-N Diagram and Gust Diagram (Compatibility Mode)

    Uploaded by

    Sabine Brosch
    This document discusses V-n diagrams and gust diagrams, which are used to represent the performance limits and operating envelope of an aircraft. It provides definitions of key speeds like stall speed and explains how to construct a V-n diagram by plotting lines for maximum load factors and structural limits. The document also defines gust velocity and how it affects angle of attack and load factor. It gives the equations to calculate load factor increase due to gusts and describes how to draw the gust diagram by plotting lines for different speeds and gust conditions.

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    V-n diagram and gust diagram

    Dr Jian Wang 08/02/2010

    Group List
    No. ID No
    0958093/1 0934040/1 0961487/1

    First name
    FADL SANDEEP DILESH BARDYA MANPREET EMMANUEL

    Surname
    SULIMAN SINGH BHARDWA ADIB SIDHU BAJOWA

    No.

    ID No
    0820488/1 0852679/1 0808462/1

    First name
    SHEM RAJASOORIYAG NICOLE TOBIAS FREDERICO ANTHONY SASI

    Surname
    E RAJASOORIY JAROSINSKI RICHARDS BENGE OFORI

    0642335/1 0849989/1 0814047/1

    0819603/1 0818632/1 0601933/1

    No.

    ID No
    0802909/1 0808248/1 0830347/1

    First name
    DAVINDER THOMAS ADEKUNLE ABDUL DUARTE QADEER Hashan

    Surname
    MAHI GILBERT KARUNWI SHARIFI DA COSTA KHAN Hettiarach

    No.

    ID No
    0835515/1 0805625/1 0720885/1

    First name
    QINHONG LEAH SAGAR ELIAS MATTHEW JIGAR IRFAN CHEN

    Surname
    WAIRIA PATEL EZUZ HENTLEY-RI CHOLD PATEL KHAN

    0810415/1 0640259/1 0815031/1 0800916/1

    0641619/1 0803682/1 0803866/1 0640096/1

    No.

    ID No
    0714407/2 0609502/1 0701487/1

    First name
    HAMMAD ROSS SAMUEL MUHAMMAD NASSER SHAUN FRANCIS ABHINIVESH

    Surname
    WASIM PARRY TANNER KHATTAK AJJA SUNNY MLANDA BEECHOOK

    No.

    ID No

    First name

    Surname

    0820141/1 0631753/1 0724402/2 0630485/1 0830307/1

    Content
    What is V-n diagram Aerodynamic & structural limits How do we construct the V-n diagram What is gust diagram How do we draw the gust diagram Work out the V-n, gust diagram for your design

    What is V-n diagram

    What is V-n diagram


    In general, aircraft are limited in their performance capabilities by aerodynamics (for example, stall), structure and/or engine capabilities. A V-n diagram captures an aircrafts operation envelopemeans enclosures shown the limits

    Aerodynamic & structural limits


    Aircraft are limited aerodynamically by stall: The stall speed
    Vs = 2W with L = nW ; n = 1 SC L max

    An aircraft can only withstand a finite amount of g load until it structurally fails, which is represented by load factor. Then we have L = nW ; n 1 Combine these two equations,
    Vs = 2nW SC L max

    We will have our V-n diagram

    Aerodynamic & structural limits


    Some definition of velocities
    1. Design cruise speed: VC, a minimum value of the maximum speed to be considered for straight and level flight. 2. Design dive speed (maximum structure speed): VD the maximum speed for structure design. 3. Manoeuvring speed: Va the speed of the aircraft is operated 4. Corner velocity or Maximum elevator deflection: VA the speed of a aircraft is operating at the brink of stall.

    General characteristics of a V-n diagram


    The following figure is a typical V-n diagram Stall speed limits the aerodynamic capacity Load factor confines the structure capacity Four velocities
    Va

    VS Stall speed VA Corner speed VC Design cruise speed VD Design structure speed

    Key points about an aircrafts V-n diagram


    1. A V-n diagram is good for one weight, altitude, and one configuration 2. The area inside is called the operating envelope in which the aircraft can be safely operated at combination of airspeed and load factor 3. Refer to the positive and negative stall limits again, the higher the load factor, the higher the stall speed. At a load factor of 1.0 (L=W), the 1-g stall limit is quickly identified. 4. The corner speed VA is shown, which is the corner (intersect) of aircrafts stall limit and structure limit

    Key points about an aircrafts V-n diagram


    5. A positive and negative limit load fact are identifiedthe aircraft will sustain damage if these are exceeded. Structurally, the aircraft is typically designed to handle more positive than negative gs 6. At high airspeed the aircraft reach the structure limit, also called q-limit or redline. Not as straightforward, this could be an aeroelastic limit or a temperature limit. Something undesirable, in terms of structure and handling qualities, happens if this limit is exceeded 7. When weight and altitude change, the V-n diagram will change 8. If equivalent velocity Ve is used on horizontal axis of the V-n diagram, then the Ve-n diagram will not be affected by altitude changes

    How do we construct the V-n diagram


    To construct the V-n diagram, you need to know
    1. 2. The stall speed, corner speed, design cruise speed and structure speed Maximum positive load factor and negative load factor

    Procedures:
    1. 2. 3. Locate structure speed, corner speed, and design cruise speed Draw two horizontal lines represented maximum load factors Calculate stall speed for n=1:

    Vs ,1 =

    2W SC L max

    4. 5.

    Set up equations:

    Vs ,n = Vs ,1 n

    For positive and negative load factor, CLmax can be different

    What is gust diagram


    The gust velocity: V is the original airspeed; Ude is the gust velocity. Because of the gust velocity, the real velocity for the aircraft will be VR. VR Sharp-edged gust The consequence is that angle of dC L C L = attack will change d dC U ; the load = L d d V factor will change as well

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    What should we find out before construct the gust diagram
    Ud The change of the angle of attack: = V 1 L = V 2 SC LA 2

    The increase of load

    The increase of load factor:


    1 V 2 SC LA V 2C L 2 L A n = = = W W 2(W S )

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    Some discussions
    The above equation does not include alleviation effects resulting from real unsteady aerodynamics; In reality, the lift does not change instantaneously when an airplane enters a gust, nor is a gust ever truly sharp-edged. Therefore, the gust velocity is tempered by a gust alleviation factor,
    U d = K gU d

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    Construction of the gust diagram
    The increase of load factor:
    1 V 2 SC LA L V 2C LA n = = Kg 2 = Kg W W 2(W S ) = Kg

    V 2 C L A U d
    2(W S ) V

    = Kg

    VC LAU d
    2(W S )

    The load factorvelocity relationship:


    n = 1+ Kg

    VC LAU d
    2(W S )

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    The gust alleviation factor
    0.88 subsonic 5.3 + Kg = 1.03 supersonic 1.03 6.95 +

    The mass ratio


    2(W S ) = gc C LA

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    Gust load factors must be determined at three speeds:

    VB is determined by the intersection of the stall curve with the maximum gust velocity curve (with Ud = the maximum gust speed).

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    The other points:
    Intersection with VC Intersection with VD

    How do we draw the gust diagram


    How to work out CLA
    Based on NACA Report No. 1206, 1954, and NACA Rep. No. 921, 1948

    Graphic method

    Graphic method

    Work out the V-n, gust diagram for your design

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