5/18/12 mobile computing.

pdf
1/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Pae 1
UNIT-1
1.What are the 3 fundamental propagation behaviors depending on their
frequency?
Ground Wave
Sky Wave
Line of Sight
2.what is multipath propagation?
Multipath propagation is the direct from a sender to a receiver
thepropagation effects mentioned in the previous section lead to one of the most
severe radio channel impairments.
3.What is guard space?
Guard spaces are needed to avoid frequency band overlapping is
also called channel interference.
4.What are the 3 different basic shemes analog modulation?
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase modulation
5.What is the use of Phase Lock Loop(PLL)?
To receive the sigmal correctly, the receiver must synchronize in
frequency and phase with the transmitter.
.What is hopping sequence?
Transmitter and receiver stay on one of these channels FDM and
TDM.The pattern of channel usage is called the hopping sequence,
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
2/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
7. What is dwell time?
The time spend on a channel with a certain frequency is called the dwell
time
8. What are the advantages of cellular systems?
The advantages of cellular systems are,
Higher capacity
Less transmission power
Local interface only
Robustness
Pae 2
9. What is browsing channel allocation and fixed channel allocation?
Cells with more traffic are dynamically allotted more frequencies. This
scheme is known as browsing channel allocation, while the first fixed scheme is
called fixed channel allocation.
1. What are the disadvantages of cellular systems?
The advantages of cellular systems are,
Infrastructure needed
Handover needed
Frequency planning
11. What is digital sense multiple access?
The scheme which is used for the packet data transmission service Cellular
Digital Packet Data in the AMPS mobile phone system is also known as digital
sense multiple access (DSMA).
12. What is Aetwork and Switching subsystem?
The heart of the GSM is formed by the Network and Switching System
(NSS). NSS consists of the following switches and databases:

Mobile Services switching center(MSC)

Home Location register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
3/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
13. What is authentication centre?
As the radio interface and mobile stations are particularly vulnerable a
separate AuC has been defined to protect user identity and data transmission. The
AuC contains the algorithms for authentication as well as the keys for encryption
and generates the values needed for user authentication in the HLR. The AuC
may, in fact, be situated in a special protected part of the HLR.
14. What is called burst and normal burst?
Data is transmitted in small portions called bursts, normal burst are used for
data transmission inside a slot (user and signaling data).
15. What are the basic groups of logical channels?
GSM specifies 2 basic groups of logical channels,
Traffic channels
Control channels
Pae 3
1. Define traffic multiframe and control multiframe?
The periodic pattern of 26 slots occurs in all TDMA frames with a TCH.
The combination of these frames is called traffic multiframe
TDMA frames containing data for the other logical channels are combined
to a control multiframe.
17. What is OJSF?
Using orthogonal codes separates the different data streams of a sender
UMTS uses so-called Orthogonal Variable Spreading factor codes (OVSF).
18. Specif he ep pefom ding he each fo a cell afe poe on?

Primary synchronization

Secondary synchronization

Identification of the scrambling code

19. Eplain abo anpaen mode?
The transparent mode transfer simply forwards MAC data without any
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
4/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
further processing. The system then has to rely on the FEC which is always used
in the radio layer.
20. Wha ae he baic clae of handoe?
UMTS has 2 basic classes of handovers,
Hard handover
Soft handover
BIC QUES1IOAS:
1. Explain CSM architecture?
Mobile services
o Bearer services
o Tele services
o Supplementary services
System architecture
Radio subsystem
Network and switching subsystem
Operation subsystem
2. Explain System architecture?
Protocol architecture

Physical Layer
Pae 4

Medium access control Layer

Data link control layer

3. Explain briefly about 1E1RA?
The 2 standards are,
Voice Data
Packet data optimized (PDO)
The system architecture of TETRA is similar to GSM.
TETRA offers 2 channels similar to GSM as,
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
5/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm

Traffic channels

control channels
4.Write brief about UM1S and IM1-2?

UMTS releases and standardization

UMTS system architecture

UMTS radio interface

5.Explain about U1RAA?

