Mass Tourism in The Past Holidays Were About Exoticness', and Only For The Very Few To Travel To A Far Destination Abroad. Photo: Benidorm, 1950s
Mass Tourism in The Past Holidays Were About Exoticness', and Only For The Very Few To Travel To A Far Destination Abroad. Photo: Benidorm, 1950s
Mass Tourism in The Past Holidays Were About Exoticness', and Only For The Very Few To Travel To A Far Destination Abroad. Photo: Benidorm, 1950s
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2,
28
3,
43
9,
2. 8 days Alanya
3. 8 days Egypt
Mass tourism Due to globalization, with mass traveling, today, holidays abroad are available for allmost everybody.
Mass tourism Resulting in a claustrophobia of leisure patterns and sameness all over the world. photo: Benidorm, today.
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157
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International tourist arrivals grew by 4.6% to reach 983 million worldwide, up from 940 million in 2010 and is expected to reach 1
International tourist arrivals 2011: x 1 million source: UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2012 Edition
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The total built-up area used by tourism is 514.430 KM , the size of France.
2
In 2001 the ILO (international labour office) estimated that globally over
In 2011, international tourism receipts exceeded US$ 1 trillion for the first time. The same is the GDP of Mexico.
or indirectly employed in the tourism industry. More than the total labour
Source: Stefan Gssling, Global environmental consequences of tourism, 2002, Global Environmental Change 12 (2002).
The total emission from all tourism, and related, activities comes down to 1.400 Mt CO2. The same as Indias the number 4 emissive country in the world.
Source: Stefan Gssling, Global environmental consequences of tourism, 2002, Global Environmental Change 12 (2002).
The contradiction
Traffic Transport by air, road and rail is continuously increasing, along with the rising number of tourists and their greater mobility. Tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel and is therefore responsible for an important share of air emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Transport emissions, emissions from energy production use are linked to acid rain, global warming and severe local air pollution. Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, motorbikes, buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of tourism, causing annoyance, stress and even hearing loss.
Land degradation Direct impact on natural resources, both renewable and non renewable, from the construction of tourist facilities, roads and airports can be caused by the use of land for accommodation, other infrastructural provisions and the use of building materials (sand mining!). Forests often suffer negative effects of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. This is the case in many valuable coastal areas in Turkey where the forests were cleared for the construction of summer houses and hotels during the last three decades.
Sea level rise Due to CO2 emississions and global warming the sea level rises. The total emission from all tourism, and related, activities comes down to 1.400 Mt CO2. The same as Indias the number 4 emissive country in the world.
Marine pressure Recreational activities also have a huge impact. For example, careless boating, diving, snorkeling, and fishing have substantially damaged coral reefs in many parts of the world, through people touching reefs, stirring up sediment, and dropping anchors.
Strain on water resources Water, and especially fresh water is one of the most critical natural resource. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generate a greater volume of wastewater. For example, the average water consumption in Antalya City (Turkey) is 250 litres per person a day, while the average water consumption in the tourist areas of Antalya exceeds 600 litres. In Mallorca (Spain), water consumption in rural areas is 140 litres per person a day, in urban areas 250 litres, while the average tourist consumption is 440 litres, or even 880 litres in case of a luxury establishment (EEA, 2001).
The contradiction
The contradiction 63% of all tourist prefer a beach destination for their hollidays. While tourist destinations keep expanding, fullfilling the demand for a growing leisure capacitity, the pressure on coastal areas is increasing. At the same time, due to global warming, the sea level rises, creating a new claustrophobia on narrowing strip of beach.
Can we think of a new leisure development that accomodates the new demand and at the same time a solution provides for the threats that it creates.
A Leisure +
70,8 %, 361.132.000 km2, of the Earths 70,8 %, 361.132.000 km2, of the Earths IPCC surface is water. According to the surface is70,8 %, 361.132.000will the Earths surface is IPCC water. According with water. the sealevel km2, of rise to thean average According to the IPCC the sealevel will rise with an average of 3,1 will keep To keep the sealevelmm/yr. To rise with anthe oceans at average of 3,1 mm/yr. the oceans at the same level as it is now, we need to withdraw 1.120 km3 of seawater from the of 3,1 mm/yr. level as itthenow, we need to the oceans eachTo But where to is it? same year. keep store oceans at the same level as it is km3 of seawater from withdraw 1.120 now, we need to withdraw 1.120 each of seawater from the oceans km3 year. the oceans each year. 70,8 %, 361.132.000 km2, of the Earths surface is water. According to the IPCC the sealevel will rise with an average of 3,1 mm/yr. To keep the oceans at the same level as it is now, we need to withdraw 1.120 km3 of seawater from the oceans each year.
estimated area 692.000 km2 estimated area 692.000 km volume estimated estimated km 20.760 volume3 20.760 km
2
Endorheic systems
Agricultural land
Non-productive land
Grass land
Forest land
Best energyland
Combining maps; Darkest areas are showing highest water storage potential.