Radio network controller

User equipment

Core network

Hand over
Pae 5
UNIT-2
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
6/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Pa-A
1. Specify the security services offered by CSM.
There are three security services offered by GSM.They are:
Bearer Services.
Tele Services.
Supplementary Services.
2. What is the frequency range of uplink and downlink in CSM network?
The frequency range of uplink in GSM network is 890-960 MHz.
The frequency range of downlink in GSM network is 935-960 MHz.
3. What are the two basic groups of logical channels in CSM?
The two basics groups of logical channels in GSM are:
Traffic channels (TCH).
Control Channels (CCH).
4. What are the control channel groups in CSM?
The control channel groups in GSM are:
Broadcast control channel (BCCH).
Common control channel (CCCH).
Dedicated control channel (DCCH).
5. List out the numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS.
The numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS are:
Mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN).
International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI).
Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI).
Mobile station roaming number (MSRN).
. What are the four possible handover scenarios in CSM?
The four possible handover scenarios in GSM are:
Intra-cell handover.
Inter-cell, intra-BSC handover.
Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover.
Inter MSC handover.
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
7/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Pae 6
7. What are the security services offered by CSM?
The security services offered by GSM are:
Access control and authentication.
Confidentiality.
Anonymity.
8. What is meant by CCSA?
GGSN is Gateway GPRS Support Node. It is the inter-working unit
between the GPRS network and external packet data networks. The GGSN is
connected to external networks via the Gi interface and transfers packets to the
SGSN via an IP-based GPRS backbone network.
9. What is meant by SCSA?
SGSN is Serving GPRS Support Node. It supports the MS via the
Gb interface. The SGSN is connected to a BSC via frame relay.
1. What is meant by BSSCP?
BSSGP is Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol. It is used to
convey routing and QoS-related information between the BSS and
SGSN.BSSGP does not perform error correction and works on top of a frame
relay network.
11. Define the protocol architecture of DEC1.
The protocol architecture of DECT consists of three layers. They
are:
Physical Layer.
Medium Access Layer.
Data Link Control Layer.
Network Layer.
The first three layers are common for both Control Plane (C-Plane) and User
Plane (U-Plane). The network layer has been specified only for U-Plane, so
that user data from layer two is directly forwarded to the U-Plane.
12. Specify the standards offered by 1E1RA.
TETRA offers two standards. They are:
Voice+Data (V+D).
Packet Data Optimized (PDO).
13. How many I1U standardized groups of 3C radio access technologies are
there in IM1-2?
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
8/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
There are five groups. They are:
IMT-DS
IMT-TC
Pae 7
IMT-MC
IMT-SC
IMT-FT
14. What are the steps perform during the search for a cell after power on?
The steps perform during the search for a cell after power on is:
Primary Synchronization.
Secondary Synchronization.
Identification of the scrambling code.
15. What are the two basic classes of handover?
The two basic classes of handover are:
Hard Handover.
Soft Handover.
1. What are the two basic transport mechanisms used by DAB?
The two basic transport mechanisms used by DAB are:
Main Service Channel (MSC).
Fast Information Channel (FIC).
17. What are the two transport modes defined for MSC?
The two transport modes defined for MSC are:
Stream Mode
Packet Mode.
18. Define the terms:
i. Earth Station.
ii. Uplink.
iii. Downlink.
Earth Station:-
The antenna systems on or near the earth are referred to as Earth
Station.
Uplink:-
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
9/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
A transmission from an earth station to the satellite is referred to as
Uplink.
Downlink:-
A transmission from the satellite to the earth station is referred to as
Downlink.
19. Define Elevation Angle.
The Elevation angle is the angle from the horizontal to the point on
the center of the main beam of the antenna when the antenna is pointed directly
at the satellite.
Pae 8
2. What are the factors limited the number of sub channels provided within
the satellite channel?
There are three factors limited the number of sub channels provided
within the satellite channel. They are:-
Thermal Noise.
Intermodulation Noise.
Crosstalk.
Pa-B
1. Explain CSM architecture.
System Architecture
Radio Subsystem
Network and Switching Subsystem
Operation Subsystem
2. Explain Satellite networks in detail.
Basic concepts
Parameters and configurations
Capacity Allocation-FDMA,TDMA
FAMA
DAMA
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
10/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
3. Write short notes on DAB.
MSC
FIC
DAB Frame Structure
Components of DAB sender
Multimedia Object Transfer Protocol
4. Write short notes on DJB.
DVB data broadcasting
DVB for high-speed internet access
5. Explain DEC1.
DECT definition
System architecture
Protocol architecture
Pae 9
UNIT-III
Pa-A
1.What are the advantages of WLAAS?

Flexibility

Planning

Design

Robustness

Cost
2.Mention some of the disadvantages of WLAAS?

Quality of service

Proprietary solutions.

Restrictions

Safety and Security

3.Mention the design goals of WLAAS?
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
11/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Global operation

Low power

License-free operation

Robust transmission technology

Simplified spontaneous cooperation

Easy to use

Protectiopn of investment

Safety and security

Transparency for applications.

4.What is the difference between infrastructure and ad-hoc networks?
Infrastructure-based wireless networks:
Communication takes place only between the wireless nodes and the access
point,but not directly between the wireless nodes.
Ad-hoc wireless networks:
Communication takes place directly with other nodes,so no access point
controlling medium acces is necessary.
5.Give the primary goal of IEEE802.11?
The primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple and
robust WLAN which offers time-bounded and asynchronous services.
.Mention the features of infrared transmission?

Simple
Pae 10

Extrmely cheap

licenses are not needed

Electrical devices do not interfere

7.What are the disadvantages of infrared transmission?

Low bandwidth

Cannot penetrate walls or other obstacles.

8.Mention the features of radio transmission?
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
12/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Cover large areas.

Can penetrate walls,furnitures.

Does not need a LOS.

Higher transmission rates.

9.What are the disadvantages of radio transmission?

Shielding is not so simple.

Can interfere with other senders.

Limited ranges of license-free bands.

1.Define frequency hopping spread spectrum?
FHSS allows for the coexistence of multiple networks in the same area by
separating different networks using different hopping sequences.
11.Define random backoff time?
If the medium is busy,nodes have to wait for the duration of DIFS,entering
a contention phase afterwards.Each node now chooses a random backoff time
within a contention window and delays medium access for this random amount of
time.
12What is 1raffic Indication Map?
The TIM contains a list of stations for which unicast data frames are
buffered in the access point.
13.What is Delivery 1raffic Indication Map
The access point maintains a DTIM interval for sending broadcast/multicast
frames.The DTIM interval is always a multiple of the TIM interval.
Pae 11
14.What is Ad-hoc 1IM?
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
13/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
All stations announce a list of buffered frames during a period when they
are awake.destinations are announced using ATIMs.
15What is meant by roaming?
If a user walks around with a wireless station,the station has to move from
one access point to another to provide uninterrupted service.Moving between
access points is called roaming.
1.Mention the features of HIPERLAA1?

Ability to forward data packets using several relays.

Extend communication beyond radio range.

17.Wha ae he hee phae of medim acce in EY-NPMA?

Prioritization.

Contention

Transmission
18.Mention the elements of Bluetooth core protocols?

Radio

Baseband

Link manager protocol

Logical link control and adaptation protocol

Service discovery protocol

19.What is the purpose of sniff state?
The sniff state has the highest power consumption.The device listens to the
piconet at a reduced rate.
2.What is the use of hold state?
The device does not release its AMA but stops ACL transmission.A slave
may still exchange SCO packets.
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
14/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Pae 12
21.What is the purpose of park state?
In this stae the device has the lowest duty cycle and the lowest power
consumption.The device releases its AMA and receives a parked member
address.The device is still a member of the piconet,but gives room for another
device to become active.
Part-B
1. Explain the architecture of IEEE 82.11.
System Architecture
Protocol Architecture
Physical layer
MAC layer
2. Explain the MAC layer in IEEE82.11
Using CSMA/CA
With RTS/CTS extension
With polling
MAC frames
3. Explain HIPERLAA 1 in detail
HIPERLAN 1
Prioritization phase
Elimination phase
Yield phase
Transmission phase
QOS
4. Explain WA1M
Working group
Services
Reference model
Handover
Location management
Mobile QOS
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
15/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
5. Writ e short notes on Bluetooth.
Pae 13
User Scenarios
Architecture
Radio Layer
Baseband layer
Link manager protocol
Security
SDP
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
16/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Pae 14
UNIT: 4
MOBILE NETWORK LAYER
1. What are the requirements of mobile IP?