Pasture
POLAR REGION
2 5 3 4
8 10 7
THERMAL EQUATOR
POLAR REGION
The combined map shows that the highest potential for water storage is concentrated in desert regions. But which one is most suitable?
1. Great Sandy Desert / Great Victoria Desert 2. Mojave Desert 3. Peruvian Desert 4. Patagonian Desert 5. Sahara Desert
6. Kalahari Desert 7. Arabian Desert 8. Karakum Desert 9. Taklimakan Desert 10. Luthar Desert
273.707 km2
41.528 km2
6,5 times the surface of the Netherlands. The newly created lake provides at least 6.100 km new coastline compared to the entire 5.000 Mediterranean coastline of 41.000 km.
Water displacement
scale 1:5.000.000
+ 1600 m
+1200 m
+0m
260 320 900
520
+ 300 m
100 60 320 60 60
Mediterranean Sea
280 m
480
Dam
20 40 40 360 320 260
+ 300 m
280 m
160 m
60
260 m
40 m
+ 300 m
240 m
200 m
220 m
240 m
200 m
280 m 280 m
+ 300 m
280 m
260 m
100 km
+ 300 m
+750 m +625 m
elevation emphasized
625 km
500 km
375 km
250 km
125 km
125 km
Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
Seepage
Alger Oran
Tunis
Morocco
Tripoli
Tunisia
Benghazi
Mali
Niger
Sabkhas, lake deposi ts, dunes (youngest) Marine sediments Cretaceous (mainly marine sediments / chalk), (oldest)
Chad
Source: Geological Atlas of Africa,T. Schlter, M. Thrauth, Birkhauser, 2006. Map: modied after Fabre, et al., 1987
ALGERIA
PROVINCES
TUNISIA
PROVINCES
Khenchela 39.2 inh./km2 Biskra 34 inh./km2 Djelfa 18.4 inh./km2 Tebessa 42.2 inh./km2 El Oued 12.3 inh./km2 Tunis 2,852 inh./km2
0.1 mm 1 mm
0.01 mm 0.01 mm
chloride. The energy is being fed by the temperature the greenhouse creates, and rest heat that is
2 3 5 4 6
1 desalinated water reservoir 2 greenhouse oors 3 cavity 4 cooling turbine 5 evaporation pond 6 buoyancy device 7 desalinated reservoir
11 12
the greenhouse area. This is mixed with cooled super moist air from the area above the evaporation
7 8 9
11
12 condensor
2
8 4 4
10 3
2 3
1 5 9 6
10
7 8
1 routing to and from 2 canal / lake 3 dam 4 underwater city 5 evaporation greenhouse transported 6 solar energy 7 solar disc 8 existing island 9 internal routing 10 underwater city 11 existing cities 10 5 4
1 9 8 3 2
11 6
Algeria
Tunisia
+900
+400
+40 m
+350 m
300 +
DAM
valley 300 m line
PORTAL
KASBAH
DAM HEIGHT
CITY SURFACE
dam
excavation
ooding
extension
Section
+750 m
dam
+625 m +500 m
250 km
125 km
0 km
As of July 2 2012 in 31 countries 435 nuclear power plant units with an installed electric net capacity of about 370 GW are in operation and 62 plants with an installed capacity of 59 GW are in 14 countries under construction.
solar energy
10.000.000 beds
food prod. time: height: coastline length: area: volume: evaporation: discharge: power: solar area: greenhouse: acommodations outdoor activities infrastructure 85 years 300 m above sl. 6100 km 216.215 km3 29.215 km3 324 km3/yr 674 km3 72.5 GW 2.210 km2 25.620 km2
greenhouse
fresh water prod.: 674 km3 salt retracted: 4.8 km3 tourists: beds: food prod.: acommodation: infrastructure: outdoor activities: total receipts: total jobs: 437.008.000 annualy 10.000.000 3.260 km2 7.940 km2 560 km2 1.570 km2 $ 437 billion /yr 7.8 mill. (direct) 19.4 mill. (indirect)