Compatibility

Transparency

Scalability and efficiency

Security
2. Mention the different entities in a mobile IP.

Mobile Node

Correspondent Node

Home Network

Foreign Network

Foreign Agent

Home Agent

Care-Of address
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
17/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Foreign agent COA
Co-located COA
3. What do you mean by mobility binding?
The Mobile Node sends its registration request to the
Home Agent. The HA now sets up a mobility binding containing the
mobile nodes home IP address and the current COA.
4. Define a tunnel.
A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry
and a tunnel endpoint. Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the
tunnel and leave the tunnel unchanged.
Pae 15
5. What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and
data putting it into the data part of a new packet.
. What is decapsulation?
The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet, is
called decapsulation.
7. Define an outer header.
The HA takes the original packet with the MN as destination, puts it into the data
part of a new packet and sets the new IP header in such a way that the packet is
routed to the COA.The new header is called the outer header.
8. Define an inner header.
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
18/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
There is an inner header which can be identical to the original header as this case
for IP-in-IP encapsulation, or the inner header can be computed during
encapsulation.
9. What is meant by generic routing encapsulation?
Generic routing encapsulation allows the encapsulation of packets of one protocol
suite into the payload portion of a packet of another protocol suite.
1. What is the use of network address translation?
The network address translation is used by many companies to hide internal
resources and to use only some globally available addresses.
11. Define triangular routing.
The inefficient behavior of a non-optimized mobile IP is called triangular routing.
The triangle is made up of three segments, CN to HA, HA to COA\MN, and MN
back to CN.
12. What is meant by a binding cache?
One way to optimize the route is to inform the CN of the current location by
caching it in a binding cache which is a part of the local routing table for the CN.
Pae 16
13. Define binding request.
Any node that wants to know the current location of an MN can send a binding
request to the HA. The HA can check if the MN has allowed dissemination of its
current location. If the HA is allowed to reveal the location it sends back a binding
update.
14. What is known as Binding update?
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
19/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
This message sent by the HA to CNs reveals the current location of the MN.The
message contains the fixed IP address of the MN and the COA.The binding update
can request an acknowledgement.
15. Explain binding acknowledgement.
If requested, a node returns this acknowledgement receiving a binding update
message.
16. Define binding warning.
If a node decapsulates a packet for a MN, but it is not the current FA for this MN,
this node sends a binding warning. The warning contains MNs home address and
a target node address.
17. Explain cellular IP.
Cellular IP provides local handovers without renewed registration by installing a
single cellular IP gateway for each domain, which acts to the outside world as a
foreign agent.
18. What are the advantages of cellular IP?
Manageability:
Cellular IP is mostly self-configuring, and integration of the CIPGW into a
firewall would facilitate administration of mobility-related functionality.
Efficiency
Pae 17
Transparency
Security
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
20/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
19. What is known as mobility anchor point?
HMIPv6 provides micro-mobility support by installing a mobility anchor point,
which is responsible for a certain domain and acts as a local HA within this
domain for visiting MNs.
2. Explain destination sequence distance vector routing..
Destination sequence distance vector routing is an enhancement to distance vector
routing for ad-hoc networks and is used as routing information protocol in wired
networks.
21. What are the two things added to the distance vector algorithm?

Sequence Numbers

Damping
22. How the dynamic source routing does divide the task
of routing into two separate problems?
1. Route discovery
2. Route Maintenance
1. What are the requirements of a mobile IP?
Compatibility
Transparency
Scalability and Efficiency
Security
2. What are the entities in mobile IP?
Mobile Node
Correspondent node
Home Network
Foreign Network
Foreign Agent
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
21/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Pae 18
Care-Of-Address
Foreign Agent
Co-located COA
Home Agent
3. Explain tunneling and encapsulation in mobile IP.
IP-in-IP encapsulation
Minimal encapsulation
Generic Routing encapsulation
4. Describe Dynamic host configuration protocol.
Description with diagram
Advantages
Disadvantages
5. Explain routing in IPv.
Example ad-hoc network
Asymmetric links
Redundant Links
Interference
Dnamic Topolog
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
22/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Pae 19
UNIT-V
Pa-A
1. What is slow start?
TCPs reaction to a missing acknowledgement is necessary to get rid of
congestion quickly. The behavior TCP shows after the detection of congestion is
called slow start.
2. What is the use of congestion threshold?
The exponential growth of the congestion window in the slow start
mechanism is dangerous as it doubles the congestion window at each step. So a
congestion threshold is set at which the exponential growth stops.
3. What led to the development of Indirect 1CP?

TCP performs poorly together with wireless links

TCP within the fixed network cannot be changed.

This led to the development of I-TCP which segments a TCP connection
into a fixed part and a wireless part.
4. What is the goal of M-1CP?
The goal of M-TCP is to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit
errors or disconnection but not congestion cause current problems. It wants

To provide overall throughput

To lower the delay

To maintain end-to-end semantics of TCP

To provide a more efficient handover.

5. What do you mean by persistent mode?
Persistent mode is the state of the sender will not change no matter how
long the receiver is disconnected. This means that the sender will not try to
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
23/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
retransmit the data.
. What are the characteristics of 2.5C/3.5C wireless networks?

Data rates

Latency

Jitter

Packet loss
Pae 20
7. What are the configuration parameters to adapt 1CP to wireless
environments?

Large Windows

Limited Transmit

Large MTU

Selective Acknowledgement

Explicit Congestion Notification

Timestamp

No header compression
8. State the requirements of WAP.

Interoperable

Scalable

Efficient

Reliable

Secure
9. Aame the layers of WAP.
Transport layer
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
24/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm

Security layer

Transaction layer

Session layer

Application layer
1. Aame some ICMP messages.

Destination unreachable

Parameter problem

Message too big

Reassembly failure

Echo request/reply
11. What is W1P? What are its classes?
WTP stands for Wireless Transaction Protocol. It has been designed to run
on very thin clients such as mobile phones. It has three classes.

Class 0: provides unreliable message transfer without any result message.

Pae 21

Class 1: provides reliable message transfer without exactly one reliable

result message.

Class 2: provides reliable message transfer with exactly one reliable result
message.
12. What is WSP?
The Wireless Session Protocol has been designed to operate on top of the
datagram service WDP or the transaction service WTP. It provides a shared state
between a client and a server to optimize content transfer.
13. Aame some features of WSP adapted to web browsing.

HTTP/1.1 functionality

Exchange of session headers

Push and pull data transfer

Asynchronous request
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
25/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
14. What is WML?
The Wireless Markup Language is based on the standard HTML known
from the www and on HDML. WML is specified as an XML document type.
15. What are the features of WML?

Text and Images

User interaction

Navigation

Context Management
1. What are the advantages of WML Script over WML?
WML Script offers several capabilities not supported by WML:

Validity check of user input

Access to device facilities

Local user interaction

Extension to the device software

17. Aame the libraries specified by WMLScript.

Lang

Float

String

URL
Pae 22

WML Browser

Dialogs
18. What are the classes of libraries?

Common network services

Network specific services

Public services
19. Aame the operations performed by PAP.
Push access Protocol performs the following operations:
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
26/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Push submission

Result notification

Push cancellation

Status query

Client capabilities query

2. What are the components of WAP2.?
The protocol framework of WAP2.0 consists of four components:

Bearer networks

Transport services

Transfer services

Session services
Pa-B
1. Explain traditional 1CP.
Congestion Control
Slow start
Fast retransmit/fast recovery
Implications on mobility
2. Explain classical 1CP improvements
Indirect TCP
Snooping TCP
Mobile TCP
Fast retransmit/fast recovery
Selective retransmission
Transaction oriented TCP
Pae 23
3. Write short notes on WAP
Architecture
5/18/12 mobile computing.pdf
27/27 file:///C:/Users/Fo/Desktop/mobile computing.htm
Wireless Datagram Protocol
Wireless Transport Layer Security
Wireless Transaction Protocol
Wireless Session Protocol
Wireless Application Environment
Wireless Markup Language
WML Script
Wireless Telephony Application
Introduction to WAP2.0